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Singar S, Nagpal R, Arjmandi BH, Akhavan NS. Personalized Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Recommendations through Genetic Insights. Nutrients 2024; 16:2673. [PMID: 39203810 PMCID: PMC11357412 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary research, and practical applications. We explore how individual genetic differences influence dietary metabolisms, thus underscoring the importance of nutrigenomics in developing personalized dietary guidelines. Current research in PN highlights significant gene-diet interactions that affect various conditions, including obesity and diabetes, suggesting that dietary interventions could be more precise and beneficial if they are customized to genetic profiles. Moreover, we discuss practical implementations of PN, including technological advancements in genetic testing that enable real-time dietary customization. Looking forward, this review identifies the robust integration of bioinformatics and genomics as critical for advancing PN. We advocate for multidisciplinary research to overcome current challenges, such as data privacy and ethical concerns associated with genetic testing. The future of PN lies in broader adoption across health and wellness sectors, promising significant advancements in public health and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Singar
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.S.); (R.N.); (B.H.A.)
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.S.); (R.N.); (B.H.A.)
| | - Bahram H. Arjmandi
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.S.); (R.N.); (B.H.A.)
| | - Neda S. Akhavan
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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2
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Wenzler AN, van de Loo B, van der Velde N, van Schoor NM. The Effect of Genetic Variations in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene on the Course of Depressive Symptoms. J Nutr 2024; 154:2255-2263. [PMID: 38692355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and depressive symptoms is inconclusive. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of the study was to investigate the association between SNPs in the VDR gene and depressive symptoms. METHODS In a sample of older adults from the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam (n = 922), depressive symptoms were assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D scale) at baseline and after 3, 6, and 10 y of follow-up. Blood samples for SNP and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) determination were obtained at baseline. The association between 13 SNPs in the VDR gene and the course of depressive symptoms were evaluated using linear mixed models. The interaction between SNPs and serum 25(OH)D3 in relation to depressive symptoms was evaluated using multiple linear regression. RESULTS No SNPs were associated with the course of depressive symptoms. Significant interactions between serum 25(OH)D3 and SNPs in the VDR gene were found. Stratified analysis revealed that within the GG genotype strata, 10 nmol/L higher serum 25(OH)D3 was associated with 0.27 (95% CI: -0.50, -0.04) and 0.23 (95% CI: -0.48, 0.02) lower scores on the CES-D scale for Cdx-2 and 1b-G-886A, respectively. This association was not found in persons having the GA or AA genotype. CONCLUSIONS No SNPs are associated with the course of depressive symptoms. Stratified analysis shows that the effect of serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations on depressive symptoms is different among genotypes of Cdx-2 and 1b-G-886A. Future research should elucidate on the function of Cdx-2 and 1b-G-886A to describe their effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Neeltje Wenzler
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bob van de Loo
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Ageing and Later Life Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie van der Velde
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Ageing and Later Life Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Ageing and Later Life Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hernan-Godoy M, Rouaux C. From Environment to Gene Expression: Epigenetic Methylations and One-Carbon Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2024; 13:967. [PMID: 38891099 PMCID: PMC11171807 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiology of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is complex and considered multifactorial. The majority of ALS cases are sporadic, but familial cases also exist. Estimates of heritability range from 8% to 61%, indicating that additional factors beyond genetics likely contribute to ALS. Numerous environmental factors are considered, which may add up and synergize throughout an individual's lifetime building its unique exposome. One level of integration between genetic and environmental factors is epigenetics, which results in alterations in gene expression without modification of the genome sequence. Methylation reactions, targeting DNA or histones, represent a large proportion of epigenetic regulations and strongly depend on the availability of methyl donors provided by the ubiquitous one-carbon (1C) metabolism. Thus, understanding the interplay between exposome, 1C metabolism, and epigenetic modifications will likely contribute to elucidating the mechanisms underlying altered gene expression related to ALS and to developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Here, we review evidence for 1C metabolism alterations and epigenetic methylation dysregulations in ALS, with a focus on the impairments reported in neural tissues, and discuss these environmentally driven mechanisms as the consequences of cumulative exposome or late environmental hits, but also as the possible result of early developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Rouaux
- Inserm UMR_S 1329, Strasbourg Translational Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Université de Strasbourg, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000 Strasbourg, France;
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4
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Liu YH, Lu LP, Yi MH, Shen CY, Lu GQ, Jia J, Wu H. Study on the correlation between homocysteine-related dietary patterns and gestational diabetes mellitus:a reduced-rank regression analysis study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:306. [PMID: 35399065 PMCID: PMC8994885 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study aimed to evaluate the association between homocysteine-related dietary patterns and gestational diabetes mellitus.
Methods
A total of 488 pregnant women at 24–28 weeks of gestation between January 2019 and December 2020 were included. Demographic characteristics, dietary intake, and multivitamin supplement intake information were collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); fasting venous blood samples were collected for serum index detection. Serum homocysteine (Hcy), folic acid, and B12 were selected as response variables, and hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy)-related dietary patterns were extracted using the reduced rank regression.. The relationship between the score of hHcy-related dietary patterns and GDM was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model.
Results
Three hHcy-related dietary patterns were extracted. Only mode 2 had a positive and significant relationship with the risk of developing GDM. After adjusting for confounding factors, the risk of GDM was significantly increased in the highest quartile array compared with the lowest quartile of the pattern (OR = 2.96, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.939–9.356, P = 0.004). There was no significant correlation between dietary pattern 1 and GDM risk (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
Homocysteine-related dietary patterns were positively associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Adjusting dietary patterns may contribute to the intervention and prevention of GDM.
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Sun D, Mao S, Zhu W, Liu J. Proteomic identification of ruminal epithelial protein expression profiles in response to starter feed supplementation in pre-weaned lambs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1271-1282. [PMID: 34786500 PMCID: PMC8567165 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to comparatively characterize the ruminal epithelial protein expression profiles in lambs fed ewe milk or milk plus starter diet using proteome analysis. Twenty new-born lambs were randomly divided into a group receiving ewe milk (M, n = 10) and a group receiving milk plus starter diet (M + S, n = 10). From 10 d old, M group lambs remained with the ewe and suckled ewe milk without receiving the starter diet. The lambs in the M + S group were separated from the ewe and received starter feed. All lambs were slaughtered at 56 d old. Eight rumen epithelia samples (4 per group) were collected to characterize their protein expression profiles using proteomic technology. Proteome analysis showed that 31 upregulated proteins and 40 downregulated proteins were identified in the rumen epithelium of lambs in response to starter diet supplementation. The results showed that starter feeding regulates a variety of biological processes in the epithelium, especially blood vessel development and extracellular matrix protein expression. Meanwhile, the expression of proteins associated with synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, butanoate metabolism, and citrate cycle signaling transduction pathway were upregulated in the group with starter diet supplementation, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMGCS2, fold change [FC] = 1.93), 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1, FC = 1.91), and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1, FC = 8.12). The metabolic processes associated with ammonia detoxification and antioxidant stress were also affected by starter diet supplementation, with proteins, microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 (MGST3, FC = 2.37) and IDH1, linked to the biosynthesis of glutamate and glutathione metabolism pathway being upregulated in the group with starter diet supplementation. In addition, starter feeding decreased the expression of Ras-related protein rap-1A (RAP1A, FC = 0.48) enriched in Rap1 signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In summary, starter feed supplementation changed the expression of proteins related to energy production, ammonia detoxification, antioxidant stress, and signaling pathways related to proliferation and apoptosis, which facilitates the rumen epithelia development in lambs. The results provide new insights into the molecular adaptation of rumen epithelia in response to starter diet supplementation at the protein level in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Gordon-Larsen P, French JE, Moustaid-Moussa N, Voruganti VS, Mayer-Davis EJ, Bizon CA, Cheng Z, Stewart DA, Easterbrook JW, Shaikh SR. Synergizing Mouse and Human Studies to Understand the Heterogeneity of Obesity. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2023-2034. [PMID: 33885739 PMCID: PMC8483969 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is routinely considered as a single disease state, which drives a "one-size-fits-all" approach to treatment. We recently convened the first annual University of North Carolina Interdisciplinary Nutrition Sciences Symposium to discuss the heterogeneity of obesity and the need for translational science to advance understanding of this heterogeneity. The symposium aimed to advance scientific rigor in translational studies from animal to human models with the goal of identifying underlying mechanisms and treatments. In this review, we discuss fundamental gaps in knowledge of the heterogeneity of obesity ranging from cellular to population perspectives. We also advocate approaches to overcoming limitations in the field. Examples include the use of contemporary mouse genetic reference population models such as the Collaborative Cross and Diversity Outbred mice that effectively model human genetic diversity and the use of translational models that integrate -omics and computational approaches from pre-clinical to clinical models of obesity. Finally, we suggest best scientific practices to ensure strong rigor that will allow investigators to delineate the sources of heterogeneity in the population with obesity. Collectively, we propose that it is critical to think of obesity as a heterogeneous disease with complex mechanisms and etiologies, requiring unique prevention and treatment strategies tailored to the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E French
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Obesity Research Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Venkata S Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A Bizon
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhiyong Cheng
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Delisha A Stewart
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - John W Easterbrook
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gentile F, Doneddu PE, Riva N, Nobile-Orazio E, Quattrini A. Diet, Microbiota and Brain Health: Unraveling the Network Intersecting Metabolism and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7471. [PMID: 33050475 PMCID: PMC7590163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence gives support for the idea that extra-neuronal factors may affect brain physiology and its predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological and experimental studies show that nutrition and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases after midlife, while the relationship with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is uncertain, but suggests a protective effect of features of metabolic syndrome. The microbiota has recently emerged as a novel factor engaging strong interactions with neurons and glia, deeply affecting their function and behavior in these diseases. In particular, recent evidence suggested that gut microbes are involved in the seeding of prion-like proteins and their spreading to the central nervous system. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the impact of metabolism, diet and microbiota in neurodegeneration, by affecting simultaneously several aspects of health regarding energy metabolism, immune system and neuronal function. Advancing technologies may allow researchers in the future to improve investigations in these fields, allowing the buildup of population-based preventive interventions and development of targeted therapeutics to halt progressive neurologic disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gentile
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
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Batistel F, Alharthi AS, Yambao RRC, Elolimy AA, Pan YX, Parys C, Loor JJ. Methionine Supply During Late-Gestation Triggers Offspring Sex-Specific Divergent Changes in Metabolic and Epigenetic Signatures in Bovine Placenta. J Nutr 2019; 149:6-17. [PMID: 30608595 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonruminant male and female offspring respond differently to gestational nutrition, with placenta contributing to the underlying mechanisms. However, similar data are lacking in large ruminants. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of methionine supply during late-gestation on metabolism and DNA methylation in placenta from cows carrying male or female calves. Methods During the last 28 d of pregnancy, cows were individually fed a control diet (CON) or the control diet plus rumen-protected d,l-methionine (MET; 0.9 g/kg dry matter intake). Placentomes collected at term were classified according to cow dietary treatment and offspring sex as follows: Male CON (n = 7), Male MET (n = 7), Female CON (n = 8), and Female MET (n = 8). Calf growth was measured until 9 wk of age. Targeted metabolomics, RT-PCR, global DNA methylation, and activity of selected enzymes in one-carbon metabolism and transsulfuration pathways were performed. Statistics were conducted via ANOVA using MIXED models. Results At birth, Male MET calves were heavier than Male CON calves (7.6%, P = 0.02), but body mass was similar at 9 wk of age. In contrast, compared with Female CON, Female MET calves had greater body mass at 9 wk of age (6.3%, P = 0.03). Compared with Male CON, placenta from Male MET calves had greater concentrations of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and transsulfuration intermediates (23-100%, P < 0.05), along with greater 5-methyltetrahydrofolatehomocysteine methyltransferase activity (67%, P = 0.03). Compared with Female CON, placenta from Female MET calves had greater concentrations of one-carbon metabolism intermediates (13-52%, P < 0.05). DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) was upregulated (43%, P < 0.01) in placenta from Female MET compared with Female CON calves. Global DNA methylation was lower in placenta from Female MET compared with Female CON calves (45%, P = 0.06). Conclusions Methionine supply affects placental metabolism, DNA methylation, and body mass of the calf in a sex-specific manner, underscoring its importance as dietary methyl-donor for pregnant cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Batistel
- Departments of Animal Sciences.,Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | | | | | | | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Juan J Loor
- Departments of Animal Sciences.,Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Abstract
It is proposed that proteins/enzymes be classified into two classes according to their essentiality for immediate survival/reproduction and their function in long-term health: that is, survival proteins versus longevity proteins. As proposed by the triage theory, a modest deficiency of one of the nutrients/cofactors triggers a built-in rationing mechanism that favors the proteins needed for immediate survival and reproduction (survival proteins) while sacrificing those needed to protect against future damage (longevity proteins). Impairment of the function of longevity proteins results in an insidious acceleration of the risk of diseases associated with aging. I also propose that nutrients required for the function of longevity proteins constitute a class of vitamins that are here named "longevity vitamins." I suggest that many such nutrients play a dual role for both survival and longevity. The evidence for classifying taurine as a conditional vitamin, and the following 10 compounds as putative longevity vitamins, is reviewed: the fungal antioxidant ergothioneine; the bacterial metabolites pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and queuine; and the plant antioxidant carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and the marine carotenoid astaxanthin. Because nutrient deficiencies are highly prevalent in the United States (and elsewhere), appropriate supplementation and/or an improved diet could reduce much of the consequent risk of chronic disease and premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Ames
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, CA 94609-1809
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Fiocchi A, Dahda L, Dupont C, Campoy C, Fierro V, Nieto A. Cow's milk allergy: towards an update of DRACMA guidelines. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:35. [PMID: 27895813 PMCID: PMC5109783 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2010, the diagnosis and treatment of IgE-mediated CMA were systematized in a GRADE guideline. OBJECTIVES & METHODS After 6 years, the state of the knowledge in diagnosis and treatment of CMA has largely evolved. We summarize here the main advances, and exemplify indicating some specific points: studies aimed at better knowledge of the effects of breastfeeding and the production of new special formulae intended for the treatment of CMA. The literature (PubMed/MEDLINE) was searched using the following algorithms: (1) [milk allergy] AND diagnosis; (2) [milk allergy] AND [formul*] OR [breast*], setting the search engine [6-years] time and [human] limits. The authors drew on their collective clinical experience to restrict retrieved studies to those of relevance to a pediatric allergy practice. RESULTS Several clinical studies did address the possibility to diagnose CMA using new tools in vitro and in vivo, or to diagnose it without any evaluation of sensitization. Some studies also addressed the clinical role of formulae based on milk hydrolysates, soy, or rice hydrolysates in the treatment of CMA. Many studies have elucidated the effects of selective nutrients in breastfed infants on their immunologic and neurologic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based diagnostic criteria should be identified for non-IgE-mediated CMA. Debate is ongoing about the best substitute for infants with CMA. In particular, Hydrolyzed Rice Formulae have been widely assessed in the last six years. In the substitute choice, clinicians should be aware of recent studies that can modify the interpretation of the current recommendations. New systematic reviews and metanalyses are needed to confirm or modify the current DRACMA recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fiocchi
- Division of Allergy, University Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City Italy
| | - Lamia Dahda
- Division of Allergy, University Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City Italy
| | - Christophe Dupont
- Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Digestives Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker, Université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. De Madrid 11, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Fierro
- Division of Allergy, University Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City Italy
| | - Antonio Nieto
- Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy Unit, Children’s Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Kritchevsky SB. Commentary: Connections across life stages and disease risk: commentary on a study early in the life course of life course epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1036-1039. [PMID: 27498296 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. E-mail:
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12
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Robinson JL, Bertolo RF. The Pediatric Methionine Requirement Should Incorporate Remethylation Potential and Transmethylation Demands. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:523-34. [PMID: 27184279 PMCID: PMC4863267 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.010843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic demand for methionine is great in neonates. Indeed, methionine is the only indispensable sulfur amino acid and is required not only for protein synthesis and growth but is also partitioned to a greater extent to transsulfuration for cysteine and taurine synthesis and to >50 transmethylation reactions that serve to methylate DNA and synthesize metabolites, including creatine and phosphatidylcholine. Therefore, the pediatric methionine requirement must accommodate the demands of rapid protein turnover as well as vast nonprotein demands. Because cysteine spares the methionine requirement, it is likely that the dietary provision of transmethylation products can also feasibly spare methionine. However, understanding the requirement of methionine is further complicated because demethylated methionine can be remethylated by the dietary methyl donors folate and betaine (derived from choline). Intakes of dietary methyl donors are highly variable, which is of particular concern for newborns. It has been demonstrated that many populations have enhanced requirements for these nutrients, and nutrient fortification may exacerbate this phenomenon by selecting phenotypes that increase methyl requirements. Moreover, higher transmethylation rates can limit methyl supply and affect other transmethylation reactions as well as protein synthesis. Therefore, careful investigations are needed to determine how remethylation and transmethylation contribute to the methionine requirement. The purpose of this review is to support our hypothesis that dietary methyl donors and consumers can drive methionine availability for protein synthesis and transmethylation reactions. We argue that nutritional strategies in neonates need to ensure that methionine is available to meet requirements for growth as well as for transmethylation products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Pourié G, Martin N, Bossenmeyer-Pourié C, Akchiche N, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Geoffroy A, Jeannesson E, El Hajj Chehadeh S, Mimoun K, Brachet P, Koziel V, Alberto JM, Helle D, Debard R, Leininger B, Daval JL, Guéant JL. Folate- and vitamin B12-deficient diet during gestation and lactation alters cerebellar synapsin expression via impaired influence of estrogen nuclear receptor α. FASEB J 2015; 29:3713-25. [PMID: 26018677 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-264267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in the methyl donors vitamin B12 and folate during pregnancy and postnatal life impairs proper brain development. We studied the consequences of this combined deficiency on cerebellum plasticity in offspring from rat mothers subjected to deficient diet during gestation and lactation and in rat neuroprogenitor cells expressing cerebellum markers. The major proteomic change in cerebellum of 21-d-old deprived females was a 2.2-fold lower expression of synapsins, which was confirmed in neuroprogenitors cultivated in the deficient condition. A pathway analysis suggested that these proteomic changes were related to estrogen receptor α (ER-α)/Src tyrosine kinase. The influence of impaired ER-α pathway was confirmed by abnormal negative geotaxis test at d 19-20 and decreased phsophorylation of synapsins in deprived females treated by ER-α antagonist 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinylethoxy)phenol]-1H-pyrazole dihydrochloride (MPP). This effect was consistent with 2-fold decreased expression and methylation of ER-α and subsequent decreased ER-α/PPAR-γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) interaction in deficiency condition. The impaired ER-α pathway led to decreased expression of synapsins through 2-fold decreased EGR-1/Zif-268 transcription factor and to 1.7-fold reduced Src-dependent phosphorylation of synapsins. The treatment of neuroprogenitors with either MPP or PP1 (4-(4'-phenoxyanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, 6,7-dimethoxy-N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4-quinazolinamine, SKI-1, Src-l1) Src inhibitor produced similar effects. In conclusion, the deficiency during pregnancy and lactation impairs the expression of synapsins through a deregulation of ER-α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Pourié
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Nicolas Martin
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Carine Bossenmeyer-Pourié
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Nassila Akchiche
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Guéant-Rodriguez
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Andréa Geoffroy
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Elise Jeannesson
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Sarah El Hajj Chehadeh
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Khalid Mimoun
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Patrick Brachet
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Violette Koziel
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Alberto
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Deborah Helle
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Renée Debard
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Brigitte Leininger
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Daval
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 954, Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Human Nutrition Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/University of Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre of Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Oasi Maria Santissima-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
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McCall N, Mahadevia D, Corriveau JA, Glenn MJ. Adult emotionality and neural plasticity as a function of adolescent nutrient supplementation in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 132:125-135. [PMID: 25782746 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored the effects of supplementing male rats with either choline, omega-3 fatty acids, or phytoestrogens, from weaning into early adulthood, on emotionality and hippocampal plasticity. Because of the neuroprotective properties of these nutrients, we hypothesized that they would positively affect both behavior and hippocampal function when compared to non-supplemented control rats. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to one of four nutrient conditions after weaning: 1) control (normal rat chow); 2) choline (supplemented in drinking water); 3) omega 3 fatty acids (daily oral supplements); or 4) phytoestrogens (supplemented in chow). After 4weeks on their respective diets, a subset of rats began 3weeks of behavioral testing, while the remaining behaviorally naïve rats were sacrificed after 6weeks on the diets to assess numbers of adult-born hippocampal neurons using the immature neuron marker, doublecortin. The results revealed that choline supplementation affected emotional functioning; compared to rats in other diet conditions, rats in this group were less anxious in an open field and after exposure to predator odor and showed less behavioral despair after forced swimming. Similar behavioral findings were evident following supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and phytoestrogen supplementation, though not on all tests and not to the same magnitude. Histological findings followed a pattern consistent with the behavioral findings: choline supplementation, followed by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, but not phytoestrogen supplementation, significantly increased the numbers of new-born hippocampal neurons. Choline and omega-3 fatty acids have similar biological functions-affecting cell membranes, growth factor levels, and epigenetically altering gene transcription. Thus, the present findings suggest that targeting nutrients with these effects may be a viable strategy to combat adult psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora McCall
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
| | - Darshini Mahadevia
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
| | | | - Melissa J Glenn
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States.
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Bernhard W, Raith M, Kunze R, Koch V, Heni M, Maas C, Abele H, Poets CF, Franz AR. Choline concentrations are lower in postnatal plasma of preterm infants than in cord plasma. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:733-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Williams AC, Dunbar RIM. Big brains, meat, tuberculosis and the nicotinamide switches: co-evolutionary relationships with modern repercussions on longevity and disease? Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:79-87. [PMID: 24767939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Meat eating has been an important trigger for human evolution however the responsible component in meat has not been clearly identified. Here we propose that the limiting factors for expanding brains and increasing longevity were the micronutrient nicotinamide (vitamin B3) and the metabolically related essential amino-acid, tryptophan. Meat offers significant sourcing challenges and lack causes a deficiency of nicotinamide and tryptophan and consequently the energy carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that gets consumed in regulatory circuits important for survival, resulting in premature ageing, poor cognition and brain atrophy. If a trophic supply of dietary nicotinamide/tryptophan is so essential for building brains, constraining their size and connectivity, we hypothesise that back-up mechanisms to ensure the supply evolved. One strategy may be increasing the reliance on gut symbionts to break down celluloses that produces NADH and only nicotinamide indirectly, and may cause diarrhoea. We suggest that a direct supplier was the chronic mycobacterial infection tuberculosis (TB) that is a surprise candidate but it co-evolved early, does not inevitably cause disease (90-95% of those infected are healthy), and secretes (and is inhibited by) nicotinamide. We hypothesise that TB evolved first as a symbiont that enabled humans to cope with short-lived shortages of meat and only later behaved as a pathogen when the supply deteriorated chronically, for those in poverty. (TB immunology and epidemiology is riddled with paradoxes for a conventional pathogen). We test this in pilot data showing that sharp declines in TB (and diarrhoea) - `environmental enteropathy' strongly correlate with increasing meat consumption and therefore nicotinamide exposure, unlike later onset cancers and Parkinson's disease that increased in incidence, perhaps - as we propose a hypothetical hypervitaminosis B3 (to include obesity and the metabolic syndrome) - as the trade-off for increased brain power and longevity, a recently evolved human characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Institute for Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6PN, UK.
| | - Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
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Ruminal epithelium transcriptome dynamics in response to plane of nutrition and age in young Holstein calves. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 14:261-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Williams AC, Dunbar RIM. Big brains, meat, tuberculosis, and the nicotinamide switches: co-evolutionary relationships with modern repercussions? Int J Tryptophan Res 2013; 6:73-88. [PMID: 24250227 PMCID: PMC3825668 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat-eating was a game changer for human evolution. We suggest that the limiting factors for expanding brains earlier were scarcities of nicotinamide and tryptophan. In humans and some other omnivores, lack of meat causes these deficiencies. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is necessary to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via either glycolysis or via the mitochondrial respiratory chain. NAD consumption is also necessary for developmental and repair circuits. Inadequate supplies result in "de-evolutionary" brain atrophy, as seen with pellagra. If trophic nicotinamide/tryptophan was a "prime mover" in building bigger brains, back-up mechanisms should have evolved. One strategy may be to recruit extra gut symbionts that produce NADH precursors or export nicotinamide (though this may cause diarrhea). We propose a novel supplier TB that co-evolved early, which did not originally and does not now inevitably cause disease. TB has highly paradoxical immunology for a pathogen, and secretes and is inhibited by nicotinamide and its analogue, isoniazid. Sharp declines in TB and diarrhea correlated with increased meat intake in the past, suggesting that dietary vitamin B3 and tryptophan deficiencies (also associated with poor cognition and decreased lifespans) are still common where meat is unaffordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Institute for Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PN, UK
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