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Abu-Serie MM, Barakat A, Ramadan S, Habashy NH. Superior cuproptotic efficacy of diethyldithiocarbamate-Cu 4O 3 nanoparticles over diethyldithiocarbamate-Cu 2O nanoparticles in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1388038. [PMID: 39076585 PMCID: PMC11284037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1388038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) is a serious health concern. The stemness of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is a key driver for HC tumorigenesis, apoptotic resistance, and metastasis, and functional mitochondria are critical for its maintenance. Cuproptosis is Cu-dependent non-apoptotic pathway (mitochondrial dysfunction) via inactivating mitochondrial enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase "PDH" and succinate dehydrogenase "SDH"). To effectively treat metastatic HC, it is necessary to induce selective cuproptosis (for halting cancer stemness genes) with selective oxidative imbalance (for increasing cell susceptibility to cuproptosis and inducing non-CSCs death). Herein, two types of Cu oxide nanoparticles (Cu4O3 "C(I + II)" NPs and Cu2O "C(I)" NPs) were used in combination with diethyldithiocarbamate (DD, an aldehyde dehydrogenase "ALDH" inhibitor) for comparative anti-HC investigation. DC(I + II) NPs exhibited higher cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and anti-migration impact than DC(I) NPs in the treated human HC cells (HepG2 and/or Huh7). Moreover, DC(I + II) NPs were more effective than DC(I) NPs in the treatment of HC mouse groups. This was mediated via higher selective accumulation of DC(I + II) NPs in only tumor tissues and oxidant activity, causing stronger selective inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes (PDH, SDH, and ALDH2) than DC(I)NPs. This effect resulted in more suppression of tumor and metastasis markers as well as stemness gene expressions in DC(I + II) NPs-treated HC mice. In addition, both nanocomplexes normalized liver function and hematological parameters. The computational analysis found that DC(I + II) showed higher binding affinity to most of the tested enzymes. Accordingly, DC(I + II) NPs represent a highly effective therapeutic formulation compared to DC(I) NPs for metastatic HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M. Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Chemistry Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Noha Hassan Habashy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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2
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Aziz MA. Multiomics approach towards characterization of tumor cell plasticity and its significance in precision and personalized medicine. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10190-x. [PMID: 38761231 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity refers to the ability of cells to change their identity or behavior, which can be advantageous in some cases (e.g., tissue regeneration) but detrimental in others (e.g., cancer metastasis). With a better understanding of cellular plasticity, the complexity of cancer cells, their heterogeneity, and their role in metastasis is being unraveled. The plasticity of the cells could also prove as a nemesis to their characterization. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the possibilities and benefits of using multiomics approach in characterizing the plastic nature of cancer cells. There is a need to integrate fragmented evidence at different levels of cellular organization (DNA, RNA, protein, metabolite, epigenetics, etc.) to facilitate the characterization of different forms of plasticity and cell types. We have discussed the role of cellular plasticity in generating intra-tumor heterogeneity. Different omics level evidence is being provided to highlight the variety of molecular determinants discovered using different techniques. Attempts have been made to integrate some of this information to provide a quantitative assessment and scoring of the plastic nature of the cells. However, there is a huge gap in our understanding of mechanisms that lead to the observed heterogeneity. Understanding of these mechanism(s) is necessary for finding targets for early detection and effective therapeutic interventions in metastasis. Targeting cellular plasticity is akin to neutralizing a moving target. Along with the advancements in precision and personalized medicine, these efforts may translate into better clinical outcomes for cancer patients, especially in metastatic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azhar Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Nanotechnology Center, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Cancer Nanomedicine Consortium, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Roy SK, Srivastava S, McCance C, Shrivastava A, Morvant J, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Clinical significance of PNO1 as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18295. [PMID: 38722284 PMCID: PMC11081011 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein PNO1 plays an essential role in ribosome biogenesis. Recent studies have shown that it is involved in tumorigenesis; however, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether PNO1 can be used as a biomarker of HCC and also examine the therapeutic potential of PNO1 knockout for the treatment of HCC. PNO1 expression was upregulated in HCC and associated with poor prognosis. PNO1 expression was positively associated with tumour stage, lymph node metastasis and poor survival. PNO1 expression was significantly higher in HCC compared to that in fibrolamellar carcinoma or normal tissues. Furthermore, HCC tissues with mutant Tp53 expressed higher PNO1 than those with wild-type Tp53. PNO1 knockout suppressed cell viability, colony formation and EMT of HCC cells. Since activation of Notch signalling pathway promotes HCC, we measured the effects of PNO1 knockout on the components of Notch pathway and its targets. PNO1 knockout suppressed Notch signalling by modulating the expression of Notch ligands and their receptors, and downstream targets. PNO1 knockout also inhibited genes involved in surface adhesion, cell cycle, inflammation and chemotaxis. PNO1 knockout also inhibited colony and spheroid formation, cell migration and invasion, and markers of stem cells, pluripotency and EMT in CSCs. Overall, our data suggest that PNO1 can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of HCC, and knockout of PNO1 by CRISPR/Cas9 can be beneficial for the management of HCC by targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K. Roy
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of MedicineLouisiana State University HealthNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | | | - Caroline McCance
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | | | - Jason Morvant
- Department of SurgeryOchsner Health SystemGretnaLouisianaUSA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care SystemNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- John W. Deming Department of MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Rakesh K. Srivastava
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of MedicineLouisiana State University HealthNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care SystemNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of GeneticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center – New OrleansNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- GLAXDoverDelawareUSA
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4
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Lu Y, Lin B, Li M. The role of alpha-fetoprotein in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1363695. [PMID: 38660138 PMCID: PMC11039944 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1363695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent malignant cancer worldwide, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a glycoprotein synthesized by the liver and yolk sac during fetal development. However, the serum levels of AFP exhibit a significant correlation with the onset and progression of HCC in adults. Extensive research has demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the malignant transformation of HCC, and AFP is a key factor in the TME, promoting HCC development. The objective of this review was to analyze the existing knowledge regarding the role of AFP in the TME. Specifically, this review focused on the effect of AFP on various cells in the TME, tumor immune evasion, and clinical application of AFP in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. These findings offer valuable insights into the clinical treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Mengsen Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Institution of Tumor, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
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5
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Jiang S, Ma W, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zhang J. An emerging strategy: probiotics enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy via mediating the gut microbiome. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2341717. [PMID: 38717360 PMCID: PMC11085971 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2341717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and progression of tumors are often accompanied by disruptions in the gut microbiota. Inversely, the impact of the gut microbiota on the initiation and progression of cancer is becoming increasingly evident, influencing the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both local and distant tumors. Moreover, it is even suggested to play a significant role in the process of tumor immunotherapy, contributing to high specificity in therapeutic outcomes and long-term effectiveness across various cancer types. Probiotics, with their generally positive influence on the gut microbiota, may serve as effective agents in synergizing cancer immunotherapy. They play a crucial role in activating the immune system to inhibit tumor growth. In summary, this comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights into the dynamic interactions between probiotics, gut microbiota, and cancer. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances and mechanisms in using probiotics to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. By understanding these complex relationships, we may unlock innovative approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment while optimizing the effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiming Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Wenyao Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Chenchen Ma
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
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Liu J, Park K, Shen Z, Lee H, Geetha P, Pakyari M, Chai L. Immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and their cross talks in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285370. [PMID: 38173713 PMCID: PMC10762788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a challenging malignancy with limited treatment options beyond surgery and chemotherapy. Recent advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapy, including PD-1 and PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, have shown promise, but their efficacy has not met expectations. Biomarker testing and personalized medicine based on genetic mutations and other biomarkers represent the future direction for HCC treatment. To address these challenges and opportunities, this comprehensive review discusses the progress made in targeted therapies and immunotherapies for HCC, focusing on dissecting the rationales, opportunities, and challenges for combining these modalities. The liver's unique physiology and the presence of fibrosis in many HCC patients pose additional challenges to drug delivery and efficacy. Ongoing efforts in biomarker development and combination therapy design, especially in the context of immunotherapies, hold promise for improving outcomes in advanced HCC. Through exploring the advancements in biomarkers and targeted therapies, this review provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in the field and proposes strategies for rational combination therapy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin Park
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ziyang Shen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hannah Lee
- University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Mohammadreza Pakyari
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Elmetwalli A, Hashish SM, Hassan MG, El-Magd MA, El-Naggar SA, Tolba AM, Salama AF. Modulation of the oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis-related genes by dicinnamoyl-L-tartaric acid in liver cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3087-3099. [PMID: 37160480 PMCID: PMC10567854 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells can become resistant to existing treatments over time, so it is important to develop new treatments that target different pathways to stay ahead of this resistance. Many cancer treatments have severe side effects that can be debilitating and even life-threatening. Developing drugs that can effectively treat cancer while minimizing the risks of these side effects is essential for improving the quality of life of cancer patients. The study was designed to explore whether the combination of dicinnamoyl-L-tartaric (CLT) and sorafenib ((SOR), an anti-cancer drug)) could be used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the animal model and to assess whether this combination would lead to changes in certain biomarkers associated with the tumour. In this study, 120 male mice were divided into 8 groups of 15 mice each. A number of biochemical parameters were measured, including liver functions, oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, (MDA); nitric oxide (NO)), and antioxidative activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)). Furthermore, the hepatic expressions of Bax, Beclin1, TNF-α, IL1β, and BCl-2 genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The combination of SOR and CLT was found to reduce the levels of liver enzymes, such as AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT, and reduce the pathological changes caused by DAB and PB. The upregulation of TNF-α, IL1β, and Bcl-2 genes suggests that the CLT was able to initiate an inflammatory response to combat the tumor, while the downregulation of the Bax and Beclin1 genes indicates that the CLT was able to reduce the risk of apoptosis in the liver. Furthermore, the combination therapy led to increased expression of cytokines, resulting in an enhanced anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elmetwalli
- Department of Clinical Trial Research Unit and Drug Discovery, Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Mustafa Hashish
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mervat G Hassan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abu El-Magd
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Amina M Tolba
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afrah Fatthi Salama
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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8
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Haley RM, Chan A, Billingsley MM, Gong N, Padilla MS, Kim EH, Wang HH, Yin D, Wangensteen KJ, Tsourkas A, Mitchell MJ. Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery of Small Proteins for Potent In Vivo RAS Inhibition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21877-21892. [PMID: 37115558 PMCID: PMC10727849 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutated RAS proteins are potent oncogenic drivers and have long been considered "undruggable". While RAS-targeting therapies have recently shown promise, there remains a clinical need for RAS inhibitors with more diverse targets. Small proteins represent a potential new therapeutic option, including K27, a designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) engineered to inhibit RAS. However, K27 functions intracellularly and is incapable of entering the cytosol on its own, currently limiting its utility. To overcome this barrier, we have engineered a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platform for potent delivery of functional K27-D30─a charge-modified version of the protein─intracellularly in vitro and in vivo. This system efficiently encapsulates charge-modified proteins, facilitates delivery in up to 90% of cells in vitro, and maintains potency after at least 45 days of storage. In vivo, these LNPs deliver K27-D30 to the cytosol of cancerous cells in the liver, inhibiting RAS-driven growth and ultimately reducing tumor load in an HTVI-induced mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. This work shows that K27 holds promise as a new cancer therapeutic when delivered using this LNP platform. Furthermore, this technology has the potential to broaden the use of LNPs to include new cargo types─beyond RNA─for diverse therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Haley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexander Chan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Ningqiang Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marshall S. Padilla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Emily H. Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Hejia Henry Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Dingzi Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902
| | - Kirk J. Wangensteen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael J. Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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9
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Chen YK, Wu PY, Huang JC, Chen SC, Chang JM. Sex difference in the associations among liver function parameters with incident diabetes mellitus in a large Taiwanese population follow-up study. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1081374. [PMID: 36684957 PMCID: PMC9845575 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Taiwan between 2017 and 2020 was 11.05%, which is higher than the global prevalence (10.5%). Previous studies have shown that patients with DM have higher liver enzyme levels than those without DM. However, it is unclear whether there are sex differences in the association between incident DM and liver function. Therefore, the aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate this issue in a large Taiwanese cohort. Methods We identified 27,026 participants from the Taiwan Biobank, and excluded those with baseline DM (n = 2,637), and those without follow-up data on DM, serum fasting glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (n = 43). The remaining 24,346 participants (male: 8,334; female: 16,012; mean age 50.5 ± 10.4 years) were enrolled and followed for a median of 4 years. Results Of the enrolled participants, 1,109 (4.6%) had incident DM and 23,237 (95.4%) did not. Multivariable analysis showed that high levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) (p < 0.001), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT) (p < 0.001), albumin (p = 0.003), α-fetoprotein (p = 0.019), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with incident DM in the male participants. In comparison, high levels of AST (p = 0.010), ALT (p < 0.001), albumin (p = 0.001) and GGT (p < 0.001), and low total bilirubin (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with incident DM in the female participants. There were significant interactions between total bilirubin and sex (p = 0.031), and GGT and sex (p = 0.011) on incident DM. Conclusion In conclusion, liver function parameters were significantly associated with incident DM. Further, there were differences in the associations between the male and female participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kong Chen
- Department of General Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Chi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Ming Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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10
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Abu-Serie MM. Targeted ferroptotic potency of ferrous oxide nanoparticles-diethyldithiocarbamate nanocomplex on the metastatic liver cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1089667. [PMID: 36686682 PMCID: PMC9847675 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1089667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing treatments are frequently ineffective in combating liver cancer (LC) due to its rapid growth, high metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. Thus, inducing ferroptosis, a new non-apoptotic regulated cell death-dependent massive iron overload-mediated lipid peroxidation, is an alternative effective approach for treating LC. The efficient trigger of ferroptosis requires blocking cellular antioxidant (anti-ferroptosis) response and selectivity to avoid harming other healthy tissues. In this study, green chemically synthesized ferrous oxide nanoparticles (F(II) NPs) were used for enhancing selective iron accumulation in tumor tissue, while diethyldithiocarbamate (DE) was for inhibiting the antioxidant system (glutathione and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2) which protects the tumor from damage-dependent lipid peroxides. Thus, F(II) NPs were used with DE as nanocomplex (DF(II) NPs) and its anti-LC activity compared to ferrous oxide DF(II). DF(II) NPs outperformed the typical complex of DF(II) in eradicating metastatic LC cells in HepG2 cells and a chemically induced metastatic LC animal model, as evidenced by flow cytometry, histological and immunohistochemical analyses, and α-fetoprotein depletion. The superior therapeutic potency-dependent ferroptotic activity of DF(II) NPs, attributed to their higher selective accumulation (∼77%) than DF(II) in tumor tissues (liver and lung), resulted in a strong elevation of cellular lipid peroxidation with extreme suppression of nuclear related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcriptional activity, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase 4, and ALDH2. Subsequently, a severe inhibition in the expression of oncogenes and metastatic cancer stem cell genes was recorded in DF(II) NPs-treated LC animal group. In contrast to DF(II), DF(II) NPs were able to normalize liver functions and did not show any variations in hematological and histological parameters in the blood and tissues of DF(II) NPs-treated normal mouse group. These findings validate the potency and safety of DF(II) nanocomplex as a promising nanodrug for combating metastatic LC.
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11
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Prognostic serum biomarkers in cancer patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Transl Oncol 2022; 21:101443. [PMID: 35523009 PMCID: PMC9057983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin, CRP, d-dimer, ferritin, hemoglobin, IL-2R, IL-6, LDH, and PCT were identified as commonly changed biomarkers in three different comparison groups. Increased levels of CRP, d-dimer, ferritin, IL-2R, IL-6, LDH, and PCT are positively correlated to the COVID-19 severity and cancer surveillance in cancer patients with COVID-19. High levels of CRP, ferritin, and LDH after immunotherapy for COVID-19 in cancer patients indicate a poor prognosis. Cancer patients who had lower levels of CRP, ferritin, and LDH exhibit a good prognosis after antivirals/antibiotic treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion
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12
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Kobayashi T, Takeba Y, Ohta Y, Ootaki M, Kida K, Watanabe M, Iiri T, Matsumoto N. Prenatal glucocorticoid administration accelerates the maturation of fetal rat hepatocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5831-5842. [PMID: 35304682 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) is clinically administered to pregnant women who are at risk of preterm birth for the maturation of cardiopulmonary function. Preterm and low-birth-weight infants often experience liver dysfunction after birth because their livers are immature. However, the effects of prenatal GC administration on the liver remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal GC administration on the maturation of liver hepatocytes in preterm rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered to pregnant Wistar rats on gestational days 17 and 19 before cesarean section. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA levels of albumin, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha (HNF4α), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), thymus cell antigen 1 (Thy-1), cyclin B, and Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in the liver samples. Immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to examine protein production. The hepatocytes enlarged because of growth and prenatal DEX administration. Albumin, HNF4α, and HGF levels increased secondary to growth and prenatal DEX administration. The levels of the cell cycle markers cyclin B and CDK1 gradually decreased during growth and with DEX administration. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that prenatal GC administration leads to hepatocyte maturation via expression of HNF4α and HGF in preterm fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeba
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Ootaki
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kida
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Minoru Watanabe
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Taroh Iiri
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
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Abouzed TK, Eldomany EB, Khatab SA, Aldhahrani A, Gouda WM, Elgazzar AM, Soliman MM, Kassab MA, El-Shazly SA, Althobaiti F, Dorghamm DA. The modulatory effect of bee honey against diethyl nitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride instigated hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1092-1103. [PMID: 34992771 PMCID: PMC8693075 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious threat to human health that has attracted substantial interest. The purpose of this study was to investigate the modulatory effect of bee honey against induced HCC by diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride (DEN/CCl4) in rats. HCC was induced by a single intraperitoneal dose of DEN (200 mg/kg B.W). Two weeks later, CCl4 (1 ml/kg) was intraperitoneally injected (three times a week). Bee honey was administered orally at 2 g/rat before and after the induction of HCC. The results showed that bee honey administration significantly increased body weight, decreased liver weight, and relative liver weight compared to those in the HCC-induced group. Moreover, a significant decrease in serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as well as AST, ALT, GGT, ALP activities were observed in bee honey administration rats compared with those in HCC-induced group. Also, the hepatic MDA was significantly decreased; in addition, SOD, CAT, and GPx activities were significantly increased in groups treated with bee honey compared with those in the HCC group. The hepatic histopathology alterations caused by DEN/CCl4 injection were ameliorated by bee honey treatment. Likewise, the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), glypican (GP-3), thioredoxin (TRX), and glutaredoxin (GRX) were downregulated, and caspase-3 was upregulated by bee honey treatment compared with untreated HCC-induced group. In conclusion, bee honey has remarkable beneficial effects against HCC induced in rats through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antimetastatic effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The current study confirmed that honey has the potential to act as an antimetastatic factor. Bee honey supplementation either before or after combined injection of DEN/CCl4 exhibited inhibitory and ameliorative effects against DEN/CCl4-induced HCC through its antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-metastatic, antifibrotic, and apoptosis properties. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the molecular mechanisms underlying honey's effects against DEN/CCl4-induced HCC in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Kamal Abouzed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ehab B Eldomany
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-suef University, Beni-suef, Egypt
| | - Shymaa A Khatab
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael M Gouda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Elgazzar
- Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohmed Atef Kassab
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Kafr-Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Samir Ahmed El-Shazly
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Fayez Althobaiti
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Abdallha Dorghamm
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Circulating MicroRNA-21 As A Novel Noninvasive Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Compared with Alpha Fetoprotein Gold Test. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the greatest traditional kind of pre-eminent cancer worldwide, which happens mainly in chronic liver disease and cirrhotic patients. The available surveillance strategies for suspected HCC patients include serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and liver imaging have been mainly recommended. However, the sensitivity and selectivity of these diagnostic strategies especially in the early stages of HCC have many obstacles. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that are 18–25 nucleotides in length. Plasma miRNAs may be a promising new biomarker for cancer detection and prognosis in the early stages. Assessment of Plasma MicroRNA-21 (miRNA-21) significance as a noninvasive Hepatocellular carcinoma marker compared with AFP gold standard test to improve HCC early diagnostic power. This is a prospective research project that included 90 patients in total, split into three classes., liver cirrhosis patients (LC) without any malignancies and (HCC) patients in addition to the healthy control group. Patients and controls were subjected to the clinical studies, routine investigations, imaging studies, and detection of plasma miRNA-21 & AFP. miRNA-21 showed a highly significant difference in the 3 studied groups. Control group with LC group, control group with HCC group, and LC group with HCC group P value (P 0.0001, P1 0.0001, P2 0.0001and P3 0.0001) respectively. Also, a highly significant difference was observed between pre-TACE and post-TACE miRNA-21 in the HCC group P value (0.0001). Circulating miRNA-21 may be used as a noninvasive co biomarker with AFP to increase HCC diagnostic accuracy in its early stages.
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Dituri F, Centonze M, Berenschot EJW, Tas NR, Susarrey-Arce A, Krol S. Complex Tumor Spheroid Formation and One-Step Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Purification from Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissue Promoted by Inorganic Surface Topography. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3233. [PMID: 34947582 PMCID: PMC8706479 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell models play important roles as testbeds for toxicity studies, drug development, or as replacements in animal experiments. In particular, complex tumor models such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are needed to predict drug efficacy and facilitate translation into clinical practice. In this work, topographical features of amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) are fabricated and tested for cell culture of primary HCC cells and cell lines. The topographies vary from pyramids to octahedrons to structures named fractals, with increased hierarchy and organized in periodic arrays (square or Hexagonal). The pyramids were found to promote complex 2D/3D tissue formation from primary HCC cells. It was found that the 2D layer was mainly composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), while the 3D spheroids were composed of tumor cells enwrapped by a CAF layer. Compared with conventional protocols for 3D cultures, this novel approach mimics the 2D/3D complexity of the original tumor by invading CAFs and a microtumor. Topographies such as octahedrons and fractals exclude tumor cells and allow one-step isolation of CAFs even directly from tumor tissue of patients as the CAFs migrate into the structured substrate. Cell lines form spheroids within a short time. The presented inorganic topographical surfaces stimulate complex spheroid formation while avoiding additional biological scaffolds and allowing direct visualization on the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dituri
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Via Turi 27, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Centonze
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Via Turi 27, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Erwin J. W. Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (E.J.W.B.); (N.R.T.)
| | - Niels R. Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (E.J.W.B.); (N.R.T.)
| | - Arturo Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (E.J.W.B.); (N.R.T.)
| | - Silke Krol
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Via Turi 27, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.)
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Dik B, Coskun D, Er A. Protective Effect of Nerium Oleander Distillate and Tarantula Cubensis Alcoholic Extract on Cancer Biomarkers on Colon and Liver Tissues of Rats with Experimental Colon Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1962-1969. [PMID: 34477527 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210903120253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancers are among the three major cancer types that result in death. The research for effective treatment continues. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the effects of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) and Nerium oleander (NO) distillate on the levels of midkine, TGF-β, VEGF, AFP, COX-2, IGF and caspase 3 in liver and colon tissues of experimentally induced colon cancer in rats. METHOD The liver and colon tissues of the rats were divided into Control, Colon Cancer (AZM), AZM+TCAE and AZM+NO groups and they were homogenized. The levels of midkine, TGF-β, VEGF, AFP, COX-2, IGF and caspase 3 in the colon and liver tissues were measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS All parameters levels of colon and liver tissues in the AZM group were generally higher (p<0.05) than the Control group. TCAE and NO prevented (p<0.05) the increases in midkine, TGF-β, VEGF, AFP, COX-2, IGF and caspase-3 levels in the colon. NO prevented increase of all parameters except for IGF level, while TCAE prevented (p<0.05) the increase of all values apart from COX-2 and IGF levels in the liver. CONCLUSION NO and TCAE may prevented at the specified marker levels of colon in the AZM induced colon cancer. The increases the level of parameters in the liver are not as severe as in the colon, due to the 18-week study period may not be sufficient for liver metastasis formationIn the future molecular studies should be done to determine the mechanisms and pathways of them more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Dik
- Selcuk University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Devran Coskun
- Siirt University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Er
- Selcuk University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Konya, Turkey
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17
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Alazzouni AS, Mahmoud AA, Omran MM, Essawy EA, Abdalla MS, Abdelfattah MS. Inhibitory and ameliorative effect of heliomycin derived from actinomycete on induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1091-1102. [PMID: 33416934 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective activity of heliomycin obtained from the culture broth of actinomycete AB5 against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatic cancer in Wistar rats was estimated. Heliomycin exhibited a significant decrease in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared to the positive control. For instance, the heliomycin group after 20 weeks showed a significant decline in ALT, AST, and ALP values (70.75 ± 5.12, 140.25 ± 11.75, and 163.25 ± 18.66, respectively) compared to the positive control group (170.00 ± 9.55, 252.75 ± 12.33, and 278.00 ± 21.32, respectively). Additionally, the isolated compound showed a highly significant decrease in serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. After 8, 16, and 20 weeks, the mean values of AFP in the heliomycin group revealed a highly significant decrease (33.62 ± 2.46, 30.00 ± 4.05, and 28.50 ± 2.64, respectively) compared to the positive control group (49.45 ± 3.03, 81.90 ± 6.70, and 90.75 ± 5.12, respectively). The histopathological investigation of liver sections supported the results of biochemical analysis. It was demonstrated that heliomycin showed histological improvement of hepatocytes and marked increase of nuclear pyknotic with clear cytoplasm, which is a sign of improving the apoptotic pathway of malignant cells. It also displayed marked fibrosis at most of the malignant cells and the development of some regenerative nodules. Heliomycin showed moderate immunoreactivity with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) compared to the positive control group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the anticancer activity of heliomycin against hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Alazzouni
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Abdulla A Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Ehab A Essawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Mohga S Abdalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Abdelfattah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt. .,Natural Products Research Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
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18
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Fatafta H, Samantray S, Sayyed-Ahmad A, Coskuner-Weber O, Strodel B. Molecular simulations of IDPs: From ensemble generation to IDP interactions leading to disorder-to-order transitions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 183:135-185. [PMID: 34656328 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure but do exhibit some dynamical and structural ordering. The structural plasticity of IDPs indicates that entropy-driven motions are crucial for their function. Many IDPs undergo function-related disorder-to-order transitions upon by their interaction with specific binding partners. Approaches that are based on both experimental and theoretical tools enable the biophysical characterization of IDPs. Molecular simulations provide insights into IDP structural ensembles and disorder-to-order transition mechanisms. However, such studies depend strongly on the chosen force field parameters and simulation techniques. In this chapter, we provide an overview of IDP characteristics, review all-atom force fields recently developed for IDPs, and present molecular dynamics-based simulation methods that allow IDP ensemble generation as well as the characterization of disorder-to-order transitions. In particular, we introduce metadynamics, replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations, and also kinetic models resulting from Markov State modeling, and provide various examples for the successful application of these simulation methods to IDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Fatafta
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Suman Samantray
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; AICES Graduate School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Orkid Coskuner-Weber
- Molecular Biotechnology, Turkish-German University, Sahinkaya Caddesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Walcher L, Kistenmacher AK, Suo H, Kitte R, Dluczek S, Strauß A, Blaudszun AR, Yevsa T, Fricke S, Kossatz-Boehlert U. Cancer Stem Cells-Origins and Biomarkers: Perspectives for Targeted Personalized Therapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1280. [PMID: 32849491 PMCID: PMC7426526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis has gained increasing interest over the last decades. In particular, the analysis of biomarkers in cancer patients within the pre- and post-therapeutic period is required to identify several types of cells, which carry a risk for a disease progression and subsequent post-therapeutic relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that can drive tumor initiation and can cause relapses. At the time point of tumor initiation, CSCs originate from either differentiated cells or adult tissue resident stem cells. Due to their importance, several biomarkers that characterize CSCs have been identified and correlated to diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. However, CSCs have been shown to display a high plasticity, which changes their phenotypic and functional appearance. Such changes are induced by chemo- and radiotherapeutics as well as senescent tumor cells, which cause alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Induction of senescence causes tumor shrinkage by modulating an anti-tumorigenic environment in which tumor cells undergo growth arrest and immune cells are attracted. Besides these positive effects after therapy, senescence can also have negative effects displayed post-therapeutically. These unfavorable effects can directly promote cancer stemness by increasing CSC plasticity phenotypes, by activating stemness pathways in non-CSCs, as well as by promoting senescence escape and subsequent activation of stemness pathways. At the end, all these effects can lead to tumor relapse and metastasis. This review provides an overview of the most frequently used CSC markers and their implementation as biomarkers by focussing on deadliest solid (lung, stomach, liver, breast and colorectal cancers) and hematological (acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia) cancers. Furthermore, it gives examples on how the CSC markers might be influenced by therapeutics, such as chemo- and radiotherapy, and the tumor microenvironment. It points out, that it is crucial to identify and monitor residual CSCs, senescent tumor cells, and the pro-tumorigenic senescence-associated secretory phenotype in a therapy follow-up using specific biomarkers. As a future perspective, a targeted immune-mediated strategy using chimeric antigen receptor based approaches for the removal of remaining chemotherapy-resistant cells as well as CSCs in a personalized therapeutic approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Walcher
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Kistenmacher
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Huizhen Suo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reni Kitte
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Dluczek
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Strauß
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - André-René Blaudszun
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Kossatz-Boehlert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Reddy KK, Bandal H, Satyanarayana M, Goud KY, Gobi KV, Jayaramudu T, Amalraj J, Kim H. Recent Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Vital Biomedical Markers Using Hybrid Nanostructured Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902980. [PMID: 32670744 PMCID: PMC7341105 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a succinct insight into the recent developments in electrochemical quantification of vital biomedical markers using hybrid metallic composite nanostructures. After a brief introduction to the biomarkers, five types of crucial biomarkers, which require timely and periodical monitoring, are shortlisted, namely, cancer, cardiac, inflammatory, diabetic and renal biomarkers. This review emphasizes the usage and advantages of hybrid nanostructured materials as the recognition matrices toward the detection of vital biomarkers. Different transduction methods (fluorescence, electrophoresis, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) reported for the biomarkers are discussed comprehensively to present an overview of the current research works. Recent advancements in the electrochemical (amperometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric) sensor systems constructed with metal nanoparticle-derived hybrid composite nanostructures toward the selective detection of chosen vital biomarkers are specifically analyzed. It describes the challenges involved and the strategies reported for the development of selective, sensitive, and disposable electrochemical biosensors with the details of fabrication, functionalization, and applications of hybrid metallic composite nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Koteshwara Reddy
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - Harshad Bandal
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
| | - Moru Satyanarayana
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology WarangalWarangalTelangana506004India
| | - Kotagiri Yugender Goud
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology WarangalWarangalTelangana506004India
| | | | - Tippabattini Jayaramudu
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - John Amalraj
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - Hern Kim
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
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21
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Kong FE, Tang YQ, Gong YF, Mo JQ, Zhao Y, Li MM, Cheng W, Li HL, Zhu WJ, Liu SS, Huang L, Guan XY, Ma NF, Liu M. Identification of prognostic claudins signature in hepatocellular carcinoma from a hepatocyte differentiation model. Hepatol Int 2020; 14:521-533. [PMID: 32304089 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-020-10035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of terminal differentiation markers and gain of stem cell-like properties are a major hallmark of cancer malignant progression. Identification of novel biomarkers representing tumor developmental progeny and predictive of patients' prognosis would greatly benefit clinical cancer management. METHODS Human embryonic stem cells were induced to differentiate into hepatocytes along hepatic lineages. Transcriptomic data from different liver developmental stages were analyzed combining with the RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analyses were used to analyze the clinical significance in HCC patients. RESULTS A shifted expression pattern of claudin (CLDN) family genes were identified to be closely associated with liver development and tumor progression. Claudins with hepatic features were found to be significantly down-regulated and predicted better prognosis in HCC patients. Conversely, another set of claudins with embryonic stem cell features were found to be significantly up-regulated and predicted worse prognosis in HCC patients. A claudin signature score system was further established by combining the two sets of claudin genes. The newly established claudins signature could robustly predict HCC patients' prognosis in the training, testing, and independent validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we developed a novel embryonic developmental claudins signature to monitor the extent of tumor dedifferentiation in HCC from an in vitro hepatocyte differentiation model. The claudins signature might present a great potential in predicting prognostic significance in HCC as cell surface biomarkers, and provide novel therapeutic targets for precision oncology further in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-En Kong
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yun-Qiang Tang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Gong
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Mo
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mei-Mei Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Hao-Long Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Li Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Ning-Fang Ma
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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22
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Ashokachakkaravarthy K, Pottakkat B. Mitotic quiescence in hepatic cancer stem cells: An incognito mode. Oncol Rev 2020; 14:452. [PMID: 32153726 PMCID: PMC7036709 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2020.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma represents one of the most aggressive cancers with high recurrence rates. The high recurrence is a major problem in the management of this disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are often regarded as the basis of cancer recurrence. The anti-proliferative therapy kills the proliferating cells but induces mitotic quiescence in CSCs which remain as residual dormant CSCs. Later on, withdrawal of treatment reactivates the residual CSCs from dormancy to produce new cancer cells. The proliferation of these newly formed cancer cells initiates new tumor formation in the liver leading to tumor recurrence. HCC cells evade the immune surveillance via modulating the key immune cells by alpha feto-protein (AFP) secreted from CSCs or hepatic progenitor cells. This AFP mediated immune evasion assists in establishing new tumors by cancer cells in the liver. In this review, we will summarise the CSC mechanisms of recurrence, mitotic quiescence, dormancy and reactivation of CSCs, metastasis and immune evasion of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Ashokachakkaravarthy
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Biju Pottakkat
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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Abstract
Cell lines and animal models have provided the foundation of cancer research for many years. However, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and organoids are increasingly enabling insights into tumor development, progression, and treatment. Here, we review recent studies using hPSCs to elucidate the reciprocal roles played by genetic alterations and cell identity in cancer formation. We also review studies using human organoids as models that recapitulate both intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity to gain new insights into tumorigenesis and treatment responses. Finally, we highlight potential opportunities for cancer research using hPSC-derived organoids and genome editing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Effect of diosmin on apoptotic signaling molecules in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in experimental rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 449:27-37. [PMID: 29479636 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and chemopreventive efficiency of diosmin against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in adult male rats. Rats were classified into four groups as follows: Group I: Control, Group II: NDEA-induced hepatocellular carcinogenic rats, Group III: Cancer-bearing animals treated with diosmin (200 mg/kg/body weight/day) orally for 28 days, Group IV: Control animals treated with diosmin (200 mg/kg/body weight/day) alone for 28 days. The model of NDEA-induced HCC rats elicited significant increases in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increase in anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1) with a concomitant significant decline in liver antioxidant enzymes, pro-apoptotic (Bax and Bad) and caspase-3 &-9 proteins. The oral administration of diosmin as a protective agent normalized the altered levels of AFP, LPO, antioxidant enzymes, pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins as well as caspase-3 and -9 proteins. Transmission electron microscopical studies also revealed that treatment of diosmin has a perspective anti-cancer activity by rearranging hepatic cell structure and its integrity. Results of this study suggest that diosmin may be one of a pharmacological and therapeutic representative against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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25
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Tajul Arifin K, Sulaiman S, Md Saad S, Ahmad Damanhuri H, Wan Ngah WZ, Mohd Yusof YA. Elevation of tumour markers TGF-β, M 2-PK, OV-6 and AFP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-induced rats and their suppression by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:879. [PMID: 29268718 PMCID: PMC5740965 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlorella vulgaris (ChV), a unicellular green algae has been reported to have anticancer and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to determine the chemopreventive effect of ChV on liver cancer induced rats by determining the level and expression of several liver tumour markers. Methods Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were divided into 4 groups according to the diet given: control group (normal diet), ChV group with three different doses (50, 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight), liver cancer- induced group (choline deficient diet + 0.1% ethionine in drinking water or CDE group), and the treatment group (CDE group treated with three different doses of ChV). Rats were killed at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of experiment and blood and tissue samples were taken from all groups for the determination of tumour markers expression alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) and specific antigen for oval cells (OV-6). Results Serum level of TGF-β increased significantly (p < 0.05) in CDE rats. However, ChV at all doses managed to decrease (p < 0.05) its levels to control values. Expressions of liver tumour markers AFP, TGF-β, M2-PK and OV-6 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in tissues of CDE rats when compared to control showing an increased number of cancer cells during hepatocarcinogenesis. ChV at all doses reduced their expressions significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions Chlorella vulgaris has chemopreventive effect by downregulating the expression of tumour markers M2-PK, OV-6, AFP and TGF-β, in HCC-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaizurin Tajul Arifin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Suhaniza Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Suhana Md Saad
- Department of Diagnostic & Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Management & Science University (MSU), University Drive, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.
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Tcherkassova J, Tsurkan S, Smirnova G, Borisova J, Moro R, Treshalina H. Binding characterization of the targeting drug AIMPILA to AFP receptors in human tumor xenografts. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317734815. [PMID: 28990489 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317734815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was the characterization of preclinical tumor models based on their expression of alpha-fetoprotein receptor (RECAF) for targeting cancer cells with a new non-covalent complex (AIMPILA) containing alpha-fetoprotein as the carrier and Atractyloside as an apoptosis-inducing agent. For that purpose, we measured the amount of RECAF in the homogenates of the grafted tumors T47D and SW620 and in HepG2 cell extracts. We also determined the alpha-fetoprotein binding specificity of the targeting drug AIMPILA using a solid-phase chemiluminescent assay with AIMPILA-Acrdidinium. We found that RECAF is practically absent from healthy mice tissues (100 Units/mg) where in malignant cells, the amount of alpha-fetoprotein receptors follows this order: T47D (9152 Units/mg) > HepG2 (4865 Units/mg) > SW620 (2839 Units/mg). This agrees with our findings regarding AIMPILA-induced tumor growth inhibition (T47D (T/C = 22%) > HepG2 (T/C = 51%) > SW620 (T/C = 70%), where T/C is the ratio of tumor volume in treated vs control animals). Our results demonstrate that the therapeutic response to the targeting drug AIMPILA strongly depends on the RECAF expression by human tumors and confirms the choice of the tumor models used for an AIMPILA preclinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergei Tsurkan
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Center, PharmAccess, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Smirnova
- 2 Federal State Budgetary Institution, N.N. Blokhin Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation
| | - Julia Borisova
- 2 Federal State Budgetary Institution, N.N. Blokhin Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation
| | - Ricardo Moro
- 3 Pacific Biosciences Research Center, Richmond, BC, Canada
| | - Helen Treshalina
- 2 Federal State Budgetary Institution, N.N. Blokhin Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation
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27
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Zhu M, Li W, Lu Y, Dong X, Lin B, Chen Y, Zhang X, Guo J, Li M. HBx drives alpha fetoprotein expression to promote initiation of liver cancer stem cells through activating PI3K/AKT signal pathway. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1346-1355. [PMID: 27925189 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-X protein (HBx) plays critical role in inducing the malignant transformation of liver cells. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) expression is closely related to hepatocarcinogenesis. We report that Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and c-myc expression positively associated with AFP(+)/HBV(+) hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) tissues, and the expression of the stemness markers CD44, CD133 and EpCAM was significantly higher in AFP(+)/HBV(+) HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues or AFP (-)/HBV(-) HCC tissues. AFP expression turned on prior to expression of Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and c-myc, and the stemness markers CD44, CD133 and EpCAM in the normal human liver L-02 cell line or CHL cell lines upon transfection with MCV-HBx vectors. Stem-like cells generated more tumour colonies compared to primary cells, and xenografts induced tumourigenesis in nude mice. Expression of reprogramming-related proteins was significantly enhanced in HLE cells while transfected with pcDNA3.1-afp vectors. The specific PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 inhibited the effects of pcDNA3.1-afp vectors. AFP-siRNA vectors were able to inhibit tumour colony formation and reprogramming-related gene expression. Altogether, HBx stimulates AFP expression to induce natural reprogramming of liver cells, and AFP plays a critical role in promoting the initiation of HCC progenitor/stem cells. AFP may be a potential novel biotarget for combating HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Dong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Lin
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueer Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengsen Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Medical College, Institution of Tumour, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
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28
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Charrière B, Maulat C, Suc B, Muscari F. Contribution of alpha-fetoprotein in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:881-890. [PMID: 27478538 PMCID: PMC4958698 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i21.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the main tumor biomarker available for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although it is neither a good screening test nor an accurate diagnostic tool for HCC, it seems to be a possible prognostic marker. However, its contribution in liver transplantation for HCC has not been fully determined, although its use to predict recurrence after liver transplantation has been underlined by international societies. In an era of organ shortages, it could also have a key role in the selection of patients eligible for liver transplantation. Yet unanswered questions remain. First, the cut-off value of serum AFP above which liver transplantation should not be performed is still a subject of debate. We show that a concentration of 1000 ng/mL could be an exclusion criterion, whereas values of < 15 ng/mL indicate patients with an excellent prognosis whatever the size and number of tumors. Monitoring the dynamics of AFP could also prove useful. However, evidence is lacking regarding the values that should be used. Today, the real input of AFP seems to be its integration into new criteria to select patients eligible for a liver transplantation. These recent tools have associated AFP values with morphological criteria, thus refining pre-existing criteria, such as Milan, University of California, San Francisco, or “up-to-seven”. We provide a review of the different criteria submitted within the past years. Finally, AFP can be used to monitor recurrence after transplantation, although there is little evidence to support this claim. Future challenges will be to draft new international guidelines to implement the use of AFP as a selection tool, and to determine a clear cut-off value above which liver transplantation should not be performed.
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Zhu M, Li W, Lu Y, Dong X, Chen Y, Lin B, Xie X, Guo J, Li M. Alpha fetoprotein antagonizes apoptosis induced by paclitaxel in hepatoma cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26472. [PMID: 27255186 PMCID: PMC4891737 DOI: 10.1038/srep26472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell resistance to the effects of paclitaxel has not been adequately addressed. In this study, we found that paclitaxel significantly inhibited the viability of HLE, Bel 7402 and L-02 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. HLE cells and L-02 cells resisted the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel when transfected with pcDNA3.1-afp vectors. However, Bel 7402 cell sensitivity to paclitaxel was increased when transfected with alpha fetoprotein (AFP)-siRNA. Bel 7402 cell resistance to paclitaxel was associated with the expression of the “stemness” markers CD44 and CD133. Paclitaxel significantly inhibited growth and promoted apoptosis in HLE cells and L-02 cells by inducing fragmentation of caspase-3 and inhibiting the expression of Ras and Survivin, but pcDNA3.1-afp vectors prevented these effects. However, paclitaxel could not significantly promote the cleavage of caspase-3 or suppress the expression of Ras and Survivin in Bel 7402 cells. Silenced expression of AFP may be synergistic with paclitaxel to restrain proliferation and induce apoptosis, enhance cleavage of caspase-3, and suppress the expression of Ras and Survivin. Taken together, AFP may be an important molecule acting against paclitaxel-inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCC cells via repressing the activity of caspase-3 and stimulating the expression of Ras and Survivin. Targeted inhibition of AFP expression after treatment with paclitaxel is an available strategy for the therapy of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571159, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571159, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571159, P.R. China
| | - Xu Dong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571159, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571159, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lin
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571159, P.R. China
| | - Xieju Xie
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China
| | - Mengsen Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571159, P.R. China.,Institution of Tumours, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 570102, P.R. China
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30
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Otağ A, Hazar M, Otağ İ, Beyleroğlu M. Effect of increasing maximal aerobic exercise on serum gonadal hormones and alpha-fetoprotein in the luteal phase of professional female soccer players. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:807-10. [PMID: 27134362 PMCID: PMC4842443 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The performance of female athletes during their menstrual period has attracted the attention of researchers for many years. It is known that the menstrual period changes with exercise. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal protein. In this study, the effect of maximal aerobic exercise in the luteal phase on some hormones and AFP in female athletes was researched. [Subjects and Methods] Twelve volunteers and healthy female footballers with normal menstrual cycles volunteered for this study as subjects. All the participants performed a shuttle run test. Blood samples were taken before, after, and one hour after exercise. Serum AFP, estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) values were measured using an auto analyzer and original kits. Heart rate measurements were performed before and after the exercise. [Results] AFP activity had significantly decreased after 1 h of recovery from the exercise in the female soccer players, and estrogen and LH activity had significantly increased immediately after the exercise. Progesterone activity had significantly decreased immediately after the exercise. FSH values had significantly increased immediately after the exercise. [Conclusion] The results of the present study show there were significant decreases in the values of AFP, which is a cancer parameter, 1 hour after the exercise. This result may be valuable in future physiotherapy studies on the relationship between exercise and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Otağ
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Hazar
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Gazi University, Turkey
| | - İlhan Otağ
- Vocational School of Health Services, Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Malik Beyleroğlu
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Sakarya University, Turkey
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31
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Kim JU, Shariff MIF, Crossey MME, Gomez-Romero M, Holmes E, Cox IJ, Fye HKS, Njie R, Taylor-Robinson SD. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Review of disease and tumor biomarkers. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:471-484. [PMID: 27057305 PMCID: PMC4820639 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i10.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy and now the second commonest global cause of cancer death. HCC tumorigenesis is relatively silent and patients experience late symptomatic presentation. As the option for curative treatments is limited to early stage cancers, diagnosis in non-symptomatic individuals is crucial. International guidelines advise regular surveillance of high-risk populations but the current tools lack sufficient sensitivity for early stage tumors on the background of a cirrhotic nodular liver. A number of novel biomarkers have now been suggested in the literature, which may reinforce the current surveillance methods. In addition, recent metabonomic and proteomic discoveries have established specific metabolite expressions in HCC, according to Warburg’s phenomenon of altered energy metabolism. With clinical validation, a simple and non-invasive test from the serum or urine may be performed to diagnose HCC, particularly benefiting low resource regions where the burden of HCC is highest.
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Hong G, Suh KS, Suh SW, Yoo T, Kim H, Park MS, Choi Y, Paeng JC, Yi NJ, Lee KW. Alpha-fetoprotein and (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography predict tumor recurrence better than Milan criteria in living donor liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2016; 64:852-9. [PMID: 26658686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Given the organ shortage for liver transplantation (LT) and the limitations of the current morphology-based selection criteria, improved criteria are needed to achieve the maximum benefit of LT for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We hypothesized that a combination of biological markers may better predict the prognosis than the Milan criteria. METHODS HCC patients (n=123) with preoperative data on serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG PET) positivity underwent live-donor LT between January 2003 and December 2009. The cut-off values for serum AFP levels (200 ng/ml) and (18)F-FDG PET positivity (1.10) for tumor recurrence were determined by c-statistics using receiver operating characteristic curves. Univariate and multivariate analyses with preoperative variables were performed to find pre-transplant prognostic factors. Disease-free survival rates and overall survival rates were analysed with regard to serum AFP levels and (18)F-FDG PET positivity. RESULTS The 5-year disease-free survival rates and overall survival rates were 80.3% and 81.6% respectively. (18)F-FDG PET positivity (hazard ratio (HR) 9.766, 95% CI 3.557-26.816; p<0.001) and serum AFP level (HR 6.234, 95% CI 2.643-14.707; p<0.001) were the only significant pre-transplant prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis; tumor number and size were not significant. A combination of criteria showed that the biologically high-risk group (AFP level ⩾200 ng/ml and PET-positive) had an HR of 29.069 (95% CI 8.797-96.053; p<0.001) compared with the double-negative group. Use of the Milan criteria yielded an HR of 1.351 (95% CI 0.500-3.652; p=0.553). CONCLUSIONS The combination of the serum AFP level and (18)F-FDG PET data predicted better outcomes than those using the Milan criteria, improving objectivity when adult-to-adult living donor LT is contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea.
| | - Suk-Won Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Tae Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Min-Su Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - YoungRok Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Yi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Woong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
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Pramfalk C, Larsson L, Härdfeldt J, Eriksson M, Parini P. Culturing of HepG2 cells with human serum improve their functionality and suitability in studies of lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wu YS, Bao DK, Dai JY, Chen C, Zhang HX, Yang Y, Xing JL, Huang XJ, Wan SG. Polymorphisms in genes of the de novo lipogenesis pathway and overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:1051-6. [PMID: 25735330 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.3.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of genes in de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway were associated with various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DNL genes have been reported to be associated with prognosis of some malignancies. However, the effects of SNPs in DNL genes on overall survival of HCC patients receiving transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment are still unknown. In present study, nine SNPs in three genes (ACLY, ACACA and FASN) in DNL pathway were genotyped using the Sequenom iPLEX genotyping system in a hospital-based cohort with 419 HCC patients treated with TACE, and their associations with HCC overall survival were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis under three genetic models (additive, dominant and recessive). Although we did not find any significant results in total analysis (all p>0.05), our stratified data showed that SNP rs9912300 in ACLY gene was significantly associated with overall survival of HCC patients with lower AFP level and SNP rs11871275 in ACACA gene was significantly associated with overall survival of HCC patients with higher AFP level. We further identified the significant interactions between AFP level and SNP rs9912300 or rs11871275 in the joint analysis. Conclusively, our data suggest that genetic variations in genes of DNL pathway may be a potential biomarker for predicting clinical outcome of HCC patients treated with TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Sheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China E-mail :
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Ganz M, Bukong TN, Csak T, Saha B, Park JK, Ambade A, Kodys K, Szabo G. Progression of non-alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis parallels cumulative accumulation of danger signals that promote inflammation and liver tumors in a high fat-cholesterol-sugar diet model in mice. J Transl Med 2015; 13:193. [PMID: 26077675 PMCID: PMC4467677 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a pandemic. While multiple 'hits' have been reported to contribute to NAFLD progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and liver cancer, understanding the natural history of the specific molecular signals leading to hepatocyte damage, inflammation and fibrosis, is hampered by the lack of suitable animal models that reproduce disease progression in humans. The purpose of this study was first, to develop a mouse model that closely mimics progressive NAFLD covering the spectrum of immune, metabolic and histopathologic abnormalities present in human disease; and second, to characterize the temporal relationship between sterile/exogenous danger signals, inflammation, inflammasome activation and NAFLD progression. METHODS Male C57Bl/6 mice were fed a high fat diet with high cholesterol and a high sugar supplement (HF-HC-HSD) for 8, 27, and 49 weeks and the extent of steatosis, liver inflammation, fibrosis and tumor development were evaluated at each time point. RESULTS The HF-HC-HSD resulted in liver steatosis at 8 weeks, progressing to steatohepatitis and early fibrosis at 27 weeks, and steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and tumor development at 49 weeks compared to chow diet. Steatohepatitis was characterized by increased levels of MCP-1, TNFα, IL-1β and increased liver NASH histological score. We found increased serum levels of sterile danger signals, uric acid and HMGB1, as early as 8 weeks, while endotoxin and ATP levels increased only after 49 weeks. Increased levels of these sterile and microbial danger signals paralleled upregulation and activation of the multiprotein complex inflammasome. At 27, 49 weeks of HF-HC-HSD, activation of M1 macrophages and loss of M2 macrophages as well as liver fibrosis were present. Finally, similar to human NASH, liver tumors occurred in 41% of mice in the absence of cirrhosis and livers expressed increased p53 and detectable AFP. CONCLUSIONS HF-HC-HSD over 49 weeks induces the full spectrum of liver pathophysiologic changes that characterizes the progression of NAFLD in humans. NAFLD progression to NASH, fibrosis and liver tumor follows progressive accumulation of sterile and microbial danger signals, inflammasome activation, altered M1/M2 cell ratios that likely contribute to NASH progression and hepatic tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Ganz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, LRB-208, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Terence N Bukong
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, LRB-208, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Timea Csak
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, LRB-208, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Banishree Saha
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, LRB-208, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, LRB-208, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Aditya Ambade
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, LRB-208, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Karen Kodys
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, LRB-208, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, LRB-208, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Chen CL, Tsukamoto H, Machida K. Oncogenic signaling pathways and origins of tumor-initiating stem-like cells of hepatocellular carcinomas induced by hepatitis C virus, alcohol and/or obesity. Hepatol Int 2014; 8:330-8. [PMID: 26202636 PMCID: PMC10560513 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article discusses the importance and oncogenic signaling pathways of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) in several etiologies of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol, obesity and/or chemicals. Stem cells may be present in cancer tissue, and a hierarchy of cells is formed, as is the case for normal tissue. Tumor formation, growth and propagation are maintained by a small proportion of cells with stem cell-like properties. TICs are present in alcohol-fed HCV transgenic mice, diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital-treated mice (chemical carcinogenesis) and Spnb2 +/- mice (defective TGF-β signal). Alcohol/obesity-associated endotoxemia induces the stem cell marker Nanog through TLR4 signaling to generate TICs and liver tumors in several HCC models. The oncogenic pathway (such as the STAT3 and TLR4-NANOG pathway) and mechanism of generation of TICs of HCCs associated with HCV, alcohol and obesity are discussed. Understanding the molecular stemness signaling and cellular hierarchy and defining key TIC-specific genes will accelerate the development of novel biomarkers and treatment strategies. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of liver TICs and discusses unanswered questions about the concept of liver TICs. (This project was supported by NIH grants 1R01AA018857 and P50AA11999).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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He Y, Zhou JW, Xu L, Gong MJ, He TC, Bi Y. Comparison of proliferation and differentiation potential between mouse primary hepatocytes and embryonic hepatic progenitor cells in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:476-84. [PMID: 23756629 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy may be a novel and effective treatment strategy for liver diseases, replacing liver transplantation. The potential of two alternative cell types (hepatic progenitor/stem cells and mature hepatocytes) has not yet been fully assessed; the issues of low amplification efficiency and recovery function remain to be resolved. In this study, we investigated the proliferation, differentiation and function of primary mouse mature hepatocytes and embryonic hepatic progenitor cells. Primary cells were obtained from the livers of mouse embryos at 14.5 days post coitus [hepatic progenitor 14.5d (HP14.5d) cells], as well as from the livers of 3-month-old mice [liver cells 3m (LC3m)]. Using trypan blue staining and crystal violet staining to detect cell viability, we found that compared with the limited growth capability of primary LC3m cells, primary HP14.5d cells exhibited an active cell proliferation; however, proliferative ability of passaged HP14.5d cells significantly decreased. After the HP14.5d cells were treated in hepatic induction medium, the expression of progenitor cell markers decreased and that of mature hepatic markers increased, to levels similar to those of LC3m cells. On day 12 of induction, the HP14.5d cells showed comparable indocyanine green (ICG) uptake and glycogen storage to that of the LC3m cells. Therefore, our study demonstrates that primary hepatic progenitor cells have a stronger proliferation capacity and differentiation potential, supporting their clinical application in liver cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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Wang KH, Kao AP, Chang CC, Lin TC, Kuo TC. Bisphenol A at environmentally relevant doses induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and promotes invasion of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from uterine myoma tissue. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 52:246-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Wojtulewicz JP, Coakley JC. Alpha-fetoprotein-a potential biomarker of intestinal regeneration in the infant. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:335-7. [PMID: 23692971 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesise that the human infant, whether born prematurely or at term, may have special capacities when mounting a healing response to severe post-natal gastrointestinal injury consequent upon stem cells of endodermal origin, located in the infant gut, persisting beyond the intrauterine period. Should such endodermal stem cells persist beyond birth, and should they survive any gastro-intestinal injury, there would be a possibility for them to be re-activated, and then to differentiate into progeny cells appropriate to replacement of the destroyed intestinal cell type(s). We therefore postulate that in infants who survive significant intestinal necrosis requiring surgical excision in the perinatal period, a component of the recovery process may include some degree of intestinal regeneration. Evidence for the regeneration of intestine would be evinced by measurement of a biomarker in the plasma of recovering infants--alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)--as this protein would be produced by early generations of these putative replacement progeny intestinal cells. We would anticipate an initial significant rise in the plasma AFP, prior to a plateau in levels, and then a subsequent fall in plasma AFP values. This would indicate the activity, then subsequent cessation, of any intestinal cell regenerative process. We have recently published a previously undescribed pattern of anomalous serial plasma concentrations of AFP in several infants who survived following significant intestinal necrosis and subsequent surgical resection. We consider this novel hypothesis, and our associated observation of another cause of rising AFP in the post-natal period, to support our contention regarding the presence and potential of intestinal stem cells, and a regenerative process within the infant gastro-intestinal system. This hypothesis has important implications for the understanding of the physiologic responses following gut cell necrosis in the human newborn as well as future approaches to research directions, clinical support and potential treatment modalities, during their recovery phase. Further studies are needed to confirm our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian P Wojtulewicz
- Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Biochemistry, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, Australia.
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40
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Imai Y, Boyle S, Varela GM, Caron E, Yin X, Dhir R, Dhir R, Graham MJ, Ahima RS. Effects of perilipin 2 antisense oligonucleotide treatment on hepatic lipid metabolism and gene expression. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:1125-31. [PMID: 23012396 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00045.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. We previously showed that Perilipin 2 (Plin2), a member of lipid droplet protein family, is markedly increased in fatty liver, and its reduction in the liver of diet-induced obese mice by antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) decreased steatosis and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Plin2-ASO treatment markedly suppressed lipogenic gene expression. To gain a better understanding of the biological role of Plin2 in liver, we performed microarray analysis to determine genes differentially regulated by Plin2-ASO compared with a control (scrambled) oligonucleotide (Cont). Male C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet were treated with Plin2- or Cont-ASO for 4 wk. Plin2-ASO decreased hepatic triglycerides, and this was associated with changes in expression of 1,363 genes. We analyzed the data for functional clustering and validated the expression of representative genes using real-time PCR. On the high-fat diet, Plin2-ASO decreased the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism (acsl1, lipe) and steroid metabolism (hmgcr, hsd3b5, hsd17b2), suggesting that Plin2 affects hepatic lipid metabolism at the transcriptional level. Plin2-ASO also increased the expression of genes involved in regulation of hepatocyte proliferation (afp, H19), mitosis (ccna2, incenp, sgol1), and extracellular matrix (col1a1, col3a1, mmp8). Plin2-ASO had similar effects on gene expression in chow-fed mice. Together, these results indicate that Plin2 has diverse metabolic and structural roles in the liver, and its downregulation promotes hepatic fibrosis and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Imai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160, USA
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41
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Lin GF, Liu TC, Zou LP, Hou JY, Wu YS. Development of a dual-label time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the detection of α-fetoprotein and hepatitis B virus surface antigen. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:401-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Feng Lin
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; 510515; Guangdong; P.R. China
| | - Tian-Cai Liu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; 510515; Guangdong; P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Zou
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; 510515; Guangdong; P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yuan Hou
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; 510515; Guangdong; P.R. China
| | - Ying-Song Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; 510515; Guangdong; P.R. China
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Wang KH, Kao AP, Lin TC, Chang CC, Kuo TC. Promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor growth by 17β-estradiol in an ER+/HER2+ cell line derived from human breast epithelial stem cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:262-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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43
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Modulation of tumorigenesis and oestrogen receptor-α expression by cell culture conditions in a stem cell-derived breast epithelial cell line. Biol Cell 2012; 102:159-72. [DOI: 10.1042/bc20090132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kawaguchi Y, Takaori K, Uemoto S. Genetic lineage tracing, a powerful tool to investigate the embryonic organogenesis and adult organ maintenance of the pancreas. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2011; 18:1-5. [PMID: 20668890 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-010-0307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Revealing the mechanism of adult organ maintenance and regeneration after injury is fundamental to our understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases. Considering the results of pulse and chase experiments using inducible insulin-Cre or Elastase-Cre, and more recently HNF1b-Cre, adult pancreatic cells (beta, acinar, and duct cells) seem to be maintained by the self-duplication of the existing cells, while there is still a dispute about whether adult beta-cells are supplied from the duct cells. Here we describe the advantages and pitfalls of Cre-mediated genetic lineage tracing experiments in the analysis of embryonic organogenesis and adult organ maintenance of the pancreas. This experimental technique enables us to visualize the specific cells and their progeny in vivo, and the combination of lineage tracing and other experimental procedures provides us with more detailed information on the mechanism of organogenesis and adult organ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Kawaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan.
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45
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Abstract
The association of cancer with preceding parasitic infections has been observed for over 200 years. Some such cancers arise from infection of tissue stem cells by viruses with insertion of viral oncogenes into the host DNA (mouse polyoma virus, mouse mammary tumor virus). In other cases the virus does not insert its DNA into the host cells, but rather commandeers the metabolism of the infected cells, so that the cells continue to proliferate and do not differentiate (human papilloma virus and cervical cancer). Cytoplasmic Epstein Barr virus infection is associated with a specific gene translocation (Ig/c-myc) that activates proliferation of affected cells (Burkitt lymphoma). In chronic osteomyelitis an inflammatory reaction to the infection appears to act through production of inflammatory cytokines and oxygen radical formation to induce epithelial cancers. Infection with Helicobacter pylori leads to epigenetic changes in methylation and infection by a parasite. Clonorchis sinensis also acts as a promoter of cancer of the bile ducts of the liver (cholaniocarcinoma). The common thread among these diverse pathways is that the infections act to alter tissue stem cell signaling with continued proliferation of tumor transit amplifying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sell
- Wadsworth Center and Ordway Research Institute, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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46
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Furuyama K, Kawaguchi Y, Akiyama H, Horiguchi M, Kodama S, Kuhara T, Hosokawa S, Elbahrawy A, Soeda T, Koizumi M, Masui T, Kawaguchi M, Takaori K, Doi R, Nishi E, Kakinoki R, Deng JM, Behringer RR, Nakamura T, Uemoto S. Continuous cell supply from a Sox9-expressing progenitor zone in adult liver, exocrine pancreas and intestine. Nat Genet 2010; 43:34-41. [PMID: 21113154 DOI: 10.1038/ng.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver and exocrine pancreas share a common structure, with functioning units (hepatic plates and pancreatic acini) connected to the ductal tree. Here we show that Sox9 is expressed throughout the biliary and pancreatic ductal epithelia, which are connected to the intestinal stem-cell zone. Cre-based lineage tracing showed that adult intestinal cells, hepatocytes and pancreatic acinar cells are supplied physiologically from Sox9-expressing progenitors. Combination of lineage analysis and hepatic injury experiments showed involvement of Sox9-positive precursors in liver regeneration. Embryonic pancreatic Sox9-expressing cells differentiate into all types of mature cells, but their capacity for endocrine differentiation diminishes shortly after birth, when endocrine cells detach from the epithelial lining of the ducts and form the islets of Langerhans. We observed a developmental switch in the hepatic progenitor cell type from Sox9-negative to Sox9-positive progenitors as the biliary tree develops. These results suggest interdependence between the structure and homeostasis of endodermal organs, with Sox9 expression being linked to progenitor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Furuyama
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Guest I, Ilic Z, Sell S. Age dependence of oval cell responses and bile duct carcinomas in male fischer 344 rats fed a cyclic choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet. Hepatology 2010; 52:1750-7. [PMID: 20842700 PMCID: PMC2967670 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The age dependence of the oval cell response and bile duct carcinomas of male F344 rats exposed to a cyclic choline deficiency-ethionine (CDE) diet (2 weeks on, 1 week off) supports the concept of loss of potential of liver stem cells to form cancers with aging. Livers of rats exposed at 3 weeks of age demonstrated a robust and widespread oval cell proliferation followed by cholangiofibrosis and bile duct metaplasia with extensive mucinous cysts throughout all lobes, and induction of cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) in seven of eight rats. Livers of rats exposed beginning at 8 weeks of age had much less oval cell response and cholangiofibrosis with only 1 of 15 rats developing a CCA. Livers in old (10-12 months when started) rats remained virtually unaffected, with minimal oval cell proliferation, only occasional and small foci of ductular dysplasia, and none of 16 rats developed CCAs. In contrast to most published studies using uninterrupted choline deficiency plus a carcinogen, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not observed under the conditions of this study. CONCLUSION With aging, male F344 rats exposed to cyclic CDE diet display a diminished oval cell response and fewer CCAs. The absence of HCC is possibly due to the fact that during cyclic CDE, the week off may allow putative liver stem cells to avoid death or differentiation and survive to give rise to CCAs, whereas with continuous CDE exposure, the stem cells are forced to differentiate and develop into HCCs with relatively few CCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Guest
- Department of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201
| | - Z. Ilic
- Department of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201
| | - S. Sell
- Department of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY, 12208,Corresponding Author: Stewart Sell, MD, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 509, Room C-551, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, Phone 518 474 0547, Fax 518 473 2900,
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Abstract
In each major theory of the origin of cancer-field theory, chemical carcinogenesis, infection, mutation, or epigenetic change-the tissue stem cell is involved in the generation of cancer. Although the cancer type is identified by the more highly differentiated cells in the cancer cell lineage or hierarchy (transit-amplifying cells), the property of malignancy and the molecular lesion of the cancer exist in the cancer stem cell. In the case of teratocarcinomas, normal germinal stem cells have the potential to become cancers if placed in an environment that allows expression of the cancer phenotype (field theory). In cancers due to chemically induced mutations, viral infections, somatic and inherited mutations, or epigenetic changes, the molecular lesion or infection usually first occurs in the tissue stem cells. Cancer stem cells then give rise to transit-amplifying cells and terminally differentiated cells, similar to what happens in normal tissue renewal. However, the major difference between cancer growth and normal tissue renewal is that whereas normal transit amplifying cells usually differentiate and die, at various levels of differentiation, the cancer transit-amplifying cells fail to differentiate normally and instead accumulate (ie, they undergo maturation arrest), resulting in cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center and Ordway Research Institute, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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49
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French SW. Molecular events in hepatic preneoplasia: a review. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:219-24. [PMID: 20097196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W. Carson St., Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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50
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The identification of stem cells in human liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:331-40. [PMID: 20080086 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver stem cells are thought to preside in bile ducts and the canals of Hering. They extend into the liver parenchyma at a time when normal liver cell proliferation is suppressed and liver regeneration is stimulated. In the present study 69 liver biopsies and surgically excised liver tumors were studied for the presence of liver stem cells. It was found that human cirrhotic livers and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) frequently exhibited isolated single scattered hepatocyte stem cells within the liver parenchyma rather than in the portal tract, bile duct or the canal of Hering. These cells expressed liver stem cell markers. HCCs also contained isolated tumor cell which expressed the same stem cell markers. The markers used were GST-P, OV-6, CK-19, Oct-3/4 and FAT10. They were identified by immunofluorescent antibody staining. HGF, EGF, CK19, AIR, H19, Nanog, Oct-3/4 and FAT10 were identified by RNA-FISH. H19 is a non-coding RNA, which is expressed in most HCCs. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry and RNA-FISH performed on human livers identified isolated stem cells in liver parenchyma as follows: Stem cells identified by immunohistochemical markers (OV-6 and GST-P) and RNA-FISH markers (HGF, EGF, CK19 and H19) were found scattered in the liver parenchyma of cirrhotic livers and within hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Precirrhotic ASH or NASH all stained negative for these stem cells. In HCCs, 13 out of 15 had stem cells located within the tumor (78%). In cirrhotic livers, 12 out of 28 (37%) had liver parenchymal stem cells present. In one case of stage 3 precirrhosis, stem cells were also found. Double staining for the markers showed colocalization of the markers in stem cells. Stem cells were found in 33% of HBV, 47% of HCV, 25% of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and 17% of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The frequency of stem cells found in the different disease categories correlates with the frequency of HCC occurring in these different diseases.
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