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Kheradmand F, Zhang Y, Corry DB. Contribution of adaptive immunity to human COPD and experimental models of emphysema. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1059-1093. [PMID: 36201635 PMCID: PMC9886356 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the undisputed role of innate immune cells in this condition have dominated the field in the basic research arena for many years. Recently, however, compelling data suggesting that adaptive immune cells may also contribute to the progressive nature of lung destruction associated with COPD in smokers have gained considerable attention. The histopathological changes in the lungs of smokers can be limited to the large or small airways, but alveolar loss leading to emphysema, which occurs in some individuals, remains its most significant and irreversible outcome. Critically, however, the question of why emphysema progresses in a subset of former smokers remained a mystery for many years. The recognition of activated and organized tertiary T- and B-lymphoid aggregates in emphysematous lungs provided the first clue that adaptive immune cells may play a crucial role in COPD pathophysiology. Based on these findings from human translational studies, experimental animal models of emphysema were used to determine the mechanisms through which smoke exposure initiates and orchestrates adaptive autoreactive inflammation in the lungs. These models have revealed that T helper (Th)1 and Th17 subsets promote a positive feedback loop that activates innate immune cells, confirming their role in emphysema pathogenesis. Results from genetic studies and immune-based discoveries have further provided strong evidence for autoimmunity induction in smokers with emphysema. These new findings offer a novel opportunity to explore the mechanisms underlying the inflammatory landscape in the COPD lung and offer insights for development of precision-based treatment to halt lung destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
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Copenhaver MM, Yu CY, Zhou D, Hoffman RP. Relationships of complement components C3 and C4 and their genetics to cardiometabolic risk in healthy, non-Hispanic white adolescents. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:88-94. [PMID: 31404919 PMCID: PMC6962538 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement promotes inflammatory and immune responses and may affect cardiometabolic risk. This study was designed to investigate the effect of complement components C3 and C4 on cardiometabolic risk in healthy non-Hispanic white adolescents. METHODS Body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile, waist circumference, and percent body fat were assessed in 75 adolescents. Arterial stiffness was assessed using arterial tomography and endothelial function using reactive hyperemia. Fasting lipids, inflammatory markers, and complement levels were measured and oral glucose tolerance test was performed. A single C3 polymorphism and C4 gene copy number variations were assessed. RESULTS C3 plasma levels increased with measures of obesity. Endothelial function worsened with increased C3 and C4 levels. Triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein increased and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and insulin sensitivity decreased with increasing C3 levels, but the relationships were lost when body habitus was included in the model. C4 negatively related to HDL and positively to inflammatory markers. Subjects with at least one C3F allele had increased BMI and fat mass index. HDL was significantly related to C4L, C4S, C4A, and C4B gene copy number variation. CONCLUSIONS C3 levels increase with increasing body mass and increased C4 levels and copy number are associated with increased cardiometabolic risk in healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Copenhaver
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Danlei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert P Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Yan W, Che L, Jiang J, Yang F, Duan Q, Song H, Liu X, Shen Y, Wang L. Depletion of complement system immunity in patients with myocardial infarction. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5350-5356. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Gondret F, Vincent A, Houée-Bigot M, Siegel A, Lagarrigue S, Louveau I, Causeur D. Molecular alterations induced by a high-fat high-fiber diet in porcine adipose tissues: variations according to the anatomical fat location. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:120. [PMID: 26892011 PMCID: PMC4758018 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changing the energy and nutrient source for growing animals may be an effective way of limiting adipose tissue expansion, a response which may depend on the genetic background of the animals. This study aims to describe the transcriptional modulations present in the adipose tissues of two pig lines divergently selected for residual feed intake which were either fed a high-fat high-fiber (HF) diet or an isocaloric low-fat high-starch diet (LF). RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis using a porcine microarray was performed on 48 pigs (n = 12 per diet and per line) in both perirenal (PRAT) and subcutaneous (SCAT) adipose tissues. There was no interaction between diet and line on either adiposity or transcriptional profiles, so that the diet effect was inferred independently of the line. Irrespective of line, the relative weights of the two fat depots were lower in HF pigs than in LF pigs after 58 days on dietary treatment. In the two adipose tissues, the most apparent effect of the HF diet was the down-regulation of several genes associated with the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which therefore may be associated with dietary-induced modulations in genes acting in apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory pathways. Genes involved in glucose metabolic processes were also down-regulated by the HF diet, with no significant variation or decreased expression of important lipid-related genes such as the low-density lipoprotein receptor and leptin in the two fat pads. The master regulators of glucose and fatty acid homeostasis SREBF1 and MLXIPL, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)δ and its heterodimeric partner RXRA were down-regulated by the HF diet. PPARγ which has pleiotropic functions including lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation, was however up-regulated by this diet in PRAT and SCAT. Dietary-related modulations in the expression of genes associated with immunity and inflammation were mainly revealed in PRAT. CONCLUSION A high-fat high-fiber diet depressed glucose and lipid anabolic molecular pathways, thus counteracting adipose tissue expansion. Interaction effects between dietary intake of fiber and lipids on gene expression may modulate innate immunity and inflammation, a response which is of interest with regard to chronic inflammation and its adverse effects on health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gondret
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, Saint-Gilles, France. .,Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Annie Vincent
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, Saint-Gilles, France. .,Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | | | - Anne Siegel
- CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INRIA, UMR6074 IRISA, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, Cedex, France.
| | - Sandrine Lagarrigue
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, Saint-Gilles, France. .,Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Isabelle Louveau
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, Saint-Gilles, France. .,Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - David Causeur
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR6625 IRMAR, F-35000, Rennes, France.
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Hovland A, Jonasson L, Garred P, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Lappegård KT, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. The complement system and toll-like receptors as integrated players in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:480-94. [PMID: 26086357 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent medical advances, atherosclerosis is a global burden accounting for numerous deaths and hospital admissions. Immune-mediated inflammation is a major component of the atherosclerotic process, but earlier research focus on adaptive immunity has gradually switched towards the role of innate immunity. The complement system and toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the crosstalk between them, may be of particular interest both with respect to pathogenesis and as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Animal studies indicate that inhibition of C3a and C5a reduces atherosclerosis. In humans modified LDL-cholesterol activate complement and TLRs leading to downstream inflammation, and histopathological studies indicate that the innate immune system is present in atherosclerotic lesions. Moreover, clinical studies have demonstrated that both complement and TLRs are upregulated in atherosclerotic diseases, although interventional trials have this far been disappointing. However, based on recent research showing an intimate interplay between complement and TLRs we propose a model in which combined inhibition of both complement and TLRs may represent a potent anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hovland
- Coronary Care Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lena Jonasson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut T Lappegård
- Coronary Care Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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Hussain M, Stover CM, Dupont A. P. gingivalis in Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerosis - Scenes of Action for Antimicrobial Peptides and Complement. Front Immunol 2015; 6:45. [PMID: 25713575 PMCID: PMC4322733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the NHS, it is estimated that over 50% of the adult population are, to some extent, affected by gum disease and approximately 15% of UK population have been diagnosed with severe periodontitis. Periodontitis, a chronic polymicrobial disease of the gums, causes inflammation in its milder form, whereas in its severe form affects the surrounding tissues and can result in tooth loss. During periodontitis, plaque accumulates and sits between the junctional epithelium and the tooth itself, resulting in inflammation and the formation of a periodontal pocket. An interface is formed directly between the subgingival bacteria and the junctional epithelial cells. Bacterial pathogens commonly associated with periodontal disease are, among others, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, together known as the "red complex." This review will mostly concentrate on the role of P. gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium and one of the major and most studied contributors of this disease. Because periodontal disease is associated with the development of atherosclerosis, it is important to understand the local immune response to P. gingivalis. Innate immune players, in particular, complement and antimicrobial peptides and their effects with regard to P. gingivalis during periodontitis and in the development of atherosclerosis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Hussain
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Cordula M. Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aline Dupont
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Zimmer J, Hobkirk J, Mohamed F, Browning MJ, Stover CM. On the Functional Overlap between Complement and Anti-Microbial Peptides. Front Immunol 2015; 5:689. [PMID: 25646095 PMCID: PMC4298222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intriguingly, activated complement and anti-microbial peptides share certain functionalities; lytic, phagocytic, and chemo-attractant activities and each may, in addition, exert cell instructive roles. Each has been shown to have distinct LPS detoxifying activity and may play a role in the development of endotoxin tolerance. In search of the origin of complement, a functional homolog of complement C3 involved in opsonization has been identified in horseshoe crabs. Horseshoe crabs possess anti-microbial peptides able to bind to acyl chains or phosphate groups/saccharides of endotoxin, LPS. Complement activity as a whole is detectable in marine invertebrates. These are also a source of anti-microbial peptides with potential pharmaceutical applicability. Investigating the locality for the production of complement pathway proteins and their role in modulating cellular immune responses are emerging fields. The significance of local synthesis of complement components is becoming clearer from in vivo studies of parenchymatous disease involving specifically generated, complement-deficient mouse lines. Complement C3 is a central component of complement activation. Its provision by cells of the myeloid lineage varies. Their effector functions in turn are increased in the presence of anti-microbial peptides. This may point to a potentiating range of activities, which should serve the maintenance of health but may also cause disease. Because of the therapeutic implications, this review will consider closely studies dealing with complement activation and anti-microbial peptide activity in acute inflammation (e.g., dialysis-related peritonitis, appendicitis, and ischemia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zimmer
- Department of Infectious Diseases - Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - James Hobkirk
- Department of Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull , Hull , UK
| | - Fatima Mohamed
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - Michael J Browning
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK ; Department of Immunology, Leicester Royal Infirmary , Leicester , UK
| | - Cordula M Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
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The complement system in human cardiometabolic disease. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:135-48. [PMID: 25017306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complement system has been implicated in obesity, fatty liver, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Complement factors are produced in adipose tissue and appear to be involved in adipose tissue metabolism and local inflammation. Thereby complement links adipose tissue inflammation to systemic metabolic derangements, such as low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Furthermore, complement has been implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms of diet- and alcohol induced liver damage, hyperglycaemia, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and fibrinolysis. In this review, we summarize current evidence on the role of the complement system in several processes of human cardiometabolic disease. C3 is the central component in complement activation, and has most widely been studied in humans. C3 concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, liver dysfunction, risk of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CVD. C3 can be activated by the classical, the lectin and the alternative pathway of complement activation; and downstream activation of C3 activates the terminal pathway. Complement may also be activated via extrinsic proteases of the coagulation, fibrinolysis and the kinin systems. Studies on the different complement activation pathways in human cardiometabolic disease are limited, but available evidence suggests that they may have distinct roles in processes underlying cardiometabolic disease. The lectin pathway appeared beneficial in some studies on type 2 diabetes and CVD, while factors of the classical and the alternative pathway were related to unfavourable cardiometabolic traits. The terminal complement pathway was also implicated in insulin resistance and liver disease, and appears to have a prominent role in acute and advanced CVD. The available human data suggest a complex and potentially causal role for the complement system in human cardiometabolic disease. Further, preferably longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle which aspects of the complement system and complement activation affect the different processes in human cardiometabolic disease.
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Nymo S, Niyonzima N, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. Cholesterol crystal-induced endothelial cell activation is complement-dependent and mediated by TNF. Immunobiology 2014; 219:786-92. [PMID: 25053140 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals are known to be a hallmark of atherosclerosis with recent studies demonstrating deposition of these crystals in early fatty streak formation as well as penetrating the intima following plaque rupture. Inflammation has also become a central focus in atheroma development and endothelial cell activation is recognized as necessary for the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the plaque. However, the extent to which cholesterol crystals can induce inflammation and activate endothelial cells is not known. To investigate this, we developed a novel model activating human umbilical vein endothelial cells using lepirudin anticoagulated human whole blood. We found that cholesterol crystals caused a marked and dose-dependent increase in the adhesion molecules E-selectin and ICAM-1 on the surface of the endothelial cells after incubation with whole blood. There was no activation of the cells when the crystals were incubated in medium alone, or in human serum, despite substantial crystal-induced complement activation in serum. Complement inhibitors at the C3 and C5 levels reduced the whole blood induced endothelial cell activation by up to 89% (p<0.05) and abolished TNF release (p<0.01). Finally, the TNF inhibitor infliximab reduced endothelial activation to background levels (p<0.05). In conclusion, these data demonstrate that endothelial activation by cholesterol crystals is mediated by complement-dependent TNF release, and suggests that complement-inhibition might have a role in alleviating atherosclerosis-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Nymo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Nathalie Niyonzima
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Smolenski GA, Broadhurst MK, Stelwagen K, Haigh BJ, Wheeler TT. Host defence related responses in bovine milk during an experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis infection. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:19. [PMID: 24721702 PMCID: PMC4021463 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk contains a range of proteins of moderate or low abundance that contribute to host defence. Characterisation of these proteins, the extent to which their abundance is regulated by pathogenic stimuli, and the variability of their response between and within individual animals would facilitate a better understanding of the molecular basis for this important function of milk. RESULTS We have characterised the host defence proteins in bovine milk and their responses to intra-mammary infection by a common Gram positive mastitis pathogen, Streptococcus uberis, using a combination of 2D gel electrophoresis and GeLC mass spectrometry. In total, 68 host defence-associated proteins were identified, 18 of which have a direct antimicrobial function, 23 of which have a pathogen-recognition function, and 27 of which have a role in modulating inflammatory or immune signalling. The responsiveness of seven proteins was quantified by western blotting; validating the proteomic analyses, quantifying the within- and between animal variability of the responses, and demonstrating the complexity and specificity of the responses to this pathogen. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a foundation for understanding the role of milk in host-microbe interaction. Furthermore they provide candidate biomarkers for mastitis diagnosis, and will inform efforts to develop dairy products with improved health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Smolenski
- Dairy Foods, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Marita K Broadhurst
- Dairy Foods, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Kerst Stelwagen
- SciLactis Ltd, Waikato Innovation Park, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brendan J Haigh
- Dairy Foods, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Thomas T Wheeler
- Dairy Foods, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Protective role for properdin in progression of experimental murine atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92404. [PMID: 24667818 PMCID: PMC3965423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, dietary and immune factors contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans and mice. Complement activation is an integral part of the innate immune defence but also shapes cellular responses and influences directly triglyceride synthesis. Deficiency of Factor B of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement is beneficial in LDLR(-/-) mice fed a high fat diet. The serum glycoprotein properdin is a key positive regulator of the AP but has not been studied in experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis was assessed after feeding low fat (LFD) or high fat (HFD) Western type diets to newly generated LDLR(-/-) Properdin(KO) (LDLR(-/-)P(KO)) and LDLR-/-PWT mice. Lipids, lymphocytes and monocytes were similar among genotypes, genders and diets. Complement C3, but not C3adesarg, levels were enhanced in LDLR(-/-)P(KO) mice regardless of diet type or gender. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were decreased in male LDLR(-/-)P(KO) fed a HFD compared with controls. All mice showed significant atherosclerotic burden in aortae and at aortic roots but male LDLR(-/-) mice fed a LFD were affected to the greatest extent by the absence of properdin. The protective effect of properdin expression was overwhelmed in both genders of LDLR(-/-)mice when fed a HFD. We conclude that properdin plays an unexpectedly beneficial role in the development and progression of early atherosclerotic lesions.
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Complement and atherosclerosis-united to the point of no return? Clin Biochem 2012; 46:20-5. [PMID: 23010447 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is widely regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that develops as a consequence of entrapment of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial intima and its interaction with components of both innate and adaptive immunity. This article reviews the role of the complement system in the context of a different concept on atherogenesis. Arguments are forwarded in support of the contention that enzymatic and not oxidative modification of LDL is the prerequisite for transforming the lipoprotein into a moiety that is recognized by the innate immune system. In a departure from general wisdom, it is proposed that these processes are initially not pathological. To the contrary, they are physiological and meaningful because only thus can the stranded lipoprotein with its insoluble cargo, cholesterol, be removed from tissues. It is contended that histopathologically defined initial foam cell formation develops without inflammation and is reversible. Atherosclerosis as a disease evolves only when the cholesterol removal machinery is overloaded and it then represents a special type of immunopathological process primarily involving immune effectors of the innate rather than the adaptive immune system. This sets it apart from classical immunopathological reactions that are all based on dysfunctional adaptive immunity. But as with all other diseases of known origin, a defined molecular trigger, enzymatically modified-LDL (eLDL), exists whose intimal accumulation is required to initiate the pathologic process. And as with other diseases, the course of atherosclerosis will then be influenced by myriad genetic, endogenous, and environmental factors that by themselves, however, will not cause the disease. This simple concept is completely in line with general clinical experience and with the results of major clinical trials that have been conducted during the past decades.
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