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Min YW, Rezaie A, Pimentel M. Bile Acid and Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:549-561. [PMID: 36250362 PMCID: PMC9577585 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and their metabolites like bile acid (BA) have been investigated as causes of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Primary BAs are synthesized and conjugated in the liver and released into the duodenum. BA biotransformation by gut microbiota begins in the intestine and results in production of a broad range of secondary BAs. Deconjugation is considered the gateway reaction for further modification and is mediated by bile salt hydrolase, which is widely expressed by the gut microbiota. However, gut bacteria that convert primary BAs to secondary BAs belong to a limited number of species, mainly Clostridiales. Like gut microbiota modify BA profile, BAs can shape gut microbiota via direct and indirect actions. BAs have prosecretory effects and regulates gut motility. BAs can also affect gut sensitivity. Because of the vital role of the gut microbiota and BAs in gut function, their bidirectional relationship may contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. Individuals with IBS have been reported to have altered microbial profiles and modified BA profiles. A significant increase in fecal primary BA and a corresponding decrease in secondary BA have been observed in IBS with predominant diarrhea. In addition, primary BA was positively correlated with IBS symptoms. In IBS with predominant diarrhea, bacteria with reduced abundance mainly belonged to the genera in Ruminococcaceae and exhibited a negative correlation with primary BAs. Integrating the analysis of the gut microbiota and BAs could better understanding of IBS pathophysiology. The gap in this field needs to be further filled in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Won Min
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ní Dhonnabháín R, Xiao Q, O’Malley D. Aberrant Gut-To-Brain Signaling in Irritable Bowel Syndrome - The Role of Bile Acids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:745190. [PMID: 34917022 PMCID: PMC8669818 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.745190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional bowel disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are common, multifactorial and have a major impact on the quality of life of individuals diagnosed with the condition. Heterogeneity in symptom manifestation, which includes changes in bowel habit and visceral pain sensitivity, are an indication of the complexity of the underlying pathophysiology. It is accepted that dysfunctional gut-brain communication, which incorporates efferent and afferent branches of the peripheral nervous system, circulating endocrine hormones and local paracrine and neurocrine factors, such as host and microbially-derived signaling molecules, underpins symptom manifestation. This review will focus on the potential role of hepatic bile acids in modulating gut-to-brain signaling in IBS patients. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules synthesized in the liver, which facilitate digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. They are also important bioactive signaling molecules however, binding to bile acid receptors which are expressed on many different cell types. Bile acids have potent anti-microbial actions and thereby shape intestinal bacterial profiles. In turn, bacteria with bile salt hydrolase activity initiate the critical first step in transforming primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. Individuals with IBS are reported to have altered microbial profiles and modified bile acid pools. We have assessed the evidence to support a role for bile acids in the pathophysiology underlying the manifestation of IBS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Ní Dhonnabháín
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Qiao Xiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O’Malley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Dervla O’Malley,
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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Hegyi P, Maléth J, Walters JR, Hofmann AF, Keely SJ. Guts and Gall: Bile Acids in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Function in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1983-2023. [PMID: 30067158 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid to and from the luminal contents. At the same time, epithelial cells are responsible for forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents the entry into the body of harmful agents, such as bacteria and their toxins. Dysregulation of epithelial transport and barrier function is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of conditions throughout the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, reflux esophagitis, and cancer. Driven by discovery of specific receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, new insights into mechanisms that control their synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, and a growing appreciation of their roles as bioactive bacterial metabolites, bile acids are currently receiving a great deal of interest as critical regulators of epithelial function in health and disease. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this field and to highlight how bile acids are now emerging as exciting new targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegyi
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joszef Maléth
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Julian R Walters
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic idiopathic constipation (CC) is highly prevalent worldwide. A subset of patients with CC have reduced fecal (and by inference, intra-colonic) bile acids (BA). Elobixibat, a locally-acting ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor, leads to increased BA delivery to the colon and represents a new class of treatment for CC. BAs accelerate colonic transit and increase colonic secretion. Therefore, IBAT inhibitors have potential to treat patients with CC. Areas covered: Rationale for IBAT inhibitor in therapeutics, and preclinical and clinical pharmacology of elobixibat: In vitro, elobixibat is a highly potent, selective IBAT inhibitor. In humans, elobixibat accelerated colonic transit. In phase 2A, 2B and 3 studies in CC, elobixibat was efficacious, well tolerated and safe. An open-label, phase 3 trial (52 weeks) confirmed the safety of elobixibat. Elobixibat reduces LDL cholesterol, increases serum GLP-1, and has potential in metabolic syndrome. Expert commentary: Uniquely among current treatments of CC, elobixibat stimulates both motor and secretory functions in the colon. These dual effects suggest that, when approved, elobixibat may be a first-line choice for constipation associated with colonic BA deficiency and a second-line treatment for all patients with CC and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Further studies are required to confirm efficacy for relief of CC. Once approved, elobixibat will likely become a second-line choice for treatment of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chedid
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Priya Vijayvargiya
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Michael Camilleri
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
- b Pharmacology, and Physiology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, ConsultantDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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Linard C, Griffiths NM, Esposito V, Aigueperse J, Gourmelon P. Changes in gut neurotensin and modified colonic motility following whole-body irradiation in rat. Int J Radiat Biol 1997; 71:581-8. [PMID: 9191903 DOI: 10.1080/095530097143914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation induces gastrointestinal dysfunction often associated with disorders of intestinal motility. Neurotensin is one of the mediators involved in the control of intestinal muscle activity. The aim of this study was to relate neurotensin tissue content and specific receptor binding with contractile effect of neurotensin in rat colon after irradiation. Rats were exposed to whole-body gamma-irradiation (60Co; 6 Gy). Intestinal (caecum, colon) neurotensin-like immunoreactivity, colonic muscle neurotensin receptor binding and neurotensin-induced contractions in isolated colon were investigated 3 and 7 days after irradiation. Irradiation produced a marked increase in the intestinal muscle content of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (2.5-fold in caecum, 5-fold in colon) 3 days post-irradiation. At 7 days, the intestinal neurotensin content was close to that of the control values. Three days after irradiation, neurotensin receptors in colonic muscle were characterized by the appearance of a transient second class of sites of low affinity-high capacity. A three-fold increase in the total number of sites was observed. In addition, effects of neurotensin on isolated colon preparations showed an increase (37%) of potency but a decrease (7-fold) of efficacy. Seven days after irradiation, the efficacy was close to the control. Modifications of intestinal neurotensin content and specific receptor characteristics induced by irradiation can influence the colonic contractile activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Linard
- Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Département de Protection de la Santé de l'Homme et de Dosimétrie, Section Autonome de Radiobiologie Appliquée à la Médecine, IPSN, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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