Managing dry skin in patients with comorbidities or with advanced age: unmet needs and roles for products containing potential emollient-plus ingredients

In dry skin (DS), skin-barrier function is easily disturbed and moisturizing factors in the stratum corneum are reduced. Despite being a common condition, DS is often overlooked in patients with advanced age or comorbid diseases. In September 2022, specialists in dermatology and skin care met to discuss unmet needs and management of patients with DS with existing medical conditions or DS induced by ongoing pharmacological treatments. There was consensus about the need to improve the current understanding and management of DS in patients with comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, radiodermatitis, and photodamaged skin. Clinical guidance related to optimal treatment of DS in patients with advanced age or comorbid diseases is needed. Dexpanthenol-containing emollients have been shown to provide rapid relief from the symptoms and clinical signs of skin inflammation and are well-tolerated and effective in terms of moisturizing and soothing DS and maintaining skin-barrier function. Thus, dexpanthenol-containing emollients may play an important role in future management of DS. Further research is needed to elucidate the efficacy of dexpanthenol across the spectrum of DS, irrespective of comorbidity status or age.

MiR-488-3p facilitates wound healing through CYP1B1-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting MeCP2

INTRODUCTION

Diabetic wounds are difficult to heal, but the pathogenesis is unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are thought to play important roles in wound healing. The effect of miR-488-3p in wound healing was studied in this article.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The gene methylation was measured by methylation specific PCR (MSP) assay. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was adopted to analyze the interaction between miR-488-3p and MeCP2.

RESULTS

Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is a monooxygenase belonging to the cytochrome P450 family that aids in wound healing. Our findings showed that the miR-488-3p and CYP1B1 expression levels were much lower in wound tissues of diabetics with skin defects, but the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) level was significantly higher than that in control skin tissues. MiR-488-3p overexpression increased cell proliferation and migration, as well as HUVEC angiogenesis, while inhibiting apoptosis, according to function experiments. In vitro, MeCP2 inhibited wound healing by acting as a target of miR-488-3p. We later discovered that MeCP2 inhibited CYP1B1 expression by enhancing its methylation state. In addition, CYP1B1 knockdown inhibited wound healing. Furthermore, MeCP2 overexpression abolished the promoting effect of miR-488-3p on wound healing. It also turned out that CYP1B1 promoted wound healing by activating the Wnt4/β-catenin pathway. Animal experiments also showed that miR-488-3p overexpression could accelerate wound healing in diabetic male SD rats.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-488-3p is a potential therapeutic target for diabetic wound healing since it improved wound healing by activating the CYP1B1-mediated Wnt4/-catenin signaling cascade via MeCP2.

Biological effect of laser-assisted scar healing (LASH) on standardized human three-dimensional wound healing skin models using fractional non-ablative 1540 nm Er:Glass or 1550 nm diode lasers

PURPOSE

In postoperative wound healing after surgical operations or ablative laser treatments, recent studies suggest the timely use of non-ablative fractional laser treatments with the aim to improve wound healing and prevent pathological scar formation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of laser-assisted scar healing (LASH) at the molecular level and to combine it with already established wound healing-promoting local treatments.

METHODS

We irradiated full-thickness 3D skin models with a fractional ablative Er:YAG laser to set standardized lesions to the epidermal and upper dermal layer. Subsequently, LASH was induced by irradiating the models with either a fractional non-ablative 1540 nm Er:Glass or 1550 nm diode laser. In addition, we tested the combination of non-ablative fractional laser treatment and topical aftercare with a dexpanthenol-containing ointment (DCO).

RESULTS

Histological analysis revealed that models irradiated with the 1540 nm Er:Glass or 1550 nm diode laser exhibited accelerated but not complete wound closure after 16 h. In contrast, additional topical posttreatment with DCO resulted in complete wound closure. At gene expression level, both non-ablative laser systems showed similar effects on epidermal differentiation and mild anti-inflammatory properties. The additional posttreatment with DCO enhanced the wound-healing effects of LASH, especially the upregulation of epidermal differentiation markers and anti-inflammatory cytokines at the gene expression level.

CONCLUSION

This in vitro study deciphers the biological effects of LASH with a fractional non-ablative 1540 nm Er:Glass or a 1550 nm diode laser in 3D skin models. These data help to better understand the biological properties of the LASH technique and is important to optimize its application.

Topical dexpanthenol effects on physiological parameters of the stratum corneum by Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy

BACKGROUND

Topical use of dexpanthenol presents well-established moisturizing properties and maintenance and repair of the skin barrier function, however, its exact action mechanisms are not completely elucidated. In this context, Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy is an optical method that enables non-invasive and non-destructive in vivo analysis with the sensitive acquisition of molecular changes in different skin layers. Herein, the aim was to evaluate the effects of topical dexpanthenol on the components and physiological parameters of the stratum corneum (SC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten healthy female subjects underwent skin evaluation by means of a Confocal Raman Spectrometer Skin Analyzer 3510. Spectral data were obtained from the skin of the anterior forearm region, before and 2 h after applying a cosmetic formulation containing or not containing 5% dexpanthenol.

RESULTS

Semiquantitative analysis of the natural moisturizing factor showed a significant decrease in content after 2 h of topical dexpanthenol application, while the analysis of the lamellar organization of intercellular lipids and the secondary structure of keratin showed a significant increase in hexagonal organization of lipids at the first half of the SC and a significant increase in β-pleated sheet conformation of keratin.

CONCLUSION

Effects of topical dexpanthenol on SC suggest a contribution in increasing fluidity of both lipidic and protein components of the SC and are compatible with dexpanthenol activity in maintaining adequate physiological conditions and preventing transepidermal water loss. This study also contributes to the elucidation of action mechanisms and other concurrent biochemical processes.

Post-Treatment of Micro-Needling with a Dexpanthenol-Containing Ointment Accelerates Epidermal Wound Healing in Human 3D Skin Models

Purpose

In vitro study on the molecular effects of post-treatment after micro-needling applications with a dexpanthenol-containing ointment (DCO) using 3D skin models.

Patients and Methods

In this in vitro study, full-thickness human 3D skin models were treated with a micro-needling device according to its clinical application. For post-treatment, some of the models were additionally treated with a dexpanthenol-containing ointment (DCO). Histological samples were taken at 0, 24 and 48 hours. Gene expression analysis was performed after 24 hours.

Results

Histological examination showed that DCO post-treated 3D skin models revealed a completed wound closure 24 hours after the micro-needling procedure. In contrast, DCO-untreated models still clearly exhibited the micro-needling lesions after the same period of time. After 48 hours, all models revealed a completed wound healing. In skin models that received micro-needling but no post-treatment with DCO, microarray analysis identified an upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and a downregulation of skin barrier and differentiation markers. In contrast, post-treatment with DCO leads to accelerated wound healing without affecting the initial inflammatory response caused by micro-needling, which leads to the subsequent collagen expression. This data was supported by qRT-PCR analyses.

Conclusion

Post-treatment with DCO accelerates epidermal wound healing after micro-needling of 3D skin models without impairing the immunostimulatory properties of micro-needling. These findings can help to optimise the aftercare routine after micro-needling procedures and to shorten the downtime for the patient after treatment.

How to Promote Skin Repair? In-Depth Look at Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Strategies

Skin repair encompasses epidermal barrier repair and wound healing which involves multiple cellular and molecular stages. Therefore, many skin repair strategies have been proposed. In order to characterize the usage frequency of skin repair ingredients in cosmetics, medicines, and medical devices, commercialized in Portuguese pharmacies and parapharmacies, a comprehensive analysis of the products' composition was performed. A total of 120 cosmetic products, collected from national pharmacies online platforms, 21 topical medicines, and 46 medical devices, collected from INFARMED database, were included in the study, revealing the top 10 most used skin repair ingredients in these categories. A critical review regarding the effectiveness of the top ingredients was performed and an in-depth analysis focused on the top three skin repair ingredients pursued. Results demonstrated that top three most used cosmetic ingredients were metal salts and oxides (78.3%), vitamin E and its derivatives (54.2%), and Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. extract and actives (35.8%). Regarding medicines, metal salts and oxides were also the most used (47.4%) followed by vitamin B5 and derivatives (23.8%), and vitamin A and derivatives (26.3%). Silicones and derivatives were the most common skin repair ingredients in medical devices (33%), followed by petrolatum and derivatives (22%) and alginate (15%). This work provides an overview of the most used skin repair ingredients, highlighting their different mechanisms of action, aiming to provide an up-to-date tool to support health professionals' decisions.

A new hope in the treatment of onychogryphosis due to acquired malalignment of great toenails due to: intramatrix dexpanthenol injection

Onychogryphosis is a form of nail deformity characterized by a distorted, yellowish-brown thickened nail plate that is skewed, grossly thickened, and partly curved like a ram's horn. Although onychogryphosis has been described for more than one hundred years, there is no curative treatment for onychogryphosis. Nonsurgical conservative procedures and nail avulsion with or without matricectomy are the common treatment procedures. The recurrence rate is high, so patients' needs are not met in many cases. Herein, we report for the first time the intramatrix injection of dexpanthenol in the treatment of onychogryphosis with excellent result.

[Use of dexpanthenol in corneal damage]

Issues of regeneration of the cornea, which is the most vulnerable structure of the eyeball, suffering from various diseases and injuries, burns, when wearing contact lenses and glaucoma, are highly relevant for ophthalmologists. It is also necessary to minimize damage and stimulate corneal epithelization during and after the use of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibacterial drugs and antiseptics, which have a cytotoxic effect and often inhibit regeneration processes, potentially even leading to the development of corneal epithelial defects. This review analyzes the effectiveness of a promising drug 5% dexpanthenol in terms of improving the reparative processes and the function of epithelial cells.

Lip Mesotherapy with Dexpanthenol as a Novel Approach to Prevent Isotretinoin-Associated Cheilitis

INTRODUCTION

Isotretinoin (ISO)-associated cheilitis is the most common side effect and the most common reason for discontinuation of ongoing therapy. So, various lip balms are also routinely recommended for all patients.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of local intradermal injections (mesotherapy) of dexpanthenol into the lips to prevent ISO-associated cheilitis.

METHODS

This pilot study was conducted on patients over the age of 18 using ISO (about 0.5 mg/kg/day). All patients were prescribed only hamamelis virginiana distillate in ointment form as a lip balm. In the mesotherapy group (n=28), 0.1 ml of dexpanthenol was injected into each lip tubercle (4 points total) to the submucosal level. The patients in the control group (n=26) used only the ointment. "ISO cheilitis grading scale (ICGS)" was used in the evaluation of ISO-associated cheilitis. The patients were followed for 2 months.

RESULTS

Although there was an increase in ICGS scores in the mesotherapy group compared to the baseline, no statistically significant change was observed after treatment (p=0.545). However, in the control group, there was a statistically significant increase in ICGS scores in the 1st and 2nd months compared to the baseline (p<0.001). Lip balms were needed significantly less frequently in the mesotherapy group compared to the control, both in the 1st and 2nd months (p=0.006, p=0.045; respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Lip mesotherapy with dexpanthenol will be a useful option for preventing ISO-associated cheilitis because of its easy application, cost-effectiveness, low complication risk, and high patient satisfaction.

Comparison of topical sucralfate with dexpanthenol in rat wound model

Wound healing is a dynamic process initiated in response to injury. There are many factors that have detrimental effects on the wound healing process. Numerous studies have been conducted for improving wound healing processes. Dexpanthenol is widely used to accelerate wound healing. Sucralfate is used for the treatment of peptic ulcers. We aimed to compare the efficacy of topical Dexpanthenol and Sucralfate in an experimental wound model in rats via histopathological examinations and immune histochemical determinations, as well, to evaluate their effects on EGF levels. Three different groups were formed: the Control Group, the Dexpanthenol Group and the Sucralfate Group. Full-thickness skin wounds were created on the back of each rat and isotonic saline was applied to the wounds of the rats in the control group, Bepanthol^® cream was applied in Dexpanthenol Group and 10% Sucralfate cream was applied in Sucralfate Group, once a day. On the 7th, 14th and 21st days the wounds were measured and seven rats from each group were sacrificed and the wounds were excised for histopathological examination. Sucralfate increased wound healing rates by increasing neovascularization, fibroblast activation, reepithelialization and collagen density, as well as dexpanthenol. Our study revealed that the dexpanthenol and sucralfate groups were better than the control group in terms of their effects on wound healing, however there was no statistically significant difference among these two groups. Sucralfate improves EGF expression in skin wounds and has positive results on skin wound healing comparable to dexpanthenol.

A New and Sensitive HPLC-UV Method for Rapid and Simultaneous Quantification of Curcumin and D-Panthenol: Application to In Vitro Release Studies of Wound Dressings

Curcumin (CUR) and D-panthenol (DPA) have been widely investigated for wound-healing treatment. In order to analyse these two compounds from a dosage form, such as polymer-based wound dressings or creams, an analytical method that allows the quantification of both drugs simultaneously should be developed. Here, we report for the first time a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method coupled with UV detection to quantify CUR and DPA based on the standards set by the International Council on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The separation of the analytes was performed using a C₁₈ column that utilised a mobile phase consisting of 0.001% v/v phosphoric acid and methanol using a gradient method with a run time of 15 min. The method is linear for drug concentrations within the range of 0.39–12.5 μg mL⁻¹ (R² = 0.9999) for CUR and 0.39–25 μg mL⁻¹ for DPA (R² = 1). The validated method was found to be precise and accurate. Moreover, the CUR and DPA solution was found to be stable under specific storage conditions. We, therefore, suggest that the HPLC-UV method developed in this study may be very useful in screening formulations for CUR and DPA within a preclinical setting through in vitro release studies.

The Wound-Healing Effect of Mango Peel Extract on Incision Wounds in a Murine Model

Mangifera indica can generate up to 60% of polluting by-products, including peels. However, it has been shown that flavonoids and mangiferin are mainly responsible for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities closely related to the wound-healing process. The chemical composition of MEMI (methanolic extract of M. indica) was analyzed by HPLC-DAD, as well as concentrations of total phenol (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) and antioxidant activity (SA₅₀). Wound-healing efficacy was determined by measurements of wound contraction, histological analysis, and tensiometric method; moreover, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and acute dermal toxicity (OECD 402) were also evaluated. Phenol, resorcinol, conjugated resorcinol, and mangiferin were detected. TPC, TFC, and SA₅₀ were 136 mg GAE/g, 101.66 mg QE/g, and 36.33 µg/mL, respectively. Tensile strength and wound contraction closure did not show significant differences between MEMI and dexpanthenol groups. Histological analysis (after 14 days) shows a similar architecture between MEMI treatment and normal skin. MEMI exhibits a reduction in edema. Staphylococcus epidermidis had an MIC of 2 mg/mL, while Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli reached 4 mg/mL. The MEMI showed no signs of toxicity. Therefore, this study demonstrates multiple targets that flavonoids and mangiferin of MEMI may present during the healing process.

Dexpanthenol Promotes Cell Growth by Preventing Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Cultured Human Hair Follicle Cells

Dexpanthenol (D-panthenol) is a precursor of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) and is widely used for dietary supplements and topical applications. D-panthenol has long been used in hair care products for the purpose of anti-hair loss, its effects and the underlying mechanisms, however, were barely reported. In this study, the effects of D-panthenol on human hair follicle cells, including dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) and outer root sheath cells (hORSCs), were investigated. D-panthenol enhanced the cell viability, increasing the cellular proliferation marker Ki67 in cultured hDPCs. The markers for apoptosis (Caspase3/9) and cell senescence (p21/p16), reported to be expressed in aged or resting phase follicles, were significantly reduced by D-panthenol. Anagen-inducing factors (ALP; β-catenin; versican), which trigger or elongate the anagen phase, were stimulated by D-panthenol. On the other hand, D-panthenol reduced TGF-β1 expressions in both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of VEGF, which is important for peripheral blood vessel activation; was up-regulated by D-panthenol treatment. In cultured hORSCs, cell proliferation and viability were enhanced, while the mRNA expression of cell senescence markers (p21/p16) was significantly down-regulated. The expressions of both VEGF and its receptor (VEGFR) were up-regulated by D-panthenol. In conclusion, our data suggest that the hair growth stimulating activity of D-panthenol was exerted by increasing the cell viability, suppressing the apoptotic markers, and elongating the anagen phase in hair follicles.

A new ophthalmic formulation containing antiseptics and dexpanthenol: In vitro antimicrobial activity and effects on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells

Antibiotic resistance is increasing even in ocular pathogens, therefore the interest towards antiseptics in Ophthalmology is growing. The aim of this study was to analyze the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy and the in vitro effects of an ophthalmic formulation containing hexamidine diisethionate 0.05%, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) 0.0001% disodium edetate (EDTA) 0.01%, dexpanthenol 5% and polyvinyl alcohol 1.25% (Keratosept, Bruschettini, Genova, Italy) on cultured human corneal and conjunctival cells. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus mitis. For each microbial strain 10 μL of a 0.5 MacFarland standardized bacterial inoculum were incubated at 25 °C with 100 μL of ophthalmic solution for up to 6 h. After different periods of time, samples were inoculated on blood agar with 5% sheep blood. Moreover, a 0.5 MacFarland bacterial inoculum was seeded in triplicate on Mueller-Hinton Agar or on Mueller-Hinton Fastidious Agar; then a cellulose disc soaked with 50 μL of ophthalmic solution was applied on the surface of agar and plates were incubated for 18 h at 37 °C, in order to evaluate the inhibition of bacterial growth around the disc. Human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro were incubated for 5, 10 and 15 min with Keratosept or its components. The cytotoxicity was assessed through the release of cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the medium immediately after exposure to the drugs; the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate the metabolic cell activity. Our results show that Keratosept ophthalmic solution gave an average logarithmic (log) reduction of bacterial load of 2.14 ± 0.35 within 6 h of exposure (p-value < 0.05 versus control saline solution). On agar plates, all microbial strains, excluding P. Aeruginosa, showed an inhibition zone of growth around the Keratosept-soaked discs. Keratosept and its components after 5 and 10 min did not show any cytotoxic effect on cultured corneal and conjunctival cells, and only after 15 min a significant reduction of cell viability and an increase of cytotoxicity compared to control (vehicle) was seen; dexpanthenol 5% and polyvinyl alcohol accelerated the wounding of corneal cells in vitro. In conclusion, Keratosept showed good antimicrobial activity on the tested strains; the ophthalmic solution and its components were safe and non-toxic for the corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells for 5 and 10 min at the concentrations analyzed, and dexpanthenol 5% and polyvinyl alcohol promoted the wounding of corneal cells.

Dexpanthenol in Wound Healing after Medical and Cosmetic Interventions (Postprocedure Wound Healing)

With the availability of new technologies, the number of subjects undergoing medical and cosmetic interventions is increasing. Many procedures (e.g., ablative fractional laser treatment) resulting in superficial/minor wounds require appropriate aftercare to prevent complications in wound healing and poor cosmetic outcome. We review the published evidence of the usefulness of topical dexpanthenol in postprocedure wound healing and the associated mechanisms of action at the molecular level. A search in the PubMed and Embase databases was performed to query the terms dexpanthenol, panthenol, superficial wound, minor wound, wound healing, skin repair, and postprocedure. Search results were categorized as clinical trials and in vitro studies. In vitro and clinical studies provided evidence that topically applied dexpanthenol promotes superficial and postprocedure wound healing. Latest findings confirmed that dexpanthenol upregulates genes that are critical for the healing process. The gene expression data are of clinical relevance as evidenced by prospective clinical studies indicating that topical dexpanthenol accelerates wound healing with rapid re-epithelialization and restoration of skin barrier function following skin injury. It can therefore be inferred that topical dexpanthenol represents an appropriate and state-of-the-art treatment option for superficial postprocedure wounds, especially when applied early after the superficial skin damage.

May dexpanthenol, platelet-rich plasma, and thymoquinone provide new hope to maintain liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy?

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Complete liver regeneration may not always be possible after liver injuries and/or partial liver resection. The present study investigated the effects of dexpanthenol, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and thymoquinone on liver regeneration in rats after partial hepatectomy (PH).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 34 Wistar albino rats, each weighing 250-280 g, were randomly separated into four groups. PH was performed, and except for the control group, intraperitoneal dexpanthenol, PRP, or thymoquinone was administered to the relevant groups for 7 days. All rats were then sacrificed, and the liver tissues were examined histopathologically and biochemically.

RESULTS

PRP reduced all oxidant-antioxidant parameters in rats that experienced liver regeneration, but did not create histopathological improvement in the liver tissue. Dexpanthenol had a histopathological improving effect on the liver tissue, but had no effect on biochemical parameters. Thymoquinone showed no histopathological or biochemical effects on liver regeneration.

CONCLUSION

Although dexpanthenol did not affect biochemical oxidative parameters, it was considered to have improving effects on liver regeneration histopathologically. In addition, it was thought that PRP may be used for treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury and cholestatic damage of the liver. Nevertheless, further studies are required on these subjects.

Optimal Support of Wound Healing: New Insights

BACKGROUND

The ultimate goal of wound healing following minor injury is to form a tissue regenerate that has functionality and visual appearance as close to the original skin as possible. The body's physiological response to any wound is traditionally characterised by three distinct steps: inflammation, proliferation and remodelling.

SUMMARY

New insights suggest that the three phases overlap (and even occur in parallel) in both time and space in the wound, necessitating a clinical approach that targets each stage simultaneously to ensure rapid repair and wound closure without further complications. Ingredients that exhibit activity across each of the three phases, such as dexpanthenol, are of value in the context of minor wound care and scar management. Key Messages: In addition to treatment and ingredient selection, it is also important to consider broader clinical best practices and self-care options that can be used to optimise the management of minor wounds. An individualised approach that can account for a patient's unique requirements and preferences is critical in achieving effective wound recovery.

Severe Burn Injury Progression and Phasic Changes of Gene Expression in Mouse Model

Patients with severe burns are susceptible to infectious complications including burn-site infections and sepsis. The purpose of this study was to explore the pathologic development of burn injury in a mouse model and to screen genes dysregulated at different time points on the basis of gene expression microarrays. Differential expression analysis identified a total 223 genes that related to only time progression independent of burn injury and 214 genes with aberrant expression due to burn injury. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the 214 genes obtained seven gene modules which named as red, blue, turquoise, green, brown, yellow, and gray module, and the blue module was found to be significantly associated with severe burn injury progression, and in which several genes were previously reported being associated with inflammation and immune response, such as interleukin IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1b. Functional enrichment analysis indicated significant enrichment of biological processes that related to metabolism and catabolism, and pathways of proteasome, notch signaling and cell cycle. This result supports a phase progression of severe burn with gene expression changes and interpretation of biological processes in mouse.

Film Dressings Based on Hydrogels: Simultaneous and Sustained-Release of Bioactive Compounds with Wound Healing Properties

This research proposes the rational modeling, synthesis and evaluation of film dressing hydrogels based on polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked with 20 different kinds of dicarboxylic acids. These formulations would allow the sustained release of simultaneous bioactive compounds including allantoin, resveratrol, dexpanthenol and caffeic acid as a multi-target therapy in wound healing. Interaction energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulation studies allowed evaluating the intermolecular affinity of the above bioactive compounds by hydrogels crosslinked with the different dicarboxylic acids. According to the computational results, the hydrogels crosslinked with succinic, aspartic, maleic and malic acids were selected as the best candidates to be synthesized and evaluated experimentally. These four crosslinked hydrogels were prepared and characterized by FTIR, mechanical properties, SEM and equilibrium swelling ratio. The sustained release of the bioactive compounds from the film dressing was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro results indicate a good release profile for all four analyzed bioactive compounds. More importantly, in vivo experiments suggest that prepared formulations could considerably accelerate the healing rate of artificial wounds in rats. The histological studies show that these formulations help to successfully reconstruct and thicken epidermis during 14 days of wound healing. Moreover, the four film dressings developed and exhibited excellent biocompatibility. In conclusion, the novel film dressings based on hydrogels rationally designed with combinatorial and sustained release therapy could have significant promise as dressing materials for skin wound healing.

Accelerated wound healing with a dexpanthenol-containing ointment after fractional ablative CO2 laser resurfacing of photo-damaged skin in a randomized prospective clinical trial

Background: Laser therapy with an ablative CO₂ laser is a prominent treatment option for photo-damaged skin. The healing process and therefore the success of a laser can be supported by an appropriate postoperative treatment of the laser-treated skin. Objective: The effect of a dexpanthenol-containing ointment with petroleum jelly on wound healing after fractional ablative CO₂ laser therapy of photo-damaged skin. Methods: A total of 38 patients with photo-damaged skin received fractional ablative CO₂ laser treatment. Occlusive wound care was conducted for a period of 7 days. The complete wound area was divided into two sections: one that was treated with a dexpanthenol-containing ointment and a section that was treated with petroleum jelly. This study had three primary outcome measures: (1) Overview images as well as dermatoscopic images of the laser treated skin were taken immediately after laser treatment and on days 1, 2, 5 and 14 (study visits). Dermatoscopic images were analysed to determine changes of the diameter of the individual lesions between the study visits. (2) Wound-healing rate was visually assessed, based on the measure of re-epithelialization. (3) Cosmetic results were evaluated during study visits by patients and physicians applying a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: Measuring the diameter of laser-generated lesions revealed a significantly faster cure of the lesions in wound sections that were treated with the dexpanthenol-containing ointment on days 1 and 2, in comparison to the lesions that were treated with petroleum jelly. Concordantly, visual evaluation of the wounds revealed significantly better cosmetic results and re-epithelialization on days 1, 2 and 5 after laser treatment in wound sites that were treated with the dexpanthenol-containing ointment. All patients exhibited a completed wound healing on day 14 after laser treatment. Conclusion: In this comparative study, post-operative treatment of laser-treated skin with a dexpanthenol-containing ointment led to a significantly faster wound closure in comparison to petroleum jelly, especially during the early phase of wound healing. Moreover, assessment of the cosmetic result exhibited beneficial effects of the dexpanthenol-containing ointment in the post-operative wound care after laser treatment. These results emphasize that the use of a dexpanthenol-containing ointment in the post-operative phase following CO2 laser therapy could be a promising alternative to the routinely used treatment with petroleum jelly.

Anesthesia may alter mRNA expression of certain wound healing-associated genes in dermal wound environment of the rats

Some anesthetics including ketamine/xylazine and thiopental have been shown to alter the expression of genes related with inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in previous studies unassociated with wound healing, arising the question of whether commonly used anesthetics in wound healing models could interfere with the transcriptional responses of the genes associated with skin wound healing. The gene expression profile in wound biopsies of rats who received widely used anesthetics doses of intraperitoneal ketamine/xylazine (50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) or thiopental (50 mg/kg) in comparison with control rats was analyzed by monitoring the expression of genes effective on various phases of wound healing. The expression levels of 84 genes were determined on 3rd, 7th and 14th days of post-wounding using a qPCR array system. Of the genes either up or downregulated fivefolds or more, three (Egf, Col5a1 and Cxcl3) and two (Tgfa and Il2) genes were found to be the most responsive ones to ketamine/xylazine or thiopental anesthesia respectively in a period of 14 days after correction for multiple testing. However, up to 22 and 24 genes for ketamine/xylazine and thiopental were found to be differentially expressed in the same period without correction for multiple-comparisons testing (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that ketamine/xylazine and thiopental may alter the transcriptional responses of some genes associated with wound healing in rats. We strongly suggest to consider the possible alteration effect of these anesthetics on gene expression in animal models of dermal wound healing.

Macrophages significantly enhance wound healing in a vascularized skin model

Tissue-engineered dermo-epidermal skin grafts could be applied for the treatment of large skin wounds or used as an in vitro wound-healing model. However, there is currently no skin replacement model that includes both, endothelial cells to simulate vascularization, and macrophages to regulate wound healing and tissue regeneration. Here, we describe for the first time a tissue-engineered, fully vascularized dermo-epidermal skin graft based on a fibrin hydrogel scaffold, using exclusively human primary cells. We show that endothelial cells and human dermal fibroblasts form capillary-like structures within the dermis whereas keratinocytes form the epithelial cell layer. Macrophages played a key role in controlling the number of epithelial cells and their morphology after skin injury induced with a CO₂ laser. The activation of selected cell types was confirmed by mRNA analysis. Our data underline the important role of macrophages in vascularized skin models for application as in vitro wound healing models or for skin replacement therapy. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1340-1350, 2019.

JAK1/3 inhibition preserves epidermal morphology in full-thickness 3D skin models of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis

BACKGROUND

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition may be a promising new treatment modality for inflammatory (skin) diseases. However, little is known about direct effects of kinase inhibitors on keratinocyte differentiation and function as well as skin barrier formation.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to address the direct impact of kinase inhibition of the JAK1/3 pathways by tofacitinib on keratinocyte immune function and barrier formation in atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis.

METHODS

3D skin equivalents of both diseases were developed and concurrently pretreated with tofacitinib. To induce AD, 3D skin equivalents were stimulated with recombinant human IL-4 and IL-13. Psoriasis-like conditions were induced by incubation with IL-17A, IL-22 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). The activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1, STAT3 and STAT6 was assessed by Western blot analysis. Microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were used for gene expression analysis.

RESULTS

Tofacitinib pretreatment preserved epidermal morphology and reduced STAT3 and STAT6 phosphorylation of AD-like and STAT3 phosphorylation of psoriasis-like culture conditions in 3D skin models compared to sham-controls. Filaggrin expression was fully maintained in the AD-like models, but only partially in psoriasis-like conditions after pretreatment with tofacitinib. In addition, tofacitinib upregulated DSC1, FLG and KRT1. Using gene expression analysis, downregulation of POSTN and IL24 was observed in AD-like conditions, whereas downregulation of IL20 and IL1B was observed in psoriasis-like conditions.

CONCLUSION

JAK1/3 inhibition counteracted cytokine-induced AD- and psoriasis-like epidermal morphology and enhanced keratinocyte differentiation in 3D skin models. This effect was more pronounced in the AD-like models compared to the psoriasis-like 3D skin models.

Evaluating the Effects of a Topical Preparation with Dexpanthenol, Silbiol, Undecylenic Acid, and Lidocaine on Palatal Mucosa Wound Healing in a Rat Model

Background

Postoperative complications occur after periodontal plastic surgeries, but an ideal treatment to overcome them has not been found yet.

Aims

To evaluate the effects of topically applied Oral-norm gel on the healing of excisional wounds.

Study Design

Animal experiment.

Methods

Excisional wounds with a diameter of 3 mm were made in the center of the palatal mucosa of 63 Sprague Dawley rats. Seven animals were sacrificed at time 0. The remaining rats were divided into two groups: a test group in which the topical Oral-norm gel was applied three times a day and a control group in which nothing was applied. Seven animals in each group were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Mean wound surface area was measured photographically, while wound healing and width were evaluated microscopically.

Results

The mean wound surface area decreased significantly after 3 days in both groups (p<0.001). Between days 3 and 7, the mean wound surface area decreased from 6.62 (2.85) to 0.83 (1.62) mm² in the control group and 5.07 (0.88) to 1.42 (1.67) mm² in the test group. The wound width decreased significantly on day 7 in both groups (p<0.001), with no further changes by day 14. Both groups had a significant increase in inflammation and vascularization on day 3 (p<0.001), with a reduction thereafter. No significant differences in macroscopic and microscopic measurements were observed between the groups at any time point (p>0.05).

Conclusion

The Oral-norm gel has no positive healing effects in the palatal mucosa of rats.

Comprehensive molecular characterization of microneedling therapy in a human three-dimensional skin model

Background and objectives

Microneedling therapy is a widely used technique in dermatology. However, little is known about the underlying molecular effects of this therapy on extracellular matrix remodeling, wound healing, and inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine morphological and molecular changes caused by microneedling treatment in a standardized in vitro full-thickness 3D model of human skin.

Materials and methods

A microneedling device was used to treat full-thickness 3D skin models. Specimens were harvested at specified time points and qRT-PCR and microarray studies were performed. Frozen sections were examined histologically.

Results

Microneedling treatment caused morphological changes in the skin model resulting in an almost complete recovery of the epidermis five days after treatment. Microarray analysis identified an upregulation of genes that are associated with tissue remodeling and wound healing (e.g. COL3A1, COL8A1, TIMP3), epithelial proliferation and differentiation (KRT13, IGF1), immune cell recruitment (CCL11), and a member of the heat shock protein family (HSPB6). On the other hand, we detected a downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL1α, IL1β, IL24, IL36γ, IL36RN), and antimicrobial peptides (e.g. S100A7A, DEFB4). These data were confirmed by independent RT-PCR analyses.

Conclusion

We present for the first time the direct molecular effects of microneedling therapy on epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts using a standardized 3D skin model. Treatment resulted in histological alterations and changed the expression of various genes related to epidermal differentiation, inflammation, and dermal remodeling. This data suggests that skin microneedling plays a role in dermal remodeling, increases epidermal differentiation, and might also have a direct effect on collagen synthesis. These findings may increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human skin repair induced by microneedling therapy and will allow comparisons with competing applications, such as ablative laser therapies.

Establishment of a cell-based wound healing assay for bio-relevant testing of wound therapeutics

INTRODUCTION

Predictive in vitro testing of novel wound therapeutics requires adequate cell-based bio-assays. Such assays represent an integral part during preclinical development as pre-step before entering in vivo studies. Simple "scratch tests" based on defected skin cell monolayers exist, however these can solely be used for testing liquids, as cell monolayer destruction and excessive hydration limit their applicability for (semi-)solid systems like wound dressings. In this context, a cell-based wound healing assay is introduced for rapid and predictive testing of wound therapeutics independent of their physical state in a bio-relevant environment.

METHODS

A novel wound healing assay was established for bio-relevant and predictive testing of (semi-) solid wound therapeutics.

RESULTS

The assay allows for physiologically relevant hydration of the tested wound therapeutics at the air-liquid interface and their removal without cell monolayer disruption. In a proof-of-concept study, the applicability and discriminative power could be demonstrated by examining unloaded and drug-loaded wound dressings with two different established wound healing actives (dexpanthenol and metyrapone) and their effect on skin cell behavior. The influence of the released drug on the cells´ healing behavior could successfully be monitored over time. Wound size assessment after 96h resulted in an eight fold smaller wound area for drug treated models compared to the ones treated with unloaded fibers and non-treated wounds.

DISCUSSION

This assay provides valuable first insights towards the establishment of a valid screening and evaluation tool for preclinical wound therapeutic development from liquid to (semi-)solid systems to improve predictability in a simple, yet standardized way.

Design, optimization and characterization of coenzyme Q10- and D-panthenyl triacetate-loaded liposomes

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble molecule found naturally in many eukaryotic cells and is essential for electron transport chain and energy generation in mitochondria. D-Panthenyl triacetate (PTA) is an oil-soluble derivative of D-panthenol, which is essential for coenzyme A synthesis in the epithelium. Liposomal formulations that encapsulate both ingredients were prepared and optimized by applying response surface methodology for increased stability and skin penetration. The optimum formulation comprised 4.17 mg CoQ10, 4.22 mg PTA and 13.95 mg cholesterol per 100 mg of soy phosphatidylcholine. The encapsulation efficiency of the optimized formulation for CoQ10 and PTA was found to be 90.89%±3.61% and 87.84%±4.61%, respectively. Narrow size distribution was achieved with an average size of 161.6±3.6 nm, while a spherical and uniform shape was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. Cumulative release of 90.93% for PTA and 24.41% for CoQ10 was achieved after 24 hours of in vitro release study in sink conditions. Physical stability tests indicated that the optimized liposomes were suitable for storage at 4°C for at least 60 days. The results suggest that the optimized liposomal formulation would be a promising delivery system for both ingredients in various topical applications.

Topical use of dexpanthenol: a 70th anniversary article

Approximately 70 years ago, the first topical dexpanthenol-containing formulation (Bepanthen™ Ointment) has been developed. Nowadays, various topical dexpanthenol preparations exist, tailored according to individual requirements. Topical dexpanthenol has emerged as frequently used formulation in the field of dermatology and skin care. Various studies confirmed dexpanthenol's moisturizing and skin barrier enhancing potential. It prevents skin irritation, stimulates skin regeneration and promotes wound healing. Two main directions in the use of topical dexpanthenol-containing formulations have therefore been pursued: as skin moisturizer/skin barrier restorer and as facilitator of wound healing. This 70th anniversary paper reviews studies with topical dexpanthenol in skin conditions where it is most frequently used. Although discovered decades ago, the exact mechanisms of action of dexpanthenol have not been fully elucidated yet. With the adoption of new technologies, new light has been shed on dexpanthenol's mode of action at the molecular level. It appears that dexpanthenol increases the mobility of stratum corneum molecular components which are important for barrier function and modulates the expression of genes important for wound healing. This review will update readers on recent advances in this field.

Molecular effects of fractional ablative erbium:YAG laser treatment with multiple stacked pulses on standardized human three-dimensional organotypic skin models

The molecular changes in gene expression following ablative laser treatment of skin lesions, such as atrophic scars and UV-damaged skin, are not completely understood. A standardized in vitro model of human skin, to study the effects of laser treatment on human skin, has been recently developed. Therefore, the aim of the investigation was to examine morphological and molecular changes caused by fractional ablative erbium:YAG laser treatment on an in vitro full-thickness 3D standardized organotypic model of human skin. A fractional ablative erbium:YAG laser was used to irradiate organotypic human 3D models. Laser treatments were performed at four different settings using a variety of stacked pulses with similar cumulative total energy fluence (60 J/cm²). Specimens were harvested at specified time points and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and microarray studies were performed. Frozen sections were examined histologically. Three days after erbium:YAG laser treatment, a significantly increased mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, TIMP1, and TIMP2), chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, and CXCL6), and cytokines such as IL6, IL8, and IL24 could be detected. qRT-PCR studies confirmed the enhanced mRNA expression of IL6, IL8, IL24, CXCLs, and MMPs. In contrast, the mRNA expression of epidermal differentiation markers, such as keratin-associated protein 4, filaggrin, filaggrin 2, and loricrin, and antimicrobial peptides (S100A7A, S100A9, and S100A12) as well as CASP14, DSG2, IL18, and IL36β was reduced. Four different settings with similar cumulative doses have been tested (N10%, C10%, E10%, and W25%). These laser treatments resulted in different morphological changes and effects on gene regulations. Longer pulse durations (1000 μs) especially had the strongest impact on gene expression and resulted in an upregulation of genes, such as collagen-1A2, collagen-5A2, and collagen-6A2, as well as FGF2. Histologically, all treatment settings resulted in a complete regeneration of the epidermis 3 days after irradiation. Fractional ablative erbium:YAG laser treatment with a pulse stacking technique resulted in histological alterations and shifts in the expression of various genes related to epidermal differentiation, inflammation, and dermal remodeling depending on the treatment setting applied. A standardized in vitro 3D model of human skin proved to be a useful tool for exploring the effects of various laser settings both on skin morphology and gene expression during wound healing. It provides novel data on the gene expression and microscopic architecture of the exposed skin. This may enhance our understanding of laser treatment at a molecular level.

Effects of Fibroin Microcarriers on Inflammation and Regeneration of Deep Skin Wounds in Mice

The process of tissue regeneration following damage takes place with direct participation of the immune system. The use of biomaterials as scaffolds to facilitate healing of skin wounds is a new and interesting area of regenerative medicine and biomedical research. In many ways, the regenerative potential of biological material is related to its ability to modulate the inflammatory response. At the same time, all foreign materials, once implanted into a living tissue, to varying degree cause an immune reaction. The modern approach to the development of bioengineered structures for applications in regenerative medicine should be directed toward using the properties of the inflammatory response that improve healing, but do not lead to negative chronic manifestations. In this work, we studied the effect of microcarriers comprised of either fibroin or fibroin supplemented with gelatin on the dynamics of the healing, as well as inflammation, during regeneration of deep skin wounds in mice. We found that subcutaneous administration of microcarriers to the wound area resulted in uniform contraction of the wounds in mice in our experimental model, and microcarrier particles induced the infiltration of immune cells. This was associated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2, which contributed to full functional recovery of the injured area and the absence of fibrosis as compared to the control group.

Arnica montana effects on gene expression in a human macrophage cell line. Evaluation by quantitative Real-Time PCR

BACKGROUND

Arnica montana is a popular traditional remedy widely used in complementary medicine, also for its wound healing properties. Despite its acknowledged action in clinical settings at various doses, the molecular aspects relating to how A. montana promotes wound healing remain to be elucidated. To fill this gap, we evaluated the whole plant extract, in a wide range of dilutions, in THP-1 human cells, differentiated into mature macrophages and into an alternative IL-4-activated phenotype involved in tissue remodelling and healing.

METHODS

Real-time quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis was used to study the changes in the expression of a customized panel of key genes, mainly cytokines, receptors and transcription factors.

RESULTS

On macrophages differentiated towards the wound healing phenotype, A. montana affected the expression of several genes. In particular CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), coding for an chief chemokine, exhibited the most consistent increase of expression, while also CXC chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), Interleukin8 (IL8) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) were slightly up-regulated, suggesting a positive influence of A. montana on neutrophil recruitment and on angiogenesis. MMP1, coding for a metalloproteinase capable of cleaving extracellular matrix substrates, was down-regulated. Most results showed non-linearity of the dose-effect relationship.

CONCLUSIONS

This exploratory study provides new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of A. montana as a promoter of healing, since some of the genes it modifies are key regulators of tissue remodelling, inflammation and chemotaxis.

Simultaneous Quantification of Dexpanthenol and Resorcinol from Hair Care Formulation Using Liquid Chromatography: Method Development and Validation

The current study presents the simultaneous quantification of dexpanthenol and resorcinol from marketed hair care formulation. Dexpanthenol is often present as an active ingredient in personal care products for its beautifying and invigorating properties and restorative and smoothing properties. On the other hand resorcinol is mainly prescribed for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of scalp. The toxic side effects of resorcinol limit its use in dermatological preparations. Therefore an accurate quantification technique for the simultaneous estimation of these two components can be helpful for the formulation industries for the accurate analysis of their product quality. In the current study a high performance liquid chromatographic technique has been developed using a C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer of pH = 2.8 following a gradient elution. The mobile phase flow rate was 0.6 mL per minute and the detection wavelength was 210 nm for dexpanthenol and 280 nm for resorcinol. The linearity study was carried out using five solutions having concentrations ranging between 10.34 μg·mL(-1) and 82.69 μg·mL(-1) (r (2) = 0.999) for resorcinol and 10.44 μg·mL(-1) and 83.50 μg·mL(-1) (r (2) = 0.998) for dexpanthenol. The method has been validated as per ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. The ease of single step sample preparation, accuracy, and precision (intraday and interday) study presents the method suitable for the simultaneous quantification of dexpanthenol and resorcinol from any personal care product and dermatological preparations containing these two ingredients.

Effects of non-ablative fractional erbium glass laser treatment on gene regulation in human three-dimensional skin models

Clinical experiences with non-ablative fractional erbium glass laser therapy have demonstrated promising results for dermal remodelling and for the indications of striae, surgical scars and acne scars. So far, molecular effects on human skin following treatment with these laser systems have not been elucidated. Our aim was to investigate laser-induced effects on skin morphology and to analyse molecular effects on gene regulation. Therefore, human three-dimensional (3D) organotypic skin models were irradiated with non-ablative fractional erbium glass laser systems enabling qRT-PCR, microarray and histological studies at same and different time points. A decreased mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 3 and 9 was observed 3 days after treatment. MMP3 also remained downregulated on protein level, whereas the expression of other MMPs like MMP9 was recovered or even upregulated 5 days after irradiation. Inflammatory gene regulatory responses measured by the expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligands (CXCL1, 2, 5, 6) and interleukin expression (IL8) were predominantly reduced. Epidermal differentiation markers such as loricrin, filaggrin-1 and filaggrin-2 were upregulated by both tested laser optics, indicating a potential epidermal involvement. These effects were also shown on protein level in the immunofluorescence analysis. This novel standardised laser-treated human 3D skin model proves useful for monitoring time-dependent ex vivo effects of various laser systems on gene expression and human skin morphology. Our study reveals erbium glass laser-induced regulations of MMP and interleukin expression. We speculate that these alterations on gene expression level could play a role for dermal remodelling, anti-inflammatory effects and increased epidermal differentiation. Our finding may have implications for further understanding of the molecular mechanism of erbium glass laser-induced effects on human skin.

Modulation of MCP-1, TGF-β1, and α-SMA Expressions in Granulation Tissue of Cutaneous Wounds Treated with Local Vitamin B Complex: An Experimental Study

Vitamin B complex can modulate the inflammatory response and activate wound healing. However, the action mechanisms involved in this process are still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin B complex on the modulation of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in granulation tissue growth. Cutaneous ulcers on Wistar rats were topically treated with vitamin B complex. MCP-1, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expressions were evaluated 24, 72, and 168 h after the treatment. Inflammatory cells were counted and collagen fibril staining was performed. After 24 h, more mononuclear cells (p ≤ 0.01) and a higher MCP-1 (p ≤ 0.05) and TGF-β1 (p ≤ 0.01) expression were observed. After 72 h, the number of fibroblasts and mononuclear cells (p ≤ 0.05) was elevated. After 168 h, an increased number of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and blood vessels (p ≤ 0.01) as well as a strong intensity of collagen fibril staining were seen. At that point, the cells presented a higher TGF-β1 expression (p ≤ 0.05), and the size of the ulcer area was decreased (p ≤ 0.01). We can conclude that vitamin B complex may stimulate a positive modulation of MCP-1, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expressions in granulation tissue of cutaneous ulcers.

Topical methylprednisolone aceponate and dexpanthenol in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis

The goals of the topical treatment of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis are suppression of the inflammatory reaction in the skin, elimination of itching, and recovery of the damaged protective lipid barrier of the epidermis. In this connection, topical glucocorticosteroids and skin moisturizers are used in the therapy of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA, Advantan) being a topical glucocorticosteroid is characterized by high efficacy and safety. MPA is marked by the fast development of the therapeutic effect. This drug can be used for children older than 4 months and can be applied once a day. The availability of four dosage forms of MPA (emulsion, cream, ointment and fatty ointment) enables physicians to select a therapy with the use of this drug depending on the stage and localization of the skin lesion. Dexpanthenol (Bepanthen) being a tissue repair stimulator moisturizes the skin, protects the skin against an irritant effect, and restores the protective lipid barrier of the epidermis. The use of a combination of MPA being a topical glucocorticosteroid and dexpanthenol being a tissue repair stimulator can enhance the efficacy of the treatment of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis.

Large-scaled metabolic profiling of human dermal fibroblasts derived from pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients and healthy controls

Mutations in the ABC transporter ABCC6 were recently identified as cause of Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive mineralization of elastic fibers. We used an untargeted metabolic approach to identify biochemical differences between human dermal fibroblasts from healthy controls and PXE patients in an attempt to find a link between ABCC6 deficiency, cellular metabolic alterations and disease pathogenesis. 358 compounds were identified by mass spectrometry covering lipids, amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates, nucleotides, vitamins and cofactors, xenobiotics and energy metabolites. We found substantial differences in glycerophospholipid composition, leucine dipeptides, and polypeptides as well as alterations in pantothenate and guanine metabolism to be significantly associated with PXE pathogenesis. These findings can be linked to extracellular matrix remodeling and increased oxidative stress, which reflect characteristic hallmarks of PXE. Our study could facilitate a better understanding of biochemical pathways involved in soft tissue mineralization.

A time course study about gene expression of post-thermal injury with DNA microarray

BACKGROUND

Burn injury is one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma in daily life. However, the exact sequence of events after burn injury remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate gene expression alterations after burn injury.

METHODS

Microarray data set GSE8056 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including 12 samples, equally distributed in four groups: normal skin tissue as control and damaged tissues 1-3 days after burn (early period); 4-7 days after burn (middle period); and more than 7 days after burn (late period). Packages in R language were utilized to pre-process the data and filter out the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional annotation of all three groups of DEGs was conducted by using clusters of orthologous groups analysis. The DEGs shared by all three groups were picked out and analyzed with STRING to set up a protein-protein interaction network. CFinder was chosen to implement module analysis, and expression analysis systematic explorer was then adopted to reveal the dysfunctional pathways for each module.

RESULTS

A total of 727, 782, and 445 DEGs were identified in the early, middle, and late period after burn, and 234 DEGs were identified as continually differentially expressed throughout all time periods, including genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1β, and genes associated with cell proliferation. Three modules associated with cell proliferation and inflammatory responses were generated from the protein-protein interaction network.

CONCLUSION

Our findings are beneficial for understanding the progression of the wound healing response after burn.