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Ramalan MA, Gezawa ID, Musa BM, Uloko AE, Fakhraddeen YM. Prevalence and trends of adult overweight and obesity in Nigeria - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:1-15. [PMID: 36751817 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1903_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background The prevalence of obesity and its attendant complications are on the increase globally-sub-Saharan Africa inclusive. Obesity confers an increased risk of coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, ischemic stroke, and some cancers. In Nigeria, several individual reports estimate an exponential increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Aim In this study, we aimed to estimate the current prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria through a systematic review and meta-analyses. Materials and Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the prevalence of obesity in Nigeria using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) format following searches on major search engines, performed in PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Africa Journals Online (AJOL), and the WHO African Index Medicus database. Studies on the subject area conducted from the year 2000 to 2018 were included. The forest plot was used to graphically present the results, while confidence interval at 95% was used to display the rates. Results A total of 77 articles on the prevalence of obesity involving 107, 781 individuals were used in the study. We found a pooled estimate of overweight of 26.0% (95% CI: 23.0-29.0) and that of obesity as 15.0% (95% CI: 13.0-16.0). There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of obesity in Nigeria from the study especially among urban dwellers. Conclusion The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Nigeria is high with a rising trend over the years. A Nigerian national health survey of non-communicable diseases especially the burden of overweight/obesity is recommended to through more light on the subject. There is need for concerted effort to tame the tide of rising obesity rates in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ramalan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - I D Gezawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - B M Musa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - A E Uloko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Y M Fakhraddeen
- Department of Medicine, Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
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Comparative Abilities of Fasting Plasma Glucose and Haemoglobin A1c in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome among Apparently Healthy Normoglycemic Ghanaian Adults. Int J Chronic Dis 2019; 2019:2578171. [PMID: 31428625 PMCID: PMC6681621 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2578171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There are arguments as to whether haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) better predicts Metabolic syndrome (MetS) than fasting plasma glucose. The aim of the study was to explore the comparative abilities of HbA1c and Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in predicting cardiometabolic risk among apparently healthy adults in the Tamale metropolis. This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Tamale metropolis from September, 2017, to January, 2018, among one hundred and sixty (160) apparently healthy normoglycemic adults. A self-designed questionnaire was administered to gather sociodemographic data. Anthropometric and haemodynamic data were also taken and blood samples collected for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid profile. MetS was classified using the harmonised criteria as indicated in the joint interim statement (JIS). Out of the 160 participants, 42.5% were males and 57.5% were females. FPG associated better with MetS and other cardiovascular risk markers, compared to HbA1c. FPG had the largest area under curve for predicting MetS and its components. This study shows a stronger association between FPG and MetS compared with haemoglobin A1c; it also provides evidence of a superior ability of FPG over HbA1c in predicting MetS and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes in apparently heathy normoglycemic individuals.
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Wang YJ, Hung KL, Yang JN, Wang TC, Chin CH. Gastric Anatomic Type Is Associated with Obesity and Gender. Obes Facts 2016; 9:221-9. [PMID: 27327512 PMCID: PMC5644865 DOI: 10.1159/000445062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enhance our understanding of the associations among gastric anatomy, obesity, and gender. METHODS 777 randomly selected participants received health checkups, including a series of radiographs of the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGI); the findings were linked with each corresponding subject's gender and BMI. We measured the length, angle, and different portions of the stomach with the subjects in the standing position using radiographs to classify all individuals into anatomic types 1 through 6 based on gastric morphology. The gastric morphology was identified based on the initial UGI examination: 166 follow-up UGI radiographs at 12 ± 1.5 months to evaluate whether the stability of gastric anatomy persisted over time. RESULTS There was a significant difference in anatomic types between females and males (p < 0.001). The proportions of men with certain types (e.g., barium initially pools in a retroflexed fundus) were significantly higher than those of women; these participants were more likely to be overweight/obese (p < 0.001) compared with participants with other anatomic types. Additionally, the proportion of women with gastroptosis was significantly higher than that of men; participants with this type were less likely to be overweight/obese (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Gastric anatomic types were associated with obesity and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Oguoma VM, Nwose EU, Skinner TC, Digban KA, Onyia IC, Richards RS. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among a Nigerian adult population: relationship with income level and accessibility to CVD risks screening. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:397. [PMID: 25925238 PMCID: PMC4415344 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Nigeria, reports on the prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are scarce. In addition, socio-economic status (SES), an important component of the socioeconomic gradient in CVD and its risk factors has not been clearly elucidated. This study sought to assess the prevalence of CVD risk factors and how the difference in prevalence and accessibility to CVD risk screening across income levels and educational backgrounds contributes to disease diagnosis in rural and urban Nigerian adults. METHODS A cross sectional study was carried out on a sociocultural ethnic group of persons living in rural and urban settings. All participants were aged ≥ 18 years. The WHO STEPS questionnaire was used to document the demographics, history of previous medical check-up or screening, anthropometric and biochemical measurements of the participants. Average income level and educational status were indicators used to assess the impact of SES. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess any difference between the geographical locations and SES indicators, and prevalence of CVD risk factors and access to CVD risk screening. RESULTS The 422 participants (273 females and 149 males) [corrected] had mean age (± standard deviation) of 38.3 ± 20.5 and 42.9 ± 20.7 years, respectively. Only total cholesterol (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.005), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (p < 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.03) and average income rate (p = 0.01) showed significant difference between gender groups. Overall prevalence of prediabetes (4.9%), diabetes (5.4%), hypertension (35.7%), low HDL (17.8%), hypertriglyceridemia (23.2%), hypercholesterolemia (38.1%) and central obesity of 52.2% was recorded. Except between total cholesterol (p = 0.042) and HDL (p = 0.017), other CVD risk factors did not show a statistical significance across income levels. Participants with 'university and postgraduate education' had higher access to blood pressure and blood glucose screening compared to other educational groups; and this showed a statistical significance. CONCLUSION This study has shown that a significant number of modifiable CVD risk factors exist in the rural and urban migrants of an adult Nigerian population. While income level did not affect the CVD risk factor prevalence, it did affect accessibility to CVD risk screening. There is a need for access to diagnosis of modifiable risk factors at all levels of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Maduabuchi Oguoma
- School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia.
| | - Ezekiel Uba Nwose
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Public and Community Health, Novena University Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Timothy Chas Skinner
- School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia.
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Ezenwaka CE, Okoye O, Esonwune C, Onuoha P, Dioka C, Osuji C, Oguejiofor C, Meludu S. High Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity Increases the Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome in Nigerian Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Using the International Diabetes Federation Worldwide Definition. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:277-82. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2013.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chidum E. Ezenwaka
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Osita Okoye
- College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
| | - Chibuike Esonwune
- College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
| | - Philip Onuoha
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Chudi Dioka
- College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
| | - Charles Osuji
- College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
| | | | - Samuel Meludu
- College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
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Chukwuonye II, Chuku A, Okpechi IG, Onyeonoro UU, Madukwe OO, Okafor GOC, Ogah OS. Socioeconomic status and obesity in Abia State, South East Nigeria. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2013; 6:371-8. [PMID: 24204167 PMCID: PMC3804570 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s44426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in developed and emerging economies. There is a paucity of data from Nigeria on the association between socioeconomic status and obesity. The aim of this study is to highlight that association in Abia State, South East Nigeria. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional survey in South East Nigeria. Participating subjects were recruited from the three senatorial zones of Abia state. A total of 2,487 adults took part in the study. The subjects were classified based on their monthly income and level of educational attainment (determinants of obesity). Monthly income was classified into three groups: low, middle, and upper income, while educational level was classified into four groups: no formal education, primary, secondary, and tertiary education. Body mass index of subjects was determined and used for defining obesity. Data on blood pressure and other anthropometric measurements were also collected using a questionnaire, modified from the World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. RESULTS Overall, the prevalence of obesity in low, middle, and upper income groups was 12.2%, 16%, and 20%, respectively. The overall prevalence of obesity in individuals with no formal education, primary, secondary, and tertiary education was 6.3%, 14.9%, 10.5%, and 17.7%, respectively. Educational status was found to be significantly associated with obesity in women, but not in men, or in the combined group. However, level of income was observed to be significantly associated with obesity in men, women, and in the combined group. CONCLUSION Sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors are important determinants of obesity in our study population, and therefore may be indirectly linked to the prevalence and the outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abali Chuku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - Ikechi Gareth Okpechi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Okechukwu Samuel Ogah
- Ministry of Health, Nnamdi Azikiwe Secretariat, Umuahia, Nigeria
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Correspondence: Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Ministry of Health, Nnamdi Azikiwe Secretariat, PMB 7215 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria, Tel +234 806 774 7121, Email
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Awobusuyi JO, Kukoyi OO, Ibrahim MA, Atiba M. Indices of kidney damage and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a semiurban community of iloye, South-west Nigeria. Int J Nephrol 2011; 2011:564050. [PMID: 21660309 PMCID: PMC3108107 DOI: 10.4061/2011/564050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Health screening exercises are important, as they enable early detection of diseases in individual subjects and also enable data collection, useful in estimating disease burden in the community. This paper describes the findings of a health screening exercise conducted in a semiurban population of Iloye, by the Rotary Club of Ota, Ogun State, Western Nigeria, as a part of its community-oriented services and projects. Three hundred and twenty six community members were screened during the exercise. There were 189 (57.97%) females and 137 (42.03%) males, with a mean age of 43.5 ± 14.88 yrs. Urinary abnormality and/or creatinine clearance less than 90 mls/min was detected in 147 (45.09%) participants. 99 (30.37%) participants had proteinuria, 16 (4.91%) had haematuria, and 5 (1.53%) participants had both haematuria and proteinuria. Eight (2.45%) participants had GFR less than 60 mls/min. Elevated blood pressure was found in 152 (46.63%), while 3 (0.9%) participants had diabetes, 71 (21.8%) were obese, 16 (4.9%) had hypercholesterolaemia, and 3 (0.9%) had hypertriglyceridaemia. Prevalence of both smoking and alcohol consumption was 6 (1.84%). It was concluded that the prevalence of indices of kidney damage and cardiovascular risk factors is high in Iloye community.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Awobusuyi
- Department of Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, 1-5 Oba Akinjobi Street, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hebebrand
- *Prof. Dr. Johannes Hebebrand Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Duisburg-Essen Virchowstraße 174, 45147 Essen, Germany Tel: +49 201 7227-465, Fax -302
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