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Gallegos-Alcalá P, Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Salinas E. The Keratinocyte as a Crucial Cell in the Predisposition, Onset, Progression, Therapy and Study of the Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910661. [PMID: 34639001 PMCID: PMC8509070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte (KC) is the main functional and structural component of the epidermis, the most external layer of the skin that is highly specialized in defense against external agents, prevention of leakage of body fluids and retention of internal water within the cells. Altered epidermal barrier and aberrant KC differentiation are involved in the pathophysiology of several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cutaneous and systemic immune dysregulation and skin microbiota dysbiosis. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms of this complex disease remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the participation of the KC in different aspects of the AD. We provide an overview of the genetic predisposing and environmental factors, inflammatory molecules and signaling pathways of the KC that participate in the physiopathology of the AD. We also analyze the link among the KC, the microbiota and the inflammatory response underlying acute and chronic skin AD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gallegos-Alcalá
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- National Council of Science and Technology, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-449-9108424
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2
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Schäbitz A, Eyerich K, Garzorz-Stark N. So close, and yet so far away: The dichotomy of the specific immune response and inflammation in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J Intern Med 2021; 290:27-39. [PMID: 33428274 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the complex interplay between cytokines, chemokines and microorganisms has led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of both psoriasis and AD and resulted in new therapeutics targeting distinct immune responses. Psoriasis and AD share many characteristics: they are highly prevalent, chronic, cause primarily skin inflammation, but are associated with comorbidities, and come with a devastating quality of life due to itch and stigmatization. However, the pathogenesis of psoriasis and AD is opposing - psoriasis is dominated by a Th17 immune response that causes neutrophil migration, induction of innate immunity and exaggerated epithelial metabolism. Leading cytokines of this Th17 immune response are IL-17A and F, IL-22 and TNF-a. AD is characterized by Th2 immunity characterized by the signature cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 leading to an impaired epidermal barrier, dampened innate immunity and eosinophil migration. This review compares genetics, microbiome and T-cell infiltrate and resulting epithelial response in psoriasis and AD. Whilst the antagonistic course of psoriasis and AD is confirmed by response to specific biologics targeting the key cytokines of inflammation in psoriasis and AD, respectively, clinically overlapping phenotypes are challenging in our daily clinical practice. We conclude this review by summarizing what is known about these mixed phenotypes and how the identification of clinically relevant endotypes and molecular-driven decision-making is the next step in the field of dermato-immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schäbitz
- From the, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Eyerich
- From the, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Unit of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - N Garzorz-Stark
- From the, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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3
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Keratinocytes Regulate the Threshold of Inflammation by Inhibiting T Cell Effector Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071606. [PMID: 34206914 PMCID: PMC8306889 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the importance of keratinocytes as a first-line defense has been widely investigated, little is known about their interactions with non-resident immune cells. In this study, the impact of human keratinocytes on T cell effector functions was analyzed in an antigen-specific in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to nickel sulfate. Keratinocytes partially inhibited T cell proliferation and cytokine production. This effect was dependent on the keratinocyte/T cell ratio and was partially reversible by increasing the number of autologous dendritic cells. The inhibition of T cell proliferation by keratinocytes was independent of the T cell subtype and antigen presentation by different professional antigen-presenting cells. Autologous and heterologous keratinocytes showed comparable effects, while the fixation of keratinocytes with paraformaldehyde abrogated the immunosuppressive effect. The separation of keratinocytes and T cells by a transwell chamber, as well as a cell-free keratinocyte supernatant, inhibited T cell effector functions to the same amount as directly co-cultured keratinocytes, thus proving that soluble factor/s account for the observed suppressive effects. In conclusion, keratinocytes critically control the threshold of inflammatory processes in the skin by inhibiting T cell proliferation and cytokine production.
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4
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Atopy Patch Testing with Aeroallergens and Food Proteins. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Gu Y, Li K, Sun J, Zhang J. Characterization of CD19 + CD24 hi CD38 hi B cells in Chinese adult patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2863-2870. [PMID: 32242984 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Human interleukin-10+ B cells (B10 cells) is one of regulatory B cells and is enriched in CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi B cells. A little is known about these cells in atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE To study CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi B cells and their clinical significance in Chinese adult patients with atopic dermatitis. METHODS Thirty-two adult patients with AD and nineteen healthy controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stained with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for CD19, CD24, CD27, CD38 and Annexin V. The stained PBMCs were analysed by flow cytometry. B10 cells were prepared by stimulating PBMCs with CpG, LPS and CD40L followed by restimulation with phorbol12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Serum IL-10, B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) levels were measured by using the ELISA. Apoptosis and proliferation of CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi B cells were measured by flow cytometry. 4/P-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk) phosphorylation were also studied. RESULTS The number of CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi B cells in patients with AD was similar to that in healthy controls. However, B10 cells were decreased in patients with AD. The proportion of B10 cells was negatively associated with blood basophil counts but not associated with disease activity. CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi B cells from AD patients were more susceptible to apoptosis upon stimulation with CpG, LPS and CD40L. B cells from AD patients showed lower STAT3 and Erk phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi B cells were unchanged in atopic dermatitis while B10 cells were decreased. The increased B-cell apoptosis, decreased STAT3 and Erk phosphorylation might contribute to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - K Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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6
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Paschalidou AK, Psistaki K, Charalampopoulos A, Vokou D, Kassomenos P, Damialis A. Identifying patterns of airborne pollen distribution using a synoptic climatology approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136625. [PMID: 32018949 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of pollen release and dispersion in the atmosphere is of high importance, not only for getting an insight on the patterns of movement of these biological particles that are necessary for plants' reproduction, but also because exposure to airborne pollen is a major concern for respiratory allergies worldwide. In this work, a synoptic circulation-to-environment classification method was adopted to elucidate the relationship between distinct atmospheric patterns and pollen levels for the 11 most abundant but also allergenic taxa in Thessaloniki, Greece, for the 15-year period 1987-2001. It was found that the NW1 depressional weather type is associated with the "low winter pollen season" and high levels of pollen from Carpinus spp., Corylus spp., Cupressaceae, Platanus spp., Pinaceae, Quercus spp. and Urticaceae. In contrast, the SW1 cyclonic type is linked to the "high spring-summer pollen season" and high levels of pollen from Oleaceae and Urticaceae. On the other hand, anticyclonic weather is associated with the "summer-autumn pollen season" and high levels of Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae pollen in the atmosphere. Regional transport of Alnus pollen is linked to a strong high-pressure system centered over Italy, giving light NE winds over northern Greece. These findings shed light to the synoptic climatology of airborne pollen in Thessaloniki and could feed early-warning systems for alerting vulnerable groups of the allergic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Paschalidou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Psistaki
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | | | - Despoina Vokou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavlos Kassomenos
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Meteorology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Athanasios Damialis
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany.
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7
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Darsow U, Balzer C, Mahler V, Ring J. Atopy Patch Testing with Aeroallergens and Food Proteins. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_25-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Qin L, Waseem TC, Sahoo A, Bieerkehazhi S, Zhou H, Galkina EV, Nurieva R. Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of T Follicular Helper-Mediated Immunity and Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1884. [PMID: 30158933 PMCID: PMC6104131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play key role in providing help to B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. Generation of protective antibodies against various infections is an important aspect of Tfh-mediated immune responses and the dysregulation of Tfh cell responses has been implicated in various autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and malignancy. Thus, their differentiation and maintenance must be closely regulated to ensure appropriate help to B cells. The generation and function of Tfh cells is regulated by multiple checkpoints including their early priming stage in T zones and throughout the effector stage of differentiation in GCs. Signaling pathways activated downstream of cytokine and costimulatory receptors as well as consequent activation of subset-specific transcriptional factors are essential steps for Tfh cell generation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying Tfh cell-mediated immunity and pathology will bring into spotlight potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we discuss the recent findings related to the molecular mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in normal immune responses and antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Kopfnagel V, Wagenknecht S, Harder J, Hofmann K, Kleine M, Buch A, Sodeik B, Werfel T. RNase 7 Strongly Promotes TLR9-Mediated DNA Sensing by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:872-881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Szabó K, Gáspár K, Dajnoki Z, Papp G, Fábos B, Szegedi A, Zeher M. Expansion of circulating follicular T helper cells associates with disease severity in childhood atopic dermatitis. Immunol Lett 2017; 189:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Werfel T, Allam JP, Biedermann T, Eyerich K, Gilles S, Guttman-Yassky E, Hoetzenecker W, Knol E, Simon HU, Wollenberg A, Bieber T, Lauener R, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Akdis CA. Cellular and molecular immunologic mechanisms in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 138:336-49. [PMID: 27497276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex skin disease frequently associated with other diseases of the atopic diathesis. Recent evidence supports the concept that AD can also recognize other comorbidities, such as chronic inflammatory bowel or cardiovascular diseases. These comorbidities might result from chronic cutaneous inflammation or from a common, yet-to-be-defined immunologic background leading to immune deviations. The activation of immune cells and their migration to the skin play an essential role in the pathogenesis of AD. In patients with AD, an underlying immune deviation might result in higher susceptibility of the skin to environmental factors. There is a high unmet medical need to define immunologic endotypes of AD because it has significant implications on upcoming stratification of the phenotype of AD and the resulting targeted therapies in the development of precision medicine. This review article emphasizes studies on environmental factors affecting AD development and novel biological agents used in the treatment of AD. Best evidence of the clinical efficacy of novel immunologic approaches using biological agents in patients with AD is available for the anti-IL-4 receptor α-chain antibody dupilumab, but a number of studies are currently ongoing with other specific antagonists to immune system players. These targeted molecules can be expressed on or drive the cellular players infiltrating the skin (eg, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, or eosinophils). Such approaches can have immunomodulatory and thereby beneficial clinical effects on the overall skin condition, as well as on the underlying immune deviation that might play a role in comorbidities. An effect of these immunologic treatments on pruritus and the disturbed microbiome in patients with AD has other potential consequences for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jean-Pierre Allam
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, and the Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Wolfram Hoetzenecker
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Edward Knol
- Departments of Immunology and Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wollenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roger Lauener
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; Allergy Unit, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
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12
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Han RT, Back SK, Lee H, Lee J, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Na HS. Formaldehyde-Induced Aggravation of Pruritus and Dermatitis Is Associated with the Elevated Expression of Th1 Cytokines in a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168466. [PMID: 28005965 PMCID: PMC5179079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a complex disease of heterogeneous pathogenesis, in particular, genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and their interactions. Indoor air pollution, increasing with urbanization, plays a role as environmental risk factor in the development of AD. However, we still lack a detailed picture of the role of air pollution in the development of the disease. Here, we examined the effect of formaldehyde (FA) exposure on the manifestation of atopic dermatitis and the underlying molecular mechanism in naive rats and in a rat model of atopic dermatitis (AD) produced by neonatal capsaicin treatment. The AD and naive rats were exposed to 0.8 ppm FA, 1.2 ppm FA, or fresh air (Air) for 6 weeks (2 hours/day and 5 days/week). So, six groups, namely the 1.2 FA-AD, 0.8 FA-AD, Air-AD, 1.2 FA-naive, 0.8 FA-naive and Air-naive groups, were established. Pruritus and dermatitis, two major symptoms of atopic dermatitis, were evaluated every week for 6 weeks. After that, samples of the blood, the skin and the thymus were collected from the 1.2 FA-AD, the Air-AD, the 1.2 FA-naive and the Air-naive groups. Serum IgE levels were quantified with ELISA, and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines from extracts of the skin and the thymus were calculated with qRT-PCR. The dermatitis and pruritus significantly worsened in 1.2 FA-AD group, but not in 0.8 FA-AD, compared to the Air-AD animals, whereas FA didn't induce any symptoms in naive rats. Consistently, the levels of serum IgE were significantly higher in 1.2 FA-AD than in air-AD, however, there was no significant difference following FA exposure in naive animals. In the skin, mRNA expression levels of Th1 cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly higher in the 1.2 FA-AD rats compared to the air-AD rats, whereas mRNA expression levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), IL-17A and TSLP were significantly higher in 1.2 FA-naive group than in the Air-naive group. These results suggested that 1.2 ppm of FA penetrated the injured skin barrier, and exacerbated Th1 responses and serum IgE level in the AD rats so that dermatitis and pruritus were aggravated, while the elevated expression of Th2 cytokines by 1.2 ppm of FA in naive rats was probably insufficient for clinical manifestation. In conclusion, in a rat model of atopic dermatitis, exposure to 1.2 ppm of FA aggravated pruritus and skin inflammation, which was associated with the elevated expression of Th1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Taeho Han
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Keun Back
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biotechnology, College of Medical Engineering, Konyang University, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - JaeHee Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye young Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Science and Technology College, Yonsei University Wonju Campus, Wonju, Korea
| | - Heung Sik Na
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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A computational model to predict severity of atopic eczema from 30 serum proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1207-1210.e2. [PMID: 27315765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Eyerich K, Eyerich S, Biedermann T. The Multi-Modal Immune Pathogenesis of Atopic Eczema. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:788-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Davies JM, Beggs PJ, Medek DE, Newnham RM, Erbas B, Thibaudon M, Katelaris CH, Haberle SG, Newbigin EJ, Huete AR. Trans-disciplinary research in synthesis of grass pollen aerobiology and its importance for respiratory health in Australasia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 534:85-96. [PMID: 25891684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Grass pollen is a major trigger for allergic rhinitis and asthma, yet little is known about the timing and levels of human exposure to airborne grass pollen across Australasian urban environments. The relationships between environmental aeroallergen exposure and allergic respiratory disease bridge the fields of ecology, aerobiology, geospatial science and public health. The Australian Aerobiology Working Group comprised of experts in botany, palynology, biogeography, climate change science, plant genetics, biostatistics, ecology, pollen allergy, public and environmental health, and medicine, was established to systematically source, collate and analyse atmospheric pollen concentration data from 11 Australian and six New Zealand sites. Following two week-long workshops, post-workshop evaluations were conducted to reflect upon the utility of this analysis and synthesis approach to address complex multidisciplinary questions. This Working Group described i) a biogeographically dependent variation in airborne pollen diversity, ii) a latitudinal gradient in the timing, duration and number of peaks of the grass pollen season, and iii) the emergence of new methodologies based on trans-disciplinary synthesis of aerobiology and remote sensing data. Challenges included resolving methodological variations between pollen monitoring sites and temporal variations in pollen datasets. Other challenges included "marrying" ecosystem and health sciences and reconciling divergent expert opinion. The Australian Aerobiology Working Group facilitated knowledge transfer between diverse scientific disciplines, mentored students and early career scientists, and provided an uninterrupted collaborative opportunity to focus on a unifying problem globally. The Working Group provided a platform to optimise the value of large existing ecological datasets that have importance for human respiratory health and ecosystems research. Compilation of current knowledge of Australasian pollen aerobiology is a critical first step towards the management of exposure to pollen in patients with allergic disease and provides a basis from which the future impacts of climate change on pollen distribution can be assessed and monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Davies
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Paul J Beggs
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Danielle E Medek
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rewi M Newnham
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Public Health and Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Michel Thibaudon
- European Aerobiology Society, Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, 11 chemin de la Creuzille, 69690 Brussieu, France.
| | - Connstance H Katelaris
- Campbelltown Hospital, The School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, NSW, Australia.
| | - Simon G Haberle
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Edward J Newbigin
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Alfredo R Huete
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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16
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Quaranta M, Knapp B, Garzorz N, Mattii M, Pullabhatla V, Pennino D, Andres C, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Cavani A, Theis FJ, Ring J, Schmidt-Weber CB, Eyerich S, Eyerich K. Intraindividual genome expression analysis reveals a specific molecular signature of psoriasis and eczema. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:244ra90. [PMID: 25009230 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous attempts to gain insight into the pathogenesis of psoriasis and eczema by comparing their molecular signatures were hampered by the high interindividual variability of those complex diseases. In patients affected by both psoriasis and nonatopic or atopic eczema simultaneously (n = 24), an intraindividual comparison of the molecular signatures of psoriasis and eczema identified genes and signaling pathways regulated in common and exclusive for each disease across all patients. Psoriasis-specific genes were important regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism, epidermal differentiation, as well as immune mediators of T helper 17 (TH17) responses, interleukin-10 (IL-10) family cytokines, and IL-36. Genes in eczema related to epidermal barrier, reduced innate immunity, increased IL-6, and a TH2 signature. Within eczema subtypes, a mutually exclusive regulation of epidermal differentiation genes was observed. Furthermore, only contact eczema was driven by inflammasome activation, apoptosis, and cellular adhesion. On the basis of this comprehensive picture of the pathogenesis of psoriasis and eczema, a disease classifier consisting of NOS2 and CCL27 was created. In an independent cohort of eczema (n = 28) and psoriasis patients (n = 25), respectively, this classifier diagnosed all patients correctly and also identified initially misdiagnosed or clinically undifferentiated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quaranta
- Center of Allergy & Environment, Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Knapp
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Garzorz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Mattii
- Center of Allergy & Environment, Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Venu Pullabhatla
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Davide Pennino
- Center of Allergy & Environment, Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Andres
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Cavani
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment, Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Eyerich
- Center of Allergy & Environment, Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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17
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Eyerich K, Novak N. Immunology of atopic eczema: overcoming the Th1/Th2 paradigm. Allergy 2013; 68:974-82. [PMID: 23889510 DOI: 10.1111/all.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atopic eczema (AE) is a challenge for modern medicine, because it is prevalent, severely affects quality of life of patients and their families, and causes high socioeconomic costs. The pathogenesis of AE is complex. While initial studies suggested a Th2 deviation as primary reason for the disease, numerous studies addressed a genetically predetermined impaired epidermal barrier as leading cause in a subgroup of patients. Recently, immune changes beyond the initial Th2 concept were defined in AE, with a role for specialized dendritic cells as well as newly identified T helper cell subsets such as Th17 and Th22 cells. Furthermore, trigger factors are expanded beyond classical Th2 allergens such as pollen or house dust mites to microbial products as well as self-antigens. This review pieces together our current understanding of immune as well as barrier abnormalities into the pathogenesis mosaic of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; University of Bonn Medical Center; Bonn; Germany
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18
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Szegedi K, Kremer AE, Kezic S, Teunissen MBM, Bos JD, Luiten RM, Res PC, Middelkamp-Hup MA. Increased frequencies of IL-31-producing T cells are found in chronic atopic dermatitis skin. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:431-6. [PMID: 22621183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-31 has been associated with pruritus, a characteristic feature of atopic dermatitis (AD). Local T cell responses may be responsible for the increased level of IL-31 mRNA observed in AD. We investigated the frequency of IL-31-producing T cells in AD lesions, as well as their cytokine profile. T cells were isolated from chronic AD lesions, autologous blood and healthy donor skin. Intracellular expression of IL-31, IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-17 and IL-22 was measured using flow cytometry. T cells from AD lesions contained significantly higher percentages of IL-31-producing T cells compared to autologous blood and donor skin. Many IL-31-producing T cells co-produced IL-13 and to lesser extent IL-22, but rarely IFN-γ or IL-17. A substantial part of the IL-31-producing T cells did not co-produce any of the other cytokines and could therefore not be linked to any of the known functionally different T cell subsets. The T cell infiltrates were also relatively enriched for Th2/Tc2 and Th22/Tc22 cells, while frequencies of Th1/Tc1 and Th17 cells were decreased. This is the first report describing the detection of IL-31 at protein level in skin-infiltrating T cells. We show here that T cells in chronic AD skin produce IL-31 and that AD lesions contain increased levels of these IL-31-producing T cells. This suggests that a substantial part of previously reported increased IL-31 mRNA levels in AD skin is T cell derived and that these cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szegedi
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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An update on the role of human dendritic cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:879-86. [PMID: 22385631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are without a doubt important key skin cells that connect information from the environment with the innate and adaptive immune system. Their function is decisive for the initiation and inhibition of immune responses, and therefore they play a central role for both the healthy and diseased states of the skin. The type, maturation stage, and function of DCs, as well as the micromilieu in which they are located and their contact with cellular partners in the surrounding area, are important cofactors that direct maintenance of immune homeostasis or breakout of inflammatory reactions in patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. Thus better knowledge about the exact proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties of DCs in patients with atopic dermatitis and the disease-specific roles of DC subtypes would allow us to target these important immune cells with versatile functions for therapeutic purpose.
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20
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Eyerich S, Onken AT, Weidinger S, Franke A, Nasorri F, Pennino D, Grosber M, Pfab F, Schmidt-Weber CB, Mempel M, Hein R, Ring J, Cavani A, Eyerich K. Mutual antagonism of T cells causing psoriasis and atopic eczema. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:231-8. [PMID: 21774711 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Eyerich
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Atopy Patch Testing with Aeroallergens and Food Proteins. Contact Dermatitis 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Gilles S, Jacoby D, Blume C, Mueller MJ, Jakob T, Behrendt H, Schaekel K, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Pollen-derived low-molecular weight factors inhibit 6-sulfo LacNAc+ dendritic cells' capacity to induce T-helper type 1 responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:269-78. [PMID: 20210806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that the pollen exsudate contains an array of non-allergenic, pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory substances acting on the innate and adaptive immune system. In this context, pollen-associated E(1)-phytoprostanes (PPE(1)) were shown to licence human monocyte-derived dendritic cells for T-helper type 2 (Th2) polarization of naïve T cells. OBJECTIVE This study aims at analysing the impact of pollen-associated lipid mediators on cytokine secretion and maturation of 6-sulfo LacNAc(+) dendritic cells (slanDCs), the most abundant native dendritic cell (DC) in human peripheral blood, and further dissecting the biologically active substance(s) within aqueous pollen extracts. RESULTS Aqueous birch pollen extracts dose-dependently inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-12 p70 production, while the levels of IL-6 remained unaffected. PPE(1) inhibited secretion of both IL-12 p70 and IL-6. Aqueous pollen extracts, but not PPE(1) or F(1)-phytoprostanes significantly reduced the LPS-induced surface expression of the maturation markers CD80, CD83, CD40 and CCR-7, an effect that was independent of proteins and that was still present in a 3 kDa cut-off fraction of the pollen extract. These effects were observed irrespective of the atopy status of the donors. Finally, slanDCs exposed to aqueous pollen extracts were impaired in eliciting an IFN-gamma response in naïve CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSION Our data show that slanDCs, a subset of human blood DCs with constitutively high potency to induce Th1 responses, are susceptible to the Th2 polarizing effect of low molecular weight, non-protein factors derived from pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilles
- Center for Allergy and Environment, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholz Zentrum/TUM, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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23
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Patch testing for allergies. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e3283376a4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 18:191-4. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32833ad4c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Renne J, Schäfer V, Werfel T, Wittmann M. Interleukin-1 from epithelial cells fosters T cell-dependent skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162:1198-205. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Chernyshov PV. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial on clinical and immunologic effects of probiotic containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and L. helveticus R0052 in infants with atopic dermatitis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910600903444234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V. Chernyshov
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine
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27
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Carbone T, Nasorri F, Pennino D, Eyerich K, Foerster S, Cifaldi L, Traidl-Hoffman C, Behrendt H, Cavani A. CD56highCD16-CD62L- NK cells accumulate in allergic contact dermatitis and contribute to the expression of allergic responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1102-10. [PMID: 20008290 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common disease caused by an exaggerated T cell-mediated immune response to skin-applied haptens. We show in this study that NK cells affect skin immune responses to haptens by releasing type 1 cytokines and inducing keratinocytes apoptosis. Immunohistochemical stainings demonstrated that NK lymphocytes constitute approximately 10% of the inflammatory infiltrate mostly distributed in the superficial dermis and in the epidermis at the site of intense spongiotic changes. More than 90% of NK cells isolated from allergic contact dermatitis skin showed a CD3-CD56(high)CD16- phenotype by FACS analysis. In addition, they uniformly expressed NKG2A, intermediate to high levels of perforin, and the activating receptors, NKG2D, NKp44, and NKp46, but lacked NKp30 and killer Ig-related receptors. Skin NK lymphocytes displayed a CXCR3+CCR6+CCR5+ chemokine receptor asset for homing into inflamed skin, but not CD62L and CCR7 for lymph node homing. When NK cells from nickel-allergic donors were exposed in vitro to the metal, they failed to proliferate, to upregulate CD69, and to release IFN-gamma, thus indicating that NK lymphocytes do not exhibit memory-like properties to haptens. However, IL-2 released by hapten-driven T lymphocytes rapidly induced the release of IFN-gamma by NK cells and promoted the NK-mediated apoptosis of autologous keratinocytes in a hapten-independent manner. Our findings underline the importance of the interaction between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms for amplification of skin allergic responses to haptens and full expression of allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Carbone
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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28
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Epicutaneous immunotherapy on intact skin using a new delivery system in a murine model of allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 40:659-67. [PMID: 20002446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy, subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) or oral, has been used for almost a century to redirect inappropriate immune responses in atopic patients. A new mode of administration through the intact skin [epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT)], using an original epicutaneous delivery system, may represent an alternative to these classical methods. OBJECTIVE Proof of concept of efficacy of EPIT on intact skin in mice sensitized to aeroallergens or food allergens. METHODS Mice were sensitized to pollen (n=18), house dust mite (HDM, n=24), ovalbumin (OVA, n=18) or peanut (n=18), and allocated to four groups: EPIT, SCIT, not treated (NT) and control. Specific Ig (sIg)E, sIgG1 and sIgG2a were monitored. After 8 weeks of treatment, plethysmography was performed after aerosol provocation with appropriate allergens. RESULTS At the highest doses of methacholine, pause enhancement (Penh) values were significantly decreased in the EPIT group vs. the sensitized NT groups (7.5 vs. 12.3 - pollen, 7.6 vs. 8.9 - HDM, 11.5 vs. 14.5 - OVA, 7.6 vs. 12.8 - peanut, respectively) (P<0.05). With all the allergens tested, Penh values were similar in SCIT, EPIT and control. IgG2a for pollen, HDM, OVA and peanuts were significantly increased in the EPIT group vs. NT: 0.97 vs. 0.42 microg/mL, 2.5 vs. 0.46 microg/mL, 0.39 vs. 0.05 microg/mL and 15.0 vs. 5.5 microg/mL, respectively (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between EPIT and SCIT groups. The IgE/IgG2a ratio decreased significantly in the EPIT group for the four allergens from 70 to 58 (pollen), 175 to 26 (HDM), 5433 to 120 (OVA) and 49 to 6 (peanut), respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION In mice sensitized to the four allergens tested, EPIT was as efficacious as SCIT, considered as the reference immunotherapy. These first results have to be confirmed by clinical studies.
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Eyerich K, Böckelmann R, Pommer AJ, Foerster S, Hofmeister H, Huss-Marp J, Cavani A, Behrendt H, Ring J, Gollnick H, Bonnekoh B, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Comparative in situ topoproteome analysis reveals differences in patch test-induced eczema: cytotoxicity-dominated nickel versus pleiotrope pollen reaction. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:511-7. [PMID: 19758337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A subgroup of patients with atopic eczema develops acute eczematous reactions to type I allergy-inducing agents such as pollen that clinically resemble type IV allergies induced by haptens like metal ions. To clarify the underlying immunologic mechanisms, this study was designed to map the inflammatory in situ topoproteome of eczematous responses to grass/birch pollen and nickel by using atopy patch test (APT) and nickel patch test (NPT) as an appropriate clinical model, respectively. Biopsies from NPT (n = 6) and APT (n = 6) with positive reactions at 72 h were analysed by multiple epitope ligand cartography (MELC), which enabled to investigate coexpression of 49 different epitopes immunohistochemically in a single given tissue section. Colocalisation of IgE and FcepsilonRI was investigated by confocal microscopy. Compared with APT responses, NPT reactions were dominated by cytotoxic TIA-1 + and CD8 + T cells. In contrast, the immune response in APT reactions appeared more pleiotrope - as detected by colocalisation analysis. Multiple combinatorial molecular phenotype (CMP) motifs containing naive, early maturation and memory T cell (CD45RA, CD7, CD44, CD45R0), and general activation markers (CLA, HLA-DR, CD13, CD29, CD58, CD71, CD138) were significantly higher expressed in APT when compared with NPT reactions. APT response was confirmed to be accompanied by IgE bound to FcepsilonRI. In summary, our results demonstrate that the NPT reaction is clearly dominated by cytotoxic events, while the APT reaction to pollen grains is more heterogeneous and elicits a combined humoral and cellular immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Eyerich
- ZAUM - Center for Allergy and Environment, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum/TUM, Munich, Germany
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30
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Eyerich K, Pennino D, Scarponi C, Foerster S, Nasorri F, Behrendt H, Ring J, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Albanesi C, Cavani A. IL-17 in atopic eczema: linking allergen-specific adaptive and microbial-triggered innate immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 123:59-66.e4. [PMID: 19056110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with atopic eczema (AE) regularly experience colonization with Staphylococcus aureus that is directly correlated with the severity of eczema. Recent studies show that an impaired IL-17 immune response results in diseases associated with chronic skin infections. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the effect of IL-17 on antimicrobial immune responses in AE skin. METHODS T cells infiltrating atopy patch test (APT) reactions were characterized for IL-17 secretion to varying stimuli. IL-17-dependent induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) in keratinocytes was investigated. RESULTS Approximately 10% of APT-infiltrating T cells secreted IL-17 after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin stimulation. Among these, 33% belonged to the newly characterized subtype T(H)2/IL-17. Despite the capacity to secrete IL-17, specific T-cell clones released only low amounts of IL-17 on cognate allergen stimulation, whereas IL-4, IFN-gamma, or both were efficiently induced. IL-17 secretion was not enhanced by IL-23, IL-1 beta, or IL-6 but was enhanced by the S aureus-derived superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Both healthy and AE keratinocytes upregulated HBD-2 in response to IL-17, but coexpressed IL-4/IL-13 partially inhibited this effect. In vivo, additional application of staphylococcal enterotoxin B induced IL-17 in APT reactions, whereas IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 were marginally regulated. Induced IL-17 upregulated HBD-2 in human keratinocytes in vivo. CONCLUSION IL-17-capable T cells, in particular T(H)2/IL-17 cells, infiltrate acute AE reactions. Although IL-17 secretion by specific T cells is tightly regulated, it can be triggered by bacteria-derived superantigens. The ineffective IL-17-dependent upregulation of HBD-2 in patients with AE is due to a partial inhibition by the type 2 microenvironment, which could partially explain why patients with AE do not clear S aureus.
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