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Hiskens MI. Targets of neuroprotection and review of pharmacological interventions in traumatic brain injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:149-166. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ye X, Gu Y, Bai Y, Xia S, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Zhu Y, Dai Y, Tsoi JKH, Wang S. Does Low-Magnitude High-Frequency Vibration (LMHFV) Worth for Clinical Trial on Dental Implant? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Animal Studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:626892. [PMID: 33987172 PMCID: PMC8111077 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.626892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Being as a non-pharmacological medical intervention, low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) has shown a positive effect on bone induction and remodeling for various muscle diseases in animal studies, among which dental implants osteointegration were reported to be improved as well. However, whether LMHFV can be clinically used in dental implant is still unknown. In this study, efficacy, parameters and side effects of LMHFV were analyzed via data before 15th July 2020, collecting from MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane Library databases. In the screened 1,742 abstracts and 45 articles, 15 animal studies involving 972 implants were included. SYRCLE's tool was performed to assess the possible risk of bias for each study. The GRADE approach was applied to evaluate the quality of evidence. Random effects meta-analysis detected statistically significant in total BIC (P < 0.0001) and BV/TV (P = 0.001) upon loading LMHFV on implants. To conclude, LMHFV played an active role on BIC and BV/TV data according to the GRADE analysis results (medium and low quality of evidence). This might illustrate LMHFV to be a worthy way in improving osseointegration clinically, especially for osteoporosis. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier: NCT02612389
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Ye
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yijing Bai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Xia
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Lou
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchi Zhu
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Dai
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - James Kit-Hon Tsoi
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shuhua Wang
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Buonarati OR, Cook SG, Goodell DJ, Chalmers NE, Rumian NL, Tullis JE, Restrepo S, Coultrap SJ, Quillinan N, Herson PS, Bayer KU. CaMKII versus DAPK1 Binding to GluN2B in Ischemic Neuronal Cell Death after Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1-8.e4. [PMID: 31914378 PMCID: PMC6959131 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DAPK1 binding to GluN2B was prominently reported to mediate ischemic cell death in vivo. DAPK1 and CaMKII bind to the same GluN2B region, and their binding is mutually exclusive. Here, we show that mutating the binding region on GluN2B (L1298A/ R1300Q) protected against neuronal cell death induced by cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation. Importantly, the GluN2B mutation selectively abolished only CaMKII, but not DAPK1, binding. During ischemic or excitotoxic insults, CaMKII further accumulated at excitatory synapses, and this accumulation was mediated by GluN2B binding. Interestingly, extra-synaptic GluN2B decreased after ischemia, but its relative association with DAPK1 increased. Thus, ischemic neuronal death requires CaMKII binding to synaptic GluN2B, whereas any potential role for DAPK1 binding is restricted to a different, likely extra-synaptic population of GluN2B. Ischemic insults cause excitotoxic neuronal cell death via NMDA receptor overstimulation. Buonarati et al. find that excitotoxic insults cause DAPK1 movement to extra-synaptic NMDA receptors and CaMKII movement to synaptic NMDA receptors; importantly, preventing this CaMKII movement protects neurons from ischemic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Buonarati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah G Cook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dayton J Goodell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicholas E Chalmers
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicole L Rumian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jonathan E Tullis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Susana Restrepo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Steven J Coultrap
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - K Ulrich Bayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Manolesou DG, Georgiopoulos G, Lazaris AM, Schizas D, Stamatelopoulos KS, Khir AW, Liakakos T, Papaioannou TG. Experimental Devices Versus Hand-Sewn Anastomosis of the Aorta: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Surg Res 2020; 258:200-212. [PMID: 33035743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To minimize complications associated with the construction of the hand-sewn aortic anastomosis, alternative experimental methods have been pursued. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of experimental anastomotic devices in relation to time and point of rupture of the anastomosis in comparison to the conventional technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search was performed using MEDLINE, Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases by two independent authors. Our exclusion criteria referred to studies reporting results solely from end-to-side anastomosis, results on vessels other than the aorta, studies that did not involve animal experiments, and non-English publications. The last search date was January 1, 2020. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 22 studies with 34 anastomosis samples and a total of 316 animals. The pooled mean automated anastomosis time was 10.38 min, and the mean point of rupture was 32.7 N. In the subgroup analysis of automated anastomosis time by device category, the anastomotic stenting technique reported significantly lower anastomosis time but also showed significantly lower point of rupture. Comparing the efficacy of experimental devices and the hand-sewn technique, our pooled analysis showed that automated devices significantly decrease the time needed to perform the anastomosis (weighted mean difference -7.24 min). On the other hand, the automated anastomosis is also associated with decreased tensile strength (weighted mean difference -20.68 N). CONCLUSIONS Although experimental devices seem to offer a faster anastomosis, they lack endurance when compared with the hand-sewn technique. Further research is needed for the development of an "ideal" anastomotic technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae G Manolesou
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Georgiopoulos
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London UK
| | - Andreas M Lazaris
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Laiko Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimon S Stamatelopoulos
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ashraf W Khir
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Theodoros Liakakos
- First Department of Surgery, Laiko Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore G Papaioannou
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Importance of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Animal Studies: Challenges for Animal-to-Human Translation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59:469-477. [PMID: 32727637 PMCID: PMC7479780 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Results of animal experiments are used for understanding the pathophysiology of diseases, assessing safety and efficacy of newly developed drugs, and monitoring environmental health hazards among others. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal data are important tools to condense animal evidence and translate the data into practical clinical applications. Such studies are conducted to explore heterogeneity, to generate new hypotheses about pathophysiology and treatment, to design new clinical trial modalities, and to test the efficacy and the safety of the various interventions. Here, we provide an overview regarding the importance of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal data and discuss common challenges and their potential solutions. Current evidence highlights various problems and challenges that surround these issues, including lack of generalizability of data obtained from animal models, failure in translating data obtained from animals to humans, poor experimental design and the reporting of the animal studies, heterogeneity of the data collected, and methodologic weaknesses of animal systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal studies can catalyze translational processes more effectively if they focus on a well-defined hypothesis along with addressing clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, publication bias, heterogeneity of the data, and a coherent and well-balanced assessment of studies' quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Human Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;,
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Li B, Xia Z, Wang X, Xiu Y, Zhang Z, Chen C, Song H, Li W, Yu M, Zhang M, Wang K, Guo X, Ren L, Wang T. The inhibition of miR-17-5p promotes cortical neuron neurite growth via STAT3/GAP-43 pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:1795-1802. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Old wine in new bottles: Drug repurposing in oncology. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 866:172784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang Z, Yuan W, Li B, Chen X, Zhang Y, Chen C, Yu M, Xiu Y, Li W, Cao J, Wang X, Tao W, Guo X, Feng S, Wang T. PEITC promotes neurite growth in primary sensory neurons via the miR-17-5p/STAT3/GAP-43 axis. J Drug Target 2018; 27:82-93. [PMID: 29877111 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1486405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored a key miRNA that plays a vital role in sciatic nerve conditioning injury promoting repair of injured dorsal column, and validated its function. Microarray analysis revealed miR-17-5p expression decreased sharply at 3, 7 and 14 days in the sciatic nerve conditioning injury group compared with the simple dorsal column lesion group. After miR-17-5p inhibition in DRG neurons, GAP-43 expression was upregulated and neurite growth was increased. STAT3 together with p-STAT3 showed opposite trends with miR-17-5p. MiR-17-5p inhibition extended neurite and upregulated STAT3, p-STAT3 and GAP-43. To further determine a substitution therapy for sciatic nerve conditioning injury, beta-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), which downregulates miR-17-5p, was assessed. The results showed that treatment with 10 µM PEITC resulted in longest neurite length. Further experiments demonstrated PEITC induced neurite growth by inhibiting miR-17-5p and further upregulating STAT3, p-STAT3 and GAP-43. The somatosensory evoked potential test confirmed similar treatment effects for PEITC, Ad-miRNA-17-5p inhibitor, and sciatic nerve conditioning injury on the dorsal column lesion. In conclusion, the miR-17-5p/STAT3/GAP-43 axis is an indispensable component of sciatic nerve conditioning injury promoting repair of injured dorsal column. PEITC could promote repair of injured dorsal column via the miR-17-5p/STAT3/GAP-43 axis, and could mimic the treatment effect of sciatic nerve conditioning injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- a Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine , Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Yuan
- b Department of Spinal Surgery , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , P.R. China.,c Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- c Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Xueming Chen
- d Department of Spine Surgery , Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- d Department of Spine Surgery , Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Chuanjie Chen
- e Department of Orthopedics , Chengde Central Hospital , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Mei Yu
- f Leukemia Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Institute of Hematology & Hospital of Blood Diseases , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Yucai Xiu
- g Department of Orthopedics , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Li
- g Department of Orthopedics , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Cao
- h Department of Sports injury and Arthroscopy , Tianjin Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- i Department of Neurology , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Wen Tao
- i Department of Neurology , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- i Department of Neurology , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- c Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- c Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China.,g Department of Orthopedics , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
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Mori MA, Meyer E, Soares LM, Milani H, Guimarães FS, de Oliveira RMW. Cannabidiol reduces neuroinflammation and promotes neuroplasticity and functional recovery after brain ischemia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 75:94-105. [PMID: 27889412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic phytochemical present in Cannabis sativa, on the cognitive and emotional impairments induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in mice. Using a multi-tiered behavioral testing battery during 21days, we found that BCCAO mice exhibited long-lasting functional deficits reflected by increase in anxiety-like behavior (day 9), memory impairments (days 12-18) and despair-like behavior (day 21). Short-term CBD 10mg/kg treatment prevented the cognitive and emotional impairments, attenuated hippocampal neurodegeneration and white matter (WM) injury, and reduced glial response that were induced by BCCAO. In addition, ischemic mice treated with CBD exhibited an increase in the hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels. CBD also stimulated neurogenesis and promoted dendritic restructuring in the hippocampus of BCCAO animals. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that short-term CBD treatment results in global functional recovery in ischemic mice and impacts multiple and distinct targets involved in the pathophysiology of brain ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Mori
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erika Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ligia Mendes Soares
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silveira Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 14015-000 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Maria Weffort de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Yang Y, Ye Y, Su X, He J, Bai W, He X. MSCs-Derived Exosomes and Neuroinflammation, Neurogenesis and Therapy of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:55. [PMID: 28293177 PMCID: PMC5329010 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal origin membrane-enclosed small vesicles (30-100 nm) that contain various molecular constituents including proteins, lipids, mRNAs and microRNAs. Accumulating studies demonstrated that exosomes initiated and regulated neuroinflammation, modified neurogenic niches and neurogenesis, and were even of potential significance in treating some neurological diseases. These tiny extracellular vesicles (EVs) can derive from some kinds of multipotent cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have been confirmed to be a potentially promising therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in experimental models and in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, subsequent studies demonstrated that the predominant mechanisms of MSCs's contributions to brain tissue repairment and functional recovery after TBI were not the cell replacement effects but likely the secretion-based paracrine effects produced by EVs such as MSCs-derived exosomes. These nanosized exosomes derived from MSCs cannot proliferate, are easier to preserve and transfer and have lower immunogenicity, compared with transplanted exogenous MSCs. These reports revealed that MSCs-derived exosomes might promise to be a new and valuable therapeutic strategy for TBI than MSCs themselves. However, the concrete mechanisms involved in the positive effects induced by MSCs-derived exosomes in TBI are still ambiguous. In this review, we intend to explore the potential effects of MSCs-derived exosomes on neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in TBI and, especially, on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Neurosurgery, PLA 422nd HospitalZhanjiang, China
| | - Yuqin Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Neurosurgery, PLA 163rd Hospital (Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University)Changsha, China
| | - Xinhong Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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Anwar MA, Al Shehabi TS, Eid AH. Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:98. [PMID: 27147970 PMCID: PMC4829593 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal infarction lead to neurological complications and eventually to paraplegia or quadriplegia. These extremely debilitating conditions are major contributors to morbidity. Our understanding of SCI has certainly increased during the last decade, but remains far from clear. SCI consists of two defined phases: the initial impact causes primary injury, which is followed by a prolonged secondary injury consisting of evolving sub-phases that may last for years. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms driving this condition are complex. Derangement of the vasculature is a notable feature of the pathology of SCI. In particular, an important component of SCI is the ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) that leads to endothelial dysfunction and changes in vascular permeability. Indeed, together with endothelial cell damage and failure in homeostasis, ischemia reperfusion injury triggers full-blown inflammatory cascades arising from activation of residential innate immune cells (microglia and astrocytes) and infiltrating leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages). These inflammatory cells release neurotoxins (proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, free radicals, excitotoxic amino acids, nitric oxide (NO)), all of which partake in axonal and neuronal deficit. Therefore, our review considers the recent advances in SCI mechanisms, whereby it becomes clear that SCI is a heterogeneous condition. Hence, this leads towards evidence of a restorative approach based on monotherapy with multiple targets or combinatorial treatment. Moreover, from evaluation of the existing literature, it appears that there is an urgent requirement for multi-centered, randomized trials for a large patient population. These clinical studies would offer an opportunity in stratifying SCI patients at high risk and selecting appropriate, optimal therapeutic regimens for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akhtar Anwar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon
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Margulies SS, Kilbaugh T, Sullivan S, Smith C, Propert K, Byro M, Saliga K, Costine BA, Duhaime AC. Establishing a Clinically Relevant Large Animal Model Platform for TBI Therapy Development: Using Cyclosporin A as a Case Study. Brain Pathol 2016; 25:289-303. [PMID: 25904045 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed the first immature large animal translational treatment trial of a pharmacologic intervention for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children. The preclinical trial design includes multiple doses of the intervention in two different injury types (focal and diffuse) to bracket the range seen in clinical injury and uses two post-TBI delays to drug administration. Cyclosporin A (CsA) was used as a case study in our first implementation of the platform because of its success in multiple preclinical adult rodent TBI models and its current use in children for other indications. Tier 1 of the therapy development platform assessed the short-term treatment efficacy after 24 h of agent administration. Positive responses to treatment were compared with injured controls using an objective effect threshold established prior to the study. Effective CsA doses were identified to study in Tier 2. In the Tier 2 paradigm, agent is administered in a porcine intensive care unit utilizing neurological monitoring and clinically relevant management strategies, and intervention efficacy is defined as improvement in longer term behavioral endpoints above untreated injured animals. In summary, this innovative large animal preclinical study design can be applied to future evaluations of other agents that promote recovery or repair after TBI.
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Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Investigational agents for treatment of traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:743-60. [PMID: 25727893 PMCID: PMC4433440 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1021919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. To date, there are no pharmacologic agents proven to improve outcomes from TBI because all the Phase III clinical trials in TBI have failed. Thus, there is a compelling need to develop treatments for TBI. AREAS COVERED The following article provides an overview of select cell-based and pharmacological therapies under early development for the treatment of TBI. These therapies seek to enhance cognitive and neurological functional recovery through neuroprotective and neurorestorative strategies. EXPERT OPINION TBI elicits both complex degenerative and regenerative tissue responses in the brain. TBI can lead to cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits. Although numerous promising neuroprotective treatment options have emerged from preclinical studies that mainly target the lesion, translation of preclinical effective neuroprotective drugs to clinical trials has proven challenging. Accumulating evidence indicates that the mammalian brain has a significant, albeit limited, capacity for both structural and functional plasticity, as well as regeneration essential for spontaneous functional recovery after injury. A new therapeutic approach is to stimulate neurovascular remodeling by enhancing angiogenesis, neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal sprouting, which in concert, may improve neurological functional recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Henry Ford Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery , Education and Research Building, Room 3096, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202 , USA +1 313 916 4743 ; +1 313 916 9855 ;
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Zhou X, He X, Ren Y. Function of microglia and macrophages in secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1787-95. [PMID: 25422640 PMCID: PMC4239768 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.143423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic opportunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Among all the secondary injury mechanisms, the inflammatory response is the major contributor and results in expansion of the lesion and further loss of neurologic function. Meanwhile, the inflammation directly and indirectly dominates the outcomes of SCI, including not only pain and motor dysfunction, but also preventingneuronal regeneration. Microglia and macrophages play very important roles in secondary injury. Microglia reside in spinal parenchyma and survey the microenvironment through the signals of injury or infection. Macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to injured sites from the peripheral circulation. Activated resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages induce and magnify immune and inflammatory responses not only by means of their secretory moleculesand phagocytosis, but also through their influence on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and demyelination. In this review, we focus on the roles of microglia and macrophages in secondary injury and how they contribute to the sequelae of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Cao HQ, Dong ED. An update on spinal cord injury research. Neurosci Bull 2012; 29:94-102. [PMID: 23124646 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can have a range of debilitating effects and permanently alter the capabilities and quality of life of survivors. The first specialized centers of care for SCI were established in 1944 and since then an increasing amount of research has been carried out in this area. Despite this, the present treatment and care levels for SCI are not comparable to those in other areas of medicine. In the clinic, the aim of SCI treatment is primarily to limit secondary damage by reducing compression in trauma spots and stabilizing the spinal column. Currently, no effective strategy for functional recovery is offered. In this review, we focus on research progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying SCI, and assess the treatment outcomes of SCI in animal models, i.e., neurotrophins and stem cells are discussed as pre-clinical therapies in animal models. We also assess the resources available and national research projects carried out on SCI in China in recent years, as well as making recommendations for the future allocation of funds in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Qi Cao
- Division of Neurological Disorders and Mental Health, Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Reier PJ, Lane MA, Hall ED, Teng YD, Howland DR. Translational spinal cord injury research: preclinical guidelines and challenges. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:411-33. [PMID: 23098728 PMCID: PMC4288927 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the neurobiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) have prompted increasing attention to opportunities for moving experimental strategies towards clinical applications. Preclinical studies are the centerpiece of the translational process. A major challenge is to establish strategies for achieving optimal translational progression while minimizing potential repetition of previous disappointments associated with clinical trials. This chapter reviews and expands upon views pertaining to preclinical design reported in recently published opinion surveys. Subsequent discussion addresses other preclinical considerations more specifically related to current and potentially imminent cellular and pharmacological approaches to acute/subacute and chronic SCI. Lastly, a retrospective and prospective analysis examines how guidelines currently under discussion relate to select examples of past, current, and future clinical translations. Although achieving definition of the "perfect" preclinical scenario is difficult to envision, this review identifies therapeutic robustness and independent replication of promising experimental findings as absolutely critical prerequisites for clinical translation. Unfortunately, neither has been fully embraced thus far. Accordingly, this review challenges the notion "everything works in animals and nothing in humans", since more rigor must first be incorporated into the bench-to-bedside translational process by all concerned, whether in academia, clinical medicine, or corporate circles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Reier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Manwani B, McCullough LD. Sexual dimorphism in ischemic stroke: lessons from the laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7:319-39. [PMID: 21612353 DOI: 10.2217/whe.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is emerging as a major health problem for elderly women. Women have lower stroke incidence than men until an advanced age, when the epidemiology of ischemic stroke shifts and incidence rises dramatically in women. Experimental models of rodent stroke have replicated this clinical epidemiology, with exacerbated injury in older compared with young female rodents. Many of the detrimental effects of aging on ischemic stroke outcome in females can be replicated by ovariectomy, suggesting that hormones such as estrogen play a neuroprotective role. However, emerging data suggest that the molecular mechanisms leading to ischemic cell death differ in the two sexes, and these effects may be independent of circulating hormone levels. This article highlights recent clinical and experimental literature on sex differences in stroke outcomes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Manwani
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Qing M, Shim JK, Grocott HP, Sheng H, Mathew JP, Mackensen GB. The effect of blood pressure on cerebral outcome in a rat model of cerebral air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142:424-9. [PMID: 21277590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher mean arterial pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass may improve cerebral outcome associated with cerebral air embolism by increasing emboli clearance and collateral flow to salvage the ischemic penumbra. However, this may come at the expense of increased delivery of embolic load. This study was designed to investigate the influence of mean arterial pressures on cerebral functional and histologic outcome after cerebral air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass in an established rat model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 90 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with 10 cerebral air embolisms (0.3 μL/bolus) injected repetitively. Rats were randomized to 3 groups (n = 10, each) that differed in mean arterial pressure management during cardiopulmonary bypass: 50 mm Hg (low mean arterial pressure), 60 to 70 mm Hg (standard mean arterial pressure), and 80 mm Hg (high mean arterial pressure). Neurologic score was assessed on postoperative days 3 and 7 when cerebral infarct volumes were determined. Cognitive function was determined with the Morris water maze test beginning on postoperative day 3 and continuing to postoperative day 7. RESULTS Neurologic score was better in high and standard mean arterial pressure groups versus low mean arterial pressure groups. High mean arterial pressure resulted in shorter water maze latencies compared with standard and low mean arterial pressure on postoperative days 6 and 7. Total infarct volume and number of infarct areas were not different among groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of higher mean arterial pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass in a rat model of cerebral air embolism conveyed beneficial effects on functional cerebral outcome with no apparent disadvantage of increased delivery of embolic load. Maintaining higher perfusion pressures in situations of increased cerebral embolic load may be considered as a collateral therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Qing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rodents: methods and potential pitfalls. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:464701. [PMID: 21331357 PMCID: PMC3035178 DOI: 10.1155/2011/464701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of animal models have been developed for modeling ischemic stroke. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model has been utilized extensively, especially in rodents. While the MCAO model provides stroke researchers with an excellent platform to investigate the disease, controversial or even paradoxical results are occasionally seen in the literature utilizing this model. Various factors exert important effects on the outcome in this stroke model, including the age and sex of the animal examined. This paper discusses emerging information on the effects of age and sex on ischemic outcomes after MCAO, with an emphasis on mouse models of stroke.
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