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Liubimovskii SO, Novikov VS, Ustynyuk LY, Ivchenko PV, Prokhorov KA, Kuzmin VV, Sagitova EA, Godyaeva MM, Gudkov SV, Darvin ME, Nikolaeva GY. Raman structural study of ethylene glycol and 1,3-propylene glycol aqueous solutions. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 285:121927. [PMID: 36209716 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectra of ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,3-propylene glycol (1,3-PG) aqueous solutions with the diol content from 10 to 90 mol% were measured. The diol content weakly influences the EG and 1,3-PG Raman bands in the spectra of the solutions in the region 250-1800 cm-1. This fact means that the conformational compositions of both the diols do not change significantly with dissolving in water. The intensity of the OH stretching band with respect to the diol bands intensities is the linear function of the ratio of the mole contents of water and the diol in the solutions. The spectral region 2800-3800 cm-1 can be used to evaluate the chemical composition of these binary solutions. DFT modeling of the Raman spectra of EG molecule in water shell confirms the prevalence of the gauche-conformation of EG in the aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Liubimovskii
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - V S Novikov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - L Yu Ustynyuk
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - P V Ivchenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue 29, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - K A Prokhorov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V V Kuzmin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E A Sagitova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - M M Godyaeva
- Soil Science Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Scientific Agronomic and Engineering Center VIM, 1st Institutsky proezd, 5, 109428 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S V Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Scientific Agronomic and Engineering Center VIM, 1st Institutsky proezd, 5, 109428 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - G Yu Nikolaeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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2
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Novikov VS, Kuzmin VV, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Sagitova EA, Prokhorov KA, Ustynyuk LY, Nikolaeva GY. Relations between the Raman spectra and molecular structure of selected carotenoids: DFT study of α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene and lycopene. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 270:120755. [PMID: 34973611 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using the density functional theory (DFT), we calculated the structures and Raman spectra of trans-isomers of α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene and lycopene as well as trans-isomers of modified β-carotene and lycopene molecules with substituted end or/and side groups. The DFT calculations showed that the position of the CC stretching band depends mainly on the number of conjugated CC bonds and decreases with an increase in the conjugation length. The weak dependence of the position of the CC stretching band on the structure of the carotenoid side and end groups suggests that this band can be used to evaluate the conjugation length for trans-isomers of various molecules containing polyene chains. The CC stretching band shifts towards lower wavenumbers with growth of the conjugation length or masses of the end groups and to higher wavenumbers in the presence of the side CH3 groups. The intensities of the CC and CC stretching bands are enhanced with growth of the conjugation length or masses of the end groups. The presence of the side CH3 groups results in bending of the carotenoid backbone, splitting and dumping of intensities of the CC and CC stretching bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Novikov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - V V Kuzmin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E A Sagitova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Prokhorov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - L Yu Ustynyuk
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1(3), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G Yu Nikolaeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Novikov VS, Kuzmin VV, Kuznetsov SM, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Sagitova EA, Ustynyuk LY, Prokhorov KA, Nikolaeva GY. Corrigendum to "DFT study of Raman spectra of polyenes and ß-carotene: Dependence on length of polyene chain and isomer type" [Spectrochim. Acta A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 255 (2021) 119668]. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 260:119977. [PMID: 34051634 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V S Novikov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - V V Kuzmin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S M Kuznetsov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E A Sagitova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - L Yu Ustynyuk
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1(3), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Prokhorov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G Yu Nikolaeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Novikov VS, Kuzmin VV, Kuznetsov SM, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Sagitova EA, Ustynyuk LY, Prokhorov KA, Nikolaeva GY. DFT study of Raman spectra of polyenes and ß-carotene: Dependence on length of polyene chain and isomer type. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 255:119668. [PMID: 33761387 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We carried out calculations of non-resonance Raman spectra of ß-carotene and polyenes CH2(CHCH)n-2CHCH2 using the density functional theory (DFT). We revealed that the peak positions and intensities of the CC and CC stretching bands depend on length of the polyene chain and type of the isomer. Our experimental non-resonance Raman spectra of ß-carotene powder match well the DFT-simulated Raman spectrum of ß-carotene in the all-trans form. The peak positions and relative intensities of the CC and CC stretching bands of ß-carotene turned out to be similar in the resonance and non-resonance Raman spectra. An increase in the number of conjugated double bonds (n = 3-30) in a polyene structure results in a monotonous shift of the positions of the most intense CC and CC bands towards lower wavenumbers with an increase in the band intensities. An increase in the isomer number results in the monotonous decrease of the CC stretching band intensity for polyenes with 9, 10, 11, 15 and 24 double bonds. An increase in the isomer number inhomogeneously influences the form, position and intensity of the CC stretching band.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Novikov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - V V Kuzmin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S M Kuznetsov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E A Sagitova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - L Yu Ustynyuk
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1(3), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Prokhorov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G Yu Nikolaeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Yakimov BP, Venets AV, Schleusener J, Fadeev VV, Lademann J, Shirshin EA, Darvin ME. Blind source separation of molecular components of the human skin in vivo: non-negative matrix factorization of Raman microspectroscopy data. Analyst 2021; 146:3185-3196. [PMID: 33999054 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the molecular composition of the skin is crucial for numerous tasks in medicine, pharmacology, dermatology and cosmetology. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy is a sensitive method for the evaluation of molecular depth profiles in the skin in vivo. Since the Raman spectra of most of the skin constituents significantly superimpose, a spectral decomposition by a set of predefined library components is usually performed to disentangle their contributions. However, the incorrect choice of the number and type of components or differences between the spectra of the basic components measured in vitro and in vivo can lead to incorrect results of the decomposition procedure. Here, we investigate an alternative data-driven approach based on a non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) algorithm of depth-resolved Raman spectra of skin that does not require a priori information of spectral data for the analysis. Using the model and experimentally measured depth-resolved Raman spectra of the upper epidermis in vivo, we show that NNMF provides depth profiles of endogenous molecular components and exogenous agents penetrating through the upper epidermis for the spectra and concentration. Moreover, we demonstrate that this approach is capable of providing new information on the molecular profiles of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Yakimov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of physics, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Lohan SB, Kröger M, Schleusener J, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Streit I, Meinke MC. Characterization of radical types, penetration profile and distribution pattern of the topically applied photosensitizer THPTS in porcine skin ex vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 162:50-58. [PMID: 33691169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is mainly used in the treatment of dermato-oncological diseases. The distribution and functionality of the photosensitizer Tetrahydroporphyrin-Tetratosylat (THPTS) was investigated using microscopic and spectroscopic methods after topical application to excised porcine skin followed by irradiation. The distribution of THPTS was determined by two-photon tomography combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging (TPT/FLIM) and confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM). The radicals were quantified and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Results show a penetration depth of THPTS into the skin down to around 12 ± 5 µm. A penetration of THPTS through the stratum corneum was not clearly observable after 1 h penetration time, but cannot be excluded. The irradiation within the phototherapeutic window (spectral range of visible and near infrared light in the range ≈ 650-850 nm) is needed to activate THPTS. An incubation time of 10 min showed the highest radical production. A longer incubation time affected the functionality of THPTS, whereby significant less radicals were detectable. During PDT mainly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid oxygen species (LOS) are produced. Overall, the irradiation dose per se influences the radical types formed in skin. While ROS are always prominent at low doses, LOS increase at high doses, independent of previous skin treatment and the irradiation wavelength used.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Lohan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - M Kröger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Schleusener
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Streit
- Asclepion Laser Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - M C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
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Yakimov BP, Shirshin EA, Schleusener J, Allenova AS, Fadeev VV, Darvin ME. Melanin distribution from the dermal-epidermal junction to the stratum corneum: non-invasive in vivo assessment by fluorescence and Raman microspectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14374. [PMID: 32873804 PMCID: PMC7463016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of melanin in the epidermis is of great interest due to its involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes in the skin. Melanin localization can be assessed ex vivo and in vivo using its distinctive optical properties. Melanin exhibits a characteristic Raman spectrum band shape and discernible near-infrared excited (NIR) fluorescence. However, a detailed analysis of the capabilities of depth-resolved confocal Raman and fluorescence microspectroscopy in the evaluation of melanin distribution in the human skin is lacking. Here we demonstrate how the fraction of melanin at different depths in the human skin in vivo can be estimated from its Raman spectra (bands at 1,380 and 1,570 cm-1) using several procedures including a simple ratiometric approach, spectral decomposition and non-negative matrix factorization. The depth profiles of matrix factorization components specific to melanin, collagen and natural moisturizing factor provide information about their localization in the skin. The depth profile of the collagen-related matrix factorization component allows for precise determination of the dermal-epidermal junction, i.e. the epidermal thickness. Spectral features of fluorescence background originating from melanin were found to correlate with relative intensities of the melanin Raman bands. We also hypothesized that NIR fluorescence in the skin is not originated solely from melanin, and the possible impact of oxidized species should be taken into account. The ratio of melanin-related Raman bands at 1,380 and 1,570 cm-1 could be related to melanin molecular organization. The proposed combined analysis of the Raman scattering signal and NIR fluorescence could be a useful tool for rapid non-invasive in vivo diagnostics of melanin-related processes in the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Yakimov
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Medical Research and Education Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Prospect 27/10, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - E A Shirshin
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fizicheskaya Str., 5, 108840, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia.
| | - J Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - A S Allenova
- Medical Research and Education Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Prospect 27/10, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Division of Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V V Fadeev
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - M E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Choe C, Schleusener J, Choe S, Ri J, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Stratum corneum occlusion induces water transformation towards lower bonding state: a molecular level in vivo study by confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:482-493. [PMID: 32692411 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is conventionally understood that occlusive effects are the retention of excessive water in the stratum corneum (SC), the increase of SC thickness (swelling) and a decrease of the transepidermal water loss. However, the influence of occlusion on water binding properties in the SC is unknown. METHODS The action of plant-derived jojoba and almond oils, as well as mineral-derived paraffin oil and petrolatum topically applied on human skin, is investigated in vivo using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. To understand the oils' influence on the SC on the molecular level, the depth-dependent hydrogen bonding states of water in the SC and their relationship to the conformation of keratin, concentration of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) molecules and lipid organization were investigated. RESULTS A significant SC swelling was observed only in petrolatum-treated skin. The water concentration was increased in oil-treated skin in the intermediate SC region (40-70% SC depth). Meanwhile, the amount of free, weakly and tightly bound water increased, and strongly bound water decreased in the uppermost SC region (0-30% SC depth). The NMF concentration of oil-treated skin was significantly lower at 50-70% SC depth. The lateral organization of lipids in oil-treated skin was lower at 0-30% SC depth. The secondary structure of keratin was changed towards an increase of β-sheet content in mineral-derived oil-treated skin and changed towards an increase of α-helix content in plant-derived oil-treated skin. CONCLUSION The occlusive properties can be summarized as the increase of free water and the transformation of water from a more strongly to a more weakly hydrogen bonding state in the uppermost SC, although some oils cause insignificant changes of the SC thickness. The accompanied changes in the keratin conformation at the intermediate swelling region of the SC also emphasize the role of keratin in the SC's water-transporting system, that is the water in the SC transports intercellularly and intracellularly in the intermediate swelling region and only intercellularly in the uppermost non-swelling region. Bearing this in mind, almond, jojoba and paraffin oils, which are not occlusive from the conventional viewpoint, have an occlusion effect similar to petrolatum on the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Choe
- Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, Ryongnam-Dong, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - J Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - S Choe
- Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, Ryongnam-Dong, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - J Ri
- Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, Ryongnam-Dong, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - J Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
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Shirshin EA, Yakimov BP, Darvin ME, Omelyanenko NP, Rodionov SA, Gurfinkel YI, Lademann J, Fadeev VV, Priezzhev AV. Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy: The Origin of Fluorophores and Capabilities for Analyzing Biochemical Processes. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2019; 84:S69-S88. [PMID: 31213196 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a method of molecular imaging and specifically of intravital imaging that is characterized by high spatial resolution in combination with a greater depth of penetration into the tissue. MPM is a multimodal method based on detection of nonlinear optical signals - multiphoton fluorescence and optical harmonics - and also allows imaging with the use of the parameters of fluorescence decay kinetics. This review describes and discusses photophysical processes within major reporter molecules used in MPM with endogenous contrasts and summarizes several modern experiments that illustrate the capabilities of label-free MPM for molecular imaging of biochemical processes in connective tissue and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Shirshin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 108840, Moscow, Russia
| | - B P Yakimov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - N P Omelyanenko
- N. N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Moscow, 127299, Russia
| | - S A Rodionov
- N. N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Moscow, 127299, Russia
| | - Y I Gurfinkel
- Medical Scientific-Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - V V Fadeev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Priezzhev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Sdobnov AY, Lademann J, Darvin ME, Tuchin VV. Methods for Optical Skin Clearing in Molecular Optical Imaging in Dermatology. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2019; 84:S144-S158. [PMID: 31213200 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This short review describes recent progress in using optical clearing (OC) technique in skin studies. Optical clearing is an efficient tool for enhancing the probing depth and data quality in multiphoton microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Here, we discuss the main mechanisms of OC, its safety, advantages, and limitations. The data on the OC effect on the skin water content are presented. It was demonstrated that 70% glycerol and 100% OmnipaqueTM 300 reduce the water content in the skin. Both OC agents (OCAs) significantly affect the strongly bound and weakly bound water. However, OmnipaqueTM 300 causes considerably less skin dehydration than glycerol. In addition, the results of examination of the OC effect on autofluorescence in two-photon excitation and background fluorescence in Raman scattering at different skin depths are presented. It is shown that OmnipaqueTM 300 is a promising OCA due to its ability to reduce background fluorescence in the upper skin layers. The possibility of multimodal imaging combining optical methods and OC technique is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Sdobnov
- Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland. .,Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - V V Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia.,Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, 410028, Russia.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.,Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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11
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Sdobnov AY, Darvin ME, Genina EA, Bashkatov AN, Lademann J, Tuchin VV. Recent progress in tissue optical clearing for spectroscopic application. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 197:216-229. [PMID: 29433855 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to review recent progress in optical clearing of the skin and over naturally turbid biological tissues and blood using this technique in vivo and in vitro with multiphoton microscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, confocal microscopy, NIR spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, and laser speckle contrast imaging. Basic principles of the technique, its safety, advantages and limitations are discussed. The application of optical clearing agent on a tissue allows for controlling the optical properties of tissue. Optical clearing-induced reduction of tissue scattering significantly facilitates the observation of deep-located tissue regions, at the same time improving the resolution and image contrast for a variety of optical imaging methods suitable for clinical applications, such as diagnostics and laser treatment of skin diseases, mucosal tumor imaging, laser disruption of pathological abnormalities, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Sdobnov
- Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland; Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation.
| | - M E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E A Genina
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University (National Research University of Russia), Lenin's av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - A N Bashkatov
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University (National Research University of Russia), Lenin's av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - V V Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University (National Research University of Russia), Lenin's av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control RAS, Rabochaya 24, 410028 Saratov, Russian Federation
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12
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Meinke MC, Lohan SB, Köcher W, Magnussen B, Darvin ME, Lademann J. Multiple spatially resolved reflection spectroscopy to monitor cutaneous carotenoids during supplementation of fruit and vegetable extracts in vivo. Skin Res Technol 2017; 23:459-462. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. B. Lohan
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - M. E. Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J. Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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13
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Voloshina OV, Shirshin EA, Lademann J, Fadeev VV, Darvin ME. Fluorescence detection of protein content in house dust: the possible role of keratin. Indoor Air 2017; 27:377-385. [PMID: 27538819 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a fluorescence method for protein content assessment in fine house dust, which can be used as an indicator of the hygienic state of occupied rooms. The results of the measurements performed with 30 house dust samples, including ultrafiltration experiments, strongly suggest that the fluorescence emission of house dust extracts excited at 350 nm is mainly due to protein fragments, which are presumably keratin hydrolysates. This suggestion is supported by several facts: (i) Spectral band shapes for all the samples under investigation are close and correspond to that of keratin; (ii) fluorescence intensity correlates with the total protein content as provided by Lowry assay; (iii) treatment of the samples with proteinase K, which induces keratin hydrolysis, results in fluorescence enhancement without changing fluorescence band shape; and (iv) Raman spectra of keratin and fine house dust samples exhibit a very similar structure. Based on the obtained results and literature data, we propose a hypothesis that keratin is a major substrate for fluorescence species in fine house dust, which are responsible for emission at 350-nm excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Voloshina
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Shirshin
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - J Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - V V Fadeev
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Springer S, Zieger M, Koenig K, Kaatz M, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Optimization of the measurement procedure during multiphoton tomography of human skinin vivo. Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:356-62. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Springer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - M. Zieger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - K. Koenig
- Faculty of Physics and Mechatronics; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
- JenLab GmbH; Jena Germany
| | - M. Kaatz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Hospital; Jena Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; SRH Waldklinikum Gera gGmbH; Gera Germany
| | - J. Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Cutaneous Physiology (CCP); Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. E. Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Cutaneous Physiology (CCP); Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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15
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Weinigel M, Breunig HG, Darvin ME, Klemp M, Röwert-Huber J, Lademann J, König K. Impact of refractive index mismatches on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and multiphoton autofluorescence tomography of human skin in vivo. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:6881-99. [PMID: 26305454 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/17/6881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Optical non-linear multimodal tomography is a powerful diagnostic imaging tool to analyse human skin based on its autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation signals. Recently, the field of clinical non-linear imaging has been extended by adding coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)-a further optical sectioning method for the detection of non-fluorescent molecules. However, the heterogeneity of refractive indices of different substances in complex tissues like human skin can have a strong influence on CARS image formation and requires careful clinical interpretation of the detected signals. Interestingly, very regular patterns are present in the CARS images, which have no correspondence to the morphology revealed by autofluorescence at the same depth. The purpose of this paper is to clarify this phenomenon and to sensitize users for possible artefacts. A further part of this paper is the detailed comparison of CARS and autofluorescence images of healthy human skin in vivo covering the complete epidermis and part of the upper dermis by employing the flexible medical non-linear tomograph MPTflex CARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weinigel
- JenLab GmbH, Schillerstr. 1, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Akhalaya MY, Maksimov GV, Rubin AB, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Molecular action mechanisms of solar infrared radiation and heat on human skin. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 16:1-11. [PMID: 24742502 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of ROS underlies all solar infrared-affected therapeutic and pathological cutaneous effects. The signaling pathway NF-kB is responsible for the induced therapeutic effects, while the AP-1 for the pathological effects. The different signaling pathways of infrared-induced ROS and infrared-induced heat shock ROS were shown to act independently multiplying the influence on each other by increasing the doses of irradiation and/or increasing the temperature. The molecular action mechanisms of solar infrared radiation and heat on human skin are summarized and discussed in detail in the present paper. The critical doses are determined. Protection strategies against infrared-induced skin damage are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ya Akhalaya
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Maksimov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A B Rubin
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Lademann J, Köcher W, Yu R, Meinke MC, Na Lee B, Jung S, Sterry W, Darvin ME. Cutaneous carotenoids: the mirror of lifestyle? Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:201. [PMID: 24714060 DOI: 10.1159/000357222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids could serve as marker substances of the antioxidant status of the human skin. In the present study, an optical skin scanner was used to analyse the carotenoid concentration obtained from 4 volunteers over a period of 13 days. The measurements were taken daily at different time points. In addition, the volunteers were asked to keep track of their daily nutritional behaviour and stress situations in a diary. It was found that the carotenoid values reflect clearly the nutritional behaviour and stress situations of the volunteers. While a steady, increased intake of fruit and vegetables resulted in a gradual increase in the dermal carotenoid values for several days, stressful situations entailed an immediate decline in these values. Although the impact of healthy nutrition on the antioxidant protection system is generally known and notwithstanding the small number of cases, the present study clearly demonstrates that the avoidance and/or reduction of stress is similarly important in order not to counteract or nullify the results achieved by healthy nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lademann
- Centre of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Vergou T, Patzelt A, Schanzer S, Meinke MC, Weigmann HJ, Thiede G, Sterry W, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Methods for the evaluation of the protective efficacy of sunscreen products. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 26:30-5. [PMID: 23128400 DOI: 10.1159/000343576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to examine the utilization of optical and spectroscopic methods for the noninvasive characterization of Anthelios XL Fluide Extreme (SPF 50+), an exemplary sunscreen, concerning its homogeneity of distribution on the skin, its spectroscopic properties and its overall protective efficacy. The homogeneity of the distribution of the sunscreen on the skin was investigated with a multiphoton tomography microscope. Additionally, the sum transmission spectrum was determined using tape stripping and spectroscopic measurements. The results revealed a very homogeneous distribution of the sunscreen on the skin surface and also in the deep furrows. The sum transmission spectrum reflects a high protective efficacy of the sunscreen in both the UVA and UVB ranges. The sunscreen Anthelios XL Fluide Extreme (SPF 50+) generates a comfortable feeling on the skin and can be easily distributed. The presented optical methods have been shown to be suitable to investigate the overall protective efficacy of sunscreen products objectively, noninvasively and quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vergou
- Department of Dermatology, A. Sygros Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Lademann J, Meinke MC, Schanzer S, Richter H, Darvin ME, Haag SF, Fluhr JW, Weigmann HJ, Sterry W, Patzelt A. In vivo methods for the analysis of the penetration of topically applied substances in and through the skin barrier. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:551-9. [PMID: 22957937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a drug is characterized by its action mechanism and its ability to pass the skin barrier. In this article, different methods are discussed, which permit this penetration process to be analysed non-invasively. Providing qualitative and quantitative information, tape stripping is one of the oldest procedures for penetration studies. Although single cell layers of corneocytes are removed from the skin surface, this procedure is considered as non-invasive and is applicable exclusively to the stratum corneum. Recently, optical and spectroscopic methods have been used to investigate the penetration process. Fluorescence-labelled drugs can be easily detected in the skin by laser scanning microscopy. This method has the disadvantage that the dye labelling changes the molecular structures of the drug and consequently might influence the penetration properties. The penetration process of non-fluorescent substances can be analysed by Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, CARS and multiphoton microscopic measurements. Using these methods, the concentration of the topically applied formulations in different depths of the stratum corneum can be detected by moving the laser focus from the skin surface deeper into the stratum corneum. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology-CCP, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Vierck HB, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Reißhauer A, Baack A, Sterry W, Patzelt A. The influence of endurance exercise on the antioxidative status of human skin. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3361-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Patzelt A, Lademann J, Richter H, Darvin ME, Schanzer S, Thiede G, Sterry W, Vergou T, Hauser M. In vivo investigations on the penetration of various oils and their influence on the skin barrier. Skin Res Technol 2011; 18:364-9. [PMID: 22092829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin represents a potent barrier to the environment, which can be enhanced by the topical application of skin care products, such as oil and oil-based formulations by moisturizing the skin. METHODS The aim of this study was the investigation of the penetration behaviour of four vegetable oils and of paraffin oil into the stratum corneum by laser scanning microscopy. In addition, the occlusion capacity of these substances was assessed by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. Petrolatum served as a positive control for skin occlusion. The study was conducted in vivo and included six healthy volunteers. RESULTS Paraffin oil, as well as the vegetable oils, penetrated only into the first upper layers of the stratum corneum. TEWL measurements indicated that the application of the vegetable oils (except jojoba oil) as well as paraffin oil, led to a similar occlusion of the skin surface. The most effective occlusion was found for petrolatum. CONCLUSION For the investigated oils, a deeper penetration than into the first upper layers of the stratum corneum could be excluded. The decreased TEWL values indicate that the application of the oils leads to a semi-occlusion of the skin surface as it is intended by the use of oils to retain moisture in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patzelt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany.
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Lademann J, Patzelt A, Schanzer S, Richter H, Meinke MC, Sterry W, Zastrow L, Doucet O, Vergou T, Darvin ME. Uptake of antioxidants by natural nutrition and supplementation: pros and cons from the dermatological point of view. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24:269-73. [PMID: 21646825 DOI: 10.1159/000328725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pros and cons of the systemic and topical application of antioxidant substances are a subject of intense discussion among experts, with resulting confusion for consumers and producers. The objective of the present article is to clarify the various uncertainties relating to the use of antioxidant substances in dermatology. Whereas inappropriate application of antioxidant substances (concerning their concentration and composition) might induce harmful effects, the consumer will definitively benefit from physiological concentrations and compositions of antioxidants. The most suitable method is the consumption of natural antioxidants in the form of fruit and vegetables, for example. In addition, the skin, which also accumulates antioxidant substances, may profit from a sufficient antioxidative level, as damage induced by sun radiation in addition to skin aging is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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23
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Lademann J, Schanzer S, Meinke M, Sterry W, Darvin ME. Interaction between carotenoids and free radicals in human skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24:238-44. [PMID: 21447993 DOI: 10.1159/000326074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors like air pollutants, radiation of the sun and stress factors such as illness, smoking, or alcohol abuse produce free radicals in the human tissue as well as in the skin. Free radicals serve as the main cause for premature skin aging. Additionally, they also contribute towards immunosuppression and the formation of skin diseases including cancer. The human organism has developed a protection system against the destructive action of free radicals by means of the antioxidant network. In the present study, the interaction of free radicals and carotenoid antioxidants in the human skin under in vivo conditions was investigated and summarized. The measurement of carotenoids in human skin was performed in vivo using resonance Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Berlin, Germany
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