1
|
Naskalska A, Heddle JG. Virus-like particles derived from bacteriophage MS2 as antigen scaffolds and RNA protective shells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:1103-1115. [PMID: 38629576 PMCID: PMC11225317 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The versatile potential of bacteriophage MS2-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) in medical biotechnology has been extensively studied during the last 30 years. Since the first reports showing that MS2 VLPs can be produced at high yield and relatively easily engineered, numerous applications have been proposed. Particular effort has been spent in developing MS2 VLPs as protective capsules and delivery platforms for diverse molecules, such as chemical compounds, proteins and nucleic acids. Among these, two are particularly noteworthy: as scaffolds displaying heterologous epitopes for vaccine development and as capsids for encapsulation of foreign RNA. In this review, we summarize the progress in developing MS2 VLPs for these two areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Naskalska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-392, Poland
| | - Jonathan Gardiner Heddle
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-392, Poland
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crone MA, Freemont PS. Simple Low-Cost Production of DNA MS2 Virus-Like Particles As Molecular Diagnostic Controls. GEN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 1:496-503. [PMID: 36644571 PMCID: PMC9814128 DOI: 10.1089/genbio.2022.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Suitable controls are integral for the validation and continued quality assurance of diagnostic workflows. Plasmids, DNA, or in vitro transcribed RNA are often used to validate novel diagnostic workflows, however, they are poorly representative of clinical samples. RNA phage virus-like particles (VLPs) packaged with exogenous RNA have been used in clinical diagnostics as workflow controls, serving as surrogates for infectious viral particles. Comparable controls for DNA viruses are more challenging to produce, with analogous DNA phages being infectious and packaging of DNA within RNA phages requiring complex purification procedures and expensive chemical linkers. We present a simple and inexpensive method to produce Emesvirus zinderi (MS2) VLPs, packaged with DNA, that makes use of affinity chromatography for purification and enzymatic production of exogenous DNA suitable for packaging. The produced VLPs were packaged with hepatitis B virus DNA and were then quantified using droplet digital PCR and calibrated against the WHO international standard using a commercial assay in an accredited clinical laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Crone
- London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation and Innovation Hub, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Freemont
- London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation and Innovation Hub, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Address correspondence to: Paul S. Freemont, London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation and Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 84 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yao L, Li F, Qu M, Guo Y, Jiang Y, Wang L, Zhai Y. Development and Evaluation of a Novel Armored RNA Technology Using Bacteriophage Qβ. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:383-392. [PMID: 31435846 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses are a global threat to food safety. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most commonly used method to detect viral RNA in food. Armored RNA (AR) prepared using the MS2 phage system is a successful positive control for detecting foodborne viruses and is an important quality control process when using real-time RT-PCR. In this study, we report a novel technology for preparing AR using bacteriophage Qβ and compare its stability with AR prepared using the MS2 phage system for packaging norovirus detection target RNA. AR could be successfully and efficiently produced using the developed bacteriophage Qβ system. Two types of AR-AR-QNoV prepared using the Qβ system and AR-MNoV prepared using the MS2 system-were stored at different temperatures for different durations. After incubating at - 20 °C for 360 days, the copy numbers of AR-QNoV and AR-MNoV decreased by 8.9% and 35.9%, respectively. After incubating at 4 °C for 60 days, the copy numbers of AR-QNoV and AR-MNoV decreased by 12.0% and 38.9%, respectively. After incubating at 45 °C, the copy numbers of AR-QNoV decreased by 71.8% after 5 days, whereas those of AR-MNoV decreased by 92.9% after only 4 days. After 5 days, AR-MNoV could not be detected using real-time RT-PCR. There was a significant difference in copy numbers decrease rate between AR-QNoV and AR-MNoV at three different temperatures (P < 0.05 ). Therefore, AR prepared using the new bacteriophage Qβ system is more stable than the traditional AR, making the developed strategy a good candidate for AR preparation and quality control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengling Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lianzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Martín Garrido N, Crone MA, Ramlaul K, Simpson PA, Freemont PS, Aylett CHS. Bacteriophage MS2 displays unreported capsid variability assembling T = 4 and mixed capsids. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:143-152. [PMID: 31618483 PMCID: PMC7027807 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage MS2 is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus encapsulated in an asymmetric T = 3 pseudo-icosahedral capsid. It infects Escherichia coli through the F-pilus, in which it binds through a maturation protein incorporated into its capsid. Cryogenic electron microscopy has previously shown that its genome is highly ordered within virions, and that it regulates the assembly process of the capsid. In this study, we have assembled recombinant MS2 capsids with non-genomic RNA containing the capsid incorporation sequence, and investigated the structures formed, revealing that T = 3, T = 4 and mixed capsids between these two triangulation numbers are generated, and resolving structures of T = 3 and T = 4 capsids to 4 Å and 6 Å respectively. We conclude that the basic MS2 capsid can form a mix of T = 3 and T = 4 structures, supporting a role for the ordered genome in favouring the formation of functional T = 3 virions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia de Martín Garrido
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael A Crone
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,UK DRI Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kailash Ramlaul
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul A Simpson
- Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,UK DRI Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK.,London BioFoundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Christopher H S Aylett
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang L, Wang G, Jia T, Zhang L, Li Y, Han Y, Zhang K, Lin G, Zhang R, Li J, Wang L. Armored long non-coding RNA MEG3 targeting EGFR based on recombinant MS2 bacteriophage virus-like particles against hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23988-4004. [PMID: 26992211 PMCID: PMC5029679 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. However, the treatment of patients with HCC is particularly challenging. Long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been identified as a potential suppressor of several types of tumors, but the delivery of long RNA remains problematic, limiting its applications. In the present study, we designed a novel delivery system based on MS2 virus-like particles (VLPs) crosslinked with GE11 polypeptide. This vector was found to be fast, effective and safe for the targeted delivery of lncRNA MEG3 RNA to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive HCC cell lines without the activation of EGFR downstream pathways, and significantly attenuated both in vitro and in vivo tumor cell growth. Our study also revealed that the targeted delivery was mainly dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis and MEG3 RNA suppresses tumor growth mainly via increasing the expression of p53 and its downstream gene GDF15, but decreasing the expression of MDM2. Thus, this vector is promising as a novel delivery system and may facilitate a new approach to lncRNA based cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojing Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxi Han
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guigao Lin
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen C, Li XN, Li GX, Zhao L, Duan SX, Yan TF, Feng ZS, Ma XJ. Use of a rapid reverse-transcription recombinase aided amplification assay for respiratory syncytial virus detection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 90:90-95. [PMID: 29141771 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid reverse-transcription recombinase aided amplification (RT-RAA) assay was developed to detect respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroups A and B, respectively. The reaction was performed at 39°C in less than 30min. The analytical sensitivities of RSVA and RSVB at 95% probability by probit regression analysis were 38copies per reaction and 35 copies per reaction, respectively, and no cross reactions with other related respiratory viruses were observed. The RT-RAA assay was further utilized to detect and subgroup 306 clinical specimens and the results showed that 79(25.82%, 79/306) samples were positive for RSV, of those 16(20.25%, 16/79) were identified as RSVA and 63(79.75%, 63/79) were RSVB, which is completely consistent with the results obtained by RSV RT-qPCR assay. In conclusion, the developed RAA assay will be of benefit as a faster, sensitive and specific alternative tool for detection of RSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xin-Na Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Gui-Xia Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Su-Xia Duan
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Teng-Fei Yan
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Myasthenia Gravis Research Institute, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Zhi-Shan Feng
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin G, Zhang K, Zhang D, Han Y, Xie J, Li J. Fast preparation of a long chimeric armored RNA as controls for external quality assessment for molecular detection of Zika virus. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 466:138-144. [PMID: 28111270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of Zika virus demands accurate laboratory diagnostics. Nucleic acid testing is currently the definitive method for diagnosis of Zika infection. In 2016, an external quality assurance (EQA) for assessing the quality of molecular testing of Zika virus was carried out in China. METHODS A single armored RNA encapsulating a 4942-nucleotides (nt) long specific RNA sequence of Zika virus was prepared and used as positive samples. A pre-tested EQA panel, consisting of 4 negative and 6 positive samples with different concentrations of armored RNA, was distributed to 38 laboratories that perform molecular detection of Zika virus. RESULTS A total of 39 data sets (1 laboratory used two test kits in parallel), produced by using commercial (n=38) or laboratory developed (n=1) quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) kits, were received. Of these, 35 (89.7%) had correct results for all 10 samples, and 4 (10.3%) reported at least 1 error (11 in total). The testing errors were all false-negatives, highlighting the need of improvements in detecting sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The EQA reveals that the majority of participating laboratories are proficient in molecular testing of Zika virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guigao Lin
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Kuo Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanxi Han
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiehong Xie
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mikel P, Vasickova P, Tesarik R, Malenovska H, Kulich P, Vesely T, Kralik P. Preparation of MS2 Phage-Like Particles and Their Use As Potential Process Control Viruses for Detection and Quantification of Enteric RNA Viruses in Different Matrices. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1911. [PMID: 28133456 PMCID: PMC5234545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection and quantification of enteric RNA viruses is based on isolation of viral RNA from the sample followed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). To control the whole process of analysis and in order to guarantee the validity and reliability of results, process control viruses (PCV) are used. The present article describes the process of preparation and use of such PCV– MS2 phage-like particles (MS2 PLP) – in RT-qPCR detection and quantification of enteric RNA viruses. The MS2 PLP were derived from bacteriophage MS2 carrying a unique and specific de novo-constructed RNA target sequence originating from the DNA of two extinct species. The amount of prepared MS2 particles was quantified using four independent methods – UV spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, transmission electron microscopy and a specifically developed duplex RT-qPCR. To evaluate the usefulness of MS2 PLP in routine diagnostics different matrices known to harbor enteric RNA viruses (swab samples, liver tissue, serum, feces, and vegetables) were artificially contaminated with specific amounts of MS2 PLP. The extraction efficiencies were calculated for each individual matrix. The prepared particles fulfill all requirements for PCV – they are very stable, non-infectious, and are genetically distinct from the target RNA viruses. Due to these properties they represent a good morphological and physiochemical model. The use of MS2 PLP as a PCV in detection and quantification of enteric RNA viruses was evaluated in different types of matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Mikel
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed SafetyBrno, Czechia; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Petra Vasickova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety Brno, Czechia
| | - Radek Tesarik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Malenovska
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Vesely
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wen AM, Steinmetz NF. Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4074-126. [PMID: 27152673 PMCID: PMC5068136 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent developments in "chemical virology." Viruses, as materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and nanotechnology, with diverse areas of applications. Some fundamental advantages of viruses, compared to synthetically programmed materials, include the highly precise spatial arrangement of their subunits into a diverse array of shapes and sizes and many available avenues for easy and reproducible modification. Here, we will first survey the broad distribution of viruses and various methods for producing virus-based nanoparticles, as well as engineering principles used to impart new functionalities. We will then examine the broad range of applications and implications of virus-based materials, focusing on the medical, biotechnology, and energy sectors. We anticipate that this field will continue to evolve and grow, with exciting new possibilities stemming from advancements in the rational design of virus-based nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang D, Feng Z, Zhao M, Wang H, Wang L, Yang S, Li G, Lu L, Ma X. Clinical Evaluation of a Single-Tube Multiple RT-PCR Assay for the Detection of 13 Common Virus Types/Subtypes Associated with Acute Respiratory Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152702. [PMID: 27043208 PMCID: PMC4820107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are among the most important causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially for infants and young children. In the past years, a few commercial multiplex RT-PCR assays have been used to detect respiratory viruses in spite of the high cost. In the present study, an improved single-tube multiplex reverse transcription PCR assay for simultaneous detection of 13 respiratory viruses was evaluated and compared with a previously reported two-tube assay as the reference method using clinical nasopharyngeal aspirates samples. Of 310 prospectively tested respiratory specimens selected from children hospitalized with acute respiratory illness, 226 (72.90%, 226/310) and 214 (69.03%, 214/310) positive for one or more viruses were identified by the single-tube and the two-tube assays, respectively, with combined test results showing good concordance (Kappa value = 0.874). Individually, the single-tube assay for adenovirus (Adv), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human rhinovirus (HRV), parainfluenza virus type 1 (PIV1), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) and parainfluenza virus type 4 (PIV4) showed the significantly superior sensitivities to those of the two-tube assay. No false positives were found. In conclusion, our results demonstrates the one-tube assay revealed significant improvements over the two-tube assay in terms of the better sensitivity, more accurate quality control, less nonspecific amplification, more cost-effective and shorter turn-around time and will be a valuable tool for routine surveillance of respiratory virus infection in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou city, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping district, Beijing, China
| | - Zhishan Feng
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping district, Beijing, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping district, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Le Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guixia Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou city, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (XM); (LL)
| | - Xuejun Ma
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping district, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XM); (LL)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A novel method to produce armored double-stranded DNA by encapsulation of MS2 viral capsids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7047-57. [PMID: 25981999 PMCID: PMC7079959 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of molecular diagnostic techniques, there is a growing need for quality controls and standards with favorable properties to monitor the entire detection process. In this study, we describe a novel method to produce armored hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA for use in nucleic acid tests, which was confirmed to be stable, homogeneous, noninfectious, nuclease resistant, and safe for shipping. We demonstrated that MS2 bacteriophage could successfully package double-stranded DNA of 1.3-, 3-, 3.5-, and 6.5-kb length into viral capsids with high reassembly efficiency. This is the first application of RNA bacteriophage MS2 as a platform to encapsulate double-stranded DNA, forming virus-like particles (VLPs) which were indistinguishable from native MS2 capsids in size and morphology. Moreover, by analyzing the interaction mechanism of pac site and the MS2 coat protein (CP), we found that in addition to the recognized initiation signal TR-RNA, TR-DNA can also trigger spontaneous reassembly of CP dimers, providing a more convenient and feasible method of assembly. In conclusion, this straightforward and reliable manufacturing approach makes armored DNA an ideal control and standard for use in clinical laboratory tests and diagnostics, possessing prospects for broad application, especially providing a new platform for the production of quality controls for DNA viruses.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mikel P, Vasickova P, Kralik P. Methods for Preparation of MS2 Phage-Like Particles and Their Utilization as Process Control Viruses in RT-PCR and qRT-PCR Detection of RNA Viruses From Food Matrices and Clinical Specimens. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:96-111. [PMID: 25711389 PMCID: PMC7090958 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses are pathogenic agents of many serious infectious diseases affecting humans and animals. The detection of pathogenic RNA viruses is based on modern molecular methods, of which the most widely used methods are the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). All steps of RT-PCR and qRT-PCR should be strictly controlled to ensure the validity of obtained results. False-negative results may be caused not only by inhibition of RT or/and PCR steps but also by failure of the nucleic acid extraction step, particularly in the case of viral RNA extraction. The control of nucleic acid extraction generally involves the utilization of a non-pathogenic virus (process control virus) of similar structural properties to those of the target virus. Although in clinical samples the use of such process control virus is only recommended, in other kinds of settings such as food matrices its use is necessary. Currently, several different process control viruses are used for these purposes. Process control viruses can also be constructed artificially using technology for production of MS2 phage-like particles, which have many advantages in comparison with other used controls and are especially suited for controlling the detection and quantification of certain types of RNA viruses. The technology for production of MS2 phage-like particles is theoretically well established, uses the knowledge gained from the study of the familiar bacteriophage MS2 and utilizes many different approaches for the construction of the various process control viruses. Nevertheless, the practical use of MS2 phage-like particles in routine diagnostics is relatively uncommon. The current situation with regard to the use of MS2 phage-like particles as process control viruses in detection of RNA viruses and different methods of their construction, purification and use are summarized and discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mikel
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Felder E, Wölfel R. Development of a versatile and stable internal control system for RT-qPCR assays. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:33-40. [PMID: 25072380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RT-qPCR, an established method for the detection of RNA viruses, requires internal RNA controls for the correct interpretation of PCR results. Robust and versatile RT-PCR controls can be achieved for example by packaging RNA into a virus-derived protein shell. In this study a MS2-based internal control system was developed, that allows stable and universal packing of different RNAs into non-infectious, non-lytic MS2-based viral like particles (VLPs). Two competitive internal controls for a hantavirus assay and a Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) assay were cloned for the expression of VLPs. The expression of VLPs containing the RNA of interest could be induced with arabinose in Escherichia coli. The VLPs proved to be temperature resistant and could be frozen and thawed several times without degradation. Distinction of IC RNA from the target RNA was facilitated by a clear shift in the melting temperature or by specific hybridization signals. Furthermore, target and IC PCR amplification could be easily distinguished by their size in gel-electrophoretic analyses. Limits of detection were determined, demonstrating that the application of the IC did not reduce the sensitivity of the target RT-qPCR reactions. The system can be adapted to nearly any required sequence, resulting in a highly flexible method with broad range applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Felder
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Department for Medical Bio Reconnaissance and Verification, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Department for Medical Bio Reconnaissance and Verification, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Armored long RNA controls or standards for branched DNA assay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2571-6. [PMID: 19494069 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00232-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The branched DNA (bDNA) assay is a reliable method for quantifying the RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The positive controls and standards for this assay for the detection of HIV-1 consist of naked RNA, which is susceptible to degradation by RNase. Armored RNA is a good candidate for an RNase-resistant positive control or standard. However, its use has been limited by the maximal length of the exogenous RNA packaged into virus-like particles by routine armored RNA technology. In the present study, we produced armored long RNA (armored L-RNA) controls or standards (AR-HIV-pol-3034b) for a bDNA assay of HIV-1 by increasing the amount and affinity of the pac sites (the pac site is a specific 19-nucleotide stem-loop region located at the 5' terminus of the MS2 bacteriophage replicase gene) by a one-plasmid double-expression system. AR-HIV-pol-3034b was completely resistant to DNase and RNase, was stable in normal human EDTA-preserved plasma at 4 degrees C for at least 6 months, and produced reproducible, linear results in the Versant HIV-1 RNA 3.0 assay. In conclusion, AR-HIV-pol-3034b could act as a positive control or standard in a bDNA assay for the detection of HIV-1. In addition, the one-plasmid double-expression system can be used as a better platform than the one-plasmid expression system and the two-plasmid coexpression system for expressing armored L-RNA.
Collapse
|