1
|
Sattayaprasert P, Vasireddi SK, Bektik E, Jeon O, Hajjiri M, Mackall JA, Moravec CS, Alsberg E, Fu J, Laurita KR. Human Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells Remodel in Disease and Can Regulate Arrhythmia Substrates. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13:e008740. [PMID: 32755466 PMCID: PMC7578059 DOI: 10.1161/circep.120.008740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), known to remodel in disease and have an extensive secretome, has recently been isolated from the human heart. However, the effects of normal and diseased cardiac MSCs on myocyte electrophysiology remain unclear. We hypothesize that in disease the inflammatory secretome of cardiac human MSCs (hMSCs) remodels and can regulate arrhythmia substrates. METHODS hMSCs were isolated from patients with or without heart failure from tissue attached to extracted device leads and from samples taken from explanted/donor hearts. Failing hMSCs or nonfailing hMSCs were cocultured with normal human cardiac myocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Using fluorescent indicators, action potential duration, Ca2+ alternans, and spontaneous calcium release (SCR) incidence were determined. RESULTS Failing and nonfailing hMSCs from both sources exhibited similar trilineage differentiation potential and cell surface marker expression as bone marrow hMSCs. Compared with nonfailing hMSCs, failing hMSCs prolonged action potential duration by 24% (P<0.001, n=15), increased Ca2+ alternans by 300% (P<0.001, n=18), and promoted spontaneous calcium release activity (n=14, P<0.013) in human cardiac myocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Failing hMSCs exhibited increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL (interleukin)-1β (98%, P<0.0001) and IL-6 (460%, P<0.02) compared with nonfailing hMSCs. IL-1β or IL-6 in the absence of hMSCs prolonged action potential duration but only IL-6 increased Ca2+ alternans and promoted spontaneous calcium release activity in human cardiac myocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, replicating the effects of failing hMSCs. In contrast, nonfailing hMSCs prevented Ca2+ alternans in human cardiac myocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells during oxidative stress. Finally, nonfailing hMSCs exhibited >25× higher secretion of IGF (insulin-like growth factor)-1 compared with failing hMSCs. Importantly, IGF-1 supplementation or anti-IL-6 treatment rescued the arrhythmia substrates induced by failing hMSCs. CONCLUSIONS We identified device leads as a novel source of cardiac hMSCs. Our findings show that cardiac hMSCs can regulate arrhythmia substrates by remodeling their secretome in disease. Importantly, therapy inhibiting (anti-IL-6) or mimicking (IGF-1) the cardiac hMSC secretome can rescue arrhythmia substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasongchai Sattayaprasert
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (P.S., S.K.V., M.H., K.R.L.)
| | - Sunil K Vasireddi
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (P.S., S.K.V., M.H., K.R.L.)
| | - Emre Bektik
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.)
| | - Oju Jeon
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering (O.J., E.A.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Mohammad Hajjiri
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (P.S., S.K.V., M.H., K.R.L.)
| | - Judith A Mackall
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (J.A.M.)
| | - Christine S Moravec
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland (C.S.M.)
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering (O.J., E.A.), University of Illinois at Chicago.,Orthopaedics (E.A.), University of Illinois at Chicago.,Pharmacology (E.A.), University of Illinois at Chicago.,Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (E.A.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Jidong Fu
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus (J.F.)
| | - Kenneth R Laurita
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (P.S., S.K.V., M.H., K.R.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chiang YH, Lin CC, Chen YC, Lee OK. Treatment of Arsenite Intoxication-Induced Peripheral Vasculopathy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041026. [PMID: 29596344 PMCID: PMC5979449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenite (As), a notorious toxic metal, is ubiquitously distributed in the earth and poses a serious threat to human health. Histopathological lesions of As intoxication are known as thromboangiitis obliterans, which are resistant to current treatment and often lead to lower limb amputation. In this study, we attempt to find that treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be effective for As-induced vasculopathy. We first conducted an in vitro study with a co-culture system containing human MSCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and treated individual and co-cultured cells with various concentrations of arsenite. We also designed an in vivo study in which Sprague Dawley (SD) rats received periodic intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 16 ppm arsenite for 12 weeks. MSCs were harvested from BALB/c mice that were transplanted via tail vein injection. We found that there was significantly higher cellular viability in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) than in HUVECs under concentrations of arsenite between 15 and 25 μM. The Annexin V apoptosis assay further confirmed this finding. Cytokine array assay for As-conditioned media revealed an elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level secreted by MSCs, which is crucial for HUVEC survival and was evaluated by an siRNA VEGF knockdown test. In the in vivo study, we demonstrated early apoptotic changes in the anterior tibial vessels of As-injected SD rats with a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, but these apoptotic changes were less frequently observed upon MSCs transplantation, indicating that the cytoprotective effect of MSCs successfully protected against As-induced peripheral vasculopathy. The feasibility of MSCs to treat and /or prevent the progression of As-induced vasculopathy is justified. Further clinical studies are required to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in patients suffering from As intoxication with vasculopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Chiang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan 260, Taiwan.
| | - Chai-Chin Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Yilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Chung Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan 260, Taiwan.
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10341, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chiang YH, Wu SH, Kuo YC, Chen HF, Chiou A, Lee OK. Raman spectroscopy for grading of live osteosarcoma cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:81. [PMID: 25928011 PMCID: PMC4445270 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, and the grading of osteosarcoma cells relies on traditional histopathology and molecular biology methods, which require RNA extraction, protein isolation and immunohistological staining. All these methods require cell isolation, lysis or fixation, which is time-consuming and requires certain amount of tumor specimen. In this study, we report the use of Raman spectroscopy for grading of malignant osteosarcoma cells. Methods We demonstrate that, based on the detection of differential production of mineral species, Raman spectroscopy can be used as a live cell analyzer to accurately assess the grades of osteosarcoma cells by evaluating their mineralization levels. Mineralization level was assessed by measuring amount of hydroxyapatite (HA), which is highly expressed in mature osteoblasts, but not in poorly differentiated osteosarcoma cell or mesenchymal stem cells, the putative cell-of-origin of osteosarcoma. Results We found that under Raman spectroscopy, the level of HA production was high in MG-63 cells, which are low-grade. Moreover, hydroxyapatite production was low in high-grade osteosarcoma cells such as 143B and SaOS2 cells (p < 0.05). Matrix metalloproteinase MMP2, MMP9 were highly expressed in SaOS2, 143B and MSCs and decreased in human fetal osteoblast (FOB) and MG-63 cells as expected (p < 0.05). These results may highlight the inverse correlation between HA level and prognosis of osteosarcoma. Conclusions The use of Raman spectroscopy for the measurement of HA production by the protocol reported in this study may serve as a useful tool to rapidly and accurately assess the degree of malignancy in osteosarcoma cells in a label-free manner. Such application may shorten the period of pathological diagnosis and may benefit patients who are inflicted with osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Chiang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Department of Orthopaedics, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, No. 152, Xinmin Road, Yi-Lan, 260, Taiwan.
| | - Stewart H Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - How-Foo Chen
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Arthur Chiou
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, No. 145, Zhengzhou Road, Taipei, 10341, Taiwan. .,Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec 2, Shipai Road, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maher S, Kolieb E, Sabik NA, Abd-Elhalim D, El-Serafi AT, El-Wazir Y. Comparison of the osteogenic differentiation potential of mesenchymal cells isolated from human bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and placenta derived stem cells. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
5
|
Vanikar AV, Trivedi HL, Kumar A, Gopal SC, Kute VB. Mesenchymal stem cells and transplant tolerance. Nephrology (Carlton) 2015; 19:369-74. [PMID: 24698403 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different strategies are being tried to induce transplant tolerance in clinical settings; however, none of them are both safe and effective. Mesenchymal stem cells have been found to be potent immunomodulators and immunosuppressants. We discuss in this review different sources of mesenchymal stem cells and the potent role of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in induction of transplant tolerance including when to use them and how to use them for achieving the Utopian dream of transplant tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V Vanikar
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC) - Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS), Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dimarino AM, Caplan AI, Bonfield TL. Mesenchymal stem cells in tissue repair. Front Immunol 2013; 4:201. [PMID: 24027567 PMCID: PMC3761350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies for clinical therapeutics has been an exciting and new innovation for the treatment of a variety of diseases associated with inflammation, tissue damage, and subsequent regeneration and repair. Application-based ability to measure MSC potency and fate of the cells post-MSC therapy are the variables that confound the use of MSCs therapeutics in human diseases. An evaluation of MSC function and applications with attention to detail in the preparation as well as quality control and quality assurance are only as good as the assays that are developed. In vivo measures of efficacy and potency require an appreciation of the overall pathophysiology of the model and standardization of outcome measures. The new concepts of how MSC’s participate in the tissue regeneration and wound repair process and further, how this is impacted by estimates of efficacy and potency are important new topics. In this regard, this chapter will review some of the in vitro and in vivo assays for MSC function and activity and their application to the clinical arena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Dimarino
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bieback K. Platelet lysate as replacement for fetal bovine serum in mesenchymal stromal cell cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:326-35. [PMID: 24273486 DOI: 10.1159/000354061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) emerged as highly attractive in cell-based regenerative medicine. Initially thought to provide cells capable of differentiation towards mesenchymal cell types (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes etc.), by and by potent immunoregulatory and pro-regenerative activities have been discovered, broadening the field of potential applications from bone and cartilage regeneration to wound healing and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Due to the limited frequency in most tissue sources, ex vivo expansion of MSC is required compliant with good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines to yield clinically relevant cell doses. Though, still most manufacturing protocols use fetal bovine serum (FBS) as cell culture supplement to isolate and to expand MSC. However, the high lot-to-lot variability as well as risk of contamination and immunization call for xenogenic-free culture conditions. In terms of standardization, chemically defined media appear as the ultimate achievement. Since these media need to maintain all key cellular and therapy-relevant features of MSC, the development of chemically defined media is still - albeit highly investigated - only in its beginning. The current alternatives to FBS rely on human blood-derived components: plasma, serum, umbilical cord blood serum, and platelet derivatives like platelet lysate. Focusing on quality aspects, the latter will be addressed within this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wee AS, Lim CK, Merican AM, Ahmad TS, Kamarul T. Total cell pooling in vitro: an effective isolation method for bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:424-32. [PMID: 23708918 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cellular proliferation and the ability to undergo multilineage differentiation make bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) potentially useful for clinical applications. Several methods have been described to isolate a homogenous bone marrow-derived MSCs population; however, none has been proven most effective, mainly due to their effects on proliferation and differentiation capability of the isolated cells. It is hypothesized that our newly established total cell pooling method may provide a better alternative as compared to the standard isolation method (density gradient centrifugation method). For the total cell pooling method, MSCs were isolated from rabbit bone marrow and were subsequently cultured in the growth medium without further separation as in the standard isolation method. The total cell pooling method was 65 min faster than the standard isolation method in completing cell isolation. Nevertheless, both methods did not differ significantly in the number of primary viable cells and population doubling time in the cultures (p > 0.05). The isolated cells from both methods expressed CD29 and CD44 markers, but not CD45 markers. Furthermore, they displayed multilineage differentiation characteristics of chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. In conclusion, both methods provide similar efficiency in the isolation of rabbit bone marrow-derived MSCs; however, the total cell pooling method is technically simpler and more cost effective than the standard isolation method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Sze Wee
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thirumala S, Goebel WS, Woods EJ. Clinical grade adult stem cell banking. Organogenesis 2012; 5:143-54. [PMID: 20046678 DOI: 10.4161/org.5.3.9811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a great deal of scientific interest recently generated by the potential therapeutic applications of adult stem cells in human care but there are several challenges regarding quality and safety in clinical applications and a number of these challenges relate to the processing and banking of these cells ex-vivo. As the number of clinical trials and the variety of adult cells used in regenerative therapy increases, safety remains a primary concern. This has inspired many nations to formulate guidelines and standards for the quality of stem cell collection, processing, testing, banking, packaging and distribution. Clinically applicable cryopreservation and banking of adult stem cells offers unique opportunities to advance the potential uses and widespread implementation of these cells in clinical applications. Most current cryopreservation protocols include animal serum proteins and potentially toxic cryoprotectant additives (CPAs) that prevent direct use of these cells in human therapeutic applications. Long term cryopreservation of adult stem cells under good manufacturing conditions using animal product free solutions is critical to the widespread clinical implementation of ex-vivo adult stem cell therapies. Furthermore, to avoid any potential cryoprotectant related complications, reduced CPA concentrations and efficient post-thaw washing to remove CPA are also desirable. The present review focuses on the current strategies and important aspects of adult stem cell banking for clinical applications. These include current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs), animal protein free freezing solutions, cryoprotectants, freezing & thawing protocols, viability assays, packaging and distribution. The importance and benefits of banking clinical grade adult stem cells are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Thirumala
- General Biotechnology LLC; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ilic N, Brooke G, Murray P, Barlow S, Rossetti T, Pelekanos R, Hancock S, Atkinson K. Manufacture of clinical grade human placenta-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 698:89-106. [PMID: 21431513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-999-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Clinical grade human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are manufactured and used in clinical trials for a range of regenerative and inflammatory diseases. Human MSC have now been derived from tissues other than bone marrow, such as placenta, as described in this laboratory protocol. It provides instructions for clinical grade MSC manufacturing according to the Code of Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) principles and according to policies and procedures of our internal Quality Management System (QMS), which is based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard requirements. Relevant organizational structure and QMS elements are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ilic
- Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cellular therapy for repair of cardiac damage after acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cell Biol 2009; 2009:906507. [PMID: 20130765 PMCID: PMC2809316 DOI: 10.1155/2009/906507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, particularly acute myocardial infarction, are the leading causes of death worldwide. Important advances have been made in the secondary treatment for cardiovascular diseases such as heart transplantation and medical and surgical therapies. Although these therapies alleviate symptoms, and may even improve survival, none can reverse the disease process and directly repair the lasting damage. Thus, the cure of cardiovascular diseases remains a major unmet medical need. Recently, cellular therapy has been proposed as a candidate treatment for this. Many stem and progenitor cell populations have each been suggested as a potential basis for such therapy. This review assesses some of the more notable exogenous adult cell candidates and provides insights into the mechanisms by which they may mediate improvement in cardiac function following acute myocardial infarction. Research into the cellular therapy field is of great importance for the further planning of clinical trials for cardiac cellular myoplasty.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tonn T, Barz D. MSC - a Multipotent Stromal Cell in Search of Clinical Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 35:269-270. [PMID: 21512641 DOI: 10.1159/000147276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|