1
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Urakova N, Joseph RE, Huntsinger A, Macias VM, Jones MJ, Sigle LT, Li M, Akbari OS, Xi Z, Lymperopoulos K, Sayre RT, McGraw EA, Rasgon JL. Alpha-mannosidase-2 modulates arbovirus infection in a pathogen- and Wolbachia-specific manner in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:362-371. [PMID: 38450861 PMCID: PMC11233229 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Multiple Wolbachia strains can block pathogen infection, replication and/or transmission in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes under both laboratory and field conditions. However, Wolbachia effects on pathogens can be highly variable across systems and the factors governing this variability are not well understood. It is increasingly clear that the mosquito host is not a passive player in which Wolbachia governs pathogen transmission phenotypes; rather, the genetics of the host can significantly modulate Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking. Specifically, previous work linked variation in Wolbachia pathogen blocking to polymorphisms in the mosquito alpha-mannosidase-2 (αMan2) gene. Here we use CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis to functionally test this association. We developed αMan2 knockouts and examined effects on both Wolbachia and virus levels, using dengue virus (DENV; Flaviviridae) and Mayaro virus (MAYV; Togaviridae). Wolbachia titres were significantly elevated in αMan2 knockout (KO) mosquitoes, but there were complex interactions with virus infection and replication. In Wolbachia-uninfected mosquitoes, the αMan2 KO mutation was associated with decreased DENV titres, but in a Wolbachia-infected background, the αMan2 KO mutation significantly increased virus titres. In contrast, the αMan2 KO mutation significantly increased MAYV replication in Wolbachia-uninfected mosquitoes and did not affect Wolbachia-mediated virus blocking. These results demonstrate that αMan2 modulates arbovirus infection in A. aegypti mosquitoes in a pathogen- and Wolbachia-specific manner, and that Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking is a complex phenotype dependent on the mosquito host genotype and the pathogen. These results have a significant impact for the design and use of Wolbachia-based strategies to control vector-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Urakova
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renuka E Joseph
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allyn Huntsinger
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vanessa M Macias
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah T Sigle
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Zhiyong Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Richard T Sayre
- Pebble Labs, Little Fly Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Elizabeth A McGraw
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Holmes AC, Lucas CJ, Brisse ME, Ware BC, Hickman HD, Morrison TE, Diamond MS. Ly6C + monocytes in the skin promote systemic alphavirus dissemination. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113876. [PMID: 38446669 PMCID: PMC11005330 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted pathogens that induce high levels of viremia, which facilitates dissemination and vector transmission. One prevailing paradigm is that, after skin inoculation, alphavirus-infected resident dendritic cells migrate to the draining lymph node (DLN), facilitating further rounds of infection and dissemination. Here, we assess the contribution of infiltrating myeloid cells to alphavirus spread. We observe two phases of virus transport to the DLN, one that occurs starting at 1 h post infection and precedes viral replication, and a second that requires replication in the skin, enabling transit to the bloodstream. Depletion of Ly6C+ monocytes reduces local chikungunya (CHIKV) or Ross River virus (RRV) infection in the skin, diminishes the second phase of virus transport to the DLN, and delays spread to distal sites. Our data suggest that infiltrating monocytes facilitate alphavirus infection at the initial infection site, which promotes more rapid spread into circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn C Holmes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Morgan E Brisse
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian C Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Zimmerman O, Holmes AC, Kafai NM, Adams LJ, Diamond MS. Entry receptors - the gateway to alphavirus infection. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e165307. [PMID: 36647825 PMCID: PMC9843064 DOI: 10.1172/jci165307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped, insect-transmitted, positive-sense RNA viruses that infect humans and other animals and cause a range of clinical manifestations, including arthritis, musculoskeletal disease, meningitis, encephalitis, and death. Over the past four years, aided by CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screening approaches, intensive research efforts have focused on identifying entry receptors for alphaviruses to better understand the basis for cellular and species tropism. Herein, we review approaches to alphavirus receptor identification and how these were used for discovery. The identification of new receptors advances our understanding of viral pathogenesis, tropism, and evolution and is expected to contribute to the development of novel strategies for prevention and treatment of alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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4
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Sigle LT, Jones M, Novelo M, Ford SA, Urakova N, Lymperopoulos K, Sayre RT, Xi Z, Rasgon JL, McGraw EA. Assessing Aedes aegypti candidate genes during viral infection and Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:356-368. [PMID: 35112745 PMCID: PMC9081237 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One approach to control dengue virus transmission is the symbiont Wolbachia, which limits viral infection in mosquitoes. Despite plans for its widespread use in Aedes aegypti, Wolbachia's mode of action remains poorly understood. Many studies suggest that the mechanism is likely multifaceted, involving aspects of immunity, cellular stress and nutritional competition. A previous study from our group used artificial selection to identify a new mosquito candidate gene related to viral blocking; alpha-mannosidase-2a (alpha-Mann-2a) with a predicted role in protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation pathways tend to be involved in complex host-viral interactions; however, the function of alpha-mannosidases has not been described in mosquito-virus interactions. We examined alpha-Mann-2a expression in response to virus and Wolbachia infections and whether reduced gene expression, caused by RNA interference, affected viral loads. We show that dengue virus (DENV) infection affects the expression of alpha-Mann-2a in a tissue- and time-dependent manner, whereas Wolbachia infection had no effect. In the midgut, DENV prevalence increased following knockdown of alpha-Mann-2a expression in Wolbachia-free mosquitoes, suggesting that alpha-Mann-2a interferes with infection. Expression knockdown had the same effect on the togavirus chikungunya virus, indicating that alpha-Mann-2a may have broad antivirus effects in the midgut. Interestingly, we were unable to knockdown the expression in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. We also provide evidence that alpha-Mann-2a may affect the transcriptional level of another gene predicted to be involved in viral blocking and cell adhesion; cadherin87a. These data support the hypothesis that glycosylation and adhesion pathways may broadly be involved in viral infection in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T. Sigle
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Matthew Jones
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mario Novelo
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Suzanne A. Ford
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | - Zhiyong Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. McGraw
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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5
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Moore RE, Xu LL, Townsend SD. Prospecting Human Milk Oligosaccharides as a Defense Against Viral Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:254-263. [PMID: 33470804 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing maximal nutritional value for neonatal growth and development, human milk functions as an early defense mechanism against invading pathogens. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are abundant in human milk, are a diverse group of heterogeneous carbohydrates with wide ranging protective effects. In addition to promoting the colonization of beneficial intestinal flora, HMOs serve as decoy receptors, effectively blocking the attachment of pathogenic bacteria. HMOs also function as bacteriostatic agents, inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria. Based on this precedence, an emerging area in the field has focused on characterizing the antiviral properties of HMOs. Indeed, HMOs have been evaluated as antiviral agents, with many possessing activity against life-threatening infections. This targeted review provides insight into the known glycan-binding interactions between select HMOs and influenza, rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and norovirus. Additionally, we review the role of HMOs in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis, an intestinal disease linked to viral infections. We close with a discussion of what is known broadly regarding human milk oligosaccharides and their interactions with coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Lianyan L. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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6
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Abstract
Alphaviruses cause severe human illnesses including persistent arthritis and fatal encephalitis. As alphavirus entry into target cells is the first step in infection, intensive research efforts have focused on elucidating aspects of this pathway, including attachment, internalization, and fusion. Herein, we review recent developments in the molecular understanding of alphavirus entry both in vitro and in vivo and how these advances might enable the design of therapeutics targeting this critical step in the alphavirus life cycle.
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7
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Aksnes I, Markussen T, Braaen S, Rimstad E. Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101071. [PMID: 32987930 PMCID: PMC7650630 DOI: 10.3390/v12101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. The findings could be useful for immunization strategies using live attenuated vaccines and testing in fish will be desirable to study the clone’s properties in vivo.
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8
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Nelson MA, Herrero LJ, Jeffery JAL, Hoehn M, Rudd PA, Supramaniam A, Kay BH, Ryan PA, Mahalingam S. Role of envelope N-linked glycosylation in Ross River virus virulence and transmission. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1094-1106. [PMID: 26813162 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With an expanding geographical range and no specific treatments, human arthritogenic alphaviral disease poses a significant problem worldwide. Previous in vitro work with Ross River virus (RRV) demonstrated that alphaviral N-linked glycosylation contributes to type I IFN (IFN-αβ) induction in myeloid dendritic cells. This study further evaluated the role of alphaviral N-linked glycans in vivo, assessing the effect of glycosylation on pathogenesis in a mouse model of RRV-induced disease and on viral infection and dissemination in a common mosquito vector, Aedes vigilax. A viral mutant lacking the E1-141 glycosylation site was attenuated for virus-induced disease, with reduced myositis and higher levels of IFN-γ induction at peak disease contributing to improved viral clearance, suggesting that glycosylation of the E1 glycoprotein plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RRV. Interestingly, RRV lacking E2-200 glycan had significantly reduced replication in the mosquito vector A. vigilax, whereas loss of either of the E1 or E2-262 glycans had little effect on the competence of the mosquito vector. Overall, these results indicate that glycosylation of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of RRV provides important determinants of viral virulence and immunopathology in the mammalian host and replication in the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Nelson
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jason A L Jeffery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Marion Hoehn
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Aroon Supramaniam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Brian H Kay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Peter A Ryan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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9
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Hecht ES, McCord JP, Muddiman DC. Definitive Screening Design Optimization of Mass Spectrometry Parameters for Sensitive Comparison of Filter and Solid Phase Extraction Purified, INLIGHT Plasma N-Glycans. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7305-12. [PMID: 26086806 PMCID: PMC4664066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput, quantitative processing of N-linked glycans would facilitate large-scale studies correlating the glycome with disease and open the field to basic and applied researchers. We sought to meet these goals by coupling filter-aided-N-glycan separation (FANGS) to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags (INLIGHT) for analysis of plasma. A quantitative comparison of this method was conducted against solid phase extraction (SPE), a ubiquitous and trusted method for glycan purification. We demonstrate that FANGS-INLIGHT purification was not significantly different from SPE in terms of glycan abundances, variability, functional classes, or molecular weight distributions. Furthermore, to increase the depth of glycome coverage, we executed a definitive screening design of experiments (DOE) to optimize the MS parameters for glycan analyses. We optimized MS parameters across five N-glycan responses using a standard glycan mixture, translated these to plasma and achieved up to a 3-fold increase in ion abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C. Muddiman
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC
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10
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Bagdonaite I, Nordén R, Joshi HJ, Dabelsteen S, Nyström K, Vakhrushev SY, Olofsson S, Wandall HH. A strategy for O-glycoproteomics of enveloped viruses--the O-glycoproteome of herpes simplex virus type 1. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004784. [PMID: 25830354 PMCID: PMC4382219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is important for infectivity and interaction with host immunity, however, our current knowledge of the functions of glycosylation is largely limited to N-glycosylation because it is difficult to predict and identify site-specific O-glycosylation. Here, we present a novel proteome-wide discovery strategy for O-glycosylation sites on viral envelope proteins using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a model. We identified 74 O-linked glycosylation sites on 8 out of the 12 HSV-1 envelope proteins. Two of the identified glycosites found in glycoprotein B were previously implicated in virus attachment to immune cells. We show that HSV-1 infection distorts the secretory pathway and that infected cells accumulate glycoproteins with truncated O-glycans, nonetheless retaining the ability to elongate most of the surface glycans. With the use of precise gene editing, we further demonstrate that elongated O-glycans are essential for HSV-1 in human HaCaT keratinocytes, where HSV-1 produced markedly lower viral titers in HaCaT with abrogated O-glycans compared to the isogenic counterpart with normal O-glycans. The roles of O-linked glycosylation for viral entry, formation, secretion, and immune recognition are poorly understood, and the O-glycoproteomics strategy presented here now opens for unbiased discovery on all enveloped viruses. Information on site-specific O-glycosylation of viral envelope glycoproteins is generally very limited despite important functions. We present a powerful mass-spectrometry based strategy to globally identify O-glycosylation sites on viral envelope proteins of a given virus in the context of a productive infection. We successfully utilized the strategy to map O-linked glycosylation sites on the complex HSV-1 virus demonstrating that O-glycosylation is widely distributed on most envelope proteins. Moreover, we used genetically engineered keratinocytes lacking O-glycan elongation capacity to demonstrate that O-linked glycans are indeed important for HSV-1 biology as HSV-1 particles produced in these cells had significantly lower titers compared to wild-type keratinocytes. These tools enable wider discovery and detailed analysis of the role of site-specific O-glycosylation in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department of Clinical Virology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiren J. Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Institute of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Department of Clinical Virology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sergey Y. Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Virology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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11
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Crispin M, Harvey DJ, Bitto D, Bonomelli C, Edgeworth M, Scrivens JH, Huiskonen JT, Bowden TA. Structural plasticity of the Semliki Forest virus glycome upon interspecies transmission. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1702-12. [PMID: 24467287 PMCID: PMC4428802 DOI: 10.1021/pr401162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cross-species
viral transmission subjects parent and progeny alphaviruses
to differential post-translational processing of viral envelope glycoproteins.
Alphavirus biogenesis has been extensively studied, and the Semliki
Forest virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins have been shown to exhibit differing
degrees of processing of N-linked glycans. However the composition
of these glycans, including that arising from different host cells,
has not been determined. Here we determined the chemical composition
of the glycans from the prototypic alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus,
propagated in both arthropod and rodent cell lines, by using ion-mobility
mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation analysis. We
observe that both the membrane-proximal E1 fusion glycoprotein and
the protruding E2 attachment glycoprotein display heterogeneous glycosylation
that contains N-linked glycans exhibiting both limited and extensive
processing. However, E1 contained predominantly highly processed glycans
dependent on the host cell, with rodent and mosquito-derived E1 exhibiting
complex-type and paucimannose-type glycosylation, respectively. In
contrast, the protruding E2 attachment glycoprotein primarily contained
conserved under-processed oligomannose-type structures when produced
in both rodent and mosquito cell lines. It is likely that glycan processing
of E2 is structurally restricted by steric-hindrance imposed by local
viral protein structure. This contrasts E1, which presents glycans
characteristic of the host cell and is accessible to enzymes. We integrated
our findings with previous cryo-electron microscopy and crystallographic
analyses to produce a detailed model of the glycosylated mature virion
surface. Taken together, these data reveal the degree to which virally
encoded protein structure and cellular processing enzymes shape the
virion glycome during interspecies transmission of Semliki Forest
virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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12
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Chikungunya virus host range E2 transmembrane deletion mutants induce protective immunity against challenge in C57BL/6J mice. J Virol 2013; 87:6748-57. [PMID: 23552427 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03357-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A vaccine against Chikungunya virus (ChikV), a reemerging pathogenic arbovirus, has been made by attenuating wild-type (WT) virus via truncation of the transmembrane domain (TMD) of E2 and selecting for host range (HR) mutants. Mice are a standard model system for ChikV disease and display the same symptoms of the disease seen in humans. Groups of mice were inoculated with one of three ChikV HR mutants to determine the ability of each mutant strain to elicit neutralizing antibody and protective immunity upon virus challenge. One mutant, ChikV TM17-2, fulfilled the criteria for a good vaccine candidate. It displayed no reactogenicity at the site of injection, no tissue disease in the foot/ankle and quadriceps, and no evidence of viral persistence in foot/ankle tissues 21 days after infection. Upon challenge with a highly pathogenic strain of ChikV, the mutant blocked viral replication in all tissues tested. This study identified a ChikV HR mutant that grows to high levels in insect cells but was restricted in the ability to assemble virus in mammalian cells in vitro. The study demonstrates that these HR strains are attenuated in the mammalian host and warrant further development as live-attenuated vaccine strains.
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13
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Springer SA, Gagneux P. Glycan evolution in response to collaboration, conflict, and constraint. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6904-11. [PMID: 23329843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.424523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans, oligo- and polysaccharides secreted or attached to proteins and lipids, cover the surfaces of all cells and have a regulatory capacity and structural diversity beyond any other class of biological molecule. Glycans may have evolved these properties because they mediate cellular interactions and often face pressure to evolve new functions rapidly. We approach this idea two ways. First, we discuss evolutionary innovation. Glycan synthesis, regulation, and mode of chemical interaction influence the spectrum of new forms presented to evolution. Second, we describe the evolutionary conflicts that arise when alleles and individuals interact. Glycan regulation and diversity are integral to these biological negotiations. Glycans are tasked with such an amazing diversity of functions that no study of cellular interaction can begin without considering them. We propose that glycans predominate the cell surface because their physical and chemical properties allow the rapid innovation required of molecules on the frontlines of evolutionary conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan A Springer
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687 USA
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Dengue virus entry as target for antiviral therapy. J Trop Med 2012; 2012:628475. [PMID: 22529868 PMCID: PMC3317058 DOI: 10.1155/2012/628475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infections are expanding worldwide and, because of the lack of a vaccine, the search for antiviral products is imperative. Four serotypes of DENV are described and they all cause a similar disease outcome. It would be interesting to develop an antiviral product that can interact with all four serotypes, prevent host cell infection and subsequent immune activation. DENV entry is thus an interesting target for antiviral therapy. DENV enters the host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Several cellular receptors have been proposed, and DC-SIGN, present on dendritic cells, is considered as the most important DENV receptor until now. Because DENV entry is a target for antiviral therapy, various classes of compounds have been investigated to inhibit this process. In this paper, an overview is given of all the putative DENV receptors, and the most promising DENV entry inhibitors are discussed.
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Mahalingam A, Geonnotti AR, Balzarini J, Kiser PF. Activity and safety of synthetic lectins based on benzoboroxole-functionalized polymers for inhibition of HIV entry. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2465-75. [PMID: 21879735 DOI: 10.1021/mp2002957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lectins derived from plant and microbial sources constitute a vital class of entry inhibitors that target the oligomannose residues on the HIV envelope gp120. Despite their potency and specificity, success of lectin-based entry inhibitors may be impeded by high manufacturing costs, formulation and potential mitogenicity. Therefore, there exists a gap in the HIV microbicides pipeline that underscores the need for mass producible, synthetic, broad-spectrum, and biocomptabile inhibitors of HIV entry. Here, we present the development of a polymeric synthetic lectin, based on benzoboroxole (BzB), which exhibits weak affinity (∼25 M(-1)) for nonreducing sugars, similar to those found on the HIV envelope. High molecular weight BzB-functionalized polymers demonstrated antiviral activity that increased with an increase in ligand density and molecular weight of the polymer construct, revealing that polyvalency improves activity. Polymers showed significant increase in activity from 25 to 75 mol % BzB functionalization with EC(50) of 15 μM and 15 nM, respectively. A further increase in mole functionalization to 90% resulted in an increase of the EC(50) (59 ± 5 nM). An increase in molecular weight of the polymer at 50 mol % BzB functionalization showed a gradual but significant increase in antiviral activity, with the highest activity seen with the 382 kDa polymer (EC(50) of 1.1 ± 0.5 nM in CEM cells and 11 ± 3 nM in TZM-bl cells). Supplementing the polymer backbone with 10 mol % sulfonic acid not only increased the aqueous solubility of the polymers by at least 50-fold but also demonstrated a synergistic increase in anti-HIV activity (4.0 ± 1.5 nM in TZM-bl cells), possibly due to electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged polymer backbone and the positively charged V3-loop in the gp120. The benzoboroxole-sulfonic acid copolymers showed no decrease in activity in the presence of a seminal concentration of fructose (p > 0.05). Additionally, the copolymers exhibit minimal, if any, effect on the cellular viability, barrier properties, or cytokine levels in human reconstructed ectocervical tissue after 3 days of repeated exposure and did not show pronounced activity against a variety of other RNA and DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu Mahalingam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5820, United States
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Alen MMF, De Burghgraeve T, Kaptein SJF, Balzarini J, Neyts J, Schols D. Broad antiviral activity of carbohydrate-binding agents against the four serotypes of dengue virus in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21658. [PMID: 21738755 PMCID: PMC3128091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC), present in the skin, are the first target cells of dengue virus (DENV). Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is present on DC and recognizes N-glycosylation sites on the E-glycoprotein of DENV. Thus, the DC-SIGN/E-glycoprotein interaction can be considered as an important target for inhibitors of viral replication. We evaluated various carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) against all four described serotypes of DENV replication in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells and in monocyte-derived DC (MDDC). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A dose-dependent anti-DENV activity of the CBAs Hippeastrum hybrid (HHA), Galanthus nivalis (GNA) and Urtica dioica (UDA), but not actinohivin (AH) was observed against all four DENV serotypes as analyzed by flow cytometry making use of anti-DENV antibodies. Remarkably, the potency of the CBAs against DENV in MDDC cultures was significantly higher (up to 100-fold) than in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells. Pradimicin-S (PRM-S), a small-size non-peptidic CBA, exerted antiviral activity in MDDC but not in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells. The CBAs act at an early step of DENV infection as they bind to the viral envelope of DENV and subsequently prevent virus attachment. Only weak antiviral activity of the CBAs was detected when administered after the virus attachment step. The CBAs were also able to completely prevent the cellular activation and differentiation process of MDDC induced upon DENV infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The CBAs exerted broad spectrum antiviral activity against the four DENV serotypes, laboratory-adapted viruses and low passage clinical isolates, evaluated in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells and in primary MDDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M. F. Alen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine De Burghgraeve
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzanne J. F. Kaptein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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