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Goulart MB, Vieira Neto E, Garcia DRN, Guimarães MM, de Paiva IS, de Ferran K, dos Santos NCK, Barbosa LS, de Figueiredo AF, Ribeiro MCM, Ribeiro MG. Cell Cycle Kinetics and Sister Chromatid Exchange in Mosaic Turner Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:848. [PMID: 39063601 PMCID: PMC11278208 DOI: 10.3390/life14070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is caused by a complete or partial absence of an X or Y chromosome, including chromosomal mosaicism, affecting 1 in 2500 female live births. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is used as a sensitive indicator of spontaneous chromosome instability. Cells from mosaic patients constitute useful material for SCE evaluations as they grow under the influence of the same genetic background and endogenous and exogenous factors. We evaluated the proliferation dynamics and SCE frequencies of 45,X and 46,XN cells of 17 mosaic TS patients. In two participants, the 45,X cells exhibited a proliferative disadvantage in relation to 46,XN cells after 72 h of cultivation. The analysis of the mean proliferation index (PI) showed a trend for a significant difference between the 45,X and 46,X+der(X)/der(Y) cell lineages; however, there were no intra-individual differences. On the other hand, mean SCE frequencies showed that 46,X+der(X) had the highest mean value and 46,XX the lowest, with 45,X occupying an intermediate position among the lineages found in at least three participants; moreover, there were intra-individual differences in five patients. Although 46,X+der(X)/der(Y) cell lineages, found in more than 70% of participants, were the most unstable, they had a slightly higher mean PI than the 45,X cell lineages in younger (≤17 years) mosaic TS participants. This suggests that cells with a karyotype distinct from 45,X may increase with time in mosaic TS children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Beatriz Goulart
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Childcare and Pediatrics Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil; (M.B.G.); (D.R.N.G.); (A.F.d.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Eduardo Vieira Neto
- Genetic and Genomic Medicine Division, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Daniela R. Ney Garcia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Childcare and Pediatrics Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil; (M.B.G.); (D.R.N.G.); (A.F.d.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Marília Martins Guimarães
- Pediatric Endocrinology Service, IPPMG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil; (M.M.G.); (K.d.F.); (N.C.K.d.S.)
| | - Isaías Soares de Paiva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Grande Rio (Unigranrio), Duque de Caxias 25071-202, RJ, Brazil;
- Faculty of Medicine, Serra dos Órgãos Educational Center (UNIFESO), Teresópolis 25964-004, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karina de Ferran
- Pediatric Endocrinology Service, IPPMG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil; (M.M.G.); (K.d.F.); (N.C.K.d.S.)
| | | | - Luciana Santos Barbosa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Childcare and Pediatrics Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil; (M.B.G.); (D.R.N.G.); (A.F.d.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Amanda F. de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Childcare and Pediatrics Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil; (M.B.G.); (D.R.N.G.); (A.F.d.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Maria Cecília Menks Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Childcare and Pediatrics Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil; (M.B.G.); (D.R.N.G.); (A.F.d.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (M.G.R.)
- NUMPEX-BIO Laboratory, Campus Duque de Caxias, UFRJ, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Childcare and Pediatrics Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil; (M.B.G.); (D.R.N.G.); (A.F.d.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (M.G.R.)
- Medical Genetics Service, IPPMG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil
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González-Rodríguez MTA, Brukman-Jiménez SA, Cuero-Quezada I, Corona-Rivera JR, Corona-Rivera A, Serafín-Saucedo G, Aguirre-Salas LM, Bobadilla-Morales L. Identification of a Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome in a Turner Syndrome Patient with Karyotype mos 46,X,+mar/45,X. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020253. [PMID: 36833181 PMCID: PMC9957150 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner Syndrome is characterized by a normal X chromosome and the partial or complete absence of a second sexual chromosome. Small supernumerary marker chromosomes are present in 6.6% of these patients. Because of the wide range of Turner syndrome karyotypes, it is difficult to establish a relationship with the phenotype of the patients. We present the case of a female patient with Turner syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and intellectual disability. The karyotype revealed the presence of mosaicism with a monosomy X cell line and a second line with a small marker chromosome. FISH of two different tissues was used to identify the marker chromosome with probes for X and Y centromeres. Both tissues presented mosaicism for a two X chromosome signal, differing in the percentage of the monosomy X cell percentage. Comparative genomic hybridization with the CytoScanTMHD assay was performed in genomic DNA from peripheral blood, allowing us to determine the size and breakage points of the small marker chromosome. The patient presents a phenotype that combines classic Turner syndrome features and unlikely ones as intellectual disability. The size, implicated genes, and degree of inactivation of the X chromosome influence the broad spectrum of phenotypes resulting from these chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Alejandra González-Rodríguez
- Human Genetics PhD Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Human Genetics Institute “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Sinhue Alejandro Brukman-Jiménez
- Human Genetics Institute “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Cytogenetics Unit, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Idalid Cuero-Quezada
- Human Genetics PhD Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Human Genetics Institute “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Jorge Román Corona-Rivera
- Human Genetics Institute “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Center for Registry and Research in Congenital Anomalies (CRIAC), Service of Genetics, Pediatrics Division, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Corona-Rivera
- Human Genetics Institute “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Cytogenetics Unit, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Graciela Serafín-Saucedo
- Cytogenetics Unit, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Liuba M. Aguirre-Salas
- Service of Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatrics Division, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Lucina Bobadilla-Morales
- Human Genetics Institute “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Cytogenetics Unit, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Center for Registry and Research in Congenital Anomalies (CRIAC), Service of Genetics, Pediatrics Division, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-1-3336189326 or +52-1-3336180362
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Gravholt CH, Viuff M, Just J, Sandahl K, Brun S, van der Velden J, Andersen NH, Skakkebaek A. The Changing Face of Turner Syndrome. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:33-69. [PMID: 35695701 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a condition in females missing the second sex chromosome (45,X) or parts thereof. It is considered a rare genetic condition and is associated with a wide range of clinical stigmata, such as short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, delayed puberty and infertility, congenital malformations, endocrine disorders, including a range of autoimmune conditions and type 2 diabetes, and neurocognitive deficits. Morbidity and mortality are clearly increased compared with the general population and the average age at diagnosis is quite delayed. During recent years it has become clear that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary toward the patient with TS. A number of clinical advances has been implemented, and these are reviewed. Our understanding of the genomic architecture of TS is advancing rapidly, and these latest developments are reviewed and discussed. Several candidate genes, genomic pathways and mechanisms, including an altered transcriptome and epigenome, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Mette Viuff
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Kristian Sandahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Sara Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Janielle van der Velden
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Children's Hospital, 6525 Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg 9000, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebaek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
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Kehinde TA, Bhatia A, Olarewaju B, Shoaib MZ, Mousa J, Osundiji MA. Syndromic obesity with neurodevelopmental delay: Opportunities for targeted interventions. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Purwar N, Tiwari P, Mathur N, Sharma H, Sahlot R, Garg U, Sharma B, Saxena A, Mathur SK. Higher CNV Frequencies in Chromosome 14 of Girls With Turner Syndrome Phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4935-e4955. [PMID: 34333639 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Precise genotype-phenotype correlations in Turner syndrome (TS) have not yet been deciphered. The chromosomal basis of the clinical TS phenotype in the absence of X chromosome aberrations on conventional karyotyping remains more and less unexplored. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the high-resolution chromosomal picture and analyze the genotype-phenotype associations in girls with clinical phenotype of TS by chromosomal microarray. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Cross sectional observational study conducted between October 2018 and January 2020 on 47 girls presenting the clinical TS phenotype and fulfilling the criteria for chromosomal analysis. SETTING Outpatient department at Department of Endocrinology and the Molecular Research Lab at tertiary care teaching institution. RESULTS The copy number variation (CNV) polymorphs were more frequent on autosomes than X chromosomes, and they were detected in 89.3%, 61.7%, and 92.8% of patients, respectively, on chromosome 14 or X or both. A total 445 and 64 CNV polymorphs were discovered on chromosome X and 14, respectively. The latter exhibited either gain at 14q32.33, loss at 14q11.2, or both. Karyotype was available for 27 patients; 55.6% of cases displayed X chromosome abnormalities while 44.4% cases had a normal karyotype. Functional interactomes of the genes that were present in chromosome 14 CNVs and those known to be associated with TS showed an overlap of 67% and enriched various development-related cellular pathways underlying TS phenotype. CONCLUSIONS On high-resolution karyotype analysis, clinical phenotype of TS can be associated with CNV defects in autosomes, specifically chromosome 14 or X chromosome or both. The syndrome of chromosome 14 CNV defects with and without X-chromosomal defects clinically mimics TS and shares a common genomic network that deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naincy Purwar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Pradeep Tiwari
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Nitish Mathur
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Rahul Sahlot
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Umesh Garg
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Balram Sharma
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Aditya Saxena
- Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, Institute of Engineering & Technology, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Sandeep K Mathur
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
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Chen J, Guo M, Luo M, Deng S, Tian Q. Clinical characteristics and management of Turner patients with a small supernumerary marker chromosome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:730-734. [PMID: 33870841 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1911992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the clinical characteristics of Turner syndrome (TS) with a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) and discuss the clinical significance and management of TS patients with sSMC. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 244 patients with disorders of sexual development admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from February 1984 to July 2020. RESULTS Among the 244 patients with a disorder of sexual development, 69 cases of TS were identified in which 13 patients had sSMC. Their ages ranged from 3 to 28 years old with an average of 14.31 ± 6.40 years. All 13 sSMC-positive patients had typical clinical manifestations of TS except ambiguous genitalia in four cases. SRY gene testing was performed in 11sSMC-positive patients and 10 patients were positive for SRY and one was negative. Among the 10 SRY-positive patients, two cases had hirsutism and clitoral enlargement and two cases had clitoral enlargement only. Nine sSMC and SRY-positive patients underwent gonadectomy and one had left gonadal gonadoblastoma with seminoma in situ and right gonadal seminoma in situ. CONCLUSIONS Although the sSMC positive detection rate in DSD patients is uncommon (5.33% in our sample), the positive SRY detection rate in sSMC-positive TS patients was extremely high in our TS patients. And TS patients with sSMC and SRY positive had a significantly increased risk of gonadal germ cell tumors. Routine SRY screening should be performed in TS patients with sSMC, and a gonadectomy should be performed in TS patients with sSMC and SRY positive to prevent the occurrence of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qinjie Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Vorsanova SG, Kolotii AD, Kurinnaia OS, Kravets VS, Demidova IA, Soloviev IV, Yurov YB, Iourov IY. Turner's syndrome mosaicism in girls with neurodevelopmental disorders: a cohort study and hypothesis. Mol Cytogenet 2021; 14:9. [PMID: 33573679 PMCID: PMC7879607 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-021-00529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turner's syndrome is associated with either monosomy or a wide spectrum of structural rearrangements of chromosome X. Despite the interest in studying (somatic) chromosomal mosaicism, Turner's syndrome mosaicism (TSM) remains to be fully described. This is especially true for the analysis of TSM in clinical cohorts (e.g. cohorts of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders). Here, we present the results of studying TSM in a large cohort of girls with neurodevelopmental disorders and a hypothesis highlighting the diagnostic and prognostic value. RESULTS Turner's syndrome-associated karyotypes were revealed in 111 (2.8%) of 4021 girls. Regular Turner's syndrome-associated karyotypes were detected in 35 girls (0.9%). TSM was uncovered in 76 girls (1.9%). TSM manifested as mosaic aneuploidy (45,X/46,XX; 45,X/47,XXX/46,XX; 45,X/47,XXX) affected 47 girls (1.2%). Supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosome X have been identified in 11 girls with TSM (0.3%). Isochromosomes iX(q) was found in 12 cases (0.3%); one case was non-mosaic. TSM associated with ring chromosomes was revealed in 5 girls (0.1%). CONCLUSION The present cohort study provides data on the involvement of TSM in neurodevelopmental disorders among females. Thus, TSM may be an element of pathogenic cascades in brain diseases (i.e. neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders). Our data allowed us to propose a hypothesis concerning ontogenetic variability of TSM levels. Accordingly, it appears that molecular cytogenetic monitoring of TSM, which is a likely risk factor/biomarker for adult-onset multifactorial diseases, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G Vorsanova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 125412.,Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia, 115522
| | - Alexey D Kolotii
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 125412.,Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia, 115522
| | - Oksana S Kurinnaia
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 125412.,Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia, 115522
| | - Victor S Kravets
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 125412.,Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia, 115522
| | - Irina A Demidova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 125412.,Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia, 115522
| | - Ilya V Soloviev
- Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia, 115522
| | - Yuri B Yurov
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 125412.,Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia, 115522
| | - Ivan Y Iourov
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 125412. .,Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia, 115522. .,Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia, 308015.
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Xue H, Chen X, Lin M, Lin N, Huang H, Yu A, Xu L. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic identification of small supernumerary marker chromosomes: analysis of three prenatal cases using chromosome microarray analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2135-2148. [PMID: 33318309 PMCID: PMC7880375 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes cannot be accurately identified by G-banding, and the related phenotypes vary greatly. It is essential to specify the origin, size, and gene content of marker chromosomes using molecular cytogenetic techniques. Herein, three fetuses with de novo marker chromosomes were initially identified by G-banding. Single nucleotide polymorphism array and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to characterize the origins of the marker chromosomes. The karyotypes of the three fetuses were 47,XY,+mar, 46,X,+mar[32]/45,X[68], and 45,X[62]/46,X,+mar[9]. In case 1, the karyotype was confirmed as 47,XY,+ idic(22)(q11.2). Therefore, the sSMC originated from chromosome 22 and was associated with cat eye syndrome. In case 2, the marker chromosome derived from ring chromosome X, and the karyotype was interpreted as 45,X[68]/46,X,+r(X)(p11.1q21.31)[32]. Meanwhile, the karyotype of case 3 was defined as 45,X[62]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2) and the marker chromosome originated from chromosome Y. Case 1 continued the pregnancy, whereas the other two pregnancies underwent elective termination. The detailed characterization of marker chromosomes can facilitate informed decision making, prevent uncertainty, and provide proper prognostic assessments. Our findings emphasize the importance for combining cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques in marker chromosome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Xue
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Aili Yu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
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He S, Xi H, Chen J, Wang D, Pang J, Hu J, Liu Q, Jia Z, Wang H. Prenatal genetic analysis and differential pregnancy outcomes of two de novo cases showing mosaic isodicentric Y chromosome. Mol Cytogenet 2020; 13:7. [PMID: 32071615 PMCID: PMC7014639 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-020-0472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal cells collected from the amniotic fluid of two pregnant women indicated sex chromosome abnormalities. Therefore, we performed G-banded chromosome karyotype analysis, single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and sequence-tagged sites (STS) analysis of the Y chromosome to determine the rare molecular genetics of the two fetuses. Case presentation The karyotypes of the fetuses from patients 1 and 2 were mos 45,X[92]/46,X,+idic(Y)(q11.21)[8] and mos 45,X[20]/46,X,+idic(Y)(q11.223)[80], respectively. Fetus 1 had a 7.76 Mb deletion in Yq11.222q11.23 and a 15.68 Mb duplication in Yp11.2q11.21. Fetus 2 had 21 Mb of repetitive segments in Yp11.3q11.223. Azoospermia factor (AZF) detection by STS analysis revealed a missing AZFb+c region in fetus 1 and three functional AZF regions in fetus 2. The isodicentric Y chromosome (idic (Y)) in both fetuses arose de novo. The pregnancy of patient 1 was terminated, whereas the fetus of patient 2 was delivered and is now 10 months old with normal appearance and growth. Conclusion A combination of technologies such as chromosome karyotyping, FISH, SNP arrays, and STS analysis of the Y chromosome is important in prenatal diagnosis to reduce birth defect rates and improve the health of the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si He
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
| | - Hui Xi
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
| | - Jing Chen
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
| | - Dan Wang
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
| | - Jialun Pang
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
| | - Qin Liu
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
| | - Zhengjun Jia
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
| | - Hua Wang
- The prenatal diagnosis center of Hunan Province, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, 53 Xiangchun Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province China
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10
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Yang Y, Hao W. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings of isodicentric Y chromosomes. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:55. [PMID: 31890035 PMCID: PMC6935080 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isodicentric Y chromosomes [idic(Y)] are one of the most common structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome. The prenatal diagnosis of isodicentric Y chromosomes is of vital importance, and the postnatal phenotypes vary widely. Therefore, we present six patients prenatally diagnosed with isodicentric Y chromosomes and review the literature concerning the genotype-phenotype correlations. Method The clinical materials of six patients were obtained. Cytogenetic and molecular approaches were carried out for these six patients. Results Isodicentric Y chromosomes were found in all sixpatients. Among them, four patients presented with a mosaic 45,X karyotype, one patient had a 46,XY cell line, and one patient was nonmosaic. Five of these six isodicentric Y chromosomes had a breakpoint in Yq11.2, and the other had a breakpoint in Yp11.3. The molecular analysis demonstrated different duplications and deletions of the Y chromosome. Finally, three patients chose to terminate the pregnancy, two patients gave birth to normal-appearing males, and one patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion The incorporation of multiple cytogenetic and molecular techniques would offer a more comprehensive understanding of this structural chromosomal abnormality for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital, #369 Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310008 Zhejiang China
| | - Wang Hao
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital, #369 Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310008 Zhejiang China.,2Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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11
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Liehr T, Hamid Al-Rikabi AB. Impaired Spermatogenesis due to Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes: The Reason for Infertility Is Only Reliably Ascertainable by Cytogenetics. Sex Dev 2018; 12:281-287. [PMID: 30089300 DOI: 10.1159/000491870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertile male with small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) were studied. Overall, 37 own patients and 166 cases from the literature were included. sSMCs of our own cases were characterized by multicolor-FISH probe sets. Available clinical data of the infertile males were also evaluated, and meta-analysis on suitability of molecular karyotyping for sSMC characterization was done. As a result, sSMCs can be optimally characterized by single-cell directed (molecular) cytogenetics. In infertile males, sSMCs derive predominantly from one of the acrocentric chromosomes, mainly chromosomes 15, 14, and 22. Interestingly, altered spermiograms were found in 62% of the males with an sSMC, while the remainder cases had infertility in connection with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Meta-analysis for detectability of sSMCs by aCGH revealed that 81-87% of the cases would have not been picked up by exclusive use of that approach. Thus, as impaired spermatogenesis is known to be indicative for gross chromosomal anomalies in infertile male patients, it can be concluded from this study that the presence of sSMCs also needs to be considered. However, sSMCs can only be reliably detected by standard karyotyping and not by modern high throughput approaches like aCGH and next-generation sequencing.
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12
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Tesner P, Vlckova M, Drabova J, Vseticka J, Klimova A, Lastuvkova J, Zidovska J, Kremlikova Pourova R, Hancarova M, Sedlacek Z, Kocarek E. Molecular Cytogenetic Diagnostics of Marker Chromosomes: Analysis in Four Prenatal Cases and Long-Term Clinical Evaluation of Carriers. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 154:187-195. [DOI: 10.1159/000488790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prenatal finding of a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) is a challenge for genetic counseling. Our analytic algorithm is based on sSMC frequencies and multicolor FISH to accelerate the procedure. The chromosomal origin, size, and degree of mosaicism of the sSMC then determine the prognosis. We illustrate the effectiveness on 4 prenatally identified de novo mosaic sSMCs derived from chromosomes 13/21, X, 3, and 17. Three sSMC carriers had a good prognosis and apparently healthy children were born, showing no abnormality till the last examination at the age of 4 years. One case had a poor prognosis, and the parents decided to terminate the pregnancy. Our work contributes to the laboratory and clinical management of prenatally detected sSMCs. FISH is a reliable method for fast sSMC evaluation and prognosis assessment; it prevents unnecessary delays and uncertainty, allows informed decision making, and reduces unnecessary pregnancy terminations.
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13
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Telepova AS, Romanenko SA, Lemskaya NA, Maksimova YV, Shorina AR, Yudkin DV. X-derived marker chromosome in patient with mosaic Turner syndrome and Dandy-Walker syndrome: a case report. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:43. [PMID: 29177011 PMCID: PMC5693504 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small supernumerary marker chromosomes can be derived from autosomes and sex chromosomes and can accompany chromosome pathologies, such as Turner syndrome. Case presentation Here, we present a case report of a patient with mosaic Turner syndrome and Dandy-Walker syndrome carrying a marker chromosome. We showed the presence of the marker chromosome in 33.8% of blood cells. FISH of the probe derived from the marker chromosome by microdissection revealed that it originated from the centromeric region of chromosome X. Additionally, we showed no telomeric sequences and no XIST sequence in the marker chromosome. This is the first report of these two syndromes accompanied by the presence of a marker chromosome. Conclusion Marker chromosome was X-derived and originated from centromeric region. Patient has mild symptoms but there is no XIST gene in marker chromosome. Trial registration CPG137. Registered 03 March 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena S Telepova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentieva ave. 8/2, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Svetlana A Romanenko
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentieva ave. 8/2, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Natalya A Lemskaya
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentieva ave. 8/2, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Yulia V Maksimova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia.,Novosibirsk City Clinical Hospital No.1, Novosibirsk, 630047 Russia
| | - Asia R Shorina
- Novosibirsk City Clinical Hospital No.1, Novosibirsk, 630047 Russia
| | - Dmitry V Yudkin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentieva ave. 8/2, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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14
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Wang H, Wang T, Yang N, He Y, Chen L, Hong L, Shao X, Li H, Zhu H, Li H. The clinical analysis of small supernumerary marker chromosomes in 17 children with mos 45,X/46,X,+mar karyotype. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4385-4389. [PMID: 28588710 PMCID: PMC5452876 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Small supernumerary maker chromosome (sSMC) is a type of structurally abnormal chromosome. In order to identify the origin, morphology and other characteristics of sSMCs in children with mos 45,X/46,X,+mar karyotype, 17 patients (16 females and 1 male) were analyzed. All patients underwent general physical examination, gonadal imaging and molecular cytogenetic analyses, including Giemsa banding, dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization and detection of the sex-determining region Y gene by polymerase chain reaction. Cytogenetic analyses indicated sSMCs in 14/17 cases were derived from the X chromosome, of which 8 individuals presented with ring-shaped sSMCs and 6 with centric minute-shaped sSMCs. The remaining 3 cases were derived from the Y chromosome, and all presented with minute-shaped sSMCs. All female patients exhibited short stature, gonadal dysgenesis and other typical features of Turner syndrome. The male patient exhibited short stature, hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism. In conclusion, the majority of the sSMCs in patients with a mos 45,X/46,X,+mar karyotype were derived from the sex chromosomes. The molecular cytogenetic features of sSMCs may provide useful information for genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Naichao Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Yaxiang He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Liyi Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
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15
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Kalkan R, Özdağ N, Bundak R, Çirakoğlu A, Serakinci N. A unique mosaic Turner syndrome patient with androgen receptor gene derived marker chromosome. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2016; 62:77-83. [PMID: 26744914 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2015.1109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Turner syndrome are generally characterized by having short stature with no secondary sexual characteristics. Some abnormalities, such as webbed neck, renal malformations (>50%) and cardiac defects (10%) are less common. The intelligence of these patients is considered normal. Non-mosaic monosomy X is observed in approximately 45% of postnatal patients with Turner syndrome and the rest of the patients have structural abnormalities or mosaicism involving 46,X,i(Xq), 45,X/46,XX, 45,X and other variants. The phenotype of 45,X/46,X,+mar individuals varies by the genetic continent and degree of the mosaicism. The gene content of the marker chromosome is the most important when correlating the phenotype with the genotype. Here we present an 11-year-old female who was referred for evaluation of her short stature and learning disabilities. Conventional cytogenetic investigation showed a mosaic 45,X/46,X,+mar karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the marker chromosome originated from the X chromosome within the androgen receptor (AR) and X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) genes. Therefore, it is possible that aberrant activation of the marker chromosome, compromising the AR and XIST genes, may modify the Turner syndrome phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rüveyde Bundak
- b Department of Pediatrics , Faculty of Medicine, Near East University , Nicosia , Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
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16
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Bispo AVS, Burégio-Frota P, Oliveira dos Santos L, Leal GF, Duarte AR, Araújo J, Cavalcante da Silva V, Muniz MTC, Liehr T, Santos N. Y chromosome in Turner syndrome: detection of hidden mosaicism and the report of a rare X;Y translocation case. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 26:1176-82. [PMID: 25294360 DOI: 10.1071/rd13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a common genetic disorder in females associated with the absence of complete or parts of a second sex chromosome. In 5-12% of patients, mosaicism for a cell line with a normal or structurally abnormal Y chromosome is identified. The presence of Y-chromosome material is of medical importance because it results in an increased risk of developing gonadal tumours and virilisation. Molecular study and fluorescence in situ hybridisation approaches were used to study 74 Brazilian TS patients in order to determine the frequency of hidden Y-chromosome mosaicism, and to infer the potential risk of developing malignancies. Additionally, we describe one TS girl with a very uncommon karyotype 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.3?2;q11.23) comprising a partial monosomy of Xp22.3?2 together with a partial monosomy of Yq11.23. The presence of cryptic Y-chromosome-specific sequences was detected in 2.7% of the cases. All patients with Y-chromosome-positive sequences showed normal female genitalia with no signs of virilisation. Indeed, the clinical data from Y-chromosome-positive patients was very similar to those with Y-negative results. Therefore, we recommend that the search for hidden Y-chromosome mosaicism should be carried out in all TS cases and not be limited to virilised patients or carriers of a specific karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Valéria Sales Bispo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Pollyanna Burégio-Frota
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional Prof. C. Anthony Hart, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Rua dos Coelhos 300, Boa Vista, 50070-050, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Luana Oliveira dos Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Ferraz Leal
- Unidade de Genética Pediátrica, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Rua dos Coelhos 300 Boa Vista. 50070-050, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Andrea Rezende Duarte
- Unidade de Genética Pediátrica, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Rua dos Coelhos 300 Boa Vista. 50070-050, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Jacqueline Araújo
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Hospital das Clínicas HC/UFPE, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Cavalcante da Silva
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo-EIM, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Rua Sena Madureira 1500, Vila Mariana, 04021-001, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Neide Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife, PE, Brasil
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17
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Liehr T. Entstehungsmechanismen von Zellmosaiken. MED GENET-BERLIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-014-0007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Zellmosaike bilden sich im Zusammenhang mit „nondisjunction“, Translokationen (balanciert oder unbalanciert), nichthomologem „crossing over“ oder sonstigen chromosomalen oder subchromosomalen „rearrangements“ aus, aber auch durch kompletten oder gewebsspezifischen Chimärismus. Am bekanntesten und häufigsten nachgewiesen sind Zellmosaike, die auf Aneuploidien beruhen, während über die Häufigkeit von submikroskopischen, nur molekulargenetisch oder zytogenetisch nachweisbaren, aber niedriggradigen Zellmosaiken nur wenig bekannt ist. Als Grundlage für die Entstehung von Zellmosaiken gelten „Trisomic“- und/oder „Monosomic-rescue“-Vorgänge. Auch „replikative Fehler“ oder „Endoreduplikation“ einzelner oder mehrere Chromosomen, Isochromosomenbildung oder postzygotisches „non-homologous crossing-over“ werden als Entstehungsmechanismen von Zellmosaiken in der Literatur genannt. Insgesamt ist jedoch festzustellen, dass praktisch alle bekannten Modelle zur Mosaikentstehung bislang auf der deskriptiven Ebene verharren. Ein grundlegendes Verständnis über die tatsächlich z. B. beim Trisomic oder Monosomic rescue ablaufenden Vorgänge ist derzeit mangels Daten nicht vorhanden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Aff1 Institute of Human Genetics Jena Universitätsklinik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Kollegiengasse 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
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18
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Spreiz A, Kotzot D. Gonosomale Mosaike. MED GENET-BERLIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-014-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Aberrationen der Geschlechtschromosomen sind mit einer Inzidenz von ca. 0,2 % bei Neugeborenen von großer Relevanz. Häufig liegen sie in Form von numerischen und/oder strukturellen Mosaiken vor. Vor allem aufgrund der variablen Verteilung in verschiedenen Geweben ist die Genotyp-Phänotyp-Korrelation schwierig, was besonders bei pränatalen Befunden eine große Herausforderung darstellt und eine genetische Beratung erforderlich macht. Gonosomale Mosaike führen im weiblichen Geschlecht häufig zu den klinischen Symptomen des Turner-Syndroms (v. a. Kleinwuchs und Infertilität) einem potentiell erhöhten Gonadoblastomrisiko bei Vorhandensein einer XY-Zelllinie. Im männlichen Geschlecht sind Klinefelter-Mosaike ebenfalls häufig (bis ca. 20 %). Mosaike für die Karyotypen 47,XXX und 47,XYY werden seltener beobachtet; dies dürfte auch durch den geringen Krankheitswert und die daraus seltener resultierende Untersuchungsindikation begründet sein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Spreiz
- Aff1 grid.5361.1 0000000088532677 Sektion Humangenetik, Department für Medizinische Genetik, Molekulare und Klinische Pharmakologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Peter-Mayr-Str. 1 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - D. Kotzot
- Aff1 grid.5361.1 0000000088532677 Sektion Humangenetik, Department für Medizinische Genetik, Molekulare und Klinische Pharmakologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Peter-Mayr-Str. 1 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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19
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Kalantari H, Asia S, Totonchi M, Vazirinasab H, Mansouri Z, Zarei Moradi S, Haratian K, Gourabi H, Mohseni Meybodi A. Delineating the association between isodicentric chromosome Y and infertility: a retrospective study. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:1091-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Twenty-nine as yet unreported ring chromosomes were characterized in detail by cytogenetic and molecular techniques. For FISH (fluorescence
in situ
hybridization) previously published high resolution approaches such as multicolor banding (MCB), subcentromere-specific multi-color-FISH (cenM-FISH) and two to three-color-FISH applying locus-specific probes were used. Overall, ring chromosome derived from chromosomes 4 (one case), 10 (one case), 13 (five cases), 14, (three cases), 18 (two cases), 21 (eight cases), 22 (three cases), X (five cases) and Y (one case) were studied. Eight cases were detected prenatally, eight due developmental delay and dysmorphic signs, and nine in connection with infertility and/or Turner syndrome. In general, this report together with data from the literature, supports the idea that ring chromosome patients fall into two groups: group one with (severe) clinical signs and symptoms due to the ring chromosome and group two with no obvious clinical problems apart from infertility.
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21
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Daggag H, Srour W, El-Khateeb M, Ajlouni K. Analysis of Turner syndrome patients within the Jordanian population, with a focus on four patients with Y chromosome abnormalities. Sex Dev 2013; 7:295-302. [PMID: 23988405 DOI: 10.1159/000354279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents findings in Turner syndrome (TS) patients from the Jordanian population, with focus on 4 patients with Y chromosomal abnormalities. From 1989 to 2011, 504 patients with TS stigmata were referred to our institute for karyotyping, resulting in 142 positive TS cases. Of these, 62 (43.7%) had the typical 45,X karyotype and the remaining individuals (56.3%) were found to be mosaics. Fifteen TS patients (10.5%) carried a structural abnormality of the Y chromosome and presented with the mosaic 45,X/46,XY karyotype. From these, 4 TS cases were investigated further. Karyotyping revealed that 1 patient carried a small supernumerary marker chromosome, whereas cytogenetic and molecular analyses showed that 3 patients carried 2 copies of the SRY gene. Further analysis by SRY sequencing revealed no mutations within the gene. The analyzed patients were found to be phenotypically either females or males, depending on the predominance of the cell line carrying the Y chromosome. This study demonstrates the importance of detailed cytogenetic analysis (such as FISH) in TS patients, and it also emphasizes the need for molecular analysis (such as PCR and sequencing) when fragments of the Y chromosome are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Daggag
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics (NCDEG), University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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22
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Liehr T, Klein E, Mrasek K, Kosyakova N, Guilherme R, Aust N, Venner C, Weise A, Hamid A. Clinical Impact of Somatic Mosaicism in Cases with Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 139:158-63. [DOI: 10.1159/000346026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Hemmat M, Wang BT, Warburton PE, Yang X, Boyar FZ, El Naggar M, Anguiano A. Neocentric X-chromosome in a girl with Turner-like syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2012; 5:29. [PMID: 22682421 PMCID: PMC3477003 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-5-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neocentromeres are rare human chromosomal aberrations in which a new centromere has formed in a previously non-centromeric location. We report the finding of a structurally abnormal X chromosome with a neocentromere in a 15-year-old girl with clinical features suggestive of Turner syndrome, including short stature and primary amenorrhea. RESULT G-banded chromosome analysis revealed a mosaic female karyotype involving two abnormal cell lines. One cell line (84% of analyzed metaphases) had a structurally abnormal X chromosome (duplication of the long arm and deletion of the short arm) and a normal X chromosome. The other cell line (16% of cells) exhibited monosomy X. C-banding studies were negative for the abnormal X chromosome. FISH analysis revealed lack of hybridization of the abnormal X chromosome with both the X centromere-specific probe and the "all human centromeres" probe, a pattern consistent with lack of the X chromosome endogenous centromere. A FISH study using an XIST gene probe revealed the presence of two XIST genes, one on each long arm of the iso(Xq), required for inactivation of the abnormal X chromosome. R-banding also demonstrated inactivation of the abnormal X chromosome. An assay for centromeric protein C (CENP-C) was positive on both the normal and the abnormal X chromosomes. The position of CENP-C in the abnormal X chromosome defined a neocentromere, which explains its mitotic stability. The karyotype is thus designated as 46,X,neo(X)(qter- > q12::q12- > q21.2- > neo- > q21.2- > qter)[42]/45,X[8], which is consistent with stigmata of Turner syndrome. The mother of this patient has a normal karyotype; however, the father was not available for study. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first case of mosaic Turner syndrome involving an analphoid iso(Xq) chromosome with a proven neocentromere among 90 previously described cases with a proven neocentromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hemmat
- Cytogenetics Dept, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - Boris T Wang
- Cytogenetics Dept, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - Peter E Warburton
- Deparment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Cytogenetics Dept, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - Fatih Z Boyar
- Cytogenetics Dept, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed El Naggar
- Cytogenetics Dept, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - Arturo Anguiano
- Cytogenetics Dept, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA.,Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA, 92690, USA
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Molecular analysis of ring y chromosome in a 10-year-old boy with mixed gonadal dysgenesis and growth hormone deficiency. Balkan J Med Genet 2011; 14:71-6. [PMID: 24052714 PMCID: PMC3776702 DOI: 10.2478/v10034-011-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring Y chromosome is a very rare chromosomal aberration. The published mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) patients with a ring Y chromosome are short in stature, but are not growth hormone (GH) deficient. We present the molecular cytogenetic and molecular characterization of ring Y chromosome mosaicism in a 10-year-old boy with MGD whose short stature could be explained by the high percentage of cells monosomic for the X-chromosome, but also by the presence of severe GH deficiency. The ring Y chromosome in our patient is a de novo structural aberration. The father's karyotype was normal.
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Sheth F, Andrieux J, Ewers E, Kosyakova N, Weise A, Sheth H, Romana SP, LeLorc'h M, Delobel B, Theisen O, Liehr T, Nampoothiri S, Sheth J. Characterization of sSMC by FISH and molecular techniques. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 54:247-55. [PMID: 21316495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) is a structurally altered additional chromosome that may not be explicitly clarified by conventional karyotyping alone. About one third of sSMC carriers have abnormal phenotypes and its clinical correlation is difficult, especially in prenatal studies. The present study was aimed at characterizing 19 sSMC identified in 15 patients with dysmorphic features with or without multiple congenital anomalies, conspicuous family history, short stature and/or ambiguous genitalia. All the sSMC were primarily identified by routine cytogenetics studies (performed with banding techniques) from peripheral blood except in one patient, where amniotic fluid was used. All sSMCs were further characterized by array-CGH (using 44 K oligonucleotide probe) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using multicolor banding (MCB), centromere specific multicolor FISH (cenM-FISH), subcentromere-specific multicolor FISH (subcenM-FISH), micro-dissection and/or reverse FISH. This report demonstrates the worth of advanced molecular (cyto)genetic techniques in characterizing sSMC, their utility in genotype-phenotype correlation and risk of clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frenny Sheth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Foundation for Research In Genetics and Endocrinology, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad 380 015, India.
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Reshmi SC, Miller JL, Deplewski D, Close C, Henderson LJ, Littlejohn E, Schwartz S, Waggoner DJ. Evidence of a mechanism for isodicentric chromosome Y formation in a 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(p11.31)/46,X,del(Y)(p11.31) mosaic karyotype. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 54:161-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liehr T, Karamysheva T, Merkas M, Brecevic L, Hamid AB, Ewers E, Mrasek K, Kosyakova N, Weise A. Somatic mosaicism in cases with small supernumerary marker chromosomes. Curr Genomics 2010; 11:432-9. [PMID: 21358988 PMCID: PMC3018724 DOI: 10.2174/138920210793176029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mosaicism is something that is observed in everyday lives of cytogeneticists. Chromosome instability is one of the leading causes of large-scale genome variation analyzable since the correct human chromosome number was established in 1956. Somatic mosaicism is also a well-known fact to be present in cases with small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC), i.e. karyotypes of 47,+mar/46. In this study, the data available in the literature were collected concerning the frequency mosaicism in different subgroups of patients with sSMC. Of 3124 cases with sSMC 1626 (52%) present with somatic mosaicism. Some groups like patients with Emanuel-, cat-eye- or i(18p)- syndrome only tend rarely to develop mosaicism, while in Pallister-Killian syndrome every patient is mosaic. In general, acrocentric and non-acrocentric derived sSMCs are differently susceptible to mosaicism; non-acrocentric derived ones are hereby the less stable ones. Even though, in the overwhelming majority of the cases, somatic mosaicism does not have any detectable clinical effects, there are rare cases with altered clinical outcomes due to mosaicism. This is extremely important for prenatal genetic counseling. Overall, as mosaicism is something to be considered in at least every second sSMC case, array-CGH studies cannot be offered as a screening test to reliably detect this kind of chromosomal aberration, as low level mosaic cases and cryptic mosaics are missed by that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Martina Merkas
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena, Germany
- School of Medicine Zagreb University, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lukrecija Brecevic
- School of Medicine Zagreb University, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ahmed B. Hamid
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ewers
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Mrasek
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadezda Kosyakova
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Weise
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena, Germany
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Sheth F, Ewers E, Kosyakova N, Weise A, Sheth J, Desai M, Andrieux J, Vermeesch J, Hamid AB, Ziegler M, Liehr T. A small supernumerary marker chromosome present in a Turner syndrome patient not derived from X- or Y-chromosome: a case report. Mol Cytogenet 2009; 2:22. [PMID: 19909521 PMCID: PMC2779184 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) can be present in numerically abnormal karyotypes like in a 'Turner-syndrome karyotype' mos 45,X/46,X,+mar. Results Here we report the first case of an sSMC found in Turner syndrome karyotypes (sSMCT) derived from chromosome 14 in a Turner syndrome patient. According to cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic characterization the karyotype was 46,X,+del(14)(q11.1). The present case is the third Turner syndrome case with an sSMCT not derived from the X- or the Y-chromosome. Conclusion More comprehensive characterization of such sSMCT might identify them to be more frequent than only ~0.6% in Turner syndrome cases according to available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frenny Sheth
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Liehr T, Ewers E, Kosyakova N, Klaschka V, Rietz F, Wagner R, Weise A. Handling small supernumerary marker chromosomes in prenatal diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:317-24. [PMID: 19435454 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are structurally abnormal chromosomes that cannot be thoroughly characterized by conventional banding cytogenetics and are equal in size or smaller than chromosome 20. They are present in 0.075% of prenatal cases and, overall, approximately 3 million people worldwide are carriers of a sSMC. In prenatal cases with ultrasound abnormalities, sSMCs are found in up to approximately 0.2% of the cases. First described in 1961, it is now known that sSMCs have no phenotypic effects in approximately 70% of de novo cases. Nonetheless, in at least 30-50% of prenatally detected sSMC cases, the pregnancy is terminated; that is, for a certain percentage of potentially healthy children with a sSMC, an abortion is induced. This situation can only be improved by providing increased amounts of and more reliable information on sSMCs. This article provides an overview on current state-of-the-art technologies and how sSMC analysis can be optimized in prenatal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena, Germany
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Shchelochkov OA, Cooper ML, Ou Z, Peacock S, Yatsenko SA, Brown CW, Fang P, Stankiewicz P, Cheung SW. Mosaicism for r(X) and der(X)del(X)(p11.23)dup(X)(p11.21p11.22) provides insight into the possible mechanism of rearrangement. Mol Cytogenet 2008; 1:16. [PMID: 18655707 PMCID: PMC2518151 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a patient with a unique and complex cytogenetic abnormality involving mosaicism for a small ring X and deleted Xp derivative chromosome with tandem duplication at the break point. The patient presented with failure to thrive, muscular hypotonia, and minor facial anatomic anomalies, all concerning for Turner syndrome. Brain MRI revealed mild thinning of the corpus callosum, an apparent decrease in ventricular white matter volume, and an asymmetric myelination pattern. Array comparative genome hybridization analysis revealed mosaicism for the X chromosome, deletion of the short arm of an X chromosome, and a duplication of chromosome region Xp11.21-p11.22. G-banded chromosome and FISH analyses revealed three abnormal cell lines: 46,X,der(X)del(X)(p11.23)dup(X)(p11.21p11.22)/46,X,r(X)(q11.1q13.1)/45,X. The small ring X chromosome was estimated to be 5.2 Mb in size and encompassed the centromere and Xq pericentromeric region. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) studies demonstrated a skewed pattern suggesting that the ring X remained active, likely contributing to the observed clinical features of brain dysmyelination. We hypothesize that a prezygotic asymmetric crossing over within a loop formed during meiosis in an X chromosome with a paracentric inversion resulted in an intermediate dicentric chromosome. An uneven breakage of the dicentric chromosome in the early postzygotic period might have resulted in the formation of one cell line with the X chromosome carrying a terminal deletion and pericentromeric duplication of the short arm and the second cell line with the X chromosome carrying a complete deletion of Xp. The cell line carrying the deletion of Xp could have then stabilized through self-circularization and formation of the ring X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Shchelochkov
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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