1
|
Korade Z, Tallman KA, Kim HYH, Balog M, Genaro-Mattos TC, Pattnaik A, Mirnics K, Pattnaik AK, Porter NA. Dose-Response Effects of 7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Inhibitors on Sterol Profiles and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1086-1096. [PMID: 36407960 PMCID: PMC9667548 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is ubiquitous in cells; it plays a critical role in membrane structure and transport as well as in intracellular trafficking processes. There are suggestions that cholesterol metabolism is linked to innate immunity with inhibitors of DHCR7, the last enzyme in the cholesterol pathway, suggested to have potential as viral therapeutics nearly a decade ago. In fact, there are a number of highly prescribed pharmaceuticals that are off-target inhibitors of DHCR7, causing increased cellular levels of 7-dehydrodesmosterol (7-DHD) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). We report here dose-response studies of six such inhibitors on late-stage cholesterol biosynthesis in Neuro2a cells as well as their effect on infection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Four of the test compounds are FDA-approved drugs (cariprazine, trazodone, metoprolol, and tamoxifen), one (ifenprodil) has been the object of a recent Phase 2b COVID trial, and one (AY9944) is an experimental compound that has seen extensive use as a DHCR7 inhibitor. The three FDA-approved drugs inhibit replication of a GFP-tagged VSV with efficacies that mirror their effect on DHCR7. Ifenprodil and AY9944 have complex inhibitory profiles, acting on both DHCR7 and DHCR14, while tamoxifen does not inhibit DHCR7 and is toxic to Neuro2a at concentrations where it inhibits the Δ7-Δ8 isomerase of the cholesterol pathway. VSV itself affects the sterol profile in Neuro2a cells, showing a dose-response increase of dehydrolathosterol and lathosterol, the substrates for DHCR7, with a corresponding decrease in desmosterol and cholesterol. 7-DHD and 7-DHC are orders of magnitude more vulnerable to free radical chain oxidation than other sterols as well as polyunsaturated fatty esters, and the effect of these sterols on viral infection is likely a reflection of this fact of Nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department
of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hye-Young H. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Marta Balog
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
- Department
of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Aryamav Pattnaik
- Nebraska
Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583, United States
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- Nebraska
Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koczok K, Horváth L, Korade Z, Mezei ZA, Szabó GP, Porter NA, Kovács E, Mirnics K, Balogh I. Biochemical and Clinical Effects of Vitamin E Supplementation in Hungarian Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome Patients. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081228. [PMID: 34439893 PMCID: PMC8393612 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a severe monogenic disorder resulting in low cholesterol and high 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) levels. 7-DHC-derived oxysterols likely contribute to disease pathophysiology, and thus antioxidant treatment might be beneficial because of high oxidative stress. In a three-year prospective study, we investigated the effects of vitamin E supplementation in six SLOS patients already receiving dietary cholesterol treatment. Plasma vitamin A and E concentrations were determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. At baseline, plasma 7-DHC, 8-dehydrocholesterol (8-DHC) and cholesterol levels were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The clinical effect of the supplementation was assessed by performing structured parental interviews. At baseline, patients were characterized by low or low-normal plasma vitamin E concentrations (7.19-15.68 μmol/L), while vitamin A concentrations were found to be normal or high (1.26-2.68 μmol/L). Vitamin E supplementation resulted in correction or significant elevation of plasma vitamin E concentration in all patients. We observed reduced aggression, self-injury, irritability, hyperactivity, attention deficit, repetitive behavior, sleep disturbance, skin photosensitivity and/or eczema in 3/6 patients, with notable individual variability. Clinical response to therapy was associated with a low baseline 7-DHC + 8-DHC/cholesterol ratio (0.2-0.4). We suggest that determination of vitamin E status is important in SLOS patients. Supplementation of vitamin E should be considered and might be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Koczok
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.K.); (E.K.)
| | - László Horváth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Surveillance and Economics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Zoltán András Mezei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Gabriella P. Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA;
| | - Eszter Kovács
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience and Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA;
| | - István Balogh
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.K.); (E.K.)
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-340-006
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee JH, Kweon S, Park YR. Sharing genetic variants with the NGS pipeline is essential for effective genomic data sharing and reproducibility in health information exchange. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2268. [PMID: 33500538 PMCID: PMC7838410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants causing underlying pharmacogenetic and disease phenotypes have been used as the basis for clinical decision-making. However, due to the lack of standards for next-generation sequencing (NGS) pipelines, reproducing genetic variants among institutions is still difficult. The aim of this study is to show how many important variants for clinical decisions can be individually detected using different pipelines. Genetic variants were derived from 105 breast cancer patient target DNA sequences via three different variant-calling pipelines. HaplotypeCaller, Mutect2 tumor-only mode in the Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK), and VarScan were used in variant calling from the sequence read data processed by the same NGS preprocessing tools using Variant Effect Predictor. GATK HaplotypeCaller, VarScan, and MuTect2 found 25,130, 16,972, and 4232 variants, comprising 1491, 1400, and 321 annotated variants with ClinVar significance, respectively. The average number of ClinVar significant variants in the patients was 769.43, 16.50% of the variants were detected by only one variant caller. Despite variants with significant impact on clinical decision-making, the detected variants are different for each algorithm. To utilize genetic variants in the clinical field, a strict standard for NGS pipelines is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Lee
- Lunit Inc., 175 Yeoksamro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Solbi Kweon
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Rang Park
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Delvecchio M, Rapone B, Simonetti S, Fecarotta S, De Carlo G, Favoino E, Loverro MT, Romano AMI, Taurino F, Di Naro E, Gnoni A. Dietary cholesterol supplementation and inhibitory factor 1 serum levels in two dizygotic Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome twins: a case report. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:161. [PMID: 33115520 PMCID: PMC7594264 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the defect in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. This defect leads to the deficiency of cholesterol biosynthesis with accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is a well-known mitochondrial protein. Recently, it has been discovered in the human serum where it is reported to be involved in the HDL-cholesterol intake. Here we report the IF1 presence in the serum of two paediatric SLOS dizygotic twins treated with dietary cholesterol supplementation. CASE PRESENTATION The patients showed a typical phenotype. They started dietary supplementation with cholesterol when 2 months old. The cholesterol intake was periodically titrated on the basis of weight increase and the twin 1 required a larger supplementation than the twin 2 during the follow-up. When 6.4-year-old, they underwent IF1 assay that was 7-fold increased in twin 2 compared to twin 1 (93.0 pg/ml vs 13.0 pg/ml, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We report, for the first time, the presence of circulating IF1 in the serum of SLOS patients, showing different levels among them. Our findings confirm that IF1 could be a novel research target in cholesterol-related disorders and also in SLOS, and could contribute to the general debate on IF1 as a new modulator of cholesterol levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Delvecchio
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Genetics and Diabetology, Giovanni XXIII Children's Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Simonetta Simonetti
- Regional Centre for Neonatal Screening, Children Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Fecarotta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Graziana De Carlo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Elvira Favoino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Loverro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Isdraele Romano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Taurino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Di Naro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Gnoni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: what is the actual risk for couples carriers of the DHCR7:c.964-1G>C variant? Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:938-942. [PMID: 32055014 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The founder variant DHCR7:c.964-1G>C causing autosomal recessive Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLOS) was introduced into the Israeli preconception carrier program for Ashkenazi Jews in 2017 because of the high carrier frequency in this population (2.3%). Other disease-causing variants in DHCR7 are relatively rare in Israeli population. Discrepancy between the carrier frequency and disease prevalence raises the question of the actual risks for affected offspring for couples detected by the screening program. We performed a literature review of all relevant publications regarding homozygous DHCR7:c.964-1G>C fetuses/patients. We also collected clinical data about couples identified in the national screening program, including reproductive history. Out of 32 homozygous fetuses, six died in utero, 11 pregnancies were terminated during second trimester, and 15 children were born. All died between first days of life till 3 months of age. Reproductive history of SLOS-at-risk couples showed that after correction for ascertainment bias, out of 61 pregnancies, there was an absence of affected fetuses/children and an excess of miscarriages even if assumed that all the homozygous fetuses were miscarried. Out of these, eight families were Israelis, they had a total of one sick child, 21 healthy children, and 21 miscarriages. Our observations support the previous knowledge that homozygosity for c.964-1G>C in DHCR7 leads to a severe phenotype or early miscarriage. An unexpected observation was the excess of early miscarriages. This phenomenon is unclear and awaits further studies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith-Lemli-Opitz's Syndrome as a Possible Cause of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Case Report. AJP Rep 2020; 10:e118-e120. [PMID: 32257592 PMCID: PMC7108949 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the known carrier frequency of Smith-Lemli-Opitz's syndrome (SLOS), the prevalence of this disease should be significantly higher than what is observed in the population. This may be due to a higher rate of pregnancy loss in affected embryos. Here, we present the case of a couple who underwent expanded carrier screening (ECS) after experiencing three first trimester pregnancy losses. Both parents were found to be carriers of SLOS mutations, and DNA analysis of the fetal remains of the third loss revealed the aborted fetus had inherited both the maternal and paternal mutations. This suggests SLOS as a reason for this patient's recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and therefore, ECS should be considered as part of the RPL work-up.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wages PA, Kim HYH, Korade Z, Porter NA. Identification and characterization of prescription drugs that change levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol and desmosterol. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1916-1926. [PMID: 30087204 PMCID: PMC6168312 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m086991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating blood cholesterol (Chol) levels by pharmacotherapy has successfully improved cardiovascular health. There is growing interest in the role of Chol precursors in the treatment of diseases. One sterol precursor, desmosterol (Des), is a potential pharmacological target for inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. However, elevating levels of the precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) by inhibiting the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase is linked to teratogenic outcomes. Thus, altering the sterol profile may either increase risk toward an adverse outcome or confer therapeutic benefit depending on the metabolite affected by the pharmacophore. In order to characterize any unknown activity of drugs on Chol biosynthesis, a chemical library of Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs was screened for the potential to modulate 7-DHC or Des levels in a neural cell line. Over 20% of the collection was shown to impact Chol biosynthesis, including 75 compounds that alter 7-DHC levels and 49 that modulate Des levels. Evidence is provided that three tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib, ponatinib, and masitinib, elevate Des levels as well as other substrates of 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme responsible for converting Des to Chol. Additionally, the mechanism of action for ponatinib and masitinib was explored, demonstrating that protein levels are decreased as a result of treatment with these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Wages
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Donoghue SE, Pitt JJ, Boneh A, White SM. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: clinical and biochemical correlates. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:451-459. [PMID: 29455191 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene that result in reduced cholesterol biosynthesis. The aim of the study was to examine the biochemical and clinical features of SLOS in the context of the emerging evidence of the importance of cholesterol in morphogenesis and steroidogenesis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 18 patients (including four fetuses) with confirmed SLOS and documented their clinical and biochemical features. RESULTS Seven patients had branchial arch abnormalities, including micrognathia, immune dysfunction and hypocalcemia. Thymic abnormalities were found in three fetuses. All four patients with a cholesterol level of ≤0.35 mmol/L died. They all had electrolyte abnormalities (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia), necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis-like episodes and midline defects including the branchial and cardiac defects. Patients with cholesterol levels ≥1.7 mmol/L had milder features and were diagnosed at 9 months to 25 years of age. All 10 patients had intellectual disability. One patient was found to have a novel mutation, c.1220A>G (p.Asn407Ser). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that screening for adrenal insufficiency and for hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism and immunodeficiency, should be done routinely in infants diagnosed early with SLOS. Early diagnosis and intervention to correct these biochemical consequences may decrease mortality and improve long-term outcome in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Donoghue
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James J Pitt
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paedatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Avihu Boneh
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paedatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paedatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Korade Z, Genaro-Mattos TC, Tallman KA, Liu W, Garbett KA, Koczok K, Balogh I, Mirnics K, Porter NA. Vulnerability of DHCR7+/- mutation carriers to aripiprazole and trazodone exposure. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2139-2146. [PMID: 28972118 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a recessive disorder caused by mutations in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR)7 with a heterozygous (HET) carrier frequency of 1-3%. A defective DHCR7 causes accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (DHC), which is a highly oxidizable and toxic compound. Recent studies suggest that several antipsychotics, including the highly prescribed pharmaceuticals, aripiprazole (ARI) and trazodone (TRZ), increase 7-DHC levels in vitro and in humans. Our investigation was designed to compare the effects of ARI and TRZ on cholesterol (Chol) synthesis in fibroblasts from DHCR7+/- human carriers and controls (CTRs). Six matched pairs of fibroblasts were treated and their sterol profile analyzed by LC-MS. Significantly, upon treatment with ARI and TRZ, the total accumulation of 7-DHC was higher in DHCR7-HET cells than in CTR fibroblasts. The same set of experiments was repeated in the presence of 13C-lanosterol to determine residual Chol synthesis, revealing that ARI and TRZ strongly inhibit de novo Chol biosynthesis. The results suggest that DHCR7 carriers have increased vulnerability to both ARI and TRZ exposure compared with CTRs. Thus, the 1-3% of the population who are DHCR7 carriers may be more likely to sustain deleterious health consequences on exposure to compounds like ARI and TRZ that increase levels of 7-DHC, especially during brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | | | - Katalin Koczok
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Istvan Balogh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Balajthy A, Somodi S, Pethő Z, Péter M, Varga Z, Szabó GP, Paragh G, Vígh L, Panyi G, Hajdu P. 7DHC-induced changes of Kv1.3 operation contributes to modified T cell function in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1403-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
11
|
Cross JL, Iben J, Simpson CL, Thurm A, Swedo S, Tierney E, Bailey-Wilson JE, Biesecker LG, Porter FD, Wassif CA. Determination of the allelic frequency in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome by analysis of massively parallel sequencing data sets. Clin Genet 2014; 87:570-5. [PMID: 24813812 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Data from massively parallel sequencing or 'Next Generation Sequencing' of the human exome has reached a critical mass in both public and private databases, in that these collections now allow researchers to critically evaluate population genetics in a manner that was not feasible a decade ago. The ability to determine pathogenic allele frequencies by evaluation of the full coding sequences and not merely a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or series of SNPs will lead to more accurate estimations of incidence. For demonstrative purposes, we analyzed the causative gene for the disorder Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) gene and determined both the carrier frequency for DHCR7 mutations, and predicted an expected incidence of the disorder. Estimations of the incidence of SLOS have ranged widely from 1:10,000 to 1:70,000 while the carrier frequency has been reported as high as 1 in 30. Using four exome data sets with a total of 17,836 chromosomes, we ascertained a carrier frequency of pathogenic DHRC7 mutations of 1.01%, and predict a SLOS disease incidence of 1/39,215 conceptions. This approach highlights yet another valuable aspect of the exome sequencing databases, to inform clinical and health policy decisions related to genetic counseling, prenatal testing and newborn screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Cross
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oláh AV, Szabó GP, Varga J, Balogh L, Csábi G, Csákváry V, Erwa W, Balogh I. Relation between biomarkers and clinical severity in patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:623-30. [PMID: 23319240 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a multiple congenital anomaly with severe mental retardation, is caused by decreased activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Fifteen Hungarian patients were diagnosed with SLOS on the basis of clinical symptoms, serum cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and molecular genetic testing. Their age at the time of diagnosis in mild SLOS (n = 4, clinical score <20) was 0.5-18 years, cholesterol was 2.37 ± 0.8 mmol/L, and 7DHC was 0.38 ± 0.14 mmol/L. In the group of typical SLOS (n = 7, score 20-50), the diagnosis was set up earlier (age of 0.1-7 years); t-cholesterol was 1.47 ± 0.7 mmol/L, and 7DHC was 0.53 ± 0.20 mmol/L. Patients with severe SLOS (n = 4, clinical score > 50) died as newborns and had the lowest t-cholesterol (0.66 ± 0.27 mmol/L), and 7DHC was 0.47 ± 0.14 mmol/L. Correlation coefficient with clinical severity was 0.74 for initial t-cholesterol and 0.669 for Cho/7DHC. Statistically significant difference was between the initial t-cholesterol of mild and severe SLOS (p = 0.01), and between the Cho/7DHC ratios of groups (p = 0.004). In severe SLOS, the percentage of α-lipoprotein was significantly lower than in typical (p = 0.003) and mild SLOS (p = 0.004). Although serum albumin, total bilirubin, and hemostasis parameters remained in the reference range during cholesterol supplementation (n = 10) combined with statin therapy (n = 9), increase of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in 50 % of the patients probably refers to a reversible alteration of liver function; therefore, statin therapy was suspended. CONCLUSION life expectancy is fundamentally determined by the initial t-cholesterol, but dehydrocholesterol and α-lipoprotein have prognostic value. Accumulation of hepatotoxic DHC may inhibit the synthesis of α-lipoproteins, decreasing the reverse cholesterol transport. During statin therapy, we suggest monitoring of lipid parameters and liver function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Oláh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|