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Joshi TP, Cope D, Gonzalez C, Jang A, Mireles N, Nguyen O, Patel J, Ranario JS. Non-cancer related causes of mortality in Merkel cell carcinoma: a national database study. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:168. [PMID: 38734853 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-02907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tejas P Joshi
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Dominique Cope
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Clarissa Gonzalez
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anna Jang
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nabor Mireles
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Orion Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Bellott TR, Luz FB, Silva AKFD, Varella RB, Rochael MC, Pantaleão L. Merkel cell polyomavirus and its etiological relationship with skin tumors. An Bras Dermatol 2023; 98:737-749. [PMID: 37407331 PMCID: PMC10589487 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have been frequently identified in several human neoplasms, but the etiological role of these viruses in some tumors is still a matter of controversy. Polyomaviruses stand out among the main viruses with oncogenic capacity, specifically the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Recent revisions in the taxonomy of polyomaviruses have divided the Polyomaviridae family into six genera, including 117 species, with a total of 14 currently known human-infecting species. Although the oncogenicity of polyomaviruses has been widely reported in the literature since 1950, the first description of a polyomavirus as an etiological agent of a neoplasm in humans was made only in 2008 with the description of MCPyV, present in approximately 80% of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), with the integration of its genome to that of the tumor cells and tumor-specific mutations, and it is considered the etiological agent of this neoplasm since then. MCPyV has also been detected in keratinocyte carcinomas, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in individuals with and without immunosuppression. Data on the occurrence of oncogenic viruses potentially involved in oncogenesis, which cause persistence and tissue injury, related to the Merkel cell polyomavirus are still scarce, and the hypothesis that the Merkel cell polyomavirus may play a relevant role in the genesis of other cutaneous carcinomas in addition to MCC remains debatable. Therefore, the present study proposes to explore the current knowledge about the presence of MCPyV in keratinocyte carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Rubim Bellott
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Barbosa Luz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Brandão Varella
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mayra Carrijo Rochael
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pantaleão
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Epidemiology of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246176. [PMID: 36551657 PMCID: PMC9776808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a ubiquitous virus replicating in human dermal fibroblasts. MCPyV DNA can be detected on healthy skin in 67−90% of various body sites, and intact virions are regularly shed from the skin. Infection occurs early in life, and seropositivity increases from 37 to 42% in 1- to 6-year-olds to 92% in adults. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but very aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. It develops mainly on sun-exposed areas as a fast-growing, reddish nodule. Two MCC entities exist: about 80% of MCC are MCPyV-associated. Tumorigenesis is driven by viral integration into the host genome and MCPyV oncogene expression. In MCPyV-negative MCC, UV radiation causes extensive DNA damage leading to the deregulation of the cell cycle. In recent decades, MCC incidence rates have increased worldwide, e.g., in the United States, from 0.15 in 1986 to 0.7/100,000 in 2016. Risk factors for the development of MCC include male sex, older age (>75 years), fair skin, intense UV exposure, and immunosuppression. Projections suggest that due to aging populations, an increase in immunosuppressed patients, and enhanced UV exposure, MCC incidence rates will continue to rise. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to reducing high MCC morbidity and mortality.
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Dimitraki MG, Sourvinos G. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) and Cancers: Emergency Bell or False Alarm? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225548. [PMID: 36428641 PMCID: PMC9688650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the sole member of Polyomavirus associated with oncogenesis in humans, is the major causative factor of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare, neuroendocrine neoplasia of the skin. Many aspects of MCPyV biology and oncogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. However, it has been established that oncogenic transformation is the outcome of the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA. The high prevalence of MCPyV in the population, along with the detection of the virus in various human tissue samples and the strong association of MCPyV with the emergence of MCC, have prompted researchers to further investigate the role of MCPyV in malignancies other than MCC. MCPyV DNA has been detected in several different non-MCC tumour tissues but with significantly lower prevalence, viral load and protein expression. Moreover, the two hallmarks of MCPyV MCC have rarely been investigated and the studies have produced generally inconsistent results. Therefore, the outcomes of the studies are inadequate and unable to clearly demonstrate a direct correlation between cellular transformation and MCPyV. This review aims to present a comprehensive recapitulation of the available literature regarding the association of MCPyV with oncogenesis (MCC and non-MCC tumours).
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Toppinen M, Sajantila A, Pratas D, Hedman K, Perdomo MF. The Human Bone Marrow Is Host to the DNAs of Several Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:657245. [PMID: 33968803 PMCID: PMC8100435 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.657245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term impact of viruses residing in the human bone marrow (BM) remains unexplored. However, chronic inflammatory processes driven by single or multiple viruses could significantly alter hematopoiesis and immune function. We performed a systematic analysis of the DNAs of 38 viruses in the BM. We detected, by quantitative PCRs and next-generation sequencing, viral DNA in 88.9% of the samples, up to five viruses in one individual. Included were, among others, several herpesviruses, hepatitis B virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus and, unprecedentedly, human papillomavirus 31. Given the reactivation and/or oncogenic potential of these viruses, their repercussion on hematopoietic and malignant disorders calls for careful examination. Furthermore, the implications of persistent infections on the engraftment, regenerative capacity, and outcomes of bone marrow transplantation deserve in-depth evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Toppinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diogo Pratas
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria F Perdomo
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Dolci M, Signorini L, Toumi W, Basile G, D'Alessandro S, Ferrante P, Delbue S. Human polyomaviruses genomes in clinical specimens of colon cancer patients. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6333-6339. [PMID: 33547809 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third cause of cancer death in the developed countries. Some environmental factors are involved in its pathogenesis, including viral infections. The possible involvement of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) in colon cancer pathogenesis has been previously reported, leading to inconsistent conclusions. Clinical specimens were collected from 125 colon cancer patients. Specifically, 110 tumor tissues, 55 negative surgical margins, and 39 peripheral blood samples were analyzed for the presence of six HPyVs: JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV), HPyV -6, -7, and -9 by means of DNA isolation and subsequent duplex Real Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HPyVs genome was detected in 33/204 samples (16.2%): the significant higher positivity was found in tumor tissues (26/110, 23.6%), followed by negative surgical margins (3/55, 5.5%, p < .05), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (4/39; 10.3%). HPyVs load was statistically higher only in the tumor tissues compared to negative surgical margins (p < .05). Specifically, MCPyV was detected in 19.1% (21/110) of tumor tissues, 3.6% (2/55) of negative surgical margins (p < .05), and 7.7% (3/39) of PBMCs; HPyV-6 in 2.7% (3/110) of tumor tissues, and 1.8% (1/55) of negative surgical margins; one tumor tissue (1/110, 0.9%) and one PBMCs sample (1/39, 2.6%) were positive for BKPyV; JCPyV was present in 0.9% (1/110) of tumor tissues. HPyV-7 and 9 were not detected in any sample. High prevalence and load of MCPyV genome in the tumor tissues might be indicative of a relevant rather than bystander role of the virus in the colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolci
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Signorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Wafa Toumi
- Viral and Molecular Tumor Diagnostics Unit, Laboratory Services, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- Service of Legal Medicine, San Siro Clinical Insitute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Csoboz B, Rasheed K, Sveinbjørnsson B, Moens U. Merkel cell polyomavirus and non-Merkel cell carcinomas: guilty or circumstantial evidence? APMIS 2020; 128:104-120. [PMID: 31990105 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the major causative factor of the rare but aggressive cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Two characteristics of MCPyV-positive MCCs are integration of the viral genome and expression of a truncated version of one of its oncogenic proteins, namely large T antigen. The strong association of MCPyV with MCC development has incited researchers to further investigate a possible role of this virus in other cancers. However, many of the examples displaying the presence of the virus in the various non-MCC cancers are not able to clearly demonstrate a direct connection between cellular transformation and the presence of the virus. The prevalence of the virus is significantly lower in non-MCC cancers compared to MCCs, with a lower level of viral load and sparse viral protein expression. Moreover, the state of the viral genome, and whether a truncated large T antigen is expressed, has rarely been investigated. Nonetheless, considering the strong oncogenic potential of MCPyV proteins in MCC, the plausible contribution of MCPyV to transformation and cancer growth in non-MCC tumors cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, the absence of MCPyV in cancers does not exclude a hit-and-run mechanism, or the oncoproteins of MCPyV may potentiate the neoplastic process mediated by co-infecting oncoviruses such as high-risk human papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr virus. The current review is focusing on the available data describing the presence of MCPyV in non-MCC tumors, with an aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the corresponding literature and to discuss the potential contribution of MCPyV to non-MCC cancer in light of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Csoboz
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kashif Rasheed
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Harms PW, Harms KL, Moore PS, DeCaprio JA, Nghiem P, Wong MKK, Brownell I. The biology and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: current understanding and research priorities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 15:763-776. [PMID: 30287935 PMCID: PMC6319370 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive skin cancer associated with advanced age and immunosuppression. Over the past decade, an association has been discovered between MCC and either integration of the Merkel cell polyomavirus, which likely drives tumorigenesis, or somatic mutations owing to ultraviolet-induced DNA damage. Both virus-positive and virus-negative MCCs are immunogenic, and inhibition of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)–programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint has proved to be highly effective in treating patients with metastatic MCC; however, not all patients have a durable response to immunotherapy. Despite these rapid advances in the understanding and management of patients with MCC, many basic, translational and clinical research questions remain unanswered. In March 2018, an International Workshop on Merkel Cell Carcinoma Research was held at the US National Cancer Institute, at which academic, government and industry experts met to identify the highest-priority research questions. Here, we review the biology and treatment of MCC and report the consensus-based recommendations agreed upon during the workshop. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive form of nonmelanoma skin cancer. The availability of immune checkpoint inhibition has improved the outcomes of a subset of patients with MCC, although many unmet needs continue to exist. In this Consensus Statement, the authors summarize developments in our understanding of MCC while also providing consensus recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelly L Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James A DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael K K Wong
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isaac Brownell
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Shahzad N, Hussain I, Gilani US, Tayyeb A, Aslam MA, Khurshid M, Hassan U, Tasneem F, Umer M, Rashid N. Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA sequences in the blood of healthy population of Pakistan. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:599-608. [PMID: 30864465 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed at detecting and quantifying Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) viral loads in the peripheral blood of healthy Pakistani individuals. Patients & methods: A total of 221 whole blood samples obtained from healthy individuals were examined by qPCR. Results & conclusion: MCPyV was detected in the peripheral blood of 31.2% healthy individuals. The rate of MCPyV positivity decreased from young (36%), to middle (33.7%) and elder (25.3%) age groups. Our data revealed higher prevalence of MCPyV in women (43.93%) than men (25.80%). The MCPyV viral load was calculated in the range of 0.06 -11 copies/ng of isolated DNA. The MCPyV viral load increased from young (median = 3.35) to elder (median = 5.66) age groups. The MCPyV circulate at a higher frequency by residing dormant in certain blood cells, which might act as potential vehicles for the spread of MCPyV infection among general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Shahzad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Hussain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Usman S Gilani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khurshid
- Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umair Hassan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeda Tasneem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammd Umer
- Queensland Micro- & Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Prado JCM, Monezi TA, Amorim AT, Lino V, Paladino A, Boccardo E. Human polyomaviruses and cancer: an overview. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e558s. [PMID: 30328951 PMCID: PMC6157077 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e558s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The name of the family Polyomaviridae, derives from the early observation that cells infected with murine polyomavirus induced multiple (poly) tumors (omas) in immunocompromised mice. Subsequent studies showed that many members of this family exhibit the capacity of mediating cell transformation and tumorigenesis in different experimental models. The transformation process mediated by these viruses is driven by viral pleiotropic regulatory proteins called T (tumor) antigens. Similar to other viral oncoproteins T antigens target cellular regulatory factors to favor cell proliferation, immune evasion and downregulation of apoptosis. The first two human polyomaviruses were isolated over 45 years ago. However, recent advances in the DNA sequencing technologies led to the rapid identification of additional twelve new polyomaviruses in different human samples. Many of these viruses establish chronic infections and have been associated with conditions in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly in organ transplant recipients. This has been associated to viral reactivation due to the immunosuppressant therapy applied to these patients. Four polyomaviruses namely, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) have been associated with the development of specific malignant tumors. However, present evidence only supports the role of MCPyV as a carcinogen to humans. In the present review we present a summarized discussion on the current knowledge concerning the role of MCPyV, TSPyV, JCPyV and BKPyV in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Mann Prado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Telma Alves Monezi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanesca Lino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Andressa Paladino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Murakami I, Wada N, Nakashima J, Iguchi M, Toi M, Hashida Y, Higuchi T, Daibata M, Matsushita M, Iwasaki T, Kuwamoto S, Horie Y, Nagata K, Hayashi K, Oka T, Yoshino T, Imamura T, Morimoto A, Imashuku S, Gogusev J, Jaubert F. Merkel cell polyomavirus and Langerhans cell neoplasm. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:49. [PMID: 30134914 PMCID: PMC6103986 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between various external agents such as pollen, food, and infectious agents and human sensitivity exists and is variable depending upon individual's health conditions. For example, we believe that the pathogenetic potential of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the resident virus in skin, is variable and depends from the degree of individual's reactivity. MCPyV as well as Epstein-Barr virus, which are normally connected with humans under the form of subclinical infection, are thought to be involved at various degrees in several neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we cover two types of Langerhans cell neoplasms, the Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), represented as either neoplastic or inflammatory diseases caused by MCPyV. METHODS We meta-analyzed both our previous analyses, composed of quantitative PCR for MCPyV-DNA, proteomics, immunohistochemistry which construct IL-17 endocrine model and interleukin-1 (IL-1) activation loop model, and other groups' data. RESULTS We have shown that there were subgroups associated with the MCPyV as a causal agent in these two different neoplasms. Comparatively, LCS, distinct from the LCH, is a neoplastic lesion (or sarcoma) without presence of inflammatory granuloma frequently observed in the elderly. LCH is a proliferative disease of Langerhans-like abnormal cells which carry mutations of genes involved in the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. We found that MCPyV may be involved in the development of LCH. CONCLUSION We hypothesized that a subgroup of LCS developed according the same mechanism involved in Merkel cell carcinoma pathogenesis. We proposed LCH developed from an inflammatory process that was sustained due to gene mutations. We hypothesized that MCPyV infection triggered an IL-1 activation loop that lies beneath the pathogenesis of LCH and propose a new triple-factor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Noriko Wada
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Junko Nakashima
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Mitsuko Iguchi
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Makoto Toi
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Tomonori Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Michiko Matsushita
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503 Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwamoto
- Department of Pathology, Tottori University Hospital, 86 Nishi, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503 Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503 Japan
| | - Yasushi Horie
- Department of Pathology, Tottori University Hospital, 86 Nishi, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503 Japan
| | - Keiko Nagata
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503 Japan
| | - Takashi Oka
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Akira Morimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498 Japan
| | - Shinsaku Imashuku
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, 145 Ishibashi, Makishima, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0041 Japan
| | - Jean Gogusev
- Inserm U507 and U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Francis Jaubert
- AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, University Paris Descartes (Paris 5), 75006 Paris, France
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12
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Mancuso G, Antona J, Sirini C, Salvo M, Giacometti L, Olivero C, Trisolini E, Indellicato R, Boldorini R. Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in tissues from 10 consecutive autopsies. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1372-1376. [PMID: 28613147 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has been identified in samples of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive skin cancer. Seroepidemiologic studies indicated a high frequency of MCPyV infection in humans, suggesting respiratory and faecal-oral routes, or transmission by skin contact. Since MCC is more frequent in immunocompromised patients, a reactivation of MCPyV latently infecting target cells has been proposed. However, neither definite ways of transmission nor specific target organs have been identified with certainty. Ten autopsies with an extensive organ sampling for a total of 121 specimens (tissue and blood samples) were collected. All tissue specimens were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify the copy number of the large T antigen (LT) gene and the capsid VP1 gene of MCPyV. MCPyV LT and/or VP genes were detected in all of the collected specimens. A high prevalence of MCPyV was found in the blood (six cases) and lung (five cases); the brain was positive in three cases. The highest viral copy number was detected in blood from two autopsies (21 610 570.09 copies per 105 cells and 380 413.25 copies per 105 cells), whereas the viral copy number in the other organs was low. Our data confirm the high frequency of MCPyV infection in the general population, which seems to indicate that the respiratory tract is a possible route for viral transmission and viral persistence in the brain. The frequent detection of MCPyV DNA in blood suggests that circulating leukocytes could be one of the reservoirs of MCPyV, whereas the high viral copy number also seems to indicate the possibility of viral reactivation in immunocompetent adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Jlenia Antona
- Department of Pathology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Camilla Sirini
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Michela Salvo
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Giacometti
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Olivero
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Trisolini
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Rossella Indellicato
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Pathology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
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13
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Wang L, Harms PW, Palanisamy N, Carskadon S, Cao X, Siddiqui J, Patel RM, Zelenka-Wang S, Durham AB, Fullen DR, Harms KL, Su F, Shukla S, Mehra R, Chinnaiyan AM. Age and Gender Associations of Virus Positivity in Merkel Cell Carcinoma Characterized Using a Novel RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5622-5630. [PMID: 28606924 PMCID: PMC5600832 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) plays an oncogenic role in the majority of MCCs. Detection of MCPyV in MCCs has diagnostic utility and prognostic potential. We investigated whether RNAscope, an RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) assay for detection of RNA transcripts in tissues, is useful for MCPyV detection.Experimental Design: We applied an RNAscope probe targeting MCPyV T antigen transcripts on tissue microarrays (TMA) and whole-tissue sections encompassing 87 MCCs from 75 patients, 14 carcinomas of other types, and benign tissues. For comparison, qPCR was performed on 57 cases of MCC from 52 patients.Results: RNA-ISH demonstrated the presence of MCPyV in 37 of 75 cases (49.3%). Notably, tumors from younger patients (<73 years) had a significantly higher virus positivity than those from elderly patients (≥73 years; 64.9% vs. 34.2%, P = 0.011). Female patients had a higher positive rate of MCPyV than male patients (66.7% vs. 39.6%, P = 0.032). Data from both RNA-ISH and qPCR were available for 57 samples. Considering MCPyV qPCR as the gold standard for determining MCPyV status, RNAscope had 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. There was a strong correlation between qPCR copy number and RNA-ISH product score (Spearman correlation coefficient R2 = 0.932, P < 0.0001).Conclusions: RNA-ISH is comparably sensitive to qPCR for detection of MCPyV and allows for correlation with tissue morphology. This study also reveals a significant association between age, gender, and MCPyV positivity. Clin Cancer Res; 23(18); 5622-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul W Harms
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rajiv M Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sylvia Zelenka-Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alison B Durham
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Douglas R Fullen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kelly L Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fengyun Su
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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Evaluation of the Gastrointestinal Tract as Potential Route of Primary Polyomavirus Infection in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150786. [PMID: 26939117 PMCID: PMC4777556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of Polyomavirus (PyV) DNA in metropolitan rivers worldwide has led to the suggestion that primary viral infection can occur by the oral route. The aim of this study was to test this notion experimentally. METHODS Mouse PyV (MPyV) was used to infect C57BL/6J mice by the nasal or intragastric route. Viral load kinetics was studied 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post-infection (dpi) using quantitative PCR. RESULTS Following nasal infection, MPyV DNA was readily detected in many organs including lung, heart, aorta, colon, and stool with viral loads in the range of 10(3)-10(6) copies/mg wet weight that peaked 7-10 dpi. Complete viral clearance occurred in the serum and kidney by 28 dpi, while clearance in other organs was partial with a 10-100 fold decrease in viral load. In contrast, following intragastric infection peak detection of PyV was delayed to 21 dpi, and viral loads were up to 3 logs lower. There was no detectable virus in the heart, colon, or stool. CONCLUSIONS The intragastric route of MPyV infection is successful, not as efficacious as the respiratory route, and associated with delayed viral dissemination as well as a lower peak MPyV load in individual organs.
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15
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Tanio S, Matsushita M, Kuwamoto S, Horie Y, Kodani I, Murakami I, Ryoke K, Hayashi K. Low prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus with low viral loads in oral and maxillofacial tumours or tumour-like lesions from immunocompetent patients: Absence of Merkel cell polyomavirus-associated neoplasms. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:1301-1306. [PMID: 26807237 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently demonstrated that ~80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) harbour a novel polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). MCPyV has been detected in various human tissue samples. However, previous studies on the prevalence of MCPyV in oral tumours or tumour-like lesions are incomplete. To address this issue, we measured MCPyV DNA quantity using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 327 oral tumours or tumour-like lesions and 54 jaw tumours or cyst lesions from 381 immunocompetent patients, as well as in 4 oral lesions from 4 immunosuppressed patients. qPCR revealed a low MCPyV prevalence (25/381, 6.6%) with low viral loads (0.00024-0.026 copies/cell) in oral and maxillofacial tumours and tumour-like lesions from immunocompetent patients. The prevalence was 7/176 (4.0%) in invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) [2/60 (3.33%) SCCs of the tongue, 4/52 (7.7%) SCCs of the gingiva and 1/19 (5.3%) SCCs of the floor of the mouth], 1/10 (10%) in dysplasias, 1/5 (20%) in adenocarcinomas, 2/13 (15.4%) in adenoid cystic carcinomas, 1/10 (10%) in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, 3/10 (30%) in lipomas, 3/5 (60%) in neurofibromas, 1/3 (33.3%) in Schwannomas, 2/12 (16.7%) in Warthin's tumours, 2/11 (18.2%) in pyogenic granulomas, 1/14 (7.1%) in radicular cysts and 1/12 (8.3%) in ameloblastomas. The prevalence in lesions from immunosuppressed patients (1/4, 25%) was higher compared with that in lesions from immunocompetent patients (25/381, 6.6%), but the difference was not statistically significant. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to report prevalence data of MCPyV in tumours and cysts of the jaws (2/54, 3.7%). These data indicated absence of MCPyV-related tumours or tumour-like lesions in the oral cavity and jaws and suggested that the detected MCPyV DNA was derived from non-neoplastic background tissues with widespread low-level MCPyV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Tanio
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopathological Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Michiko Matsushita
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwamoto
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Horie
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Isamu Kodani
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopathological Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ichiro Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ryoke
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopathological Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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16
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Interaction of human tumor viruses with host cell surface receptors and cell entry. Viruses 2015; 7:2592-617. [PMID: 26008702 PMCID: PMC4452921 DOI: 10.3390/v7052592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, seven viruses, namely Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been described to be consistently associated with different types of human cancer. These oncogenic viruses belong to distinct viral families, display diverse cell tropism and cause different malignancies. A key to their pathogenicity is attachment to the host cell and entry in order to replicate and complete their life cycle. Interaction with the host cell during viral entry is characterized by a sequence of events, involving viral envelope and/or capsid molecules as well as cellular entry factors that are critical in target cell recognition, thereby determining cell tropism. Most oncogenic viruses initially attach to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, followed by conformational change and transfer of the viral particle to secondary high-affinity cell- and virus-specific receptors. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the host cell surface factors and molecular mechanisms underlying oncogenic virus binding and uptake by their cognate host cell(s) with the aim to provide a concise overview of potential target molecules for prevention and/or treatment of oncogenic virus infection.
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17
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Hampras SS, Giuliano AR, Lin HY, Fisher KJ, Abrahamsen ME, McKay-Chopin S, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Rollison DE. Natural history of polyomaviruses in men: the HPV infection in men (HIM) study. J Infect Dis 2015; 211:1437-46. [PMID: 25387582 PMCID: PMC4462655 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several new polyomaviruses have been discovered in the last decade, including Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Little is known about the natural history of the more recently discovered polyomaviruses. We estimated the incidence, prevalence, and persistence of 9 polyomaviruses (MCPyV, BK polyomavirus, KI polyomavirus, JC polyomavirus, WU polyomavirus, Human polyomavirus 6 [HPyV6], HPyV7, HPyV9, and Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus) and examined factors associated with MCPyV infection in a prospective cohort of 209 men initially enrolled in the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) study. METHODS Participants enrolled at the US site of the HIM study were recruited into a substudy of cutaneous viral infections and followed for a median of 12.6 months. Eyebrow hair and normal skin swab specimens were obtained at each study visit, and the viral DNA load was measured using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS MCPyV infection showed the highest prevalence (65.1% of normal skin swab specimens and 30.6% of eyebrow hair specimens), incidence (81.7 cases per 1000 person-months among normal skin swab specimens, and 24.1 cases per 1000 person-months among eyebrow hair specimens), and persistence (85.8% of normal skin swab specimens and 58.9% of eyebrow hair specimens) among all polyomaviruses examined. Age of >44 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-4.33) and Hispanic race (OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.01-6.88) were associated with an increased prevalence of MCPyV infection in eyebrow hair and normal skin swab specimens, respectively. CONCLUSION MCPyV infection is highly prevalent in adults, with age and race being predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kate J. Fisher
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Sandrine McKay-Chopin
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer–World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer–World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer–World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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18
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Stakaitytė G, Wood JJ, Knight LM, Abdul-Sada H, Adzahar NS, Nwogu N, Macdonald A, Whitehouse A. Merkel cell polyomavirus: molecular insights into the most recently discovered human tumour virus. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1267-97. [PMID: 24978434 PMCID: PMC4190541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A fifth of worldwide cancer cases have an infectious origin, with viral infection being the foremost. One such cancer is Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin malignancy. In 2008, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was discovered as the causative agent of MCC. It is found clonally integrated into the majority of MCC tumours, which require MCPyV oncoproteins to survive. Since its discovery, research has begun to reveal the molecular virology of MCPyV, as well as how it induces tumourigenesis. It is thought to be a common skin commensal, found at low levels in healthy individuals. Upon loss of immunosurveillance, MCPyV reactivates, and a heavy viral load is associated with MCC pathogenesis. Although MCPyV is in many ways similar to classical oncogenic polyomaviruses, such as SV40, subtle differences are beginning to emerge. These unique features highlight the singular position MCPyV has as the only human oncogenic polyomavirus, and open up new avenues for therapies against MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielė Stakaitytė
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jennifer J Wood
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Laura M Knight
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Hussein Abdul-Sada
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Noor Suhana Adzahar
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Nnenna Nwogu
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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19
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Murakami I, Matsushita M, Iwasaki T, Kuwamoto S, Kato M, Horie Y, Hayashi K, Gogusev J, Jaubert F, Nakamoto S, Yamakawa M, Nakamine H, Takata K, Oka T, Yoshino T. High viral load of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA sequences in Langerhans cell sarcoma tissues. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:15. [PMID: 24834110 PMCID: PMC4022531 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Langerhans cell (LC) sarcoma (LCS) is a high-grade neoplasm with overtly malignant cytologic features and an LC phenotype. We very recently suggested that LC behaves as a reservoir for common dermotropic Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and determined the relationship between LC histiocytosis (LCH), which has an underlining oncogenic capacity, and MCPyV as a trigger for a reactive process rather than a neoplastic process. We propose LC to be a reservoir for MCPyV and hypothesize that some LCS subtypes may be related to the MCPyV agent. Findings We examined seven LCS tissues using multiplex quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) and immunohistochemistry with anti MCPyV large-T (LT) antigen antibody. High viral loads of MCPyV DNA sequences (viral load = relative levels of MCPyV) were detected (0.328–0.772 copies/cell (Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) = 1.0)) using Q-PCR in 43% (3/7) tissues, but LT antigen expression was not observed (0/7). Conclusions Frequent MCPyV-DNA amplification suggests that LCS in some patients may be related to MCPyV infection. Moreover, the higher viral load of LCS (median, 0.453 copies/cell) than low load of LCH (0.003, median of 12 cases) (P < 0.01) may suggest a virally induced tumorigenic process in some LCS. Although the absence of LT antigen expression may indicate a different role for MCPyV in this pathology, some subtypes of LCS may develop in the background of MCPyV-infected LC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the relationship between MCPyV and LCS. The recent discovery of MCPyV opened new therapeutic avenues for MCC. These data open novel possibilities for therapeutic interventions against LCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Michiko Matsushita
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwamoto
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Horie
- Department of Pathology, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Jean Gogusev
- Inserm U507 and U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France
| | - Francis Jaubert
- University of Paris Descartes (Paris V), Paris 75006, France
| | - Shu Nakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori 680-0901, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nakamine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Japan Baptist Medical Foundation, Kyoto 606-8273, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Oka
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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20
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Matsushita M, Nonaka D, Iwasaki T, Kuwamoto S, Murakami I, Kato M, Nagata K, Kitamura Y, Hayashi K. A new in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with a novel antibody to detect small T-antigen expressions of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:65. [PMID: 24649978 PMCID: PMC3994555 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) harbor Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) which monoclonally integrates into the genome and has prognostic significance. The presence or absence of MCPyV is usually diagnosed using CM2B4 immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MCPyV-large T antigen (LT) protein. However, this method poses a risk of misdiagnosis. Methods In this study, we determined MCPyV infection in MCCs using real-time PCR for MCPyV-LT DNA and prepared 16 cases of MCPyV-DNA-positive and -negative groups. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of conventional PCR for MCPyV-small T antigen (MCPyV-ST), IHC using a newly developed polyclonal antibody (ST-1) for MCPyV-ST protein (MCPyV-ST) (aa: 164–177), and in situ hybridization (ISH) as well as real-time PCR for MCPyV-ST mRNA were compared against CM2B4-IHC for sensitivity (0.94, 15/16) and specificity (0.94, 15/16). Results The followings are the respective sensitivity and specificity results from examinations for MCPyV-ST gene: conventional PCR for the MCPyV-ST (0.94, 1.0), ST-1-IHC (0.69, 1.0), real-time PCR for ST mRNA (1.0, no data), ST mRNA ISH (0.94, 1.0). Each of the MCPyV-pseudonegative (1/16) and -pseudopositive (1/16) diagnoses evaluated using CM2B4-IHC were accurately corrected by examinations for MCPyV-ST or its expression as well as real-time PCR for MCPyV-LT. Sensitivity of CM2B4-IHC (0.94) was superior to that of ST-1-IHC (0.69) but equal to that of ST mRNA-ISH (0.94). Specificities of ST-1-IHC (1.0) and ST mRNA-ISH (1.0) were superior to that of CM2B4-IHC (0.94). Conclusions Therefore, combined application of ST mRNA-ISH and ST-IHC as well as CM2B4-IHC is recommended and will contribute to the diagnostic accuracy for MCPyV infection in MCCs. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9966295741144834
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.
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Murakami I, Matsushita M, Iwasaki T, Kuwamoto S, Kato M, Horie Y, Hayashi K, Imamura T, Morimoto A, Imashuku S, Gogusev J, Jaubert F, Takata K, Oka T, Yoshino T. Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA sequences in peripheral blood and tissues from patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:119-26. [PMID: 24321520 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of granulomatous disorders in which abnormal Langerhans cells proliferate as either a localized lesion in a single bone or disseminated disease involving two or more organs or systems. Because the different LCH forms exhibit significantly elevated levels of inflammatory molecules, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue-degrading enzymes, we investigated for a possible viral trigger in LCH pathogenesis. We looked for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in peripheral blood cells and tissues using quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry staining with anti-MCPyV large T-antigen antibody. Our findings revealed elevated amounts of MCPyV DNA in the peripheral blood cells of 2 of 3 patients affected by LCH with high-risk organ involvement (RO+) and absence of MCPyV DNA in the blood cells in all 12 LCH-RO- patients (P = .029). With lower viral loads (0.002-0.033 copies/cell), an elevated number of MCPyV DNA sequences was detected in 12 LCH tissues in comparison with control tissues obtained from patients with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (0/5; P = .0007), skin diseases not related to LCH in children younger than 2 years (0/11; P = .0007), or dermatopathic lymphadenopathy (5/20; P = .0002). The data, including frequent but lower viral loads and low large-T antigen expression rate (2/13 LCH tissues), suggest that development of LCH as a reactive rather than a neoplastic process may be related to MCPyV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.
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Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) strains in Japanese merkel cell carcinomas (MCC) are distinct from Caucasian type MCPyVs: genetic variability and phylogeny of MCPyV genomes obtained from Japanese MCPyV-infected MCCs. Virus Genes 2013; 48:233-42. [PMID: 24353025 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-1023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most of merkel cell carcinomas (MCC), a rare, aggressive skin cancer with neuroendocrine features, harbor merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Seroepidemiological studies suggested high prevalence of MCPyV in the human population. More than ten sequence data on MCPyV strains in Japan have been available, whereas most sequence data were detected from patients living in Europe or European ancestry. Analysis of nine almost complete and 19 partial sequences from two oncogenes, small T antigen (ST) and large T antigen (LT) genomes obtained from 32 Japanese MCPyV-infected MCC revealed that each Japanese MCPyV-infected MCC harbored a specific MCPyV strain with some synonymous or, silent mutations and stop codons or deletions, but functional domains of T antigen had no amino acid changes. All stop codons were localized after retinoblastoma protein-binding domain. These Japanese MCPyV strains were very closely interrelated to themselves and a consensus sequence of Japanese strain was generated. Phylogenetic analysis of our nine sequences and 70 other sequences for ST and LT gene registered in GenBank indicated that Japanese or Asian MCPyV strains formed distinct clades from Caucasian clade, and phylogenetic tree of our nine and 75 other sequences for ST gene formed characteristic three clades and showed that all Japanese or Asian strains were included in the dominant clade. These suggested the possibility of geographically related genotypes of MCPyV. The genomic characterization of MCPyV variants will provide an important database and insights for illuminating their evolutional and biological differences.
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Baez CF, Guimarães MAAM, Martins RAG, Zalona ACJ, Cossatis JJ, Zalis MG, Cavalcanti SMB, Varella RB. Detection of merkel cell polyomavirus in oral samples of renal transplant recipients without Merkel cell carcinoma. J Med Virol 2013; 85:2016-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Freze Baez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Fluminense Federal University; RJ Brazil
| | | | - Rosângela A. G. Martins
- Division of Research, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; RJ Brazil
| | | | - João José Cossatis
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Fluminense Federal University; RJ Brazil
| | - Mariano Gustavo Zalis
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; RJ Brazil
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Coursaget P, Samimi M, Nicol JTJ, Gardair C, Touzé A. Human Merkel cell polyomavirus: virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 2013; 121:755-69. [PMID: 23781869 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), identified in humans in 2008, is associated with a relatively rare but aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer, the Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCC incidence is increasing due to the advancing age of the population, the increase in damaging sun exposure and in the number of immunocompromised individuals. MCPyV must be considered as the etiological agent of MCC and thus is the first example of a human oncogenic polyomavirus. MCPyV infection is common, and seroprevalence studies indicate that widespread exposure begins early in life. The majority of adults have anti-MCPyV antibodies and there is a growing body of evidence that healthy human skin harbors resident or transient MCPyV suggesting that MCPyV infection persists throughout life. However, the mode of transmission, the host cells, and the latency characteristics of this virus remain to be elucidated. In addition, it is still not clear whether MCPyV is associated with diseases or lesions other than Merkel cell carcinoma. The etiologic role of MCPyV in MCC opens up opportunities to improve the understanding of this cancer and to potentially improve its treatment.
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Usefulness of significant morphologic characteristics in distinguishing between Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive and Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:1912-7. [PMID: 23664542 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) monoclonally integrates into genomes of approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) and undergoes mutation. We previously demonstrated statistically significant differences in tumor cell morphology and biology between MCPyV-positive and MCPyV-negative MCCs. We reassessed the usefulness of our morphologic criteria in differentiating MCPyV-negative and MCPyV-positive MCCs for practical diagnosis. Two trainees and 4 pathologists challenged estimations (5-point confidence scale) of MCPyV infection in MCCs using hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 43 new MCC cases and 2 morphologic criteria: (1) nuclear polymorphism is higher and cytoplasm is more abundant in MCPyV-negative MCC cells, and (2) MCC combined with squamous cell carcinoma is defined as MCPyV negative, regardless of tumor cell morphology of MCC. Subsequently, immunohistochemistry for MCPyV large T antigen and polymerase chain reaction for MCPyV DNA yielded concordant results (MCPyV positivity was 30/43 and 32/43, respectively) for 41 (96%) of 43 cases. The mean accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the trainees and pathologists were 92.4% ± 1.5% and 81.5% ± 11.0%, 95.6% ± 6.2% and 90.2% ± 8.3%, and 83.3% ± 11.8% and 74.6% ± 14.1%, respectively. Values of the areas under the curve were 0.80 to 0.95, indicating good informative scores. Using our morphologic criteria, observers can predict the absence of MCPyV infection and diagnose MCPyV-negative MCCs with poor prognosis. Unexpectedly, the performance of trainees was superior to that of pathologists, implying that our morphologic criteria are useful even for practitioners having little experience. Our morphologic criteria will provide pathologists with convenient and reliable hallmarks for accurate MCC diagnosis.
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Angermeyer S, Hesbacher S, Becker JC, Schrama D, Houben R. Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma cells do not require expression of the viral small T antigen. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2059-64. [PMID: 23439392 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV). The viral sequence encodes for two potential oncoproteins, i.e., the small T antigen (sT) and the large T antigen (LT). Indeed, sT has recently been shown to bear transforming activity. Here, we confirm this observation by demonstrating focus formation upon expression of MCV sT in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. On the other hand, however, we provide evidence that established MCC cells do not require sT for growth and survival. Silencing of sT protein expression by two different sT-specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) leads to variable degrees of growth retardation in MCV-positive MCC cell lines. However, these effects are not sT specific, as proliferation of MCV-negative cell lines is similarly affected by these sT shRNAs. Furthermore, ectopic expression of shRNA-insensitive sT does not revert the growth inhibition implicated by sT silencing. Finally, the unambiguous and specific growth inhibition induced by means of an shRNA targeting both T antigens, can be completely rescued by ectopic expression of LT alone, thus demonstrating a dispensable role of sT. Altogether, our results indicate that MCV LT is more relevant in maintaining the proliferation and survival of established MCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Angermeyer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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