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Hershman E, Fernandes S, Ceulemans S, Platt D. Genetic Counselors' attitudes & perceptions regarding suicide risk assessment and identification in practice. J Genet Couns 2024. [PMID: 39090055 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
While the heritability of suicidal tendencies is debated, receipt of various genetic diagnoses has shown an increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior while simultaneously conferring risk to mental health concerns that may further increase this risk. However, the role of genetic counselors (GCs) in assessing and addressing suicide risk remains underutilized. A 15-item recruitment survey was distributed via the National Society of Genetic Counselors Student Research Survey Listserv, and interested individuals could opt to be contacted for an interview after completion. The data analysis included 107 survey responses and 15 semi-structured interviews, which were conducted to explore whether GCs feel that formal suicide risk assessment (SRA) falls within their scope of practice and the frequency with which it is employed during counseling sessions. Additionally, the study examined GCs' experiences, comfort levels, and training in assessing for suicide risk. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and independently coded by two researchers. The coding scheme was systematically constructed, integrating both deductive and inductive coding methods to inform the authors' interpretive description of SRA in the clinic, with four major themes identified by content analysis. Most respondents reported that they had worried about a patient harming themselves or having suicidal thoughts. Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed that SRA is within a GC's scope of practice. Lack of training emerged as the primary barrier to assessing suicide risk and conducting risk assessments. Other barriers included low self-efficacy, societal stigma, and personal discomfort, while access to social workers, natural inclination, and standardized screening tools served as facilitators. Despite encountering patients at risk of self-harm and suicide, most GCs do not utilize SRA tools. Furthermore, GCs expressed a strong desire for additional training to enhance their skills in identifying and managing at-risk patients. A multifocal approach to suicide risk reduction and education is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hershman
- Genetic Counseling, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Phoenix Children's, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sara Fernandes
- LabCorp, Women's Health & Genetics, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sophia Ceulemans
- Division of Genetics and Dysmorphology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dylan Platt
- Genetic Counseling, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Sanford Health, Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
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2
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Gatt-Rutter T, Forrest L, Sexton A, Isbister J. Consumer attitudes and preferences toward psychiatric genetic counselling and educational resources: A scoping review. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2024; 123:108229. [PMID: 38461792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of psychiatric disorders is multifactorial including genomic and environmental risk factors. Psychiatric genetic counseling is an emerging field that may promote processes of adaptation to, and the management of, psychiatric disorders. Many countries lack dedicated services leading to a gap in care. This scoping review will inform the development of psychiatric genetics-based educational resources. OBJECTIVES To explore individuals with a psychiatric disorder and their relatives' attitudes and beliefs toward psychiatric genetics, genetic counseling, and genetics-based education. To evaluate how best to convey education to consumers. METHOD Database literature searches occurred on May 2nd, 2023, using PubMed, Medline, and PsycINFO. Reviews, letters to the editor, case reports, and publications before 2003 were excluded. RESULTS Twenty-four papers met the inclusion criteria. Results suggest individuals with a psychiatric disorder and their relatives tended to overestimate risk, and express concern about reproductive decision- making. Genetic counseling and educational resources were perceived to be useful and empowering. CONCLUSION Affected individuals and relatives are interested in gaining greater insight into their own and/or their relative's psychiatric disorder, management strategies, and understanding familial risks. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The evidence from this review may inform the development of genetics-based educational resources or guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gatt-Rutter
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Forrest
- Genomic Medicine & Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital & Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adrienne Sexton
- Genomic Medicine & Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital & Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia; Genetic Counselling Service, Epworth Freemasons, East Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne Isbister
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Australia; Genomic Medicine & Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital & Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia.
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3
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Mack T, Batallones R, Morris E, Inglis A, Moldovan R, McGhee K, Zimmerman KD, Austin J. The effectiveness of psychiatric genetic counseling training: An analysis of 13 international workshops. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024:e32978. [PMID: 38511665 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Studies have consistently shown that psychiatric genetic counseling (pGC) helps people with psychiatric conditions by increasing empowerment and self-efficacy, and addressing emotions like guilt. Yet, it is not routinely provided. Genetic counselors and trainees express low confidence in their ability to provide meaningful pGC, especially in the absence of adequate training. Therefore, to address this gap a "Psychiatric Genetic Counseling for Genetic Counselors" (PG4GC) workshop was developed and delivered to 13 groups of participants (primarily qualified genetic counselors and trainees) between 2015 and 2023 (10 workshops were delivered in-person, and three virtually). Participants completed quantitative questionnaires both before and after completing the workshop to assess their comfort, knowledge, behavior, and feeling of being equipped to provide pGC. In total, 232 individuals completed the pre-workshop questionnaire and 154 completed the post-workshop questionnaire. Participants felt more comfortable, knowledgeable, and equipped to provide pGC, and reported being more likely to address psychiatric concerns after the workshop, regardless of whether they were trainees or practicing professionals and whether they completed the workshop in-person or virtually. This study suggests that the PG4GC workshop is an effective educational tool in pGC training that may aid in broader implementation of the service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiera Mack
- Genetic Counseling Program, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rolan Batallones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Inglis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ramona Moldovan
- Department of Psychology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kip D Zimmerman
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Marra M, Smith C, Davis C, Alico Ecker L. Fellowships for genetic counselors: An emerging opportunity for additional training and specialization. J Genet Couns 2023; 32:1276-1279. [PMID: 37776072 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Marra
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Catherine Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Claire Davis
- Joan H. Marks Graduate Program in Human Genetics, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York, USA
| | - Lindsey Alico Ecker
- Joan H. Marks Graduate Program in Human Genetics, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York, USA
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5
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Chen J, El-Den S, Pham L, O’Reilly CL, Collins JC. Healthcare professionals' knowledge, confidence and attitudes in relation to psychosis care: A systematic review. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1856-1868. [PMID: 37691420 PMCID: PMC10685701 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231194490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosis is a mental disorder that, despite its low prevalence, causes high disease and economic burden. Inadequate knowledge, lack of confidence and stigmatising attitudes of healthcare professionals (HCPs) may lead to suboptimal care. AIM To review the literature exploring HCPs' knowledge, confidence and attitudes in relation to psychosis care. METHOD A systematic search was undertaken across three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO) using a search strategy encompassing the concepts: 'healthcare professionals', 'knowledge, attitude, and confidence in care' and 'psychotic illnesses and symptoms' to identify relevant records published from 1st January 2002 to 18th March 2022. Results were screened against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria by title and abstract, followed by full text. Data were extracted into tables and synthesised narratively. RESULTS Initially, 7,397 studies were identified. Following two-stage screening, 24 studies were eligible for inclusion. Of these studies, 16 explored attitudes, four explored knowledge and attitudes, one explored knowledge, one explored confidence, one explored attitudes and confidence in care and one explored all three constructs. Most HCPs in the included studies demonstrated stigmatising attitudes towards people with psychosis. Furthermore, certain HCPs, including nurses and general practitioners, demonstrated low levels of knowledge, while psychiatrists, occupational therapists, psychologists and nurses had low levels of confidence in caring for people with psychosis. Conversely, positive attitudes were also observed in some HCPs resulting from having acquaintances with lived experience of psychosis. The need for additional education and training to improve HCPs' knowledge and confidence in relation to caring for people living with psychosis was identified. CONCLUSIONS Most attitudes identified were negative and stemmed from stigma, while some were positive due to HCPs' compassion and familiarity with psychosis. The level of knowledge and confidence identified were mostly suboptimal, and so further research is required to develop and evaluate tailored interventions to address this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Chen
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarira El-Den
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lily Pham
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire L O’Reilly
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jack C Collins
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Isbister J, Sexton A, Forrest LE, James P, Dowty J, Taylor J, Austin J, Winship I. Psychiatric genetic counseling: A survey of Australian genetic counselors' practice and attitudes. J Genet Couns 2022; 32:495-502. [PMID: 36480151 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic counseling plays a critical role in supporting individuals and their families' adaption to psychiatric conditions, addressing the multifactorial nature of these conditions in a personally meaningful and empowering way. Yet data related to the practice and attitudes of Australian genetic counselors about psychiatric genetic counseling (PGC) is limited. This survey investigated the practice of Australian genetic counselors, and their attitudes toward PGC. Genetic counselors (N = 393) were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey between March and May 2022. Forty-four genetic counselors (response rate = 11%) from Australia and New Zealand responded. No respondents practice in psychiatric genetics as their speciality area; most respondents do not see any patients where the primary indication is a personal and/or family history of psychiatric disorders (91%). Greater than half of respondents (56%) believed there was sufficient evidence to support PGC, and 64% enquire about personal and/or family history of psychiatric disorders, but only 25% provide genetic counseling on this topic. Most respondents do not feel confident providing risk assessments for psychiatric disorders (72%), while the majority expressed interest in attending specialist training (95%), and in incorporating PGC into future practice (77%). Australian genetic counselors would benefit from psychiatric genetic education and training, and establishment of specialized PGC services would address this gap in patient care, while providing opportunities for genetic counselors to gain skills and experience in PGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Isbister
- Genomic Medicine & Familial Cancer Centre Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Adrienne Sexton
- Genomic Medicine & Familial Cancer Centre Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Discipline of Genetic Counselling, Graduate School of Health The University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura E. Forrest
- Genomic Medicine & Familial Cancer Centre Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Paul James
- Genomic Medicine & Familial Cancer Centre Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - James Dowty
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Jessica Taylor
- Genomic Medicine & Familial Cancer Centre Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ingrid Winship
- Genomic Medicine & Familial Cancer Centre Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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7
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Morris E, Inglis A, Austin J. Psychiatric genetic counseling for people with copy number variants associated with psychiatric conditions. Clin Genet 2022; 102:369-378. [PMID: 35996207 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion is one of the most well-known copy number variants (CNVs) associated with developing a psychiatric condition (e.g. schizophrenia), but there is a growing list of other CNVs which also confer substantial risk for developing psychiatric conditions. With increased use of chromosome microarray and exome sequencing, the frequency with which these CNVs are detected is increasing. While individuals with such CNVs often receive genetic counseling, research shows that associated psychiatric conditions are less often addressed - clinicians tend to focus on the non-psychiatric manifestations of the CNV. This represents an important service gap for people with these CNVs and their families, as research shows that genetic counseling about psychiatric illness can produce meaningful positive outcomes for people, including increases in empowerment, and self-efficacy. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that individuals with psychiatric condition-associated CNVs are being counseled about these manifestations of their condition in a way that can promote best outcomes. In this paper we describe the process of providing genetic counseling in two clinical scenarios in which a psychiatric susceptibility CNV is identified: 1) in an individual who has not been diagnosed with a psychiatric condition and 2) in an individual with an established psychiatric condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Morris
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Angela Inglis
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Dillon A, Austin J, McGhee K, Watson M. The impact of a "Psychiatric Genetics for Genetic Counselors" workshop on genetic counselor attendees: An exploratory study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2022; 189:108-115. [PMID: 35182453 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic counseling is the process of supporting patients' and families' adaptation to genetic information. Psychiatric genetic counseling has been proven to be effective in improving empowerment, self-efficacy, and knowledge even in the absence of genetic testing. Despite this, only one specialist psychiatric genetic counseling clinic currently exists. In order to engage genetic counselors in providing psychiatric genetic counseling, a 2-day workshop: "Psychiatric Genetic Counseling for Genetic Counselors", was developed and implemented aimed at empowering genetic counselors to feel confident and competent in this practice domain. The aim of the study was to qualitatively explore the impact of the workshop. Semistructured interviews were carried out with 12 genetic counselors who attended the workshop between 2015 and 2018. Thematic analysis revealed that the workshop empowered all participants to feel comfortable and confident offering psychiatric genetic counseling to patients. Participants also reflected how the workshop highlighted the stigma associated with mental illnesses and offered support in normalizing these conditions. Overall, this study presents that the "Psychiatric Genetic Counseling for Genetic Counselors" workshop fulfilled its proposed aims and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dillon
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, The University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kevin McGhee
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Melanie Watson
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, The University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
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9
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Richter LD, Morley TJ, Hooker GW, Peay HL, Cox NJ, Ruderfer DM. Leveraging electronic health records to inform genetic counseling practice surrounding psychiatric disorders. J Genet Couns 2022; 31:1008-1015. [PMID: 35191121 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since nearly one-fifth of US adults have a psychiatric disorder, genetic counselors (GCs) will see many patients with these indications. However, GCs' reports of inadequate preparation and low confidence in providing care for patients with psychiatric disorders can limit their ability to meet patient's needs. How frequently psychiatric disorders present in GC sessions is currently unclear. Here, we used deidentified electronic health records (EHR) to estimate the prevalence of 16 psychiatric disorders. In 7,155 GC patients, 34% had a diagnostic code associated with a psychiatric disorder; 23% with anxiety/phobic disorders; 21% with mood disorder/depression; 5% with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and 1% with psychotic disorders. Compared to 415,709 demographically matched controls, GC patients showed a significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders (GC prevalence: 34%, matched prevalence: 30%, p-value < 0.0001) driven predominantly by anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and ADHD. Within GC specialties (prenatal: n = 2,674, cancer: n = 1,474, pediatric: n = 465), only pediatric GC patients showed a significant increase in psychiatric disorder prevalence overall (pediatric GC prevalence: 28%, matched prevalence: 13%, p-value < 0.0001). However, significant evidence of increased prevalence existed for generalized anxiety disorder (prenatal GC prevalence 6.4%, matched prevalence: 4.9%, p-value < 0.0001), anxiety disorders (cancer GC prevalence: 26%, matched prevalence: 21%, p-value < 0.0001 and pediatric GC prevalence: 12%, matched prevalence: 5.5%), and ADHD (pediatric GC prevalence: 18%, matched prevalence: 7.9%, p-value < 0.0001). These results highlight the need for additional guidance around care for patients with psychiatric disorders and the value of EHR-based research in genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Richter
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Theodore J Morley
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gillian W Hooker
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Holly L Peay
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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10
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Girod R, Thompson P, Davis C. Genetic counseling students' and recent graduates' attitudes toward psychiatric illness. J Genet Couns 2021; 31:713-721. [PMID: 34846769 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence of mental illness in the general population, genetic counselors are likely to encounter patients with mental illness in practice, regardless of specialty. However, previous studies have shown that recent graduates of genetic counseling programs do not feel comfortable discussing mental illness in clinical encounters. One possible explanation for this discomfort is stigma toward mental illness, a well-documented phenomenon both in society and in the healthcare field. Previous studies of this phenomenon in genetic counselors and trainees have relied on self-report measures and are vulnerable to social desirability bias. We sought to gain a holistic understanding of attitudes toward mental illness held by genetic counseling trainees by measuring implicit and explicit biases. This study assessed 141 responses from genetic counseling students and recent graduates from master's graduate programs across North America. They were asked to complete a survey, which included a demographic questionnaire, a scale that has been validated for use for a variety of healthcare professionals (Nordt et al. 2006, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 709), measuring explicit attitudes toward those with depression and schizophrenia (i.e., social distance and stereotype endorsement), and an implicit association test. Mean scores on the social distance and stereotype endorsement scales were higher for schizophrenia than depression, indicating higher levels of explicit bias toward the former than the latter. Participants held slightly significant implicit bias toward individuals with either physical or mental illness. These data suggest that unconscious or implicit bias may not contribute to unpreparedness to address psychiatric disorders in clinical practice that has been previously reported by new graduates. Therefore, genetic counseling trainees may be receptive to clinically relevant education pertaining to mental illness. These results could inform the curriculum of genetic counseling programs and facilitate provision of services to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Girod
- Sarah Lawrence College, Human Genetics Program, Bronxville, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Thompson
- Sarah Lawrence College, Human Genetics Program, Bronxville, New York, USA
| | - Claire Davis
- Sarah Lawrence College, Human Genetics Program, Bronxville, New York, USA
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11
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Rowlatt AE, McAllister M, Cuthbert A. Attitudes toward offering genetic counseling for psychiatric conditions among genetics healthcare practitioners in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study. J Genet Couns 2021; 31:279-290. [PMID: 34363721 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric conditions affect a large proportion of the population. High heritability estimates have been reported for commonly diagnosed conditions, suggesting both environmental factors and genetic variation significantly contribute to the chance of psychiatric outcomes. Despite growing interest in the provision and receipt of genetic counseling services for these conditions, such specialized interventions are not routinely available in most healthcare systems, including in the United Kingdom (UK). This study examined the attitudes of fourteen National Health Service employed genetic counselors and clinical geneticists, from seven regional genetic centers, toward offering psychiatric genetic counseling (PGC) in the UK. A qualitative methodology was adopted and individual semi-structured interviews were conducted either by telephone or face-to-face, audio recorded, transcribed in full and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants' attitudes were organized under three themes: "Demand," "Readiness to Provide Support," and "Patient Experience." Participants cited key informational and resource needs which included increased workforce capacity, access to further psychological support for patients and more knowledge about the following: specific genes involved, available genetic testing, recurrence/occurrence risk figures, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, patient concerns associated with the impact of psychiatric conditions and interpersonal skills. While some participants appreciated the value of PGC, some reported apprehension and raised concerns around a lack of available genetic testing, the perceived utility of current management options, and a potential negative psychological impact of PGC. This study identified important barriers to the delivery of PGC in the UK by genetics healthcare practitioners. Our findings highlight the importance of a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach to delivering this intervention and the need for additional training. Further research is required to better understand demand for, nature of, and barriers to provision of PGC in the UK, particularly in terms of genetic counselors' perceptions of their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Rowlatt
- Centre for Medical Education, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Andrew Cuthbert
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Moldovan R, McGhee KA, Coviello D, Hamang A, Inglis A, Ingvoldstad Malmgren C, Johansson-Soller M, Laurino M, Meiser B, Murphy L, Paneque M, Papsuev O, Pawlak J, Rovira Moreno E, Serra-Juhe C, Shkedi-Rafid S, Laing N, Voelckel MA, Watson M, Austin JC. Psychiatric genetic counseling: A mapping exercise. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:523-532. [PMID: 31222934 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric genetic counseling (PGC) is gradually developing globally, with countries in various stages of development. In some, PGC is established as a service or as part of research projects while in others, it is just emerging as a concept. In this article, we describe the current global landscape of this genetic counseling specialty and this field's professional development. Drawing on information provided by expert representatives from 16 countries, we highlight the following: (a) current understanding of PGC; (b) availability of services for patients; (c) availability of training; (d) healthcare system disparities and cultural differences impacting practice; and (e) anticipated challenges going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Moldovan
- Department of Psychology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A McGhee
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Coviello
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Research Institute and Children Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Anniken Hamang
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital
| | - Angela Inglis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charlotta Ingvoldstad Malmgren
- Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mercy Laurino
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Bettina Meiser
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren Murphy
- University of Texas Genetic Counseling Program, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Milena Paneque
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CGPP - Centre for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Oleg Papsuev
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eulàlia Rovira Moreno
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Serra-Juhe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Genetics, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shiri Shkedi-Rafid
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
| | - Nakita Laing
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Melanie Watson
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jehannine C Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Booke S, Austin J, Calderwood L, Campion M. Genetic counselors’ attitudes toward and practice related to psychiatric genetic counseling. J Genet Couns 2019; 29:25-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Booke
- Department of Genetics Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Laurel Calderwood
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Medical Genetics Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
| | - MaryAnn Campion
- Department of Genetics Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
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14
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Training to Provide Psychiatric Genetic Counseling: How Does It Impact Recent Graduates’ and Current Students’ Readiness to Provide Genetic Counseling for Individuals with Psychiatric Illness and Attitudes towards this Population? J Genet Couns 2017; 27:301-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic testing for mental illness is likely to become increasingly prevalent as the science behind it is refined. This article identifies anticipated ethical challenges for patients, psychiatrists, and genetic counselors and makes recommendations for addressing them. RECENT FINDINGS Many of the ethical challenges of psychiatric genetic testing are likely to stem from failures to comprehend the nature and implications of test results. Recent studies have identified gaps in the knowledge base of psychiatrists and genetic counselors, which limit their abilities to provide patients with appropriate education. A small number of studies have demonstrated the value of counseling in empowering patients to deal with relevant genetic information. Psychiatrists and other health professionals must be able to assist patients and families in making informed decisions about genetic testing and interpreting test results. Filling their knowledge gaps on these issues will be a critical step towards meeting these responsibilities.
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Sabatello M. Psychiatric Genomics and Public Mental Health in the Young Mind. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2017; 17:27-29. [PMID: 28328362 PMCID: PMC5463093 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2017.1284925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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17
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Inglis A, Morris E, Austin J. Prenatal genetic counselling for psychiatric disorders. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:6-13. [PMID: 27466037 PMCID: PMC5247258 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are common disorders with complex aetiology. They can exact a heavy toll on the individual with the condition and can have significant impact on family members too. Accordingly, psychiatric disorders can arise as a concern in the prenatal context - couples may be interested in learning about the chance for their child to develop the illness that manifests in the family and may be interested in discussing options for prenatal testing. However, the complex nature of these conditions can present challenges for clinicians who seek to help families with these issues. We established the world's first specialist genetic counselling service of its kind in Vancouver, Canada, in 2012, and to date, have provided counselling for ~500 families and have demonstrated increases in patients' empowerment and self efficacy after genetic counselling. We draw on our accumulated clinical experience to outline the process by which we approach prenatal genetic counselling for psychiatric disorders to assist other clinicians in providing thoughtful, comprehensive support to couples seeking out this service. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Inglis
- UBC Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emily Morris
- UBC Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jehannine Austin
- UBC Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Communication of Psychiatric Risk in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Pilot Project. J Genet Couns 2015; 25:6-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Inglis A, Koehn D, McGillivray B, Stewart SE, Austin J. Evaluating a unique, specialist psychiatric genetic counseling clinic: uptake and impact. Clin Genet 2015; 87:218-24. [PMID: 24773225 PMCID: PMC4318688 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
People with psychiatric disorders and their family members have expressed interest in receiving genetic counseling (GC). In February 2012, we opened the first (to our knowledge) specialist psychiatric GC clinic of its kind, for individuals with non-syndromic psychiatric disorders and their families. Prior to GC and at a standard 1-month follow-up session, clinical assessment tools are completed, specifically, the GC outcomes scale (GCOS, which measures empowerment, completed by all clients) and the Illness Management Self Efficacy scale (IMSES, completed by those with mental illness). Consecutive English-speaking clients attending the clinic between 1 February 2012 and 31 January 2013 who were capable of consenting were asked for permission to use their de-identified clinical data for research purposes. Descriptive analyses were conducted to ascertain demographic details of attendees, and paired sample t-tests were conducted to assess changes in GCOS and IMSES scores from pre- to post-GC. Of 143 clients, seven were unable to consent, and 75/136 (55.1%) consented. Most were female (85.3%), self-referred (76%), and had personal experience of mental illness (65.3%). Mean GCOS and IMSES scores increased significantly after GC (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.011, respectively). In a naturalistic setting, GC increases empowerment and self-efficacy in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Inglis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David Koehn
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Barbara McGillivray
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - S. Evelyn Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Attitudes of medical genetics practitioners and psychiatrists toward communicating with patients about genetic risk for psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr Genet 2014; 24:94-101. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Hippman C, Lohn Z, Ringrose A, Inglis A, Cheek J, Austin JC. "Nothing is absolute in life": understanding uncertainty in the context of psychiatric genetic counseling from the perspective of those with serious mental illness. J Genet Couns 2013; 22:625-32. [PMID: 23604904 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-013-9594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
No genetic tests are currently clinically available for serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Rather, the full spectrum of genetic variants that confer susceptibility remain unknown, and estimates of probability of condition recurrence typically have the form of ranges rather than single absolute numbers. Genetic counselors have been shown to feel that the information that can be provided for patients with serious mental illness could be more confusing than helpful. However, how those with serious mental illness perceive this uncertainty remains unknown. So, to investigate this, individuals with serious mental illness participated in a psychiatric genetic counseling (GC) session and responded to a single open ended question about their reactions towards the uncertainty that they encountered in their GC session immediately and one month post-counseling (from which themes were identified), and completed the Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale immediately post-session (descriptive statistics applied). While some of the 37 participants were disappointed with the uncertainty, twice as many were unconcerned. Overall, responses from immediately and one month after GC were very similar; participants were very satisfied with, and found value in GC despite uncertainty, and four approaches to coping with uncertainty emerged. Ultimately, these findings offer insight into providing GC for those with serious mental illness, and potentially could be applied to other areas of GC where uncertainty lies, with downstream impact on GC practice and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hippman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
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22
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Morris E, Inglis A, Friedman J, Austin J. Discussing the psychiatric manifestations of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: an exploration of clinical practice among medical geneticists. Genet Med 2013; 15:713-20. [PMID: 23579435 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the frequency with which medical geneticists discuss the psychiatric manifestations of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) with families in relation to the frequency with which they discuss the other manifestations of the syndromes and to explore relationships between discussion of these features and stigma toward psychiatric disorders. METHODS We surveyed medical geneticists in the United States and Canada regarding the frequency with which they discuss various features of 22q11DS with families in the context of four clinical scenarios in which only the age of the patient at diagnosis differed. Respondents also completed a 20-item validated psychometric measure of stigma toward psychiatric disorders. RESULTS 308 of 546 medical geneticists completed the survey (56% response rate). Overall, psychiatric disorders were discussed significantly less often than other features of 22q11DS (P < 0.0001) but were discussed significantly more often when the patient was 13 years or older (P < 0.0001) than when the patient was younger. Geneticists who discussed psychiatric disorders the least had significantly higher levels of stigma toward psychiatric disorders (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Psychiatric manifestations of 22q11DS are less often discussed with families during childhood. Education for physicians to help reduce stigma toward psychiatric disorders (which may impede discussion of psychiatric disorders) may warrant exploration in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Morris
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Costain G, Bassett AS. Clinical applications of schizophrenia genetics: genetic diagnosis, risk, and counseling in the molecular era. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2012; 5:1-18. [PMID: 23144566 PMCID: PMC3492098 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disease with documented clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and evidence for neurodevelopmental origins. Driven by new genetic technologies and advances in molecular medicine, there has recently been concrete progress in understanding some of the specific genetic causes of this serious psychiatric illness. In particular, several large rare structural variants have been convincingly associated with schizophrenia, in targeted studies over two decades with respect to 22q11.2 microdeletions, and more recently in large-scale, genome-wide case-control studies. These advances promise to help many families afflicted with this disease. In this review, we critically appraise recent developments in the field of schizophrenia genetics through the lens of immediate clinical applicability. Much work remains in translating the recent surge of genetic research discoveries into the clinic. The epidemiology and basic genetic parameters (such as penetrance and expression) of most genomic disorders associated with schizophrenia are not yet well characterized. To date, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the only established genetic subtype of schizophrenia of proven clinical relevance. We use this well-established association as a model to chart the pathway for translating emerging genetic discoveries into clinical practice. We also propose new directions for research involving general genetic risk prediction and counseling in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costain
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Lautenbach DM, Hiraki S, Campion MW, Austin JC. Mothers' perspectives on their child's mental illness as compared to other complex disorders in their family: insights to inform genetic counseling practice. J Genet Couns 2011; 21:564-72. [PMID: 22089936 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-011-9420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate the development of a therapeutic alliance in genetic counseling, it is important that the counselor understands how families might perceive the condition that constitutes the reason for the referral. Through training and professional practice, genetic counselors develop a thorough understanding of families' perceptions of the conditions that are common indications for genetic counseling. But, for referral indications that are less frequent, like serious mental illnesses, genetic counselors may feel less confident in their understanding of the family's experience, or in their ability to provide psychosocial support when serious mental illness is reported in a family history. This may impede the establishment of a therapeutic alliance. As research shows that most referrals for genetic counseling related to serious mental illness are for female first-degree family members of affected individuals, we sought to explore how this group perceives serious mental illness. To provide a frame of reference with which genetic counselors may be more familiar, we explored how women perceived serious mental illness compared to other common complex disorders in their family. We conducted semi-structured interviews with women who had a child with a serious mental illness (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder) and a first-degree relative with another common complex disorder (diabetes, heart disease, cancer). Interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis. Saturation was reached when nine women had participated. Serious mental illness was perceived as being more severe and as having a greater impact on the family than diabetes, heart disease, or cancer. Themes identified included guilt, stigma, and loss. Some of the most important issues that contribute to mothers' perceptions that serious mental illness is more severe than other common complex disorders could be effectively addressed in genetic counseling. Developing a heightened awareness of how family members experience a relative's mental illness may help genetic counselors to be better able to provide psychosocial support to this group, whether serious mental illness constitutes the primary reason for referral or appears in the family history during counseling for a different referral reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Lautenbach
- Masters Program in Genetic Counseling, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Effects of a documentary film on public stigma related to mental illness among genetic counselors. J Genet Couns 2011; 21:573-81. [PMID: 22037897 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-011-9414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Many people, including genetic counselors, have been found to hold stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental illnesses. We aimed to determine whether these attitudes could be changed by exposing genetic counselors and genetic counseling students to a documentary film about people with mental illness. We screened the documentary at the 2010 North American conferences for genetic counselors. Immediately before (T1), immediately after (T2), and one month after (T3) watching the documentary, participants self-rated their comfort with asking patients about mental illness, and they completed scales measuring two aspects of stigma: stereotype endorsement, and desire for social distance. A total of 87 T1 and T2 questionnaires, and 39 T3 questionnaires were returned. At T2 and T3, 34.5% and 48.7% respectively reported feeling more comfortable to ask patients about mental illness. Scores on the social distance and stereotype endorsement scales decreased significantly from T1 to T2, but returned to initial levels at T3. The findings suggest the documentary increased genetic counselors' and genetic counseling students' comfort with asking about mental illness and temporarily decreased their stigmatizing attitudes.
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26
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Feret H, Conway L, Austin JC. Genetic counselors' attitudes towards individuals with schizophrenia: desire for social distance and endorsement of stereotypes. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2011; 82:69-73. [PMID: 20211537 PMCID: PMC3726382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE psychiatric disorders are profoundly stigmatized conditions. Many groups of healthcare professionals harbor negative attitudes towards affected individuals, which may interfere with the healthcare relationship, but genetic counselors' attitudes towards individuals with psychiatric disorders have not been investigated. Thus, we conducted an exploratory study to assess genetic counselors' desire for social distance from individuals with schizophrenia, and the degree to which stereotypes about people with schizophrenia were endorsed. METHODS members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors were invited to complete an online survey, which included scales measuring: desire for social distance from individuals with schizophrenia, and endorsement of positive and negative stereotypes about these individuals. RESULTS in total, 142 surveys were completed. Genetic counselors expressed greater desire for social distance from an individual with schizophrenia in more intimate proposed relationship scenarios, and felt negative stereotypes about affected individuals were more typifying than positive stereotypes. Experience with psychiatric disorders did not significantly affect desired social distance or stereotypical attitudes. CONCLUSIONS genetic counselors express some negative attitudes towards individuals with schizophrenia, which may impede the counselor/client relationship. Future research in this area is suggested. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS efforts should be made to promote positive attitudes, which would improve the ability of genetic counselors to provide optimal service for individuals with schizophrenia and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Feret
- Genetic Counseling Department, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA
| | - Laura Conway
- Genetic Counseling Department, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA
| | - Jehannine C. Austin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
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27
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Hunter MJ, Hippman C, Honer WG, Austin JC. Genetic counseling for schizophrenia: a review of referrals to a provincial medical genetics program from 1968 to 2007. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:147-52. [PMID: 20034078 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that individuals with schizophrenia and their family members are interested in genetic counseling, but few have received this service. We conducted an exploratory, retrospective study to describe (a) the population of individuals who were referred to the BC provincial medical genetics program for genetic counseling for a primary indication of schizophrenia, and (b) trends in number of referrals between 1968 and 2007. Referrals for a primary indication of schizophrenia were identified through the provincial program database. Charts were reviewed and the following information was recorded: discipline of referring physician, demographics, psychiatric diagnosis, referred individual's and partner's (if applicable) family history, and any current pregnancy history. Data were characterized using descriptive statistics. Our results showed that between 1968 and 2007, 288 referrals were made for a primary indication of schizophrenia. Most referrals were made: (a) for individuals who had a first-degree family member with schizophrenia, rather than for affected individuals, (b) for preconception counseling, and (c) by family physicians (69%), with only 2% by psychiatrists. In conclusion, for British Columbia, individuals affected with schizophrenia and their family members are rarely referred for psychiatric genetic counseling. There is a need to identify barriers to psychiatric genetic counseling and develop strategies to improve access.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hunter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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