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Kaur N, Singh R, Das AP, Agarwal SM, Dhingra N, Kaur T. Identification of Bile Acid-Derived Chemical Chaperone(s) Targeting E46K-Mutated Alpha-Synuclein Protein to Treat Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Modelling, Docking, ADME, and Simulation Studies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2086-2109. [PMID: 37466885 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) present inside small cytoplasmic inclusions in the substantia nigra region marks the major pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and makes it an attractive target for the drug development process. Certain small-molecule chaperones (such as DCA, UDCA, TUDCA) presented the ability to prevent misfolding and aggregation of α-syn as well as to disentangle mature α-syn amyloid fibrils. However, due to toxicity constraints, these small molecules could not be translated into clinical settings. Computational biology methods and bioinformatics approaches allow virtual screening of a large number of molecules, with reduced side effects and better efficacy. In the present study, a library of 10,928 derivatives was generated using DCA, UDCA, and TUDCA bile acid scaffolds and analysed for their binding affinity, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug likeliness profile, to come up with promising compounds with reduced toxicity and better chaperone ability. Molecular docking revealed that with respect to their free binding energy, C1-C25 have the lowest binding energy and bind significantly to recombinantly assembled E46K α-syn fibrils (PDB ID-6UFR). In silico ADME predictions revealed that all these compounds had minimal toxic effects and had good absorption as well as solubility characteristics. Simulation studies further showed that the imidazole ring-based TUDCA derivatives interacted better with the protein in comparison to the others. The proposed study has identified potent chemical chaperones (C2 and C3) as effective therapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease, and further in vitro and in vivo testing will be undertaken to substantiate their potential as novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rimaljot Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Agneesh P Das
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Subhash M Agarwal
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Neelima Dhingra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Khalili A, Safarian N, van Wijngaarden E, Zoidl GS, Zoidl GR, Rezai P. Loss of Panx1 function in zebrafish alters motor behavior in a lab-on-chip model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1814-1825. [PMID: 37688406 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Panx1) forms ATP-permeable membrane channels that play roles in purinergic signaling in the nervous system. A link between Panx1 activity and neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) has been suggested, but experimental evidence is limited. Here, a zebrafish model of PD was produced by exposing panx1a+/+ and panx1a-/- zebrafish larvae to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Electrical stimulation in a microfluidic chip and quantitative real-time-qPCR of zebrafish larvae tested the role of Panx1 in both pathological and normal conditions. After 72-h treatment with 6-OHDA, the electric-induced locomotor activity of 5 days post fertilization (5dpf) panx1a+/+ larvae were reduced, while the stimulus did not affect locomotor activity of age-matched panx1a-/- larvae. A RT-qPCR analysis showed an increase in the expression of genes that are functionally related to dopaminergic signaling, like the tyrosine hydroxylase (th2) and the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2). Extending the 6-OHDA treatment duration to 120 h caused a significant reduction in the locomotor response of 7dpf panx1a-/- larvae compared to the untreated panx1a-/- group. The RT-qPCR data showed a reduced expression of dopaminergic signaling genes in both genotypes. It was concluded that the absence of Panx1a channels compromised dopaminergic signaling in 6-OHDA-treated zebrafish larvae and that the increase in the expression of dopaminergic genes was transient, most likely due to a compensatory upregulation. We propose that zebrafish Panx1a models offer opportunities to shed light on PD's physiological and molecular basis. Panx1a might play a role on the progression of PD, and therefore deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Khalili
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nickie Safarian
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Georg S Zoidl
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georg R Zoidl
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Ibrahim A, Ipinloju N, Atasie NH, Babalola RM, Muhammad SA, Oyeneyin OE. Discovery of Small Molecule PARKIN Activator from Antipsychotic/Anti-neuropsychiatric Drugs as Therapeutics for PD: an In Silico Repurposing Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5980-6002. [PMID: 36735144 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although there is presently no cure for Parkinson's disease (PD), the available therapies are only able to lessen symptoms and preserve the quality of life. Around 10 million people globally had PD as of 2020. The widely used standard drug has recently been revealed to have several negative effects. Additionally, there is a dearth of innovative compounds entering the market as a result of subpar ADMET characteristics. Drug repurposing provides a chance to reenergize the sluggish drug discovery process by identifying new applications for already-approved medications. As this strategy offers a practical way to speed up the process of developing alternative medications for PD. This study used a computer-aided technique to select therapeutic agent(s) from FDA-approved neuropsychiatric/psychotic drugs that can be adopted in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the current work, a computational approach via molecular docking, density functional theory (DFT), and pharmacokinetics were used to identify possible (anti)neuropsychiatric/psychotic medications for the treatment of PD. By using molecular docking, about eight (anti)neuropsychiatric/psychotic medications were tested against PARKIN, a key protein in PD. Based on the docking score, the best ligand in the trial was determined. The top hits were compared to the reference ligand levodopa (L-DOPA). A large proportion of the drugs displayed binding affinity that was relatively higher than L-DOPA. Also, DFT analysis confirms the ligand-receptor interactions and the molecular charge transfer. All the compounds were found to obey Lipinski's rule with acceptable pharmacokinetic properties. The current study has revealed the effectiveness of antineuropsychiatric/antipsychotic drugs against PARKIN in the treatment of PD and lumateperone was revealed to be the most promising candidate interacting with PARKIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Ibrahim
- Drosophila Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
- Drosophila Research and Training Centre, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Nureni Ipinloju
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | | | | | | | - Oluwatoba Emmanuel Oyeneyin
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Lee B, Edling C, Ahmad S, LeBeau FEN, Tse G, Jeevaratnam K. Clinical and Non-Clinical Cardiovascular Disease Associated Pathologies in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12601. [PMID: 37628780 PMCID: PMC10454288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable breakthroughs in Parkinson's disease (PD) research, understanding of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in PD remains limited. The lack of basic level models that can properly recapitulate PD NMS either in vivo or in vitro complicates matters. Even so, recent research advances have identified cardiovascular NMS as being underestimated in PD. Considering that a cardiovascular phenotype reflects sympathetic autonomic dysregulation, cardiovascular symptoms of PD can play a pivotal role in understanding the pathogenesis of PD. In this study, we have reviewed clinical and non-clinical published papers with four key parameters: cardiovascular disease risks, electrocardiograms (ECG), neurocardiac lesions in PD, and fundamental electrophysiological studies that can be linked to the heart. We have highlighted the points and limitations that the reviewed articles have in common. ECG and pathological reports suggested that PD patients may undergo alterations in neurocardiac regulation. The pathological evidence also suggested that the hearts of PD patients were involved in alpha-synucleinopathy. Finally, there is to date little research available that addresses the electrophysiology of in vitro Parkinson's disease models. For future reference, research that can integrate cardiac electrophysiology and pathological alterations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonn Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Charlotte Edling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Shiraz Ahmad
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Fiona E. N. LeBeau
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Gary Tse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
- Kent and Medway Medical School, University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT2 7FS, UK
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
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Koeglsperger T, Rumpf SL, Schließer P, Struebing FL, Brendel M, Levin J, Trenkwalder C, Höglinger GU, Herms J. Neuropathology of incidental Lewy body & prodromal Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:32. [PMID: 37173733 PMCID: PMC10182593 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Despite symptomatic therapies, there is currently no disease-modifying treatment to halt neuronal loss in PD. A major hurdle for developing and testing such curative therapies results from the fact that most DA neurons are already lost at the time of the clinical diagnosis, rendering them inaccessible to therapy. Understanding the early pathological changes that precede Lewy body pathology (LBP) and cell loss in PD will likely support the identification of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and help to differentiate LBP-dependent and -independent alterations. Several previous studies identified such specific molecular and cellular changes that occur prior to the appearance of Lewy bodies (LBs) in DA neurons, but a concise map of such early disease events is currently missing. METHODS Here, we conducted a literature review to identify and discuss the results of previous studies that investigated cases with incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD), a presumed pathological precursor of PD. RESULTS Collectively, our review demonstrates numerous cellular and molecular neuropathological changes occurring prior to the appearance of LBs in DA neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our review provides the reader with a summary of early pathological events in PD that may support the identification of novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets and aid to the development of disease-modifying strategies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koeglsperger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Svenja-Lotta Rumpf
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Schließer
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix L Struebing
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Study Unit, DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
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Haider A, Elghazawy NH, Dawood A, Gebhard C, Wichmann T, Sippl W, Hoener M, Arenas E, Liang SH. Translational molecular imaging and drug development in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:11. [PMID: 36759912 PMCID: PMC9912681 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects elderly people and constitutes a major source of disability worldwide. Notably, the neuropathological hallmarks of PD include nigrostriatal loss and the formation of intracellular inclusion bodies containing misfolded α-synuclein protein aggregates. Cardinal motor symptoms, which include tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, can effectively be managed with dopaminergic therapy for years following symptom onset. Nonetheless, patients ultimately develop symptoms that no longer fully respond to dopaminergic treatment. Attempts to discover disease-modifying agents have increasingly been supported by translational molecular imaging concepts, targeting the most prominent pathological hallmark of PD, α-synuclein accumulation, as well as other molecular pathways that contribute to the pathophysiology of PD. Indeed, molecular imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be leveraged to study parkinsonism not only in animal models but also in living patients. For instance, mitochondrial dysfunction can be assessed with probes that target the mitochondrial complex I (MC-I), while nigrostriatal degeneration is typically evaluated with probes designed to non-invasively quantify dopaminergic nerve loss. In addition to dopaminergic imaging, serotonin transporter and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor probes are increasingly used as research tools to better understand the complexity of neurotransmitter dysregulation in PD. Non-invasive quantification of neuroinflammatory processes is mainly conducted by targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) on activated microglia using established imaging agents. Despite the overwhelming involvement of the brain and brainstem, the pathophysiology of PD is not restricted to the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, PD also affects various peripheral organs such as the heart and gastrointestinal tract - primarily via autonomic dysfunction. As such, research into peripheral biomarkers has taken advantage of cardiac autonomic denervation in PD, allowing the differential diagnosis between PD and multiple system atrophy with probes that visualize sympathetic nerve terminals in the myocardium. Further, α-synuclein has recently gained attention as a potential peripheral biomarker in PD. This review discusses breakthrough discoveries that have led to the contemporary molecular concepts of PD pathophysiology and how they can be harnessed to develop effective imaging probes and therapeutic agents. Further, we will shed light on potential future trends, thereby focusing on potential novel diagnostic tracers and disease-modifying therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nehal H. Elghazawy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Alyaa Dawood
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Catherine Gebhard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology/School of Medicine, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Marius Hoener
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Karolinska Institutet, MBB, Molecular Neurobiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Pirhaghi M, Frank SA, Alam P, Nielsen J, Sereikaite V, Gupta A, Strømgaard K, Andreasen M, Sharma D, Saboury AA, Otzen DE. A penetratin-derived peptide reduces the membrane permeabilization and cell toxicity of α-synuclein oligomers. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102688. [PMID: 36370848 PMCID: PMC9791135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative movement disorder associated with the intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Cytotoxicity is mainly associated with the oligomeric species (αSOs) formed at early stages in α-syn aggregation. Consequently, there is an intense focus on the discovery of novel inhibitors such as peptides to inhibit oligomer formation and toxicity. Here, using peptide arrays, we identified nine peptides with high specificity and affinity for αSOs. Of these, peptides p194, p235, and p249 diverted α-syn aggregation from fibrils to amorphous aggregates with reduced β-structures and increased random coil content. However, they did not reduce αSO cytotoxicity and permeabilization of large anionic unilamellar vesicles. In parallel, we identified a non-self-aggregating peptide (p216), derived from the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin, which showed 12-fold higher binding affinity to αSOs than to α-syn monomers (Kdapp 2.7 and 31.2 μM, respectively). p216 reduced αSOs-induced large anionic unilamellar vesicle membrane permeability at 10-1 to 10-3 mg/ml by almost 100%, was not toxic to SH-SY5Y cells, and reduced αSOs cytotoxicity by about 20%. We conclude that p216 is a promising starting point from which to develop peptides targeting toxic αSOs in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Pirhaghi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Signe Andrea Frank
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Janni Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vita Sereikaite
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Arpit Gupta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria Andreasen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India; G.N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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α-Synuclein at the Presynaptic Axon Terminal as a Double-Edged Sword. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040507. [PMID: 35454096 PMCID: PMC9029495 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic, lipid-binding protein strongly associated with the neuropathology observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In normal physiology, α-syn plays a pivotal role in facilitating endocytosis and exocytosis. Interestingly, mutations and modifications of precise α-syn domains interfere with α-syn oligomerization and nucleation that negatively affect presynaptic vesicular dynamics, protein expressions, and mitochondrial profiles. Furthermore, the integration of the α-syn oligomers into the presynaptic membrane results in pore formations, ion influx, and excitotoxicity. Targeted therapies against specific domains of α-syn, including the use of small organic molecules, monoclonal antibodies, and synthetic peptides, are being screened and developed. However, the prospect of an effective α-syn targeted therapy is still plagued by low permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and poor entry into the presynaptic axon terminals. The present review proposes a modification of current strategies, which includes the use of novel encapsulation technology, such as lipid nanoparticles, to bypass the BBB and deliver such agents into the brain.
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9
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Czyż DM. Exploiting Caenorhabditis elegans to discover human gut microbiota-mediated intervention strategies in protein conformational diseases. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2203-2204. [PMID: 35259831 PMCID: PMC9083164 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Czyż
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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10
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Adedara AO, Babalola AD, Stephano F, Awogbindin IO, Olopade JO, Rocha JBT, Whitworth AJ, Abolaji AO. An assessment of the rescue action of resveratrol in parkin loss of function-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3922. [PMID: 35273283 PMCID: PMC8913626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in parkin is associated with onset of juvenile Parkinson's disease (PD). Resveratrol is a polyphenolic stilbene with neuroprotective activity. Here, we evaluated the rescue action of resveratrol in parkin mutant D. melanogaster. The control flies (w1118) received diet-containing 2% ethanol (vehicle), while the PD flies received diets-containing resveratrol (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg diet) for 21 days to assess survival rate. Consequently, similar treatments were carried out for 10 days to evaluate locomotor activity, oxidative stress and antioxidant markers. We also determined mRNA levels of Superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1, an antioxidant gene) and ple, which encodes tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis. Our data showed that resveratrol improved survival rate and climbing activity of PD flies compared to untreated PD flies. Additionally, resveratrol protected against decreased activities of acetylcholinesterase and catalase and levels of non-protein thiols and total thiols displayed by PD flies. Moreover, resveratrol mitigated against parkin mutant-induced accumulations of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. Resveratrol attenuated downregulation of ple and Sod1 and reduction in mitochondrial fluorescence intensity displayed by PD flies. Overall, resveratrol alleviated oxidative stress and locomotor deficit associated with parkin loss-of-function mutation and therefore might be useful for the management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola O Adedara
- Drosophila Laboratory, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ayoade D Babalola
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Flora Stephano
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ifeoluwa O Awogbindin
- Drosophila Laboratory, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James O Olopade
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - João B T Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, R/S, Camobi, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Amos O Abolaji
- Drosophila Laboratory, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Sivanandy P, Leey TC, Xiang TC, Ling TC, Wey Han SA, Semilan SLA, Hong PK. Systematic Review on Parkinson's Disease Medications, Emphasizing on Three Recently Approved Drugs to Control Parkinson's Symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:364. [PMID: 35010624 PMCID: PMC8744877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a disease that involves neurodegeneration and is characterised by the motor symptoms which include muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia. Other non-motor symptoms include pain, depression, anxiety, and psychosis. This disease affects up to ten million people worldwide. The pathophysiology behind PD is due to the neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. There are many conventional drugs used in the treatment of PD. However, there are limitations associated with conventional drugs. For instance, levodopa is associated with the on-off phenomenon, and it may induce wearing off as time progresses. Therefore, this review aimed to analyze the newly approved drugs by the United States-Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) from 2016-2019 as the adjuvant therapy for the treatment of PD symptoms in terms of efficacy and safety. The new drugs include safinamide, istradefylline and pimavanserin. From this review, safinamide is considered to be more efficacious and safer as the adjunct therapy to levodopa as compared to istradefylline in controlling the motor symptoms. In Study 016, both safinamide 50 mg (p = 0.0138) and 100 mg (p = 0.0006) have improved the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III score as compared to placebo. Improvement in Clinical Global Impression-Change (CGI-C), Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and off time were also seen in both groups of patients following the morning levodopa dose. Pimavanserin also showed favorable effects in ameliorating the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease Psychosis (PDP). A combination of conventional therapy and non-pharmacological treatment is warranted to enhance the well-being of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Sivanandy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Tan Choo Leey
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Tan Chi Xiang
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Tan Chi Ling
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Sean Ang Wey Han
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Samantha Lia Anak Semilan
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Phoon Kok Hong
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
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12
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Interactions between the microbiota and enteric nervous system during gut-brain disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108721. [PMID: 34274348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For the last 20 years, researchers have focused their intention on the impact of gut microbiota in healthy and pathological conditions. This year (2021), more than 25,000 articles can be retrieved from PubMed with the keywords "gut microbiota and physiology", showing the constant progress and impact of gut microbes in scientific life. As a result, numerous therapeutic perspectives have been proposed to modulate the gut microbiota composition and/or bioactive factors released from microbes to restore our body functions. Currently, the gut is considered a primary site for the development of pathologies that modify brain functions such as neurodegenerative (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and metabolic (type 2 diabetes, obesity, etc.) disorders. Deciphering the mode of interaction between microbiota and the brain is a real original option to prevent (and maybe treat in the future) the establishment of gut-brain pathologies. The objective of this review is to describe recent scientific elements that explore the communication between gut microbiota and the brain by focusing our interest on the enteric nervous system (ENS) as an intermediate partner. The ENS, which is known as the "second brain", could be under the direct or indirect influence of the gut microbiota and its released factors (short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, gaseous factors, etc.). Thus, in addition to their actions on tissue (adipose tissue, liver, brain, etc.), microbes can have an impact on local ENS activity. This potential modification of ENS function has global repercussions in the whole body via the gut-brain axis and represents a new therapeutic strategy.
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13
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Torres-Rojas C, Zhuang D, Jimenez-Carrion P, Silva I, O'Callaghan JP, Lu L, Zhao W, Mulligan MK, Williams RW, Jones BC. Systems Genetics and Systems Biology Analysis of Paraquat Neurotoxicity in BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:137-146. [PMID: 32294219 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is an herbicide used in many countries, including the United States. It is also implicated as a risk factor for sporadic Parkinson's disease, especially in those living in agricultural areas and drinking well water. Studies linking PQ to sporadic Parkinson's disease are not consistent however and there appears to be interindividual differential susceptibility. One likely reason is genetically based differential susceptibility to paraquat neurotoxicity in subpopulations. To address this issue, we tested the effects of paraquat in a genetic reference population of mice (the BXD recombinant inbred strain family). In our earlier work, we showed that in genetically susceptible mice, paraquat increases iron in the ventral midbrain, the area containing the substantia nigra. Our hypothesis is that genetic variability contributes to diverse PQ-related susceptibility and iron concentration. To test this hypothesis, we treated male mice from 28 to 39 BXD strains plus the parental strains with 1 of 3 doses of paraquat, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg 3 times on a weekly basis. At the end of the treatment period, we analyzed the ventral midbrain for concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc, also we measured the concentration of paraquat in cerebellum, and proinflammatory cytokines in serum and cerebellum. The effect on paraquat-treated mice with 5 mg/kg and principal component analysis of iron showed suggestive quantitative trait loci on chromosome 5. Overall, our results suggest that gene Prkag2 and related networks may serve as potential targets against paraquat toxicity and demonstrate the utility of genetically diverse mouse models for the study of complex human toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Torres-Rojas
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Daming Zhuang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Paola Jimenez-Carrion
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Isabel Silva
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
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14
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Vos M, Klein C. The Importance of Drosophila melanogaster Research to UnCover Cellular Pathways Underlying Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:579. [PMID: 33800736 PMCID: PMC7998316 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is currently incurable. As a consequence of an incomplete understanding of the etiology of the disease, therapeutic strategies mainly focus on symptomatic treatment. Even though the majority of PD cases remain idiopathic (~90%), several genes have been identified to be causative for PD, facilitating the generation of animal models that are a good alternative to study disease pathways and to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of PD. Drosophila melanogaster has proven to be an excellent model in these studies. In this review, we will discuss the different PD models in flies and key findings identified in flies in different affected pathways in PD. Several molecular changes have been identified, of which mitochondrial dysfunction and a defective endo-lysosomal pathway emerge to be the most relevant for PD pathogenesis. Studies in flies have significantly contributed to our knowledge of how disease genes affect and interact in these pathways enabling a better understanding of the disease etiology and providing possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD, some of which have already resulted in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Vos
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Building 67, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Building 67, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased risk for diseases of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The evidence reviewed here indicates that deficits in striatal dopamine are a shared component of the causal chains that produce these disorders. Neuropsychological studies of adult ADHD, prodromal PD, and early-stage PD reveal similar deficits in executive functions, memory, attention, and inhibition that are mediated by similar neural substrates. These and other findings are consistent with the possibility that ADHD may be part of the PD prodrome. The mechanisms that may mediate the association between PD and ADHD include neurotoxic effects of stimulants, other environmental exposures, and Lewy pathology. Understanding the nature of the association between PD and ADHD may provide insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of both disorders. The possible contribution of stimulants to this association may have important clinical and public health implications.
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16
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Merezhko M, Uronen RL, Huttunen HJ. The Cell Biology of Tau Secretion. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:569818. [PMID: 33071756 PMCID: PMC7539664 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.569818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive accumulation and spread of misfolded tau protein in the nervous system is the hallmark of tauopathies, progressive neurodegenerative diseases with only symptomatic treatments available. A growing body of evidence suggests that spreading of tau pathology can occur via cell-to-cell transfer involving secretion and internalization of pathological forms of tau protein followed by templated misfolding of normal tau in recipient cells. Several studies have addressed the cell biological mechanisms of tau secretion. It now appears that instead of a single mechanism, cells can secrete tau via three coexisting pathways: (1) translocation through the plasma membrane; (2) membranous organelles-based secretion; and (3) ectosomal shedding. The relative importance of these pathways in the secretion of normal and pathological tau is still elusive, though. Moreover, glial cells contribute to tau propagation, and the involvement of different cell types, as well as different secretion pathways, complicates the understanding of prion-like propagation of tauopathy. One of the important regulators of tau secretion in neuronal activity, but its mechanistic connection to tau secretion remains unclear and may involve all three secretion pathways of tau. This review article summarizes recent advancements in the field of tau secretion with an emphasis on cell biological aspects of the secretion process and discusses the role of neuronal activity and glial cells in the spread of pathological forms of tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Merezhko
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Ruggeri FS, Flagmeier P, Kumita JR, Meisl G, Chirgadze DY, Bongiovanni MN, Knowles TPJ, Dobson CM. The Influence of Pathogenic Mutations in α-Synuclein on Biophysical and Structural Characteristics of Amyloid Fibrils. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5213-5222. [PMID: 32159944 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteinaceous deposits of α-synuclein amyloid fibrils are a hallmark of human disorders including Parkinson's disease. The onset of this disease is also associated with five familial mutations of the gene encoding the protein. However, the mechanistic link between single point mutations and the kinetics of aggregation, biophysical properties of the resulting amyloid fibrils, and an increased risk of disease is still elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the disease-associated mutations of α-synuclein generate different amyloid fibril polymorphs compared to the wild type protein. Remarkably, the α-synuclein variants forming amyloid fibrils of a comparable structure, morphology, and heterogeneity show similar microscopic steps defining the aggregation kinetics. These results demonstrate that a single point mutation can significantly alter the distribution of fibrillar polymorphs in α-synuclein, suggesting that differences in the clinical phenotypes of familial Parkinson's disease could be associated with differences in the mechanism of formation and the structural characteristics of the aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Simone Ruggeri
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Flagmeier
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Janet R Kumita
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Meisl
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitri Y Chirgadze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Old Addenbrooke's Site, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Marie N Bongiovanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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18
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Soto-Rojas LO, Martínez-Dávila IA, Luna-Herrera C, Gutierrez-Castillo ME, Lopez-Salas FE, Gatica-Garcia B, Soto-Rodriguez G, Bringas Tobon ME, Flores G, Padilla-Viveros A, Bañuelos C, Blanco-Alvarez VM, Dávila-Ayala J, Reyes-Corona D, Garcés-Ramírez L, Hidalgo-Alegria O, De La Cruz-lópez F, Martinez-Fong D. Unilateral intranigral administration of β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside triggers pathological α-synuclein spreading and bilateral nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the rat. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:56. [PMID: 32321590 PMCID: PMC7178762 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spreading and accumulation of α-synuclein and dopaminergic neurodegeneration, two hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD), have been faithfully reproduced in rodent brains by chronic, oral administration of β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside (BSSG). We investigated whether a single injection of BSSG (6 μg BSSG/μL DMSO) in the left substantia nigra of Wistar rats causes the same effects. Mock DMSO injections and untreated rats formed control groups. We performed immunostainings against the pathological α-synuclein, the dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the neuroskeleton marker β-III tubulin, the neurotensin receptor type 1 (NTSR1) as non-dopaminergic phenotype marker and Fluro-Jade C (F-J C) label for neurodegeneration. Using β-galactosidase (β-Gal) assay and active caspase-3 immunostaining, we assessed cell death mechanisms. Golgi-Cox staining was used to measure the density and types of dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons. Motor and non-motor alterations were also evaluated. The study period comprised 15 to 120 days after the lesion. In the injured substantia nigra, BSSG caused a progressive α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by senescence and apoptosis. The α-synuclein immunoreactivity was also present within microglia cells. Decreased density of dopaminergic fibers and dendritic spines also occurred in the striatum. Remarkably, all the histopathological changes also appeared on the contralateral nigrostriatal system, and α-synuclein aggregates were present in other brain regions. Motor and non-motor behavioral alterations were progressive. Our data show that the stereotaxic BSSG administration reproduces PD α-synucleinopathy phenotype in the rat. This approach will aid in identifying the spread mechanism of α-synuclein pathology and validate anti-synucleinopathy therapies.
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Proteostasis Failure in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5497046. [PMID: 32308803 PMCID: PMC7140146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5497046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis or proteostasis is an essential balance of cellular protein levels mediated through an extensive network of biochemical pathways that regulate different steps of the protein quality control, from the synthesis to the degradation. All proteins in a cell continuously turn over, contributing to development, differentiation, and aging. Due to the multiple interactions and connections of proteostasis pathways, exposure to stress conditions may cause various types of protein damage, altering cellular homeostasis and disrupting the entire network with additional cellular stress. Furthermore, protein misfolding and/or alterations during protein synthesis results in inactive or toxic proteins, which may overload the degradation mechanisms. The maintenance of a balanced proteome, preventing the formation of impaired proteins, is accomplished by two major catabolic routes: the ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosomal system. The proteostasis network is particularly important in nondividing, long-lived cells, such as neurons, as its failure is implicated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These neurological disorders share common risk factors such as aging, oxidative stress, environmental stress, and protein dysfunction, all of which alter cellular proteostasis, suggesting that general mechanisms controlling proteostasis may underlay the etiology of these diseases. In this review, we describe the major pathways of cellular proteostasis and discuss how their disruption contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the role of oxidative stress.
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20
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González N, Gentile I, Garro HA, Delgado-Ocaña S, Ramunno CF, Buratti FA, Griesinger C, Fernández CO. Metal coordination and peripheral substitution modulate the activity of cyclic tetrapyrroles on αS aggregation: a structural and cell-based study. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1269-1278. [PMID: 31486955 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of aggregation inhibitors and the elucidation of their mechanism of action are key in the quest to mitigate the toxic consequences of amyloid formation. We have previously characterized the antiamyloidogenic mechanism of action of sodium phtalocyanine tetrasulfonate ([Na4(H2PcTS)]) on α-Synuclein (αS), demonstrating that specific aromatic interactions are fundamental for the inhibition of amyloid assembly. Here we studied the influence that metal preferential affinity and peripheral substituents may have on the activity of tetrapyrrolic compounds on αS aggregation. For the first time, our laboratory has extended the studies in the field of the bioinorganic chemistry and biophysics to cellular biology, using a well-established cell-based model to study αS aggregation. The interaction scenario described in our work revealed that both N- and C-terminal regions of αS represent binding interfaces for the studied compounds, a behavior that is mainly driven by the presence of negatively or positively charged substituents located at the periphery of the macrocycle. Binding modes of the tetrapyrrole ligands to αS are determined by the planarity and hydrophobicity of the aromatic ring system in the tetrapyrrolic molecule and/or the preferential affinity of the metal ion conjugated at the center of the macrocyclic ring. The different capability of phthalocyanines and meso-tetra (N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetrachloride ([H2PrTPCl4]) to modulate αS aggregation in vitro was reproduced in cell-based models of αS aggregation, demonstrating unequivocally that the modulation exerted by these compounds on amyloid assembly is a direct consequence of their interaction with the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazareno González
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Iñaki Gentile
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo A Garro
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.,Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, CP 5700, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Susana Delgado-Ocaña
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carla F Ramunno
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fiamma A Buratti
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudio O Fernández
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina. .,Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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21
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Gentile I, Garro HA, Delgado Ocaña S, Gonzalez N, Strohäker T, Schibich D, Quintanar L, Sambrotta L, Zweckstetter M, Griesinger C, Menacho Márquez M, Fernández CO. Interaction of Cu(i) with the Met-X 3-Met motif of alpha-synuclein: binding ligands, affinity and structural features. Metallomics 2019; 10:1383-1389. [PMID: 30246210 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00232k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the Cu(i) binding ligands at Met-X3-Met site of AcαS and its role into the affinity and structural properties of the interaction were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. We provide evidence that the source of ligands for Cu(i) binding to the Met-X3-Met site comes from the N-terminal acetyl group and the Met-1, Asp-2 and Met-5 residues. From the study of site-directed mutants and synthetic peptide models of αS we demonstrated the critical role played by Met-1 and Met-5 residues on the binding affinity of the Cu(i) complex, acting as the main metal anchoring residues. While having a more modest impact in the affinity features of Cu(i) binding, as compared to the Met residues, the N-terminal acetyl group and Asp-2 are important in promoting local helical conformations, contributing to the stabilization of these structures by favoring Cu(i) binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Gentile
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC) and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina.
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22
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Osuagwu N, Dölle C, Tzoulis C. Poly-ADP-ribose assisted protein localization resolves that DJ-1, but not LRRK2 or α-synuclein, is localized to the mitochondrial matrix. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219909. [PMID: 31323073 PMCID: PMC6641658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proteins linked to familial Parkinson disease have been associated with mitochondrial (dys-)function and have been described to reside within mitochondria. The putative mitochondrial and sub-mitochondrial localization of these proteins remains disputed, however, potentially due to conflicting results obtained by diverging technical approaches. Using the high-resolution poly-ADP-ribose assisted protein localization assay that also allows for detection of low level and even partial mitochondrial matrix localization, we demonstrate here that DJ-1, but not LRRK2 or α-synuclein, resides in the mitochondrial matrix. The localization of the proteins was not changed in cellular stress models of Parkinson disease and, in case of α-synuclein, not affected by pathological mutations. Our results verify the ability of DJ-1 to carry out its role also from within mitochondria and suggest that LRRK2 and α-synuclein may interact with and affect mitochondria from outside the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Osuagwu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed Center of Excellence for Clinical Research in Neurological Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Dölle
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed Center of Excellence for Clinical Research in Neurological Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (CD); (CT)
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed Center of Excellence for Clinical Research in Neurological Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (CD); (CT)
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Xu M, Zhang S, Zhao H, Ma C, Pan Y. Association between nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 ( NOD2) gene polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease (PD) susceptibility. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2134-2138. [PMID: 31146602 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1617730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) gene and Parkinson's disease susceptibility, including IVS4 + 10A > C (rs72796353) and a missense mutation at exon 9 (c.2857A > G p.K953E). Methods: Rs72796353 and c.2857A > G p.K953E polymorphisms of NOD2 gene were genotyped via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 125 cases with PD and 120 healthy controls. Genotype and allele frequencies differences of gene polymorphisms between the case and control groups were analyzed by the Chi-square test. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to indicate the relative susceptibility to PD. Furthermore, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was evaluated by the χ2 test in controls. Results: Neither genotypes nor allele of rs72796353 was significantly different in cases and control groups (p > .05). Differently, AG/GG genotype of NOD2 2857 A > G polymorphism were associated with the increased risk of PD (OR = 2.486, 95%CI = 1.223-5.056), and G allele carriers were 2.563 times risk to suffer from PD (OR = 2.563, 95%CI = 1.310-5.013). Besides, AG genotype might be also a risk factor for PD. Conclusion: NOD2 c.2857A > G p.K953E polymorphism may be correlated with PD susceptibility in Chinese Han population, but not rs727796353. Further study should be conduct to certify this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xu
- a Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Hong Zhao
- a Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Chi Ma
- a Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Yujun Pan
- b Department of Neurology, First Hospital and Clinical College of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
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Brennan S, Keon M, Liu B, Su Z, Saksena NK. Panoramic Visualization of Circulating MicroRNAs Across Neurodegenerative Diseases in Humans. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7380-7407. [PMID: 31037649 PMCID: PMC6815273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and dementia pose one of the greatest health challenges this century. Although these NDs have been looked at as single entities, the underlying molecular mechanisms have never been collectively visualized to date. With the advent of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies, we now have the opportunity to visualize these diseases in a whole new perspective, which will provide a clear understanding of the primary and secondary events vital in achieving the final resolution of these diseases guiding us to new treatment strategies to possibly treat these diseases together. We created a knowledge base of all microRNAs known to be differentially expressed in various body fluids of ND patients. We then used several bioinformatic methods to understand the functional intersections and differences between AD, PD, ALS, and MS. These results provide a unique panoramic view of possible functional intersections between AD, PD, MS, and ALS at the level of microRNA and their cognate genes and pathways, along with the entities that unify and separate them. While the microRNA signatures were apparent for each ND, the unique observation in our study was that hsa-miR-30b-5p overlapped between all four NDS, and has significant functional roles described across NDs. Furthermore, our results also show the evidence of functional convergence of miRNAs which was associated with the regulation of their cognate genes represented in pathways that included fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, ECM receptor interactions, prion diseases, and several signaling pathways critical to neuron differentiation and survival, underpinning their relevance in NDs. Envisioning this group of NDs together has allowed us to propose new ways of utilizing circulating miRNAs as biomarkers and in visualizing diverse NDs more holistically . The critical molecular insights gained through the discovery of ND-associated miRNAs, overlapping miRNAs, and the functional convergence of microRNAs on vital pathways strongly implicated in neurodegenerative processes can prove immensely valuable in the identifying new generation of biomarkers, along with the development of miRNAs into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Brennan
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Keon
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zheng Su
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nitin K. Saksena
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Raza C, Anjum R, Shakeel NUA. Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms, translational models and management strategies. Life Sci 2019; 226:77-90. [PMID: 30980848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical motor symptoms include resting tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability and are accompanied by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and Lewy pathology. Diminished neurotransmitter level, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and perturbed protein homeostasis over time worsen the disease manifestations in elderly people. Current management strategies aim to provide symptomatic relief and to slow down the disease progression. However, no pharmacological breakthrough has been made to protect dopaminergic neurons and associated motor circuitry components. Deep brain stimulation, stem cells-derived dopaminergic neurons transplantation, gene editing and gene transfer remain promising approaches for the potential management of neurodegenerative disease. Toxin or genetically induced rodent models replicating Parkinson's disease pathology are of high predictive value for translational research. This review addresses the current understanding, management strategies and the Parkinson's disease models for translational research. Preclinical research may provide powerful tools to quest the potential therapeutic and neuroprotective compounds for dopaminergic neurons and hence possible cure for the Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chand Raza
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Rabia Anjum
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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26
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Drosophila Models of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113343. [PMID: 30373150 PMCID: PMC6275057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common cause of movement disorders and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It is increasingly recognized as a complex group of disorders presenting widely heterogeneous symptoms and pathology. With the exception of the rare monogenic forms, the majority of PD cases result from an interaction between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. The search for these risk factors and the development of preclinical animal models are in progress, aiming to provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of PD. This review summarizes the studies that capitalize on modeling sporadic (i.e., nonfamilial) PD using Drosophilamelanogaster and discusses their methodologies, new findings, and future perspectives.
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28
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Tiwari MK, Leinisch F, Sahin C, Møller IM, Otzen DE, Davies MJ, Bjerrum MJ. Early events in copper-ion catalyzed oxidation of α-synuclein. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:38-50. [PMID: 29689296 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on metal-ion catalyzed oxidation of α-synuclein oxidation have mostly used conditions that result in extensive modification precluding an understanding of the early events in this process. In this study, we have examined time-dependent oxidative events related to α-synuclein modification using six different molar ratios of Cu2+/H2O2/protein and Cu2+/H2O2/ascorbate/protein resulting in mild to moderate extents of oxidation. For a Cu2+/H2O2/protein molar ratio of 2.3:7.8:1 only low levels of carbonyls were detected (0.078 carbonyls per protein), whereas a molar ratio of 4.7:15.6:1 gave 0.22 carbonyls per α-synuclein within 15 min. With the latter conditions, rapid conversion of 3 out of 4 methionines (Met) to methionine sulfoxide, and 2 out of 4 tyrosines (Tyr) were converted to products including inter- and intra-molecular dityrosine cross-links and protein oligomers, as determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Limited histidine (His) modification was observed. The rapid formation of dityrosine cross-links was confirmed by fluorescence and mass-spectrometry. These data indicate that Met and Tyr oxidation are early events in Cu2+/H2O2-mediated damage, with carbonyl formation being a minor process. With the Cu2+/H2O2/ascorbate system, rapid protein carbonyl formation was detected with the first 5 min, but after this time point, little additional carbonyl formation was detected. With this system, lower levels of Met and Tyr oxidation were detected (2 Met and 1 Tyr modified with a Cu2+/H2O2/ascorbate/protein ratio of 2.3:7.8:7.8:1), but greater His oxidation. Only low levels of intra- dityrosine cross-links and no inter- dityrosine oligomers were detected under these conditions, suggesting that ascorbate limits Cu2+/H2O2-induced α-synuclein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Leinisch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cagla Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten J Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Paraquat-Induced Movement Disorder in Relation to Oxidative Stress-Mediated Neurodegeneration in the Brain of Drosophila melanogaster. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3310-3320. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Forloni G, Artuso V, La Vitola P, Balducci C. Oligomeropathies and pathogenesis of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. Mov Disord 2016; 31:771-81. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Departement of Neuroscience; IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,”; Milano Italy
| | | | - Pietro La Vitola
- Departement of Neuroscience; IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,”; Milano Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Departement of Neuroscience; IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,”; Milano Italy
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31
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BDNF G196A (Val66Met) polymorphism associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2014; 561:86-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Study on the dynamic changes in synaptic vesicle-associated protein and axonal transport protein combined with LPS neuroinflammation model. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2013; 2013:496079. [PMID: 24205442 PMCID: PMC3800604 DOI: 10.1155/2013/496079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia activation is the major component of inflammation that constitutes the characteristic of neurodegenerative disease. A large amount of researches have demonstrated that inflammation involved in the pathogenesis of PD process activated microglia acting on the neurons through the release of a variety of inflammatory factors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying how it does work on neurons is still unclear. Here, we show that intracerebral injections of LPS induced Parkinson's disease pathology in C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, study on the dynamic changes in Synaptic vesicle-associated protein and axonal transport Protein in this process. The results indicated that after administration of LPS in the brain, the inflammatory levels of TNF-α and IL-1β both are elevated, and have a time-dependent.
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Cai Y, Ding H, Gu Z, Ma J, Chan P. Genetic variants of the PITX3 gene are not associated with late-onset sporadic Parkinson's disease in a Chinese population. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:124-6. [PMID: 21565251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PITX3 is a transcription factor which determines the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and is considered a candidate gene for Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent association studies indicated that three PITX3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs2281983, rs4919621, and rs3758549 are likely to be associated with PD. However, no similar associations in Chinese populations have been reported. To examine the nature of the association in Chinese individuals we analyzed DNA samples for these three PITX3 SNPs from 509 late-onset sporadic PD patients, and 494 healthy controls, using a ligase detection reaction (LDR). Results indicated that allele and genotype frequencies did not differ between patients and controls for all three SNPs, suggesting that these SNP sites do not contribute to the risk of developing PD in late-onset sporadic PD in this Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Cai
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China.
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WANG XM, WANG DQ, WANG XY. Function study advances of Parkinson¢s disease related genes. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2010; 32:779-84. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2010.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Gan-Or Z, Bar-Shira A, Mirelman A, Gurevich T, Kedmi M, Giladi N, Orr-Urtreger A. LRRK2 and GBA mutations differentially affect the initial presentation of Parkinson disease. Neurogenetics 2009; 11:121-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-009-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
In 1983, it was reported that certain drug users with a history of exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, a contaminant of an illicitly produced meperidine analogue, developed an irreversible syndrome resembling idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD). Soon thereafter, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine's active metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine, was shown to be a complex I inhibitor. Activity of complex I (the point of entry for most electrons that traverse the mitochondrial electron transport chain) has been found to be impaired in the substantia nigra pars compacta and also in other brain tissues in PD patients. In 2006, high temporal and spatial resolution phosphorous functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that, in 20 PD patients, mitochondrial dysfunction extended to the visual cortex. Epidemiologic studies have implicated a number of apparently disparate exogenous factors in the causation of PD. For example, exposure to certain pesticides and herbicides (many known to inhibit electron transport chain activity) increases PD risk. Parkinson disease risk can be doubled, tripled, or more in individuals with repeated head injuries. Over time, PD risk is almost doubled in men and women with prior type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, despite evidence that certain exogenous and/or developmental factors play a role in causation of PD, their potential effect on PD incidence is greatly overshadowed by that of advancing age. In 1 prospective study, PD incidence rate in subjects at least 85 years old was about 14 times that observed in subjects aged 56 to 65 years. The dramatic effect of aging on PD risk may be explained in part by the fact that mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and cause functional impairment in aged human substantia nigra pars compacta neurons. High levels of these mutations are associated with electron transport chain deficiency, a situation that favors increased oxidative damage, Lewy body formation, and apoptotic cell death. Systematic study of the effects of putative risk factors in animal models of parkinsonism may be expected to improve our understanding of PD's complex pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore B Vanitallie
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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