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Kim S, Kang SW, Joo J, Han SH, Shin H, Nam BY, Park J, Yoo TH, Kim G, Lee P, Park JT. Characterization of ferroptosis in kidney tubular cell death under diabetic conditions. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:160. [PMID: 33558472 PMCID: PMC7870666 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kidney tubular cell death induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known to contribute to diabetic nephropathy, a major complication of diabetes. Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis are also involved in tubular cell death under diabetic conditions. Recently, ferroptosis, an atypical form of iron-dependent cell death, was reported to cause kidney disease, including acute kidney injury. Ferroptosis is primed by lipid peroxide accumulation through the cystine/glutamate antiporter system Xc- (xCT) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)-dependent mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ferroptosis in diabetes-induced tubular injury. TGF-β1-stimulated proximal tubular epithelial cells and diabetic mice models were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. xCT and GPX4 expression, cell viability, glutathione concentration, and lipid peroxidation were quantified to indicate ferroptosis. The effect of ferroptosis inhibition was also assessed. In kidney biopsy samples from diabetic patients, xCT and GPX4 mRNA expression was decreased compared to nondiabetic samples. In TGF-β1-stimulated tubular cells, intracellular glutathione concentration was reduced and lipid peroxidation was enhanced, both of which are related to ferroptosis-related cell death. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a ferroptosis inhibitor, alleviated TGF-β1-induced ferroptosis. In diabetic mice, kidney mRNA and protein expressions of xCT and GPX4 were reduced compared to control. Kidney glutathione concentration was decreased, while lipid peroxidation was increased in these mice, and these changes were alleviated by Fer-1 treatment. Ferroptosis is involved in kidney tubular cell death under diabetic conditions. Ferroptosis inhibition could be a therapeutic option for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongho Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Huiyoon Shin
- Genome & Health Big Data Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pureunchowon Lee
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Kang JH, Baik HW, Yoo SM, Kim JH, Cheong HI, Park CG, Kang HG, Ha IS. Aliskiren Regulates Neonatal Fc Receptor and IgG Metabolism with Attenuation of Anti-GBM Glomerulonephritis in Mice. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 134:272-282. [DOI: 10.1159/000448789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Li Y, Shen Y, Li M, Su D, Xu W, Liang X, Li R. Inhibitory effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists on collagen IV production in podocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:233-41. [PMID: 25920446 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists have beneficial effects on the kidney diseases through preventing microalbuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be fully understood. In this study, we investigate the effects of PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone (Rosi) and pioglitazone (Pio), on collagen IV production in mouse podocytes. The endogenous expression of PPAR-γ was found in the primary podocytes and can be upregulated by Rosi and Pio, respectively, detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. PPAR-γ agonist markedly blunted the increasing of collagen IV expression and extraction in podocytes induced by TGF-β. In contrast, adding PPAR-γ antagonist, GW9662, to podocytes largely prevented the inhibition of collagen IV expression from Pio treatment. Our data also showed that phosphorylation of Smad2/3 enhanced by TGF-β in a time-dependent manner was significantly attenuated by adding Pio. The promoter region of collagen IV gene contains one putative consensus sequence of Smad-binding element (SBE) by promoter analysis, Rosi and Pio significantly ameliorated TGF-β-induced SBE4-luciferase activity. In conclusion, PPAR-γ activation by its agonist, Rosi or Pio, in vitro directly inhibits collagen IV expression and synthesis in primary mouse podocytes. The suppression of collagen IV production was related to the inhibition of TGF-β-driven phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and decreased response activity of SBEs of collagen IV in PPAR-γ agonist-treated mouse podocytes. This represents a novel mechanistic support regarding PPAR-γ agonists as podocyte protective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi, China
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Pippin JW, Glenn ST, Krofft RD, Rusiniak ME, Alpers CE, Hudkins K, Duffield JS, Gross KW, Shankland SJ. Cells of renin lineage take on a podocyte phenotype in aging nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1198-209. [PMID: 24647714 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00699.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging nephropathy is characterized by podocyte depletion accompanied by progressive glomerulosclerosis. Replacement of terminally differentiated podocytes by local stem/progenitor cells is likely a critical mechanism for their regeneration. Recent studies have shown that cells of renin lineage (CoRL), normally restricted to the kidney's extraglomerular compartment, might serve this role after an abrupt depletion in podocyte number. To determine the effects of aging on the CoRL reserve and if CoRL moved from an extra- to the intraglomerular compartment during aging, genetic cell fate mapping was performed in aging Ren1cCre × Rs-ZsGreen reporter mice. Podocyte number decreased and glomerular scarring increased with advanced age. CoRL number decreased in the juxtaglomerular compartment with age. There was a paradoxical increase in CoRL in the intraglomerular compartment at 52 and 64 wk of age, where a subset coexpressed the podocyte proteins nephrin, podocin, and synaptopodin. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that a subset of labeled CoRL in the glomerulus displayed foot processes, which attached to the glomerular basement membrane. No CoRL in the glomerular compartment stained for renin. These results suggest that, despite a decrease in the reserve, a subpopulation of CoRL moves to the glomerulus after chronic podocyte depletion in aging nephropathy, where they acquire a podocyte-like phenotype. This suggests that they might serve as adult podocyte stem/progenitor cells under these conditions, albeit in insufficient numbers to fully replace podocytes depleted with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean T Glenn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Ronald D Krofft
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael E Rusiniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Charles E Alpers
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kelly Hudkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; and
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Feldman DL, Jin L, Xuan H, Persohn E, Zhou W, Schuetz H, Park JK, Muller DN, Luft FC. The direct renin inhibitor aliskiren localizes and persists in rat kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1593-602. [PMID: 23926182 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00655.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to 1) determine whether renal localization of aliskiren and its antihypertensive and renoprotective effects persist after administration of the drug is stopped and 2) define the renal localization of aliskiren by light microscopy autoradiography. Hypertensive double transgenic rats (dTGR) overexpressing genes for human renin and angiotensinogen were treated with aliskiren (3 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) sc; osmotic minipumps) or enalapril (18 mg/l in drinking water). After a 2-wk treatment, dTGR were assigned to either continued treatment with aliskiren ("continued"), or to cessation of their respective treatment ("stopped") for a 3-wk washout. One week of treatment with aliskiren and enalapril reduced blood pressure and albuminuria vs. baseline. After cessation of either treatment, blood pressure had returned to pretreatment levels and albuminuria remained relatively low for 1 wk, but rose thereafter similarly in both groups. In contrast, renal mRNA for transforming growth factor-β and renal collagen IV was reduced by aliskiren (continued and stopped groups), but not after cessation of enalapril. Similar patterns were found for collagen IV protein expression. Even 3 wk after stopping aliskiren treatment, renal levels of the drug exceeded its IC50, whereas enalaprilat was not detected. To localize aliskiren accumulation, Wistar rats were treated with [(3)H]-aliskiren for 7 days. Autoradiography demonstrated specific labeling in glomeruli, arterioles, and afferent arterioles as well as in the distal nephron. Labeling could still be observed even after 7 days' washout. These results suggest that the renophilic properties of aliskiren are different from enalapril and could have contributed to the renoprotective mechanism of this renin inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Feldman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Bldg. 437, Rm. 3317, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936.
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Wennmann DO, Hsu HH, Pavenstädt H. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in podocytes. Semin Nephrol 2013; 32:377-84. [PMID: 22958492 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a critical role in kidney function and its inhibition reduces proteinuria and preserves kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Recent studies have shown that podocytes generate many components of the RAAS and they express receptors of RAAS, including angiotensin II, mineralocorticoid, and prorenin receptors. Crucial functions of podocytes, such as contraction, apoptosis, autophagocytosis, and cytoskeletal organization, have been shown to be regulated by the angiotensin II type 1 receptors. An activation of the glomerular RAAS and protection from podocyte injury by RAAS inhibitors have been shown in many glomerular diseases. Exploring the interaction between the local RAAS and the signaling involved in RAAS activation in podocytes will lead to new therapeutic strategies of podocyte protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Oliver Wennmann
- Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, Preti P, Maffioli P, Perrone T, Derosa G. Time course of antiproteinuric effect of aliskiren in arterial hypertension associated with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:371-84. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.772981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fogari
- University of Pavia, Clinica Medica II, Centro Ipertensione e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics,
Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy ;
| | - Amedeo Mugellini
- University of Pavia, Clinica Medica II, Centro Ipertensione e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics,
Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy ;
| | - Annalisa Zoppi
- University of Pavia, Clinica Medica II, Centro Ipertensione e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics,
Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy ;
| | - Paola Preti
- University of Pavia, Clinica Medica II, Centro Ipertensione e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics,
Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy ;
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- University of Pavia, Clinica Medica II, Centro Ipertensione e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics,
Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy ;
| | - Tiziano Perrone
- University of Pavia, Clinica Medica II, Centro Ipertensione e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics,
Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy ;
| | - Giuseppe Derosa
- University of Pavia, Clinica Medica II, Centro Ipertensione e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics,
Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy ;
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Zhu L, Qi XY, Aoudjit L, Mouawad F, Baldwin C, Nattel S, Takano T. Nuclear factor of activated T cells mediates RhoA-induced fibronectin upregulation in glomerular podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F849-62. [PMID: 23389455 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00495.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerulosclerosis is featured by accumulation of the extracellular matrixes in the glomerulus. We showed previously that activation of the small GTPase RhoA in podocytes induces heavy proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in the mouse. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism by which RhoA stimulates the production of one of the extracellular matrixes, fibronectin, by podocytes, specifically testing the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Expression of constitutively active RhoA in cultured podocytes activated the fibronectin promoter, upregulated fibronectin protein, and activated NFAT. Expression of constitutively active NFAT in podocytes also activated the fibronectin promoter and upregulated fibronectin protein. RhoA-induced NFAT activation and fibronectin upregulation were both dependent on the calcium/calmodulin pathway and Rho kinase. NFAT activation was also observed in vivo in the rat and mouse models of podocyte injury and proteinuria, and NFAT inhibition ameliorated fibronectin upregulation in the latter. RhoA activation induced a rise of intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), which was at least in part dependent on the transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) cation channel. The results indicate that RhoA activates NFAT by inducing a rise of [Ca(2+)]i in podocytes, which in turn contributes to fibronectin upregulation. This pathway may be responsible for the pathogenesis of certain glomerular diseases such as hypertension-mediated glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Rashikh A, Ahmad SJ, Pillai KK, Najmi AK. Aliskiren as a novel therapeutic agent for hypertension and cardio-renal diseases. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:470-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
High blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and renal complications. A majority of treated hypertensive patients still complain of high BP. The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) has been a centre-stage target for all the cardiovascular and cardio-renal complications. Aliskiren, is the first direct renin inhibitor (DRI) to be approved by the US FDA. Renin controls the rate-limiting step in the RAAS cascade and hence is the most favorable target for RAAS suppression.
Key findings
This review article strives to summarize the pharmacokinetic, preclinical and clinical studies done so far pertaining to the efficacy of aliskiren. Further, the pharmacology of aliskiren has been comprehensively dealt with to enhance understanding so as to further research in this unfathomed area in the multitude of cardiovascular disorders and renal diseases.
Summary
Aliskiren has been shown to have comparable BP-lowering effects to other RAAS inhibitors. Recent clinical trials have indicated that it might contribute significantly in combination with other agents for the protection of end-organ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Rashikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shibli Jameel Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Kolappa Pillai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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