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Bender M, Chen IP, Henning S, Degenhardt S, Mhamdi-Ghodbani M, Starzonek C, Volkmer B, Greinert R. Knockdown of Simulated-Solar-Radiation-Sensitive miR-205-5p Does Not Induce Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16428. [PMID: 38003618 PMCID: PMC10671527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation is the main risk factor for cSCC development, yet it is unclear whether the progression of cSCC is promoted by solar radiation in the same way as initial tumorigenesis. Additionally, the role of miRNAs, which exert crucial functions in various tumors, needs to be further elucidated in the context of cSCC progression and connection to solar radiation. Thus, we chronically irradiated five cSCC cell lines (Met-1, Met-4, SCC-12, SCC-13, SCL-II) with a custom-built irradiation device mimicking the solar spectrum (UVB, UVA, visible light (VIS), and near-infrared (IRA)). Subsequently, miRNA expression of 51 cancer-associated miRNAs was scrutinized using a flow cytometric multiplex quantification assay (FirePlex®, Abcam). In total, nine miRNAs were differentially expressed in cell-type-specific as well as universal manners. miR-205-5p was the only miRNA downregulated after SSR-irradiation in agreement with previously gathered data in tissue samples. However, inhibition of miR-205-5p with an antagomir did not affect cell cycle, cell growth, apoptosis, or migration in vitro despite transient upregulation of oncogenic target genes after miR-205-5p knockdown. These results render miR-205-5p an unlikely intracellular effector in cSCC progression. Thus, effects on intercellular communication in cSCC or the simultaneous examination of complementary miRNA sets should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Kliniken Stade-Buxtehude, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany; (M.B.); (I.-P.C.); (S.H.); (M.M.-G.); (C.S.); (B.V.)
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Horton L, Brady J, Kincaid CM, Torres AE, Lim HW. The effects of infrared radiation on the human skin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:549-555. [PMID: 37431693 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infrared radiation (IR) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light (VL) and microwaves, with wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm. Humans are mainly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) and IR through the sun. Unlike UVR which is well known for its carcinogenic properties, the relationship between IR and skin health has not been as extensively studied; as such, we gather the available published evidence here to better elucidate this relationship. METHODS Several databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched for articles relating to infrared radiation and the skin. Articles were selected for their relevance and novelty. RESULTS Detrimental effects such as thermal burns, photocarcinogenesis, and photoaging have been reported, though evidence suggests that these may be due to the thermal effects produced secondary to IR exposure rather than the isolated effect of IR. There are currently no chemical or physical filters specifically available for protection against IR, and existing compounds are not known to have IR-filtering capacity. Interestingly, IR may have some photoprotective properties against the carcinogenic effects of UVR. Furthermore, IR has been used with encouraging results in skin rejuvenation, wound healing, and hair restoration when given at an appropriate therapeutic dose. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the current landscape of research surrounding IR can help illuminate its effects on the skin and highlight areas for further research. Here, we review relevant data on IR to assess its deleterious and beneficial effects on human skin, along with possible means for IR photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Horton
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joshua Brady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Colin M Kincaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Angeli Eloise Torres
- Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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3
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Tanha A, Rabiee M, Rostami A, Ahmadi S. A green-based approach for noninvasive skin rejuvenation: Potential application of hyaluronic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116467. [PMID: 37343757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Gradually, loss of skin elasticity and elastic properties occurs after 30 years of age and will be associated with several changes, including creating wrinkles, skin laxity (sagging skin), and skin blemishes. In general, people all over the world are looking for ways to keep their facial skin young over time. There are several strategies to skin rejuvenate, including invasive and non-invasive methods. However, invasive methods have less popularity than non-invasive methods due to their need for specialist physicians (medical expertise), localized neuropathic pains for patients, the prevalence and incidence of skin infections, and high-cost clinical services. In the meantime, skin hydration is one of the simplest non-invasive methods for skin rejuvenation, and HA, with anti-aging and skin collagen-stimulating properties, has been introduced as a natural skin moisturizing agent. Therefore, since this composition maintains facial skin moisture and radiance, and improves its elasticity, it has always been considered by experts and specialist physicians. On the other hand, due to its lipophilic properties, hydrophilic macromolecules containing HA cannot pass through the stratum corneum. However, they have temporary and superficial softening effects on the skin. Hence, some nanocarriers have been suggested to overcome this problem and develop the properties and positive influences of HA on skin rejuvenation. Therefore, the present study aimed to introduce some new non-invasive approaches in facial skin rejuvenation, including applying liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and ionic liquids, to transport HA into the inner and deeper layers of the skin, including Dermis. In this review article, we examine non-invasive methods using nanoparticles to deliver HA to the epidermis and dermis of the skin for skin rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirabas Tanha
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azin Rostami
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Tanaka S, Sakaue H, Koiwai T, Okuda N, Okuyama K, Horioka Y, Hiramatsu Y, Kawashima M, Ishiguro N, Sato T. Near-infrared radiation causes sebaceous gland enlargement along with an ROS-dependent augmentation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in hamsters. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1717-1724. [PMID: 37401827 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
As near-infrared radiation (NIR), which is a composition of sunlight with an 780-1400 nm wavelength, is associated with skin aging such as wrinkles and slacks, the biological actions of NIR with high dermal penetration remains unclear. In the present study, we found that NIR irradiation (40 J/cm2 ) at different levels of irradiance (95-190 mW/cm2 ) using a laboratory device with a xenon flash lamp (780-1700 nm) caused sebaceous gland enlargement concomitantly with skin thickening in the auricle skin of hamsters. The sebaceous gland enlargement resulted from the proliferation of sebocytes due to an increase in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)- and lamin B1-positive cells in vivo. In addition, NIR irradiation transcriptionally augmented the production of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) accompanied with an increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in hamster sebocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the administration of hydrogen peroxide increased the level of EGFR mRNA in the sebocytes. Therefore, these results provide novel evidence that NIR irradiation causes the hyperplasia of sebaceous glands in hamsters by mechanisms in which EGFR production is transcriptionally augmented through ROS-dependent pathways in sebocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakaue
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Koiwai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Okuda
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuki Okuyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Kawashima
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Ishiguro
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Aguilera J, Gracia-Cazaña T, Gilaberte Y. New developments in sunscreens. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2473-2482. [PMID: 37543534 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Topical sunscreen application is one of the most important photoprotection tool to prevent sun damaging effects in human skin at the short and long term. Although its efficacy and cosmeticity have significantly improved in recent years, a better understanding of the biological and clinical effects of longer wavelength radiation, such as long ultraviolet A (UVA I) and blue light, has driven scientists and companies to search for effective and safe filters and substances to protect against these newly identified forms of radiation. New technologies have sought to imbue sunscreen with novel properties, such as the reduction of calorific radiation. Cutaneous penetration by sunscreens can also be reduced using hydrogels or nanocrystals that envelop the filters, or by binding filters to nanocarriers such as alginate microparticles, cyclodextrins, and methacrylate polymers. Finally, researchers have looked to nature as a source of healthier products, such as plant products (e.g., mycosporines, scytonemin, and various flavonoids) and even fungal and bacterial melanin, which could potentially be used as substitutes or enhancers of current filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Zaragossa, Spain.
- University of Zaragoza, University of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Zaragossa, Spain
- University of Zaragoza, University of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Cotton Woven Fabrics as Protective Polymer Materials against Solar Radiation in the Range of 210-1200 nm. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051310. [PMID: 36904551 PMCID: PMC10007099 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposed paper describes the influence of woven fabric constructional parameters (type of weave, relative fabric density) and colouration (obtained by eco-friendly dyeing) on the solar transmittance of cotton woven fabrics in the range of 210-1200 nm. The cotton woven fabrics in their raw state were prepared according to Kienbaum's setting theory, at three levels of relative fabric density and three levels of the weave factor, and then exposed to the dyeing process with natural dyestuffs (beetroot, walnut leaves). After ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared (UV/VIS/IRA) solar transmittance and reflection in the range of 210-1200 nm were recorded, the influence of the fabric construction and colouration were analysed. The guidelines for fabric constructor were proposed. The results show that the walnut-coloured satin samples at the third level of relative fabric density provide the best solar protection in the whole solar spectrum. All the tested eco-friendly dyed fabrics offer good solar protection, while only raw satin fabric at the third level of relative fabric density can be classified as solar protective material with even better protection in IRA region than some coloured samples.
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7
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Farris PK, Valacchi G. Ultraviolet Light Protection: Is It Really Enough? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1484. [PMID: 36009203 PMCID: PMC9405175 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the pathogenesis of skin aging includes the role of ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared, pollution, cigarette smoke and other environmental exposures. The mechanism of action common to these exposures is the disruption of the cellular redox balance by the directly or indirectly increased formation of reactive oxygen species that overwhelm the intrinsic antioxidant defense system, resulting in an oxidative stress condition. Altered redox homeostasis triggers downstream pathways that contribute to tissue oxinflammation (cross-talk between inflammation and altered redox status) and accelerate skin aging. In addition, both ultraviolet light and pollution increase intracellular free iron that catalyzes reactive oxygen species generation via the Fenton reaction. This disruption of iron homeostasis within the cell further promotes oxidative stress and contributes to extrinsic skin aging. More recent studies have demonstrated that iron chelators can be used topically and can enhance the benefits of topically applied antioxidants. Thus, an updated, more comprehensive approach to environmental or atmospheric aging protection should include sun protective measures, broad spectrum sunscreens, antioxidants, chelating agents, and DNA repair enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K. Farris
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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8
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Phenylene Bis-Diphenyltriazine (TriAsorB), a new sunfilter protecting the skin against both UVB + UVA and blue light radiations. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1475-1486. [PMID: 34643936 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight induces actinic keratosis, skin cancers and photoaging. Photoprotection is thus a major issue in public health to prevent the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiations. Recent data have shown that the visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) radiations can lead to skin damage by oxidative stress, suggesting that a balanced protection across the entire spectrum of sunlight is necessary to prevent cutaneous alterations. In this context, we developed a new generation of sunfilter called Phenylene Bis-Diphenyltriazine or TriAsorB (CAS N°55514-22-2). The aim of the present study was to assess the photoprotective efficacy of TriAsorB from UV to IR light. Spectrophotometric assays were performed to measure absorption and reflectance of TriAsorB in the different spectral ranges of sunlight: UV, VIS including blue light or high energy visible (HEV) and IR. DNA damage was evaluated using reconstructed human epidermis (RHE): 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) in response to HEV exposure, pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts following solar-simulated radiation (SSR). TriAsorB is a broad spectrum UVB + UVA filter including long UVA. Interestingly, it also absorbs VIS radiations, especially in the HEV region. These radiations are also reflected. Protection in the IR spectral range is weak. Furthermore, the sunfilter specifically protects the skin against the oxidative lesions 8OHdG induced by HEV and prevents SSR-induced DNA damage. Thus, TriAsorB is an innovative sunfilter that might be used in sun care products for skin photoprotection from UV to VIS radiations. Finally, it prevents sunlight genotoxicity and protected the skin against solar radiations, especially blue light.
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How does the skin sense sun light? An integrative view of light sensing molecules. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Furukawa JY, Martinez RM, Morocho-Jácome AL, Castillo-Gómez TS, Pereda-Contreras VJ, Rosado C, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. Skin impacts from exposure to ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and artificial lights - a review. J COSMET LASER THER 2021; 23:1-7. [PMID: 34669525 DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2021.1950767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Social distancing is conducive to grow the impact of artificial light in the daily life of the worldwide population with reported consequences to the skin. Sunlight is also essential for human development, indeed, solar radiation is composed of different types of wavelengths, which generate different skin effects. It can be divided into ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), and visible. UV radiation (UVA and UVB) has cutaneous biological effects ranging from photoaging, immunosuppression to melanoma formation, through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and elevation of the energy state of organic molecules, changing the DNA structure. IR radiation reaches deeper layers of the skin and is also related to the generation of ROS, photoaging and erythema while visible light is responsible for generating ROS, pigmentation, cytokine formation, and matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs). Furthermore, artificial light could be harmful to the skin, as it can generate ROS, hyperpigmentation, and stimulate photoaging. Currently, we briefly summarized the cutaneous biological effects of sunlight, as well as artificial light on skin and remarked the opportunity of the evolution of current photoprotective formulas through new strategies with broad spectrum protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Yuka Furukawa
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Renata Miliani Martinez
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucía Morocho-Jácome
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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11
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Shimizu S, Aoki A, Takahashi T, Harano F. Infrared-A Irradiation-induced Inhibition of Human Keratinocyte Proliferation and Potential Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1105-1115. [PMID: 32118302 PMCID: PMC7586992 DOI: 10.1111/php.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infrared-A (IRA), which can penetrate deeply into the human skin, is a major component of solar radiation and is recognized to promote photoaging of human dermis. To our knowledge, however, the cellular and molecular consequences of human epidermis exposure to IRA have not been clarified. Thus, we investigated whether IRA inhibits the proliferation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). IRA irradiation ed in cell cycle arrest at G1 and a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation of NHEKs. We found that mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was initially inactivated during IRA irradiation due to the formation of stress granules (SGs), and this inactivation was maintained for at least 6 h after irradiation due to Akt dephosphorylation. Furthermore, repeated exposure of human skin equivalents to IRA led to marked thinning of the epidermal cell layer. In conclusion, IRA irradiation inhibits mTORC1 activity possibly through two molecular mechanisms involving SG formation in the early-phase and subsequent Akt dephosphorylation. This sequential mechanism seems to cause G1 cell cycle arrest and a reduction in cell proliferation, supporting the hypothesis that the decreased proliferation of basal keratinocytes that occurs during skin aging might be partly attributable to IRA radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syota Shimizu
- Nutraceuticals DivisionOtsu Skin Care Research InstituteOtsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.OtsuJapan
| | - Akihiro Aoki
- Nutraceuticals DivisionOtsu Skin Care Research InstituteOtsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.OtsuJapan
| | - Takuya Takahashi
- Nutraceuticals DivisionOtsu Skin Care Research InstituteOtsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.OtsuJapan
| | - Fumiki Harano
- Nutraceuticals DivisionOtsu Skin Care Research InstituteOtsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.OtsuJapan
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12
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Silver FH, Deshmukh T, Benedetto D, Kelkar N. Mechano-vibrational spectroscopy of skin: Are changes in collagen and vascular tissue components early signs of basal cell carcinoma formation? Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:227-233. [PMID: 32696597 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modulus and resonant frequency of cancer cells and extracellular matrix are increased in both basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, and in addition, the collagen stiffness is increased. The organization of the extracellular matrix surrounding cancer cells is clearly different than the extracellular matrix that is seen in normal skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have used vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT) to measure the resonant frequency and stiffness of collagen, vascular, and reorganized fibrous extracellular matrix components. Measurements of vessels and fibrotic collagen content made on basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are compared to similar measurements made on normal skin from different anatomical locations. RESULTS Lesions with basal cell carcinomas exhibit characteristic resonant frequencies and moduli of reorganized extracellular matrix characteristic of fibrotic tissue. Cancerous lesions are characterized by dermal collagen (100 Hz), vascular (150 Hz), and fibrotic peaks (200-230 Hz). The fibrotic peak is not found in areas of normal skin. CONCLUSIONS Based on this pilot study, it is hypothesized inflammation may promote precancerous lesion formation in the surrounding extracellular matrix. Measurement of the increases in vaculature and fibrotic content may be useful in early detection of BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick H Silver
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,OptoVibronex, LLC, Mount Bethel, PA, USA
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13
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Schleusener J, Schanzer S, Wille C, Langen V, Richter H, Lademann J, Meinke MC. Electrohydrodynamic spray applicator for homogenous application and reduced overspray of sunscreen. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:191-200. [PMID: 32686864 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recommended amount of sunscreen by hand application (2 mg/cm2 ) is in reality not achieved, which decreases the homogeneity and thereby the effective sun protection factor (SPF). MATERIALS AND METHODS The homogeneity of sunscreen applied by a newly developed spray applicator using an electrostatically charged aerosol, for which a hand rubbing of the formulation is not necessary, is evaluated. In vivo experiments were performed on the volar forearms of human volunteers using the spray applicator compared to the standardized hand application according to ISO 24444. RESULTS The distribution homogeneity was assessed qualitatively using in vivo laser scanning microscopy and quantitatively by absorption spectroscopy after tape stripping and by the standard deviation of multiple spatially displaced reflectance measurements for non-invasive SPF determination below the minimal erythemal dose, which showed a significantly higher homogeneity by 20.9% after spray application compared to hand application. CONCLUSION Non-invasive SPF determination of multiple spatially displaced reflectance measurements was proven to be a suitable method for the non-invasive determination of the sunscreen distribution homogeneity. Electrostatically charged spray application increased the sunscreen distribution homogeneity on the skin and can reduce the amount of overspray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Schanzer
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Richter
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Sunscreens are an important tool used to protect the skin against harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Many different formulations of sunscreen exist today, which can be confusing to the consumer. In this article, we highlight and address many sunscreen myths that exist today including the benefits of higher SPF sunscreen, use of sunscreen in darker skin types, and the effects of sunscreen on vitamin D production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amor Khachemoune
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and State University of New, York, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Bielfeldt S, Klette E, Rohr M, Herzog B, Grumelard J, Hanay C, Heinrich U, Hansen P, Kockott D, Lademann J, Mendrok-Edinger C, Peters S, Rudolph T, Schläger T, Tronnier H, Wiechers S, Zastrow L, Pflücker F. Multicenter methodology comparison of the FDA and ISO standard for measurement of in vitro UVA protection of sunscreen products. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 189:185-192. [PMID: 30390525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro standard methods are available and accepted worldwide to assess UVA protection of sunscreen products. Though, harmonisation of methods has made progress in the last decade, still two differing methods - one by FDA the other by ISO - are in use. In a multicentre study including 9 centres in Germany, 4 different commercial sunscreen products were assessed using both methods to discover their similarities and differences. UVA protection factor and Critical Wavelength were detected at various substrate type (sandblasted versus moulded PMMA plates), at different surface roughness of the plates as well as at different product application dose using two different irradiation spectra. Results: The strongest influence on UVA protection factor results from the surface roughness of the plates. Depending on the roughness (accepted range of 2 to 7 μm in the FDA method) a variability in the UVA protection factor of up to 25% was observed, while the much narrower definition of plate roughness by ISO (4.5 to 5.2 μm) had no relevant influence on the test results. Sandblasted plates in our assessment led to higher UVA protection factors and produced less scattered results compared to moulded plates. These differences were not pronounced. Application dose and spectra of the irradiation source were of negligible influence on UVA protection factor results for the investigated UV-filter combinations. The UVA protection factor which is the endpoint of the ISO method was found to be a parameter with a high potential to differentiate among different test products. The endpoint of the FDA method - the Critical Wavelength - was found to be an unambitious endpoint. Insensitivity to all described modifications of the method was observed. All investigated products performed similar and passed the Critical Wavelength criteria independent of method and parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bielfeldt
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; proDERM GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - E Klette
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany
| | - M Rohr
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; Institute Dr. Schrader, Holzminden, Germany
| | - B Herzog
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; BASF Grenzach GmbH, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany
| | - J Grumelard
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; BASF Grenzach GmbH, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany
| | - C Hanay
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; Similasan AG, Jonen, Switzerland
| | - U Heinrich
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; DermaTronnier, Witten, Germany
| | - P Hansen
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; Stada, Bald Vilbel, Germany
| | - D Kockott
- UV Technik Dr. Kockott, Hanau, Germany
| | - J Lademann
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - S Peters
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; Symrise AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Rudolph
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; DSM Nutritional Products AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - H Tronnier
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; DermaTronnier, Witten, Germany
| | | | - L Zastrow
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany
| | - F Pflücker
- Working Group "Sun Protection" of the German Society of Cosmetic Chemists (DGK e.V.), Germany; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Langton AK, Alessi S, Hann M, Chien ALL, Kang S, Griffiths CEM, Watson REB. Aging in Skin of Color: Disruption to Elastic Fiber Organization Is Detrimental to Skin's Biomechanical Function. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:779-788. [PMID: 30404021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process involving the additive effects of time-dependent intrinsic aging and changes elicited via skin's interaction with the environment. Maintaining optimal skin function is essential for healthy aging across global populations; yet most research focuses on lightly pigmented skin (Fitzpatrick phototypes I-III), with little emphasis on skin of color (Fitzpatrick phototypes V-VI). Here, we explore the biomechanical and histologic consequences of aging in black African-American volunteers. We found that healthy young buttock and dorsal forearm skin was biomechanically resilient, highly elastic, and characterized histologically by strong interdigitation of rete ridges, abundant organized fibrillar collagen, and plentiful arrays of elastic fibers. In contrast, intrinsically aged buttock skin was significantly less resilient, less elastic, and was accompanied by effacement of rete ridges with reduced deposition of both elastic fibers and fibrillar collagens. In chronically photoexposed dorsal forearm, significant impairment of all biomechanical functions was identified, with complete flattening of rete ridges and marked depletion of elastic fibers and fibrillar collagens. We conclude that in skin of color, both intrinsic aging and photoaging significantly impact skin function and composition, despite the additional photoprotective properties of increased melanin. Improved public health advice regarding the consequences of chronic photoexposure and the importance of multimodal photoprotection use for all is of global significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Kate Langton
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Sabrina Alessi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Hann
- Centre for Biostatistics, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Lien-Lun Chien
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sewon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Ernest Maitland Griffiths
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Elizabeth Beatrice Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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17
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Sondenheimer K, Krutmann J. Novel Means for Photoprotection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:162. [PMID: 29896475 PMCID: PMC5986962 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to changes in human lifestyle (expanded sunbathing, the use of solaria, etc.) and, most importantly, increasing lifetime and thus higher cumulative exposure to solar radiation, skin aging and skin cancer have become major health issues. As a consequence effective photoprotection is of outmost importance to humans. In this regard a lot has been learned in the past about the cellular and molecular basis underlying ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin damage and, based on this knowledge, numerous skin protective approaches including organic and inorganic UV-filters, but also topically applicable antioxidants, DNA repair enzymes and compatible solutes as well as oral photoprotective strategies based on nutritional supplements have been developed. A new aspect is here that sun protection of human skin might even be possible after solar radiation-induced skin damage has occurred. A second, very important development was prompted by the discovery that also wavelengths beyond the UV spectrum can damage human skin. These include the blue light region of visible light (VIS) as well as the near infrared range (IRA) and corresponding sunprotection strategies have thus recently been or are still being developed. In this article we will provide a state of the art summary of these two novel developments and, at the end, we will also critically discuss strengths and weaknesses of the current attempts, which mainly focus on the prevention of skin damage by selected wavelengths but greatly ignore the possibility that wavelengths might interfere with each other. Such combined effects, however, need to be taken into account if photoprotection of human skin is intended to be global in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sondenheimer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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McDaniel D, Farris P, Valacchi G. Atmospheric skin aging-Contributors and inhibitors. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 17:124-137. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David McDaniel
- McDaniel Laser and Cosmetic Center and McDaniel Institute of Anti-Aging Research; Virginia Beach VA USA
- Hampton University Skin of Color Research Institute; Hampton VA USA
- School of Science; Hampton University; Hampton VA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA USA
| | - Patricia Farris
- Department of Dermatology at Tulane University; New Orleans LA USA
- Old Metairie Dermatology; Metairie LA USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute; Department of Animal Sciences; NC State University; Kannapolis NC USA
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
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19
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de Gálvez MV, Aguilera J, Sánchez-Roldán C, Herrera-Ceballos E. Infrared radiation increases skin damage induced by other wavelengths in solar urticaria. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2018; 32:284-290. [PMID: 27622861 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodermatoses are typically investigated by analyzing the individual or combined effects of ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), and visible light using light sources that simulate portions of the solar spectrum. Infrared radiation (IRR), however, accounts for 53% of incident solar radiation, but its effects are not taken into account in standard phototest protocols. AIMS The aim was to analyze the effects of IRR, alone and combined with UVA and visible light on solar urticaria lesions, with a distinction between infrared A (IRA) and infrared B (IRB). METHODS We performed standard phototests with UVA and visible light in four patients with solar urticaria and also tested the effects after blocking IRB with a water filter. To analyze the direct effect of IRR, we performed phototests with IRA and IRB. RESULTS Initial standard phototests that were all positive found the induction of erythema and whealing, while when IRR was blocked from the UVA and visible light sources, three of the patients developed no lesions, while the fourth developed a very small wheal. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IRR has the potential to produce and exacerbate lesions caused by other types of radiation. Consideration of these effects during phototesting could help prevent diagnostic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria de Gálvez
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Roldán
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrera-Ceballos
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Dermatology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
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20
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Rojo de la Vega M, Krajisnik A, Zhang DD, Wondrak GT. Targeting NRF2 for Improved Skin Barrier Function and Photoprotection: Focus on the Achiote-Derived Apocarotenoid Bixin. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121371. [PMID: 29258247 PMCID: PMC5748821 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2) orchestrates major cellular defense mechanisms including phase-II detoxification, inflammatory signaling, DNA repair, and antioxidant response. Recent studies strongly suggest a protective role of NRF2-mediated gene expression in the suppression of cutaneous photodamage induced by solar UV (ultraviolet) radiation. The apocarotenoid bixin, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved natural food colorant (referred to as ‘annatto’) originates from the seeds of the achiote tree native to tropical America, consumed by humans since ancient times. Use of achiote preparations for skin protection against environmental insult and for enhanced wound healing has long been documented. We have recently reported that (i) bixin is a potent canonical activator of the NRF2-dependent cytoprotective response in human skin keratinocytes; that (ii) systemic administration of bixin activates NRF2 with protective effects against solar UV-induced skin damage; and that (iii) bixin-induced suppression of photodamage is observable in Nrf2+/+ but not in Nrf2−/− SKH-1 mice confirming the NRF2-dependence of bixin-induced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, bixin displays molecular activities as sacrificial antioxidant, excited state quencher, PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) α/γ agonist, and TLR (Toll-like receptor) 4/NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) antagonist, all of which might be relevant to the enhancement of skin barrier function and environmental stress protection. Potential skin photoprotection and photochemoprevention benefits provided by topical application or dietary consumption of this ethno-pharmacologically validated phytochemical originating from the Americas deserves further preclinical and clinical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Rojo de la Vega
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Andrea Krajisnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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21
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Wilczyński S, Deda A, Koprowski R, Banyś A, Błońska-Fajfrowska B. The Use of Directional Reflectance Measurement for in vivo Assessment of Protective Properties of Cosmetics in the Infrared Radiation Range. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1303-1311. [PMID: 28471503 DOI: 10.1111/php.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoprotection of skin is now focused on UV radiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo cosmetic products in terms of protection against infrared radiation (IR) and propose a methodology for conducting such measurements. The directional reflectance (DR) of 12 UV filters, six care creams and two preparations containing fumed silica applied on the forearm of 36 volunteers was examined in six spectral bands for two angles of incidence. SOC-410 Directional Hemispherical Reflectometer was used to measure DR. There is very little change in DR for all spectral bands for both incident angles for both UV filters, care creams and preparations containing fumed silica. For example, for 15% of fumed silica in glycerin for the spectral band of 0.9-1.1 μm and the incident angle of 20°, skin DR prior to application was 0.543; 5 min after application was 0.533 and 30 min after application was 0.559. Both UV filters, care creams and fumed silica do not protect skin against IR. The proposed method of in vivo measurements is superior to in vitro studies which have been conducted so far because it takes into account both the refractive index at the tissue/air interface and the absorption of IR by adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wilczyński
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Deda
- Department of Skin Structural Studies, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Robert Koprowski
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Computer Science, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Banyś
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Barbara Błońska-Fajfrowska
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
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22
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Abstract
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet light, particularly as a component of natural sunlight, is a major cause of environmentally induced aging of the skin. In addition, other environmental factors for premature skin aging include longer wavelength radiation in the visible light region and in particular in the shortwave infrared radiation region. Furthermore, particulate and gaseous components of air pollution significantly contribute to the aging process.
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23
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Dos Santos-Silva MA, Trajano ETL, Schanuel FS, Monte-Alto-Costa A. Heat delays skin wound healing in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:258-266. [PMID: 27798118 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216675066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo studies have shown that the combination of infrared radiation (IR) and visible light (VIS) is responsible for the activation of metaloproteinases, causing matrix degradation and damage to healthy skin. However, the role of heat originating from the VIS spectrum on wound healing remains poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate the macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical effects of heat induced by visible light on cutaneous wound healing in mice. Male mice were anesthetized, subjected to a cutaneous excisional wound and divided into two groups ( n = 10/group) exposed to 23℃ or 43℃ in a thermal chamber for 30 min every other day, for 13 days. On day 14, the animals were sacrificed, and their lesions were processed for histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and protein expression analysis. The wound area was 42% greater 11 days ( p < 0.01) and 29% greater 14 days ( p < 0.001) after wounding in the 43℃ group than in the 23℃ group. The 43℃ group presented a lower (17%) percentage of reepithelialized wounds ( p < 0.001) 14 days after wounding. The length of the epidermal gap was greater in the 43℃ group ( p < 0.01). The volume density of myofibroblasts and the number of F4/80-positive macrophages was greater in the 43℃ group ( p < 0.05). The 43℃ group showed increased protein expression of type III collagen ( p < 0.001), decreased protein expression of type I collagen ( p < 0.05), increased MMP-1 expression ( p < 0.05), and decreased MMP-2 activity ( p < 0.001). The protein expression of fibrillin-1 ( p < 0.001), MMP-12 ( p < 0.05), TGF-β 1/2/3 ( p < 0.01) and ERK activation ( p < 0.05) was increased in the 43℃ group. Our results suggest that heat delays the stages of wound healing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Tavares Lima Trajano
- 2 Laboratory Biomorphology and Experimental Pathology, Severino Sombra University (USS), Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro 27700-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Seabra Schanuel
- 1 Tissue Repair Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monte-Alto-Costa
- 1 Tissue Repair Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil
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24
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Zöller N, König A, Butting M, Kaufmann R, Bernd A, Valesky E, Kippenberger S. Water-filtered near-infrared influences collagen synthesis of keloid-fibroblasts in contrast to normal foreskin fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 163:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Nutrition has long been associated with skin health, including all of its possible aspects from beauty to its integrity and even the aging process. Multiple pathways within skin biology are associated with the onset and clinical course of various common skin diseases, such as acne, atopic dermatitis, aging, or even photoprotection. These conditions have been shown to be critically affected by nutritional patterns and dietary interventions where well-documented studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of essential nutrients on impaired skin structural and functional integrity and have restored skin appearance and health. Although the subject could be vast, the intention of this review is to provide the most relevant and the most well-documented information on the role of nutrition in common skin conditions and its impact on skin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Pappas
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, USA.
| | - Aikaterini Liakou
- Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 'Attikon' Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
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26
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Cassano P, Petrie SR, Hamblin MR, Henderson TA, Iosifescu DV. Review of transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: targeting brain metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:031404. [PMID: 26989758 PMCID: PMC4777909 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.3.031404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the use of near-infrared and red radiation (photobiomodulation, PBM) for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). While still experimental, preliminary data on the use of PBM for brain disorders are promising. PBM is low-cost with potential for wide dissemination; further research on PBM is sorely needed. We found clinical and preclinical studies via PubMed search (2015), using the following keywords: "near-infrared radiation," "NIR," "low-level light therapy," "low-level laser therapy," or "LLLT" plus "depression." We chose clinically focused studies and excluded studies involving near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, we used PubMed to find articles that examine the link between PBM and relevant biological processes including metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis. Studies suggest the processes aforementioned are potentially effective targets for PBM to treat depression. There is also clinical preliminary evidence suggesting the efficacy of PBM in treating MDD, and comorbid anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation, and traumatic brain injury. Based on the data collected to date, PBM appears to be a promising treatment for depression that is safe and well-tolerated. However, large randomized controlled trials are still needed to establish the safety and effectiveness of this new treatment for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cassano
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Depression Clinical and Research Program, One Bowdoin Square, 6th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Paolo Cassano, E-mail:
| | - Samuel R. Petrie
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Depression Clinical and Research Program, One Bowdoin Square, 6th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Dermatology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Theodore A. Henderson
- Synaptic Space, 3979 East Arapahoe Road, Littleton, Colorado 80122, United States
- Neuro-Laser Foundation, Suite 420, 215 South Wadsworth, Lakewood, Colorado 80226, United States
| | - Dan V. Iosifescu
- Mount Sinai Medical School, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Mount Sinai Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, United States
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27
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Endogenous Generation of Singlet Oxygen and Ozone in Human and Animal Tissues: Mechanisms, Biological Significance, and Influence of Dietary Components. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2398573. [PMID: 27042259 PMCID: PMC4799824 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2398573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that exposing antibodies or amino acids to singlet oxygen results in the formation of ozone (or an ozone-like oxidant) and hydrogen peroxide and that human neutrophils produce both singlet oxygen and ozone during bacterial killing. There is also mounting evidence that endogenous singlet oxygen production may be a common occurrence in cells through various mechanisms. Thus, the ozone-producing combination of singlet oxygen and amino acids might be a common cellular occurrence. This paper reviews the potential pathways of formation of singlet oxygen and ozone in vivo and also proposes some new pathways for singlet oxygen formation. Physiological consequences of the endogenous formation of these oxidants in human tissues are discussed, as well as examples of how dietary factors may promote or inhibit their generation and activity.
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28
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Diffey B, Cadars B. An appraisal of the need for infrared radiation protection in sunscreens. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:361-4. [PMID: 26846677 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00451a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many sunscreens incorporate agents that are said to protect against infrared (IR) damage in the skin but we lack any real data on their benefit in the context of normal human behaviour in the sun. The object of this study was to examine typical IR exposure levels to the sun and industrial sources in order to decide whether there is a need for sunscreens to contain agents that protect against IR radiation, specifically the IR-A waveband. We reviewed claims currently made by products offering protection against IR-A and studies on the biological and clinical effects attributed to IR-A, and compared IR-A exposure levels from these studies with those typically received from the sun and from industrial sources. We found that annual levels of IR-A exposure resulting from typical behaviour in the sun are commensurate with those experienced occupationally by workers exposed to industrial sources of IR, such as steel and glass furnaces. Yet these workers appear to suffer little in the way of chronic skin damage. We conclude that there is not compelling evidence to demonstrate that observable, deleterious cutaneous effects are occurring at doses of solar IR radiation corresponding to those experienced by populations in their normal environments and for this reason we believe it is premature to incorporate IR protection into topical sunscreens and to make claims related to ageing of the skin that consumers may expect to see.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences, University of Newcastle, UK.
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Ammar HO, Ghorab MM, Mostafa DM, Ibrahim ES. Folic acid loaded lipid nanocarriers with promoted skin antiaging and antioxidant efficacy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Lademann J, Richter H, Knorr F, Patzelt A, Darvin M, Rühl E, Cheung K, Lai K, Renneberg R, Mak W. Triggered release of model drug from AuNP-doped BSA nanocarriers in hair follicles using IRA radiation. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:388-396. [PMID: 26621698 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of dermatotherapy have resulted in research efforts focusing on the use of particle-based drug delivery systems for the stimuli-responsive release of drugs in the skin and skin appendages, i.e. hair follicles and sebaceous glands. However, effective and innocuous trigger mechanisms which result in the release of the drugs from the nanocarriers upon reaching the target structures are still lacking. For the first time, the present study demonstrated the photo-activated release of the model drug fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) from topically applied gold nanoparticle-doped bovine serum albumin (AuNPs-doped BSA) particles (approx. 545nm) using water-filtered infrared A (IRA) radiation in the hair follicles of an ex vivo porcine skin model. The IRA radiation-induced plasmonic heating of the AuNPs results in the partial decomposition or opening of the albumin particles and release the model drug, while control particles without AuNPs show insignificant release. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using IRA radiation to induce release of encapsulated drugs from plasmonic nanocarriers for the targeting of follicular structures. However, the risk of radiation-induced skin damage subsequent to repeated applications of high infrared dosages may be significant. Future studies should aim at determining the suitability of lower infrared A dosages, such as for medical treatment regimens which may necessitate repeated exposure to therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Follicular targeting using nanocarriers is of increasing importance in the prophylaxis and treatment of dermatological or other diseases. For the first time, the present study demonstrated the photo-activated release of the model drug fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) from topically applied gold nanoparticle-doped bovine serum albumin (AuNPs-doped BSA) particles using water-filtered infrared A (IRA) radiation in the hair follicles of an ex vivo porcine skin model. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using wIRA radiation to induce release of encapsulated drugs for the targeting of follicular structures, and provide a new vision on the development of optically addressable delivery systems for controlled release of drugs in the skin and skin appendages, i.e. hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
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Kaur S, Kizoulis M, Fantasia J, Oddos T, Bigot N, Galera P, Tucker-Samaras S, Leyden JJ, Southall MD. 4-Hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol, a nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, improves photodamaged skin and clinical signs of ageing in a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:218-26. [PMID: 25752195 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is a key mediator of inflammation; however, few studies have examined the direct effects of NF-κB inhibition on the skin. OBJECTIVES To investigate NF-κB activity in cultured human fibroblasts and to investigate the effects of 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol (an NF-κB inhibitor) on elastin and collagen gene expression in vitro and on the clinical appearance of photodamaged skin. METHODS The amount and activity of NF-κB in human fibroblasts obtained from donors (17-78 years old) was measured after transfection with a NF-κB reporter and a luciferase promoter system. The expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Women with moderate skin photodamage were randomized to daily treatment with a topical lotion containing 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol (n = 30) or vehicle (n = 29) for 8 weeks, with clinical assessments at baseline and weeks 2, 4 and 8. RESULTS Fibroblasts obtained from donors older than 50 years had higher NF-κB activity compared with cells from younger donors; inhibition of the NF-κB pathway with 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol enhanced the expression of ECM genes. In women, treatment for 8 weeks with 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol significantly improved crow's feet fine lines, cheek wrinkles, age spots, mottled pigmentation and radiance compared with both the vehicle and baseline. Furthermore, treatment with 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol resulted in a twofold greater clinical improvement in overall photodamage compared with the vehicle group. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of the proinflammatory NF-κB pathway resulted in increased expression of ECM proteins in vitro and significant clinical improvement in photodamaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaur
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
| | - M Kizoulis
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
| | - J Fantasia
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
| | - T Oddos
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., Val de Reuil, France
| | - N Bigot
- Laboratoire Microenvironnement Cellulaire et Pathologies, (MILPAT) EA 4652, SFR ICORE 146 UCBN, UFR de Médecine, CHU Niveau 3, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14032 CAEN, Cedex, France
| | - P Galera
- Laboratoire Microenvironnement Cellulaire et Pathologies, (MILPAT) EA 4652, SFR ICORE 146 UCBN, UFR de Médecine, CHU Niveau 3, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14032 CAEN, Cedex, France
| | - S Tucker-Samaras
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
| | - J J Leyden
- University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, U.S.A
| | - M D Southall
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
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Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Krutmann J. Effective Photoprotection of Human Skin against Infrared A Radiation by Topically Applied Antioxidants: Results from a Vehicle Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Study. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:248-50. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Marini
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Thomas Jaenicke
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
- Medical Faculty, Deanery of Medicine; University of Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
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Alonso C, Rubio L, Touriño S, Martí M, Barba C, Fernández-Campos F, Coderch L, Parra JL. Antioxidative effects and percutaneous absorption of five polyphenols. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:149-55. [PMID: 25041725 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy was designed to evaluate the antioxidant effectiveness of five topically applied polyphenols following skin penetration profiles. The antioxidants were the following polyphenol derivatives: epicatechin, resveratrol, rutin, quercetin, and trolox, which was used as the reference antioxidant. The hydrophilic/lipophilic character of these compounds was evaluated, and their antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH method. The percutaneous absorption of these polyphenols was obtained by an in vitro methodology using porcine skin biopsies. This methodology involves the quantification of the antioxidants present in each specific skin layer to evaluate antioxidant effectiveness. The antioxidant activity in each skin layer was also determined by the DPPH method. The results indicated that lipophilic antioxidants (epicatechin, resveratrol, quercetin, and trolox) penetrated deeper into the skin layers, whereas a more hydrophilic compound, rutin, remained on the skin surface. The antioxidant evaluation of each skin compartment suggested that resveratrol and rutin were the most effective topically applied compounds in view of their antioxidant activity and their skin penetration profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alonso
- Department of Chemical Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Rubio
- Department of Chemical Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Touriño
- Group of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Meritxell Martí
- Department of Chemical Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Barba
- Department of Chemical Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Campos
- Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Department of Chemical Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luís Parra
- Department of Chemical Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Agrawal T, Gupta GK, Rai V, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. Pre-conditioning with low-level laser (light) therapy: light before the storm. Dose Response 2014; 12:619-49. [PMID: 25552961 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.14-032.agrawal] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-conditioning by ischemia, hyperthermia, hypothermia, hyperbaric oxygen (and numerous other modalities) is a rapidly growing area of investigation that is used in pathological conditions where tissue damage may be expected. The damage caused by surgery, heart attack, or stroke can be mitigated by pre-treating the local or distant tissue with low levels of a stress-inducing stimulus, that can induce a protective response against subsequent major damage. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) has been used for nearly 50 years to enhance tissue healing and to relieve pain, inflammation and swelling. The photons are absorbed in cytochrome(c) oxidase (unit four in the mitochondrial respiratory chain), and this enzyme activation increases electron transport, respiration, oxygen consumption and ATP production. A complex signaling cascade is initiated leading to activation of transcription factors and up- and down-regulation of numerous genes. Recently it has become apparent that LLLT can also be effective if delivered to normal cells or tissue before the actual insult or trauma, in a pre-conditioning mode. Muscles are protected, nerves feel less pain, and LLLT can protect against a subsequent heart attack. These examples point the way to wider use of LLLT as a pre-conditioning modality to prevent pain and increase healing after surgical/medical procedures and possibly to increase athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanupriya Agrawal
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; ; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gaurav K Gupta
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; ; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - James D Carroll
- THOR Photomedicine Ltd, 18A East Street, Chesham, HP5 1HQ, UK
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; ; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; ; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Akhalaya MY, Maksimov GV, Rubin AB, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Molecular action mechanisms of solar infrared radiation and heat on human skin. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 16:1-11. [PMID: 24742502 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of ROS underlies all solar infrared-affected therapeutic and pathological cutaneous effects. The signaling pathway NF-kB is responsible for the induced therapeutic effects, while the AP-1 for the pathological effects. The different signaling pathways of infrared-induced ROS and infrared-induced heat shock ROS were shown to act independently multiplying the influence on each other by increasing the doses of irradiation and/or increasing the temperature. The molecular action mechanisms of solar infrared radiation and heat on human skin are summarized and discussed in detail in the present paper. The critical doses are determined. Protection strategies against infrared-induced skin damage are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ya Akhalaya
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Maksimov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A B Rubin
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Piazena H, Pittermann W, Müller W, Jung K, Kelleher DK, Herrling T, Meffert P, Uebelhack R, Kietzmann M. Effects of water-filtered infrared-A and of heat on cell death, inflammation, antioxidative potential and of free radical formation in viable skin--first results. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 138:347-54. [PMID: 25038541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) and of convective heat on viability, inflammation, inducible free radicals and antioxidative power were investigated in natural and viable skin using the ex vivo Bovine Udder System (BUS) model. Therefore, skin samples from differently treated parts of the udder of a healthy cow were analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) measurement and by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Neither cell viability, the inflammation status, the radical status or the antioxidative defence systems of the skin were significantly affected by wIRA applied within 30 min by using an irradiance of 1900 W m(-2) which is of relevance for clinical use, but which exceeded the maximum solar IR-A irradiance at the Earth's surface more than 5 times and which resulted in a skin surface temperature of about 45 °C without cooling and of about 37 °C with convective cooling by air ventilation. No significant effects on viability and on inflammation were detected when convective heat was applied alone under equivalent conditions in terms of the resulting skin surface temperatures and exposure time. As compared with untreated skin, free radical formation was almost doubled, whereas the antioxidative power was reduced to about 50% after convective heating to about 45 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Piazena
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Medical Photobiology Group, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Pittermann
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Medical Photobiology Group, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Medical Photobiology Group, Wetzlar, Germany
| | | | - Debra K Kelleher
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Peter Meffert
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Institute for Community Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Uebelhack
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Medical Photobiology Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Hannover, Germany
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Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Krutmann J. Photoprotection of human skin beyond ultraviolet radiation. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 30:167-74. [PMID: 24433486 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoprotection of human skin by means of sunscreens or daily skin-care products is traditionally centered around the prevention of acute (e.g. sunburn) and chronic (e.g. skin cancer and photoaging) skin damage that may result from exposure to ultraviolet rays (UVB and UVA). Within the last decade, however, it has been appreciated that wavelengths beyond the ultraviolet spectrum, in particular visible light and infrared radiation, contribute to skin damage in general and photoaging of human skin in particular. As a consequence, attempts have been made to develop skin care/sunscreen products that not only protect against UVB or UVA radiation but provide photoprotection against visible light and infrared radiation as well. In this article, we will briefly review the current knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for visible light/infrared radiation-induced skin damage and then, based on this information, discuss strategies that have been successfully used or may be employed in the future to achieve photoprotection of human skin beyond ultraviolet radiation. In this regard we will particularly focus on the use of topical antioxidants and the challenges that result from the task of showing their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grether-Beck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Vierkötter A, Krutmann J. Environmental influences on skin aging and ethnic-specific manifestations. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 4:227-31. [PMID: 23467702 PMCID: PMC3583881 DOI: 10.4161/derm.19858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skin aging does not only occur by passing time alone but also by the exposure to different environmental factors. The skin aging process, which is induced by environmental factors, is named premature or extrinsic skin aging process and can be distinguished from the chronologically (intrinsic) skin aging process by characteristic skin aging signs. Well known environmental factors leading to extrinsic skin aging are sun exposure and smoking. Recently, an epidemiological study could further discover an association between air pollution and skin aging. First of all the skin aging inducing effect of sun exposure was discovered and an own term (photoaging) was given to this special field of extrinsic skin aging. Mechanistic studies have further increased our knowledge about the molecular pathways by which environmental factors contribute to extrinsic skin aging. In this regard, profound knowledge how sun exposure leads to extrinsic skin aging were gained in the last years, and additionally there are also indications how smoking and air pollution might contribute to this process. Moreover it was realized that extrinsic skin aging manifests differently between different populations. Thus, in this review we summarize the influence of the different environmental factors: sun exposure, smoking and air pollution on skin aging and further present ethnic-specific manifestations of extrinsic skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vierkötter
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf, Germany
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Dupont E, Gomez J, Bilodeau D. Beyond UV radiation: a skin under challenge. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:224-32. [PMID: 23406155 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, human beings have been trying to protect their skin against the adverse effects of the sun. From the first mineral sunscreens used by Egyptians, to the current more sophisticated ultraviolet (UVA/UVB) organic sunscreens, progress has been made in terms of sun protection and deeper knowledge of skin physiology has been acquired in the process. The solar spectrum is composed of radiations of various wavelengths having specific, as well as overlapping effects on skin. UVB is mainly responsible for sunburn and DNA dimer formation that can lead to mutation. UVA generates oxidative reactions affecting DNA, proteins and lipids, and is also immunosuppressive. Recently, visible light and infrared radiation (IR) have been associated with oxidative damage and IR has been additionally linked to adverse heat effects on skin. Numerous other extrinsic factors, related to environment and lifestyle, also affect the appearance of skin, precipitating ageing. New molecular mechanisms linking sun and environmental factors to skin ageing have been identified: IR affects mitochondrial integrity and specific heat receptors also mediate some of its effects, tryptophan is a chromophore for UVB, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is activated by light and xenobiotics to alter skin physiology. Integrating all these new elements is changing the way we think about skin extrinsic ageing. Is UVA/UVB sunscreen protection still enough for our skin?
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dupont
- Immanence IDC Inc, 3229 Ch. Quatre-Bourgeois, Bureau 600, Québec, Québec G1W 0C1, Canada
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Vergou T, Patzelt A, Schanzer S, Meinke MC, Weigmann HJ, Thiede G, Sterry W, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Methods for the evaluation of the protective efficacy of sunscreen products. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 26:30-5. [PMID: 23128400 DOI: 10.1159/000343576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to examine the utilization of optical and spectroscopic methods for the noninvasive characterization of Anthelios XL Fluide Extreme (SPF 50+), an exemplary sunscreen, concerning its homogeneity of distribution on the skin, its spectroscopic properties and its overall protective efficacy. The homogeneity of the distribution of the sunscreen on the skin was investigated with a multiphoton tomography microscope. Additionally, the sum transmission spectrum was determined using tape stripping and spectroscopic measurements. The results revealed a very homogeneous distribution of the sunscreen on the skin surface and also in the deep furrows. The sum transmission spectrum reflects a high protective efficacy of the sunscreen in both the UVA and UVB ranges. The sunscreen Anthelios XL Fluide Extreme (SPF 50+) generates a comfortable feeling on the skin and can be easily distributed. The presented optical methods have been shown to be suitable to investigate the overall protective efficacy of sunscreen products objectively, noninvasively and quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vergou
- Department of Dermatology, A. Sygros Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Sunlight that reaches the human skin contains solar energy composed of 6.8% ultraviolet (UV), 38.9% visible light and 54.3% infrared radiation. In addition to natural near-infrared (NIR), human skin is increasingly exposed to artificial NIR from medical devices and electrical appliances. Thus, we are exposed to tremendous amounts of NIR. Many studies have proven the effects of UV exposure on human skin and skin cancers but have not investigated well the effects of NIR exposure. Furthermore, many of the previous NIR studies have used NIR resources without a water filter or a contact cooling. With these resources, a substantial amount of NIR energy is absorbed in the superficial layers and only limited NIR energy can be delivered to deeper tissues. Thus, they could not sufficiently evaluate the effects of incident solar NIR. In order to simulate solar NIR that reaches the skin, a water filter is essential because solar NIR is filtered by atmospheric water. In reality, NIR increases the surface temperature and induces thermal effects so a contact cooling is needed to pursue the properties of NIR. I clarify that NIR can penetrate the skin and non-thermally affect the subcutaneous tissues, including muscle and bone marrow, using a NIR resource with a water filter and a cooling system. I would like to emphasize the biological effects of NIR which have both merits and demerits. Appropriate NIR irradiation induces dermal heating thermally and non-thermally induces collagen and elastin stimulation, which results in skin tightening. NIR also induces non-thermal DNA damage of mitotic cells, which may have the potential application for treating cancer. However, as continuous NIR exposure may induce photoaging and potentially photocarcinogenesis, we should consider the effect of, not only UV, but also NIR and the necessity for protection against solar NIR. Here, this paper introduces the new aspects of the biological effects of NIR radiation.
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Marotta F, Polimeni A, Solimene U, Lorenzetti A, Minelli E, Jain S, Rastmanesh R, Sedriep S, Soresi V. Beneficial modulation from a high-purity caviar-derived homogenate on chronological skin aging. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:174-7. [PMID: 22533426 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the activity of LD-1227, which contains a caviar-derived homogenate added with coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10))-selenium component (CaviarLieri(®), Lab-Dom, Switzerland), in aged human skin and its potential role on skin mitochondria function. Human dermal fibroblasts were obtained from healthy donors over 70 years old and treated with LD-1227 for 72 hr. As compared to baseline, LD-1227 caused a robust (>67%) collagen type I synthesis (p<0.001) and decreased fibronectin synthesis (p<0.05) with significant fibronectin messenger RNA (mRNA) downregulation (p<0.05, r=0.78). A significant collagen mRNA overexpression occurred with LD-1227 treatment (p<0.05). Mitochondria cytosolic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level decreased in aged skin samples (p<0.05 vs. young control), but this phenomenon was reversed by LD-1227 (p<0.01). These data show that LD-1227 may modify the extracellular matrix milieu in aged skin and also beneficially affect mitochondrial function.
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Gebauer V, Weigmann HJ, Schanzer S, Meinke MC, Vergou T, Sterry W, Lademann J. Influence of skin aging effects on the skin surface profile and the correlated distribution of topically applied sunscreens. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:274-282. [PMID: 22308021 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The surface profile of human skin influences characteristically the distribution pattern of topically applied formulations and consequently the efficacy of sunscreens. The volumes of furrows and the spectroscopically determined factors of inhomogeneity are investigated for three sunscreens. A clear correlation between both measurands exists. The average values for younger (<32 years) and older (≥51 years) volunteers do not show statistically significant differences. Systematic variations found for the individual values are due to a reduced elasticity of the skin with age improving the homogeneity of the sunscreen distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gebauer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology CCP, Berlin, Germany
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Sun Exposure: What Molecular Photodermatology Tells Us About Its Good and Bad Sides. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:976-84. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Marini A, Grether-Beck S, Jaenicke T, Weber M, Burki C, Formann P, Brenden H, Schönlau F, Krutmann J. Pycnogenol® Effects on Skin Elasticity and Hydration Coincide with Increased Gene Expressions of Collagen Type I and Hyaluronic Acid Synthase in Women. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:86-92. [DOI: 10.1159/000335261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Heselich A, Frohns F, Frohns A, Naumann SC, Layer PG. Near-infrared exposure changes cellular responses to ionizing radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:135-46. [PMID: 22053955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) and X-rays are radiations from different sides of the wavelength spectrum but both are used during medical treatments, as they have severe impacts on cellular processes, including metabolism, gene expression, proliferation and survival. However, both radiations differ strictly in their consequences for exposed patients: NIR effects are generally supposed to be positive, mostly ascribed to a stimulation of metabolism, whereas X-ray leads to genetic instability, an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damages and finally to cellular death by apoptosis in tumor cells. Since genomic stability after X-irradiation depends on the mitochondrial metabolism, which is well known to be regulated by NIR, we analyzed the impact of NIR on cellular responses of fibroblasts, retinal progenitor cells and keratinocytes to X-radiation. Our data show that previous exposure to naturally occurring doses of nonthermal NIR combined with clinically relevant X-ray doses leads to (1) increased genomic instability, indicated by elevated ratios of mitotic catastrophes, (2) increased ROS, (3) higher amounts of X-irradiated cells entering S-phase and (4) impaired DNA double-strand break repair. Taken together, our data show tremendous effects of NIR on cellular responses to X-rays, probably affecting the results of radiotherapy after NIR exposure during cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Heselich
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Weigmann HJ, Sainte Claire MS, Schanzer S, Patzelt A, Meinke M, Antoniou C, Sterry W, Lademann J. Determination of the protection efficacy and homogeneity of the distribution of sunscreens applied onto skin pre-treated with cosmetic products. Skin Res Technol 2011; 18:245-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürgen Weigmann
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Maude Suisse Sainte Claire
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Sabine Schanzer
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Alexa Patzelt
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Martina Meinke
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Sterry
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
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Lademann J, Patzelt A, Schanzer S, Richter H, Meinke MC, Sterry W, Zastrow L, Doucet O, Vergou T, Darvin ME. Uptake of antioxidants by natural nutrition and supplementation: pros and cons from the dermatological point of view. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24:269-73. [PMID: 21646825 DOI: 10.1159/000328725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pros and cons of the systemic and topical application of antioxidant substances are a subject of intense discussion among experts, with resulting confusion for consumers and producers. The objective of the present article is to clarify the various uncertainties relating to the use of antioxidant substances in dermatology. Whereas inappropriate application of antioxidant substances (concerning their concentration and composition) might induce harmful effects, the consumer will definitively benefit from physiological concentrations and compositions of antioxidants. The most suitable method is the consumption of natural antioxidants in the form of fruit and vegetables, for example. In addition, the skin, which also accumulates antioxidant substances, may profit from a sufficient antioxidative level, as damage induced by sun radiation in addition to skin aging is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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