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Baloh CH, Venturi GM, Fischer BM, Sadder LS, Kim-Chang JJ, Chan C, De Paris K, Yin L, Aldrovandi GM, Goodenow MM, Sleasman JW. Biomarkers detected in cord blood predict vaccine responses in young infants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152538. [PMID: 37251388 PMCID: PMC10213698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Factors influencing vaccine immune priming in the first year of life involve both innate and adaptive immunity but there are gaps in understanding how these factors sustain vaccine antibody levels in healthy infants. The hypothesis was that bioprofiles associated with B cell survival best predict sustained vaccine IgG levels at one year. Methods Longitudinal study of plasma bioprofiles in 82 term, healthy infants, who received standard recommended immunizations in the United States, with changes in 15 plasma biomarker concentrations and B cell subsets associated with germinal center development monitored at birth, soon after completion of the initial vaccine series at 6 months, and prior to the 12-month vaccinations. Post vaccination antibody IgG levels to Bordetella pertussis, tetanus toxoid, and conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) were outcome measures. Results Using a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) regression model, cord blood (CB) plasma IL-2, IL-17A, IL-31, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were positively associated with pertussis IgG levels at 12 months, while CB plasma concentrations of APRIL and IL-33 were negatively associated. In contrast, CB concentrations of sCD14 and APRIL were positively associated with sustained tetanus IgG levels. A separate cross-sectional analysis of 18 mother/newborn pairs indicated that CB biomarkers were not due to transplacental transfer, but rather due to immune activation at the fetal/maternal interface. Elevated percentages of cord blood switched memory B cells were positively associated with 12-month HiB IgG levels. BAFF concentrations at 6 and 12 months were positively associated with pertussis and HiB IgG levels respectively. Discussion Sustained B cell immunity is highly influenced by early life immune dynamics beginning prior to birth. The findings provide important insights into how germinal center development shapes vaccine responses in healthy infants and provide a foundation for studies of conditions that impair infant immune development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn H. Baloh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guglielmo M. Venturi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bernard M. Fischer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Liane S. Sadder
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Julie J. Kim-Chang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Li Yin
- Molecular HIV Host Interactions Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Grace M. Aldrovandi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maureen M. Goodenow
- Molecular HIV Host Interactions Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John W. Sleasman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Kaushal K, Ayushi, Sharma N, Wadhwa N, Misra S, Bhatnagar S, Desiraju BK, Thiruvengadam R, Sopory S. Longitudinal changes in serum immune markers during normal pregnancy in a North-Indian population. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 87:e13531. [PMID: 35312132 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The objective of this study was to examine levels of cytokines across normal term pregnancy in an Indian population. Additionally we have also explored for possible associations between inflammatory markers and fetal growth parameters. METHOD OF STUDY A multiplex panel of 24 analytes was used to examine levels of inflammatory markers in maternal serum at three time points during pregnancy and in cord blood from women with no reported comorbidities who delivered a singleton live baby at term (N = 23), enrolled in the GARBH-Ini pregnancy cohort. Linear mixed models were applied to construct longitudinal cytokine trajectories with gestational age. Pearson correlation was used to calculate intra-visit correlation between cytokines. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to examine cytokine combinations prevalent across pregnancy, and their association with fetal growth parameters was determined by multivariable regression. RESULTS Significant increase in sFLT-1, Flt3L, PLGF, IL-4, and IL-18 and a decrease in VCAM-1 concentrations was seen across pregnancy. The cytokine concentrations in cord blood differed substantially as compared to maternal levels across gestation. Some cytokines were closely correlated with each other in distinct patterns across pregnancy. Gestational age specific combination of cytokines were seen to be associated with different fetal growth parameters. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time provides reference concentrations for the longitudinal expression of immune markers across pregnancy in an Indian population providing a much needed baseline to compare with pregnancies leading to adverse outcomes. Growth factors showed maximum longitudinal variation with gestational age and strong correlations were identified between various cytokines at all time points across pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Kaushal
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ayushi
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sumit Misra
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Bapu Koundinya Desiraju
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailaja Sopory
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Kawashima A, Oba T, Yasuhara R, Sekiya B, Sekizawa A. Cytokine profiles in maternal serum are candidates for predicting an optimal timing for the delivery in early-onset fetal growth restriction. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:728-737. [PMID: 32149412 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether maternal serum cytokine profiles of mothers with early-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) were associated with delivery within 2 weeks after sampling during the third trimester. STUDY DESIGN This exploratory prospective cross-sectional study included a total of 20 singleton fetuses with early-onset FGR and 31 healthy controls. Maternal serum samples during the early third trimester were analyzed for 23 cytokines. RESULTS Of 20 fetuses with early-onset FGR, 14 had delivery within 2 weeks after sampling. Multivariate analysis revealed that maternal serum concentrations of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) were independently associated with delivery within 2 weeks in early-onset FGR. Among cases of early-onset FGR, concentrations of almost all maternal serum cytokines were similar. Maternal serum sVEGFR-1 concentrations were high when delivery occurred within 2 weeks. Maternal serum sCD40L concentrations were elicited only in cases in which delivery within 2 weeks occurred due to fetal deterioration. CONCLUSION We identified two biomarkers, one specific for FGR and the other dependent on severity, that were significant components of angiogenic activities and inflammation factors. Imbalances in serum protein expression may have a substantial effect on the pathogenesis of FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kawashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Oba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika Yasuhara
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bunbu Sekiya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sekizawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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The expression and concentration of CD40 ligand in normal pregnancy, preeclampsia, and hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2013; 24:71-5. [PMID: 23241952 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32835a8aca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia has been associated with increased platelet activation detected before disease onset. Inappropriate activation of platelets may be involved in pathogenesis in preeclampsia by promoting coagulation and thrombosis and also as a mediator of inflammation. The exaggerated platelet activation and inflammation leading to endothelial damage in preeclampsia can be explained by the CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) system. Expression of CD40L on platelets was determined by whole-blood flow cytometry, and serum levels of soluble CD40L (sCD40L) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 11 women with mild preeclampsia, 11 women with severe preeclampsia, and six women with hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome compared with 13 normotensive pregnant women as a control group. The platelet surface expression of CD40L was significantly higher in women with mild and severe preeclampsia and HELLP compared with normal pregnancy group (P = 0.001; P ≤ 0.001; P = 0.003, respectively), with no significant difference being found between women with mild preeclampsia compared with HELLP and severe preeclampsia compared with HELLP (P = 0.2; P = 0.8, respectively). The serum concentration of sCD40L was significantly higher in women with mild and severe preeclampsia and HELLP compared with the normal pregnancy group (P = 0.001; P ≤ 0.001; P = 0.022, respectively), with no significant difference being found between women with mild compared with severe preeclampsia or HELLP and severe preeclampsia compared with HELLP (P = 0.7; P = 0.6; P = 0.6, respectively). In conclusion, the higher expression and concentration of CD40L in women with preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome compared with normal pregnant women may indicate an exaggerated activation of platelets and endothelial cells in the disorder.
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Wu CF, Huang FD, Sui RF, Sun JX. Preeclampsia serum upregulates CD40/CD40L expression and induces apoptosis in human umbilical cord endothelial cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:28. [PMID: 22510585 PMCID: PMC3403870 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial cell dysfunction observed in preeclampsia (PE) may be induced by CD40/CD40L signaling. This study investigated the role of CD40/CD40L in the pathogenesis of PE by comparing the effect of maternal serum obtained from healthy pregnant women and PE patients on HUVEC cell growth, apoptosis and CD40/CD40L expression. METHODS Maternal serum was obtained from 20 patients with PE (PE group) as well as 20 healthy pregnant women (control group). The human umbilical endothelial cell line, CRL1730, was cultured in the presence of maternal serum for 24, 48, and 72 h after which cell growth and apoptosis were assessed by MTT and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. CD40/CD40L expression was determined using flow cytometry and RT-PCR analyses. RESULTS As compared to CRL1730 cells treated with control sera, those treated with PE sera had altered morphology, decreased cell growth, increased apoptosis and greater CD40/CD40L protein and mRNA expression. Stimulation of CD40/CD40L protein and mRNA expression by PE sera was greatest at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS PE sera may induce endothelial cell damage possibly through increased CD40/CD40L expression in early-onset PE. Further studies are necessary to determine the factor(s) in PE sera responsible for the observed changes in endothelial cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-feng Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Fu-dan Huang
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ren-fang Sui
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jing-xia Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
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Oleko A, Betsou F, Sarter H, Gerdil C, Desbois I, Charles MA, Leridon H, Vandentorren S. A Pilot Study of the ELFE Longitudinal Cohort: Feasibility and Preliminary Evaluation of Biological Collection. Biopreserv Biobank 2011; 9:223-227. [PMID: 21977239 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2010.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance (ELFE) will be a national French cohort of 20,000 children followed from birth to adulthood. Biological samples will be taken at birth to evaluate the fetal exposition to several substances. A pilot study was carried out in October 2007 to test the preanalytical factors that affected sample quality. A variety of fractions were collected by the midwife after delivery from different blood collection tubes. Options in the collection process were 2 daily transports of samples, centralized and standardized processing methodology, and storage of multiple aliquots in liquid nitrogen or at -80°C. We analyzed preanalytical factors that could have affected coagulation and then soluble CD40 Ligand (sCD40L) as a quality control tool for serum quality. Cord blood and urine were collected from 82% and 84% of women, respectively, who agreed to be followed up in the ELFE project. The use of syringe was the main factor correlated with coagulation (relative risk: 2.79 [1.47; 5.31], P<0.01). Maternity unit status was also associated with coagulation (RR: 1.48 [1.03; 2.13] in a private maternity unit vs. a public maternity) as well as time between collection and centrifugation (RR 1.03 [1; 1.07] when time between collection and centrifugation increases from 1 h). There were no extremely low sCD40L values indicating extreme exposures to room temperatures. This first evaluation study allowed us to stress the importance of carefully recording all potentially critical preanalytical variables that might be used at a large-scale level.
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Erez O, Gotsch F, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Kusanovic JP, Kim CJ, Chaiworapongsa T, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Than NG, Nhan-Chang CL, Yeo L, Pacora P, Mazor M, Hassan SS, Mittal P, Romero R. Evidence of maternal platelet activation, excessive thrombin generation, and high amniotic fluid tissue factor immunoreactivity and functional activity in patients with fetal death. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 22:672-87. [PMID: 19736615 DOI: 10.1080/14767050902853117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal death can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation or fetal death syndrome. However, currently it is not clear what are the changes in the coagulation system in patients with a fetal death without the fetal death syndrome. This study was undertaken to determine: (1) whether fetal death in the absence of fetal death syndrome is associated with changes in hemostatic markers in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid; and (2) whether maternal hypertension or placental abruption are associated with further changes in the hemostatic profile of these patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study included the following: (1) determination of changes in markers of coagulation and platelet activation in patients with a normal pregnancy (n = 71) and patients with fetal demise (FD) without disseminated intravascular coagulation (n = 65); (2) determination of the amniotic fluid (AF)-tissue factor concentration and activity, as well as the concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complexes in patients with a normal pregnancy (n = 25) and those with a FD (n = 36) who underwent amniocentesis. Plasma and AF concentrations of TAT complexes and TF (an index of thrombin generation), as well as maternal plasma concentrations of sCD40L (a marker of platelet activation), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and prothrombin fragments (PF) 1 + 2 (also an indicator of in vivo thrombin generation) were measured by ELISA. TF and TFPI activity were measured using chromogenic assays. RESULTS (1) patients with FD without hypertension had a higher median maternal plasma sCD40L concentration than normal pregnant women (P < 0.001); (2) patients with FD had a higher median maternal plasma TAT III complexes than women with a normal pregnancy (P < 0.001); (3) the median AF-TF concentration and activity were higher in the FD group than in the normal pregnancy group (P < 0.001 for both); (4) patients with preeclampsia and FD had a higher median maternal plasma immunoreactive TF concentration than both normotensive patients with FD and women with normal pregnancies (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively); (5) the median plasma TF activity was higher in patients with preeclampsia and FD than that of women with normal pregnancies (P = 0.003); (6) among patients with a FD, those with placental abruption had a higher median AF-TAT complexes concentration than those without abruption (P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that: (1) mothers with a FD have evidence of increased in vivo thrombin generation and platelet activation than women with normal pregnancies; (2) patients with a FD and hypertension had a higher degree of TF activation than those with fetal death but without hypertension; (3) the AF of women with a FD had a higher median TF concentration and activity than that of normal pregnant women. AF can be a potential source for tissue factor and it participates in the development of fetal death syndrome in patients with a retained dead fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Upregulation of the CD40-CD40 ligand system in pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105:257-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lukanov TH, Bojinova SI, Popova VS, Emin AL, Veleva GL, Gecheva SP, Konova EI. Flow Cytometric Investigation of CD40-CD40 Ligand System in Preeclampsia and Normal Pregnancy. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2009; 16:306-12. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029608331229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the CD40-CD40 ligand system in preeclamptic women. We also studied CD62P and platelet—monocyte aggregates, which have been closely linked to the CD40—CD40L system. Platelet expression of CD40L and CD62P and expression of CD40 on monocytes and platelet—monocyte aggregates were determined by flow cytometry in whole blood from 23 preeclamptic women, 23 normotensive pregnant women, and 23 nonpregnant women. The preeclamptic women showed a significant increase in CD40L and CD62P on platelets and in CD40 on monocytes when compared with normotensive pregnant women and nonpregnant women (all P < .001). There was a significant increase in platelet—monocyte aggregates in preeclamptic women (P < .001) and normotensive pregnant women (P = .003) compared with nonpregnant women. Preeclampsia is associated with activation of the CD40—CD40L system. The activation of this system may contribute to the development or maintenance of the proinflammatory and prothrombotic milieu found in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alkan Levha Emin
- Center for Reproductive Health, Medical University, Pleven, Bulgaria
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The expression and concentration of CD40 ligand in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 79:215-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Erez O, Romero R, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Chaiworapongsa T, Kusanovic JP, Mazaki-Tovi S, Gotsch F, Than NG, Vaisbuch E, Kim CJ, Espinoza J, Mittal P, Hamill N, Nhan-Chang CL, Mazor M, Hassan S. Premature labor: a state of platelet activation? J Perinat Med 2008; 36:377-87. [PMID: 18958919 PMCID: PMC3163447 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2008.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to determine whether premature labor is associated with changes in the maternal plasma concentration of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), a marker of platelet activation. METHODS A cross-sectional study included patients in the following groups: 1) non-pregnant (n=21); 2) normal pregnancy (n=71); 3) normal pregnancy at term with (n=67) and without labor (n=88); 4) preterm labor (PTL) with intact membranes (n=136) that was divided into the following sub-groups: 4a) PTL who delivered at term (n=49); 4b) PTL without intra-amniotic infection and/or inflammation (IAI) who delivered preterm (n=54); and 4c) PTL with IAI who delivered preterm (n=33). sCD40L concentrations were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The median maternal plasma sCD40L concentration was higher in pregnant than non-pregnant women (P=0.017). Patients with PTL had a higher median maternal plasma sCD40L concentration than women with normal pregnancies, regardless of the presence or absence of IAI and gestational age at delivery (P<0.001 for all comparisons). IAI was not associated with a higher median maternal plasma concentration of sCD40L. CONCLUSIONS Normal pregnancy is a state in which there is a physiologic increase of sCD40L. PTL was associated with an increased median maternal plasma sCD40L concentration that could not be accounted for by IAI. Thus, our findings suggest that platelet activation occurs during an episode of preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States, 60153
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States, 60153
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
- Departments of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Neil Hamill
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Chia-Ling Nhan-Chang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
| | - Moshe Mazor
- Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Sonia Hassan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 48201
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