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Leck LYW, Abd El-Aziz YS, McKelvey KJ, Park KC, Sahni S, Lane DJR, Skoda J, Jansson PJ. Cancer stem cells: Masters of all traits. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024:167549. [PMID: 39454969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which contributes to its rapid progression and therapeutic failure. Besides interpatient tumor heterogeneity, tumors within a single patient can present with a heterogeneous mix of genetically and phenotypically distinct subclones. These unique subclones can significantly impact the traits of cancer. With the plasticity that intratumoral heterogeneity provides, cancers can easily adapt to changes in their microenvironment and therapeutic exposure. Indeed, tumor cells dynamically shift between a more differentiated, rapidly proliferating state with limited tumorigenic potential and a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like state that resembles undifferentiated cellular precursors and is associated with high tumorigenicity. In this context, CSCs are functionally located at the apex of the tumor hierarchy, contributing to the initiation, maintenance, and progression of tumors, as they also represent the subpopulation of tumor cells most resistant to conventional anti-cancer therapies. Although the CSC model is well established, it is constantly evolving and being reshaped by advancing knowledge on the roles of CSCs in different cancer types. Here, we review the current evidence of how CSCs play a pivotal role in providing the many traits of aggressive tumors while simultaneously evading immunosurveillance and anti-cancer therapy in several cancer types. We discuss the key traits and characteristics of CSCs to provide updated insights into CSC biology and highlight its implications for therapeutic development and improved treatment of aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Y W Leck
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Cancer Drug Resistance & Stem Cell Program, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yomna S Abd El-Aziz
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Kelly J McKelvey
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Proteina Co., Ltd./Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Skoda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Cancer Drug Resistance & Stem Cell Program, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhai Z, Tanzhu G, Yang J, Zhou R. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:170. [PMID: 38965243 PMCID: PMC11224386 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still inevitable. Our review begins with a brief introduction of the historical discoveries, original hypotheses, and pathways that regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, and their crosstalk. We focus on the role of CSCs in various therapeutic outcomes and resistance, including how the treatments affect the content of CSCs and the alteration of related molecules, CSCs-mediated therapeutic resistance, and the clinical value of targeting CSCs in patients with refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. In summary, CSCs affect therapeutic efficacy, and the treatment method of targeting CSCs is still difficult to determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms and targeting biomarkers of CSCs is currently the mainstream idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Chu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wentao Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiaoyang Ning
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yunqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guilong Tanzhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
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Han R, Yang J, Zhu Y, Gan R. Wnt signaling in gastric cancer: current progress and future prospects. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1410513. [PMID: 38952556 PMCID: PMC11216096 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1410513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Levels of the Wnt pathway components are abnormally altered in gastric cancer cells, leading to malignant cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, poor prognosis and chemoresistance. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism of Wnt signaling pathway in gastric cancer. We systematically reviewed the molecular mechanisms of the Wnt pathway in gastric cancer development; and summarize the progression and the challenges of research on molecular agents of the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Runliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Rogers S, Zhang C, Anagnostidis V, Liddle C, Fishel ML, Gielen F, Scholpp S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts influence Wnt/PCP signaling in gastric cancer cells by cytoneme-based dissemination of ROR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217612120. [PMID: 37722040 PMCID: PMC10523461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217612120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a crucial component in the tumor microenvironment influencing cancer progression. Besides shaping the extracellular matrix, these fibroblasts provide signaling factors to facilitate tumor survival and alter tumor behavior. In gastric cancer, one crucial signaling pathway influencing invasion and metastasis is the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling. The crucial PCP ligand in this context is WNT5A, which is produced by the CAFs, and gastric cancer cells react upon this signal by enhanced polarized migration. Why gastric cancer cells respond to this signal is still unclear, as their expression level for the central WNT5A receptor, ROR2, is very low. Here, we show that CAFs display long and branched filopodia that form an extensive, complex network engulfing gastric cancer cells, such as the gastric cancer cell line AGS. CAFs have a significantly higher expression level of ROR2 than normal gastric fibroblasts and AGS cells. By high-resolution imaging, we observe a direct transfer of fluorescently tagged ROR2 from CAF to AGS cells by signaling filopodia, known as cytonemes. Surprisingly, we find that the transferred ROR2 complexes can activate Wnt/JNK signaling in AGS cells. Consistently, blockage of ROR2 function in the CAFs leads to reduced paracrine Wnt/JNK signaling, cell polarization, and migration of the receiving AGS cells. Complementary, enhanced migration via paracrine ROR2 transfer was observed in a zebrafish in vivo model. These findings demonstrate a fresh role for cytoneme-mediated signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Cytonemes convey Wnt receptors from CAFs to gastric cancer cells, allowing them to respond to Wnt/PCP signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Rogers
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Chengting Zhang
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Corin Liddle
- Bioimaging Centre, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabrice Gielen
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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Xue W, Cai L, Li S, Hou Y, Wang YD, Yang D, Xia Y, Nie X. WNT ligands in non-small cell lung cancer: from pathogenesis to clinical practice. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:136. [PMID: 37486552 PMCID: PMC10366069 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the malignant tumor with the highest morbidity and leading cause of death worldwide, whereas its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Although mutations in some crucial genes in WNT pathways such as β-catenin and APC are not common in NSCLC, the abnormal signal transduction of WNT pathways is still closely related to the occurrence and progression of NSCLC. WNT ligands (WNTs) are a class of secreted glycoproteins that activate WNT pathways through binding to their receptors and play important regulatory roles in embryonic development, cell differentiation, and tissue regeneration. Therefore, the abnormal expression or dysfunction of WNTs undoubtedly affects WNT pathways and thus participates in the pathogenesis of diseases. There are 19 members of human WNTs, WNT1, WNT2, WNT2b, WNT3, WNT3a, WNT4, WNT5a, WNT5b, WNT6, WNT7a, WNT7b, WNT8a, WNT8b, WNT9a, WNT9b, WNT10a, WNT10b, WNT11 and WNT16. The expression levels of WNTs, binding receptors, and activated WNT pathways are diverse in different tissue types, which endows the complexity of WNT pathways and multifarious biological effects. Although abundant studies have reported the role of WNTs in the pathogenesis of NSCLC, it still needs further study as therapeutic targets for lung cancer. This review will systematically summarize current research on human WNTs in NSCLC, from molecular pathogenesis to potential clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Xue
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, Hebi, China
| | - Lihong Cai
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Kaifeng Cancer Hospital, Kaifeng University, Kaifeng, 475003, China
| | - Su Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, Hebi, China
| | - Yujia Hou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, Hebi, China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, Hebi, China.
- Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Hebi, 458030, China.
| | - Yubing Xia
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Kaifeng Cancer Hospital, Kaifeng University, Kaifeng, 475003, China.
| | - Xiaobo Nie
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, Hebi, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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Abstract
Most colorectal cancers (CRC) are associated with activated Wnt signaling, making it the fourth most prevalent type of cancer globally. To function properly, the Wnt signaling pathway requires secreted glycoproteins known as Wnt ligands (Wnts). Humans have 19 Wnts, which suggest a complicated signaling and biological process, and we still know little about their functions in developing CRC. This review aims to describe the canonical Wnt signaling in CRC, particularly the Wnt3a expression pattern, and their association with the angiogenesis and progression of CRC. This review also sheds light on the inhibition of Wnt3a signaling in CRC. Despite some obstacles, a thorough understanding of Wnts is essential for effectively managing CRC.
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Demirci U, Orenay-Boyacioglu S, Kasap E, Gerçeker E, Bilgiç F, Yüceyar H, Yildirim H, Baykan AR, Ellidokuz EB, Korkmaz M. Overexpressions of RHOA, CSNK1A1, DVL2, FZD8, and LRP5 genes enhance gastric cancer development in the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Arab J Gastroenterol 2023:S1687-1979(23)00005-9. [PMID: 36720664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Intestinal metaplasia (IM), and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection can be shown as risk factors in the development of gastric cancer (GC). WNT signaling pathway plays a critical role in carcinogenesis. However, the literature studies are limited on the significance of this pathway for the transition from IM to GC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We aimed to investigate the importance of the genes of WNT signaling pathways diagnostic and prognostic markers in the presence and absence of HP in conversion from IM to GC. 104 patients, (GC group n = 35, IM group n = 45, control group n = 25) were included in this case-control study. Expression of genes in WNT signalling were searched in study groups with qRT-PCR array and qRT-PCR method. Data were analysed using PCR array data analysis software. RESULTS Statistically significant overexpression of RHOA, CSNK1A1, DVL2, FZD8 and LRP5 genes was detected in the GC and IM groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Statistically significant overexpression of RHOA, CSNK1A1, DVL2, FZD8 and LRP5 genes was observed in patients with metastatic GC compared to patients with GC without metastasis (p < 0.05). It was found that the RHOA, CSNK1A1, DVL2, FZD8 and LRP5 genes were statistically significantly over-expressed in diffuse GC patients compared to non-diffuse GC patients (p < 0.05). Statistically significant overexpression of RHOA, CSNK1A1, DVL2, FZD8 and LRP5 genes was detected in HP positive IM patients compared to HP negative IM patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overexpression of RHOA, CSNK1A1, DVL2, FZD8 and LRP5 genes in IM may suggest that these genes are important markers in the development of IM and inflammation with HP. In addition, these genes are linked to tumor burden in the GC group. Consequently, we can conclude that these genes are poor prognosis biomarkers for GC and have the potential to be used as markers for future treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Demirci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa Turkey.
| | - Seda Orenay-Boyacioglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Elmas Kasap
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa Turkey
| | - Emre Gerçeker
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gazi Hospital, Izmir Turkey
| | - Fahri Bilgiç
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa Turkey
| | - Hakan Yüceyar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa Turkey
| | - Hatice Yildirim
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa Turkey
| | - Ahmed Ramiz Baykan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erzurum Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum Turkey
| | - Ender Berat Ellidokuz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir Turkey
| | - Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa Turkey
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WNT5A in tumor development and progression: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113599. [PMID: 36089446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential to better characterize the complex cellular crosstalk and to identify important immunological phenotypes and biomarkers. The niche is a crucial contributor to neoplasm initiation, maintenance and progression. Therefore, a deeper analysis of tumor surroundings could improve cancer diagnosis, prognosis and assertive treatment. Thus, the WNT family exerts a critical action in tumorigenesis of different types of neoplasms due to dysregulations in the TME. WNT5A, an evolutionary WNT member, is involved in several cellular and physiopathological processes, in addition to tissue homeostasis. The WNT5A protein exerts paradoxical effects while acting as both an oncogene or tumor suppressor by regulating several non-canonical signaling pathways, and consequently interfering in cell growth, cytoskeletal remodeling, migration and invasiveness. This review focuses on a thorough characterization of the role of WNT5A in neoplastic transformation and progression, which may help to understand the prognostic potentiality of WNT5A and its features as a therapeutic target in several cancers. Additionally, we herein summarized novel findings on the mechanisms by which WNT5A might favor tumorigenesis or suppression of cancer progression and discussed the recently developed treatment strategies using WNT5A as a protagonist.
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Hu Q, Li LL, Peng Z, Yi P. Expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, wingless-related integration site, and β-catenin in clinical gastric cancer. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:7242-7255. [PMID: 36157990 PMCID: PMC9353908 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i21.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is overexpressed in GC tissues, and might be involved in the development of GC by regulating its downstream wingless-related integration site (WNT)/β-catenin signaling.
AIM To clarify the expression of HNF4α/WNT5a/β-catenin signaling proteins in clinical GC tissues.
METHODS We immunohistochemically stained pathological blocks of GC and matched para-cancerous tissues. The intensity of HNF4α, WNT5a and β-catenin staining in the tumor cells was determined according to cell rates and staining intensity. The correlations between GC and HNF4α, WNT5a, and β-catenin expression using chi-square and paired chi-square tests. Relationships between double-positive HNF4α and WNT5a expression and types of gastric tumor tissues were assessed using regression analysis. Correlations between HNF4α and WNT5a expression at the RNA level in GC tissues found in the TCGA database were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients.
RESULTS We found more abundant HNF4α and WNT5a proteins in GC, especially in mucinous adenocarcinoma and mixed GC than in adjacent tissues (P < 0.001). Low and high levels of cytoplasmic β-catenin respectively expressed in GC and adjacent tissues (P < 0.001) were not significantly associated with pathological parameters.
CONCLUSION The expressions of HNF4α and WNT5a could serve as early diagnostic biomarkers for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ling-Li Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ze Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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WNT5A promotes the metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by activating the HDAC7/SNAIL signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:480. [PMID: 35595735 PMCID: PMC9122958 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with high incidence and mortality rates and low survival rates. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of ESCC progression remains unclear. Here, we first showed significantly higher WNT5A and SNAIL expression in ESCC samples than in corresponding paracancerous samples. High WNT5A and SNAIL expression levels correlated positively with lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis for patients with ESCC based on immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of 145 paired ESCC samples. Spearman's correlation analyses confirmed the strong positive correlation between WNT5A and SNAIL expression, and patients with ESCC presenting coexpression of WNT5A and SNAIL had the worst prognosis. Then, we verified that the upregulation of WNT5A promoted ESCC cell metastasis in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that WNT5A might be a promising therapeutic target for the prevention of ESCC. Furthermore, WNT5A overexpression induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) upregulation, and HDAC7 silencing significantly reversed WNT5A-induced SNAIL upregulation and ESCC cell metastasis. In addition, we used HDAC7 inhibitors (SAHA and TMP269) to further confirm that HDAC7 participates in WNT5A-mediated carcinogenesis. Based on these results, HDAC7 is involved in WNT5A-mediated ESCC progression, and approaches targeting WNT5A and HDAC7 might be potential therapeutic strategies for ESCC.
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11
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Liu Y, Yang S, Zeng Y, Tang Z, Zong X, Li X, Yang C, Liu L, Tong X, Zhou L, Wang D. Dysregulated behaviour of hair follicle stem cells triggers alopecia and provides potential therapeutic targets. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:986-992. [PMID: 35524394 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to a steady increase in the number of individuals suffering from alopecia, this condition has recently received increasing attention. Alopecia can be caused by various pathological, environmental or psychological factors, eventually resulting in abnormalities in hair follicle (HF) structures or HF regeneration disorders, especially dysregulated hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) behaviour. HFSC behaviour includes activation, proliferation and differentiation. Appropriate HFSC behaviour sustains a persistent hair cycle (HC). HFSC behaviour is mainly influenced by HFSC metabolism, ageing, and the microenvironment. In this review, we summarize recent findings on how HFSC metabolism, ageing and the microenvironment give rise to hair growth disorders, as well as related genes and signalling pathways. Recent research on the application of stem cell-based hair tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to treat alopecia is also summarized. Determining how dysregulated HFSC behaviour underlies alopecia would be helpful in identifying potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengbo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yilan Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziting Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiule Zong
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Caifeng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoliang Tong
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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12
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Li J, Xu S, Dong H, Wu X, Wang LH, Xu X. Altered Wnt5a expression affects radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:5. [PMID: 34815757 PMCID: PMC8593861 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that upregulation of wingless-type protein 5a (Wnt5a) is associated with poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Wnt5a expression is often upregulated in radiation-resistant NSCLC cells. However, the biological functions or molecular mechanisms of radiosensitivity in NSCLC remain unknown. In the present study, MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to assess the effect of overexpression or knockdown of Wnt5a and/or radiation on the proliferation and apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, western blot analysis was performed to detect canonical Wnt signaling (β-catenin) in H1650 and A549 cells. The results demonstrated that Wnt5a knockdown combined with irradiation inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells compared with Wnt5a knockdown or radiotherapy alone. In addition, the combination of Wnt5a knockdown and irradiation decreased nuclear and increased cytoplasmic β-catenin expression in H1650 and A549 cells, the effects of which were reversed following overexpression of Wnt5a. The combination of overexpressing Wnt5a and irradiation resulted in significant tumor regression, while β-catenin knockdown reversed Wnt5a overexpression-induced NSCLC cell proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that Wnt5a may be involved in the activation of β-catenin-dependent canonical Wnt signaling, and thus may influence the effectiveness of radiation therapy in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570312, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Medical Research Center, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570312, P.R. China
| | - Hua Dong
- Hainan Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570312, P.R. China
| | - Xiayu Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570312, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hong Wang
- Medical Research Center, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570312, P.R. China
| | - Xianhua Xu
- Medical Research Center, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570312, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570312, P.R. China
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13
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Radaszkiewicz T, Nosková M, Gömöryová K, Vondálová Blanářová O, Radaszkiewicz KA, Picková M, Víchová R, Gybeľ T, Kaiser K, Demková L, Kučerová L, Bárta T, Potěšil D, Zdráhal Z, Souček K, Bryja V. RNF43 inhibits WNT5A-driven signaling and suppresses melanoma invasion and resistance to the targeted therapy. eLife 2021; 10:65759. [PMID: 34702444 PMCID: PMC8550759 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RNF43 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and known negative regulator of WNT/β-catenin signaling. We demonstrate that RNF43 is also a regulator of noncanonical WNT5A-induced signaling in human cells. Analysis of the RNF43 interactome using BioID and immunoprecipitation showed that RNF43 can interact with the core receptor complex components dedicated to the noncanonical Wnt pathway such as ROR1, ROR2, VANGL1, and VANGL2. RNF43 triggers VANGL2 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation and clathrin-dependent internalization of ROR1 receptor and inhibits ROR2 activation. These activities of RNF43 are physiologically relevant and block pro-metastatic WNT5A signaling in melanoma. RNF43 inhibits responses to WNT5A, which results in the suppression of invasive properties of melanoma cells. Furthermore, RNF43 prevented WNT5A-assisted development of resistance to BRAF V600E and MEK inhibitors. Next, RNF43 acted as melanoma suppressor and improved response to targeted therapies in vivo. In line with these findings, RNF43 expression decreases during melanoma progression and RNF43-low patients have a worse prognosis. We conclude that RNF43 is a newly discovered negative regulator of WNT5A-mediated biological responses that desensitizes cells to WNT5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Radaszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Nosková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Gömöryová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Vondálová Blanářová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Markéta Picková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center FNUSA-ICRC, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ráchel Víchová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Gybeľ
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Demková
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kučerová
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Bárta
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Potěšil
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center FNUSA-ICRC, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Qin Y, Wang F, Ni H, Liu Y, Yin Y, Zhou X, Gao G, Li Q, Qi X, Li J. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in gastric cancer affect malignant progression via the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. J Cancer 2021; 12:3011-3023. [PMID: 33854601 PMCID: PMC8040897 DOI: 10.7150/jca.49707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are principal constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a critical role in tumor progression. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis regulates multiple facets of the TME. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between CXCL12 expression in CAFs and the malignant progression of gastric cancer (GC). Methods: In the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database, we performed transcriptome analysis on paired gastric cancer RNA sequencing samples, and scRNA analysis was performed on advanced malignant GC samples from the scRNA sequencing data set. Fibroblast cells were co-cultured with GC cells, and invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) were determined. After blocking the expression of fibroblast CXCL12, cells were co-cultured with a GC cell line. Detection of GC cell line invasion, migration, EMT and CXCR4, Wnt5a and β-Catenin expression levels was performed. Primary CAFs and gastric normal fibroblasts were isolated and CXCL12 mRNA and protein expression were determined. In addition, a cohort of 285 GC cases was established, protein expression was evaluated immunohistochemically, and prognostic results were analyzed. Results: GC transcriptome analysis suggested that cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and the Wnt signaling pathway in GC tissues were significantly up-regulated. scRNA analysis of advanced malignant GC samples showed that severe intestinal metaplasia (SIM) in GC specimens of different malignant grades had obvious fibroblast clusters compared to non-atrophic gastritis (NAG) and early gastric cancer (EGC). In the SIM group, fibroblast cluster, CXCL12, CXCR4, and Wnt5a were overexpressed. Co-culturing with fibroblast cells significantly increased the invasion, migration, and EMT of GC cells, and blocking CXCL12 in CAFs disturbed the expression of Wnt5a and β-catenin. In our cohort of GC patients, high CXCL12 expression in CAFs significantly correlated with histological grade (P = 0.012) and TNM stage (P = 0.014), as well as with poor overall survival (p = 0.0107). Conclusion: High expression of CXCL12 in CAFs in a GC microenvironment can affect the migration, invasion, and EMT of GC cells. Furthermore, it can cause poor prognosis in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Hengli Ni
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Guihua Gao
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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15
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Lopez-Bergami P, Barbero G. The emerging role of Wnt5a in the promotion of a pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 39:933-952. [PMID: 32435939 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt5a is the prototypical activator of the non-canonical Wnt pathways, and its overexpression has been implicated in the progression of several tumor types by promoting cell motility, invasion, EMT, and metastasis. Recent evidences have revealed a novel role of Wnt5a in the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65 and the activation of the NF-κB pathway in cancer cells. In this article, we review the molecular mechanisms and mediators defining a Wnt5a/NF-κB signaling pathway and propose that the aberrant expression of Wnt5a in some tumors drives a Wnt5a/NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 positive feedback loop that amplifies the effects of Wnt5a. The evidences discussed here suggest that Wnt5a has a double effect on the tumor microenvironment. First, it activates an autocrine ROR1/Akt/p65 pathway that promotes inflammation and chemotaxis of immune cells. Then, Wnt5a activates a TLR/MyD88/p50 pathway exclusively in myelomonocytic cells promoting the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and a tolerogenic phenotype. As a result of these mechanisms, Wnt5a plays a negative role on immune cell function that contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and would contribute to resistance to immunotherapy. Finally, we summarized the development of different strategies targeting either Wnt5a or the Wnt5a receptor ROR1 that can be helpful for cancer therapy by contributing to generate a more immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gastón Barbero
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Wakizaka K, Kamiyama T, Wakayama K, Orimo T, Shimada S, Nagatsu A, Kamachi H, Yokoo H, Fukai M, Kobayashi N, Mitsuhashi T, Taketomi A. Role of Wnt5a in suppressing invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:268. [PMID: 32989402 PMCID: PMC7517569 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway is associated with progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the association between the non-canonical pathway activated by Wnt5a and HCC is not well known. The present study investigated the significance of Wnt5a expression in HCC. Immunohistochemical staining of Wnt5a was performed on specimens from 243 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC. The present study investigated whether Wnt5a expression was associated with clinical and pathological factors and prognosis. Wnt5a expression in human HCC cell lines was investigated using western blotting. The effects of overexpression or knockdown of Wnt5a were evaluated using proliferation and invasion assays. Changes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related molecules were investigated using western blotting. Wnt5a negativity was significantly associated with poor tumor differentiation and positive vascular invasion. In univariate analysis, Wnt5a negativity was identified as a significant prognostic factor for overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis of OS demonstrated that Wnt5a negativity was an independent prognostic factor. Wnt5a expression was lower in HLE and HLF cells than in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Knockdown of Wnt5a by short hairpin RNA transfection increased the proliferation and invasiveness of Huh7 cells, and decreased the expression levels of E-cadherin. In HLF cells, overexpression of Wnt5a inhibited invasiveness and decreased the expression levels of vimentin. Wnt5a negativity was associated with poor tumor differentiation and positive vascular invasion, and was an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with HCC. Wnt5a may be a tumor suppressor involved in EMT-mediated changes in invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Wakizaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kamiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Orimo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shingo Shimada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akihisa Nagatsu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kamachi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Moto Fukai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mitsuhashi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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17
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Abedini A, Sayed C, Carter LE, Boerboom D, Vanderhyden BC. Non-canonical WNT5a regulates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in the mouse ovarian surface epithelium. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9695. [PMID: 32546756 PMCID: PMC7298016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) is a monolayer that covers the ovarian surface and is involved in ovulation by rupturing and enabling release of a mature oocyte and by repairing the wound after ovulation. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism that may promote wound healing after ovulation. While this process is poorly understood in the OSE, in other tissues wound repair is known to be under the control of the local microenvironment and different growth factors such as the WNT signaling pathway. Among WNT family members, WNT4 and WNT5a are expressed in the OSE and are critical for the ovulatory process. The objective of this study was to determine the potential roles of WNT4 and WNT5a in regulating the OSE layer. Using primary cultures of mouse OSE cells, we found WNT5a, but not WNT4, promotes EMT through a non-canonical Ca2+-dependent pathway, up-regulating the expression of Vimentin and CD44, enhancing cell migration, and inhibiting the CTNNB1 pathway and proliferation. We conclude that WNT5a is a stimulator of the EMT in OSE cells, and acts by suppressing canonical WNT signaling activity and inducing the non-canonical Ca2+ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Abedini
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Céline Sayed
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren E Carter
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Zhang H, Yang X, Hu F, Li C, Xu J, Nie W, Shen Y, Lou Y, Han B, Zhong H, Zhang X. <p>Expression Level of Wnt5a Was Related to the Therapeutic Effects of First-Generation EGFR-TKIs</p>. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5387-5394. [PMID: 32606756 PMCID: PMC7295535 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s250024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changhui Li
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Xu
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Nie
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinchen Shen
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Lou
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xueyan Zhang; Hua Zhong Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 18017321319; +86 13818200560Fax +86-021-62821990 Email ;
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19
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Baj J, Brzozowska K, Forma A, Maani A, Sitarz E, Portincasa P. Immunological Aspects of the Tumor Microenvironment and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2544. [PMID: 32268527 PMCID: PMC7177728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative, microaerophilic pathogen often results in gastric cancer in a subset of affected individuals. This explains why H. pylori is the only bacterium classified as a class I carcinogen by the World Health Organization. Several studies have pinpointed mechanisms by which H. pylori alters signaling pathways in the host cell to cause diseases. In this article, the authors have reviewed 234 studies conducted over a span of 18 years (2002-2020). The studies investigated the various mechanisms associated with gastric cancer induction. For the past 1.5 years, researchers have discovered new mechanisms contributing to gastric cancer linked to H. pylori etiology. Alongside alteration of the host signaling pathways using oncogenic CagA pathways, H. pylori induce DNA damage in the host and alter the methylation of DNA as a means of perturbing downstream signaling. Also, with H. pylori, several pathways in the host cell are activated, resulting in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with the induction of cell proliferation and survival. Studies have shown that H. pylori enhances gastric carcinogenesis via a multifactorial approach. What is intriguing is that most of the targeted mechanisms and pathways appear common with various forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Karolina Brzozowska
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Amr Maani
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Sitarz
- Chair and 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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20
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Astudillo P. Wnt5a Signaling in Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:110. [PMID: 32195251 PMCID: PMC7064718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains an important health challenge, accounting for a significant number of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in gastric cancer establishment and progression is highly desirable. The Wnt pathway plays a fundamental role in development, homeostasis, and disease, and abnormal Wnt signaling is commonly observed in several cancer types. Wnt5a, a ligand that activates the non-canonical branch of the Wnt pathway, can play a role as a tumor suppressor or by promoting cancer cell invasion and migration, although the molecular mechanisms explaining these roles have not been fully elucidated. Wnt5a is increased in gastric cancer samples; however, most gastric cancer cell lines seem to exhibit little expression of this ligand, thus raising the question about the source of this ligand in vivo. This review summarizes available research about Wnt5a expression and signaling in gastric cancer. In gastric cancer, Wnt5a promotes invasion and migration by modulating integrin adhesion turnover. Disheveled, a scaffolding protein with crucial roles in Wnt signaling, mediates the adhesion-related effects of Wnt5a in gastric cancer cells, and several studies provide growing support for a model whereby Disheveled-interacting proteins mediates Wnt5a signaling to modulate cytoskeleton dynamics. However, Wnt5a might induce other effects in gastric cancer cells, such as cell survival and induction of gene expression. On the other hand, the available evidence suggests that Wnt5a might be expressed by cells residing in the tumor microenvironment, where feedback mechanisms sustaining Wnt5a secretion and signaling might be established. This review analyzes the possible functions of Wnt5a in this pathological context and discusses potential links to mechanosensing and YAP/TAZ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Astudillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Wen J, Zhao Z, Huang L, Wang L, Miao Y, Wu J. IL-8 promotes cell migration through regulating EMT by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ovarian cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1588-1598. [PMID: 31793192 PMCID: PMC6991660 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), as an inflammatory chemokine, has been previously shown to contribute to tumorigenesis in several malignancies including the ovarian cancer. However, little is known about how IL‐8 promotes the metastasis and invasion of ovarian cancers cells. In this study, we found that IL‐8 and its receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 were up‐regulated in advanced ovarian serous cancer tissues. Furthermore, the level of IL‐8 and its receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression were associated with ovarian cancer stage, grade and lymph node metastasis. In vitro, IL‐8 promoted ovarian cancer cell migration, initiated the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) program and activated Wnt/β‐catenin signalling. However, when treated with Reparixin (inhibitor of both IL‐8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2), effect of both endogenous and exogenous IL‐8 was reversed. Together, our results indicated that IL‐8 triggered ovarian cancer cells migration partly through Wnt/β‐catenin pathway mediated EMT, and IL‐8 may be an important molecule in the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Wen
- Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Huang
- West China School of Stomatology Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yali Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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An Autocrine Wnt5a Loop Promotes NF-κB Pathway Activation and Cytokine/Chemokine Secretion in Melanoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091060. [PMID: 31510045 PMCID: PMC6770184 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a signaling has been implicated in the progression of cancer by regulating multiple cellular processes, largely migration and invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis. Since Wnt5a signaling has also been involved in inflammatory processes in infectious and inflammatory diseases, we addressed the role of Wnt5a in regulating NF-κB, a pivotal mediator of inflammatory responses, in the context of cancer. The treatment of melanoma cells with Wnt5a induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65 as well as IKK phosphorylation and IκB degradation. By using cDNA overexpression, RNA interference, and dominant negative mutants we determined that ROR1, Dvl2, and Akt (from the Wnt5a pathway) and TRAF2 and RIP (from the NF-κB pathway) are required for the Wnt5a/NF-κB crosstalk. Wnt5a also induced p65 nuclear translocation and increased NF-κB activity as evidenced by reporter assays and a NF-κB-specific upregulation of RelB, Bcl-2, and Cyclin D1. Further, stimulation of melanoma cells with Wnt5a increased the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and IL-6 soluble receptor, MCP-1, and TNF soluble receptor I. The inhibition of endogenous Wnt5a demonstrated that an autocrine Wnt5a loop is a major regulator of the NF-κB pathway in melanoma. Taken together, these results indicate that Wnt5a activates the NF-κB pathway and has an immunomodulatory effect on melanoma through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines.
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Abstract
Developmental signaling pathways control a vast array of biological processes during embryogenesis and in adult life. The WNT pathway was discovered simultaneously in cancer and development. Recent advances have expanded the role of WNT to a wide range of pathologies in humans. Here, we discuss the WNT pathway and its role in human disease and some of the advances in WNT-related treatments.
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Xue Y, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Ke X, Wang Q, Min H. Regulation of Proliferation and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of Gastric Cancer by ZEB1 via Modulating Wnt5a and Related Mechanisms. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:1663-1670. [PMID: 30829316 PMCID: PMC6413562 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a member of the zinc-finger E-box binding protein (ZEB) family, ZEB1 can modulate onset and progression of various tumors, but its regulatory effect or mechanism in GC has not been defined. Material/Methods GC tumor tissues and adjacent tissues were collected from GC patients across different TNM stages. Real-time PCR was used to measure ZEB1 expression to analyze its correlation with pathological features of tumors. Cultured GC cell lines SGC-7901 and MGC-803 were randomly assigned into control group, scramble group, and ZEB1 siRNA group. Real-time PCR was employed to analyze ZEB1 expression, and MTT approach was used to measure cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Wound healing assay was used to detect its effect on cell migration. Expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was measured by Western blot analysis, along with Wnt5a proteins. Results GC tissues had upregulation of ZEB1 (P<0.05 compared to adjacent tissues), whose expression level was correlated with differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis, and tumor pathological stage (P<0.05). Transfection of ZEB1 siRNA into SGC-7901 or MGC-803 cells can suppress ZEB1 expression, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, enhance apoptosis, and inhibit cell migration. Transfected GC cells had higher E-cadherin expression and decreased Vimentin expression or Wnt5a expression (P<0.05 compared to the control group). Conclusions ZEB1 expression is increased in GC tumor tissues and is associated with pathological features. The downregulation of ZEB1 can facilitate cell apoptosis via mediating Wnt5a, further suppressing GC cell proliferation and migration, and reducing EMT occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Ligong Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiquan Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Qizhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Haiyang Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangwan Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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25
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Xue Y, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Ke X, Wang Q, Min H. Regulation of Proliferation and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of Gastric Cancer by ZEB1 via Modulating Wnt5a and Related Mechanisms. MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR : INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [PMID: 30829316 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912338.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a member of the zinc-finger E-box binding protein (ZEB) family, ZEB1 can modulate onset and progression of various tumors, but its regulatory effect or mechanism in GC has not been defined. MATERIAL AND METHODS GC tumor tissues and adjacent tissues were collected from GC patients across different TNM stages. Real-time PCR was used to measure ZEB1 expression to analyze its correlation with pathological features of tumors. Cultured GC cell lines SGC-7901 and MGC-803 were randomly assigned into control group, scramble group, and ZEB1 siRNA group. Real-time PCR was employed to analyze ZEB1 expression, and MTT approach was used to measure cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Wound healing assay was used to detect its effect on cell migration. Expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was measured by Western blot analysis, along with Wnt5a proteins. RESULTS GC tissues had upregulation of ZEB1 (P<0.05 compared to adjacent tissues), whose expression level was correlated with differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis, and tumor pathological stage (P<0.05). Transfection of ZEB1 siRNA into SGC-7901 or MGC-803 cells can suppress ZEB1 expression, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, enhance apoptosis, and inhibit cell migration. Transfected GC cells had higher E-cadherin expression and decreased Vimentin expression or Wnt5a expression (P<0.05 compared to the control group). CONCLUSIONS ZEB1 expression is increased in GC tumor tissues and is associated with pathological features. The downregulation of ZEB1 can facilitate cell apoptosis via mediating Wnt5a, further suppressing GC cell proliferation and migration, and reducing EMT occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Ligong Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiquan Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Qizhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Haiyang Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangwan Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Hu Q, Li L, Zou X, Xu L, Yi P. Berberine Attenuated Proliferation, Invasion and Migration by Targeting the AMPK/HNF4α/WNT5A Pathway in Gastric Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1150. [PMID: 30405404 PMCID: PMC6202939 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent epidemiologic studies have found that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of gastric cancer (GC), and the long-term use of metformin is associated with a lower risk of gastric cancer. It is believed that blocking tumor energy metabolic alterations is now emerging as a new therapeutic approach of cancer. Berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, could modulate lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis by regulating the expression of HNF4α in many metabolic diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of Berberine on GC and its possible molecular mechanism through targeting HNF4α. Methods and Results: (1) AGS and SGC7901 gastric cancer cells were treated with Berberine (BBR). We found that in AGS and SGC7901 cell, BBR inhibited cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner through downregulating C-myc. BBR also induced G0-G1 phase arrest with the decreased expression of cyclin D1. Moreover, BBR attenuated the migration and invasion by downregulating MMP-3. (2) The lentivirus infection was used to silence the expression of HNF4α in SGC7901 cell. The results demonstrated that the knockdown of HNF4α in SGC7901 slowed cells proliferation, induced S phase arrest and dramatically attenuated gastric cancer cells’ metastasis and invasion. (3) We performed GC cells perturbation experiments through BI6015 (an HNF4α antagonist), AICAR (an AMPK activator), Compound C (AMPK-kinase inhibitor), metformin and BBR. Our findings indicated that BBR downregulated HNF4α while upregulating p-AMPK. Moreover, the inhibition of HNF4α by BBR was AMPK dependent. (4) Then the LV-HNF4α-RNAi SGC7901 cell model was used to detect the downstream of HNF4α in vitro. The results showed that the knockdown of HNF4α significantly decreased WNT5A and cytoplasmic β-catenin, but increased E-cadherin in vitro. Berberine also downregulated WNT5A and cytoplasmic β-catenin, the same as LV-HNF4α-RNAi and BI6015 in GC cells. (5) Finally, the SGC7901 and LV-HNF4α-RNAi SGC7901 mouse-xenograft model to evaluate the effect of BBR and HNF4α gene on GC tumor growth. The result illustrated that BBR and knockdown of HNF4α suppressed tumor growth in vivo, and BBR decreased HNF4α, WNT5A and cytoplasmic β-catenin levels, the same effect as HNF4α knockout in vivo. Conclusion: BBR not only had proliferation inhibition effect, attenuated the invasion and migration on GC cell lines, but also suppressed the GC tumor growth in vivo. The anti-gastric cancer mechanism of BBR might be involved in AMPK-HNF4α-WNT5A signaling pathway. HNF4α antagonists, such as BBR, could be a promising anti-gastric cancer treatment supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Li
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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27
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Molina-Castro S, Ramírez-Mayorga V, Alpízar-Alpízar W. Priming the seed: Helicobacter pylori alters epithelial cell invasiveness in early gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 10:231-243. [PMID: 30254719 PMCID: PMC6147766 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v10.i9.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a well-established risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common and deadliest neoplasms worldwide. H. pylori infection induces chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa that, in the absence of treatment, may progress through a series of steps to GC. GC is only one of several clinical outcomes associated with this bacterial infection, which may be at least partially attributed to the high genetic variability of H. pylori. The biological mechanisms underlying how and under what circumstances H. pylori alters normal physiological processes remain enigmatic. A key aspect of carcinogenesis is the acquisition of traits that equip preneoplastic cells with the ability to invade. Accumulating evidence implicates H. pylori in the manipulation of cellular and molecular programs that are crucial for conferring cells with invasive capabilities. We present here an overview of the main findings about the involvement of H. pylori in the acquisition of cell invasive behavior, specifically focusing on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, changes in cell polarity, and deregulation of molecules that control extracellular matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Molina-Castro
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Health Research Institute, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
- Clinical Department, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Vanessa Ramírez-Mayorga
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Health Research Institute, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
- Public Nutrition Section, School of Nutrition, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Warner Alpízar-Alpízar
- Center for Research in Microscopic Structures, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
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28
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Weidenfeld K, Barkan D. EMT and Stemness in Tumor Dormancy and Outgrowth: Are They Intertwined Processes? Front Oncol 2018; 8:381. [PMID: 30258818 PMCID: PMC6145010 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases are the major cause of cancer patients' mortality and can occur years and even decades following apparently successful treatment of the primary tumor. Early dissemination of cancer cells, followed by a protracted period of dormancy at distant sites, has been recently recognized as the clinical explanation for this very-long latency. The mechanisms that govern tumor dormancy at distant sites and their reactivation to proliferating metastases are just beginning to be unraveled. Tumor cells, that survive the immune surveillance and hemodynamic forces along their journey in the circulation and successfully colonize and adopt to the new and "hostile" microenvironment and survive in a quiescent dormant state for years before emerging to proliferative state, must display high plasticity. Here we will discuss whether the plasticity of dormant tumor cells is required for their long-term survival and outgrowth. Specifically, we will focus on whether epithelial mesenchymal transition and acquisition of stem-like properties can dictate their quiescent and or their proliferative fate. Deeper understanding of these intertwining processes may facilitate in the future the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Weidenfeld
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalit Barkan
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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29
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Tian B, Widen SG, Yang J, Wood TG, Kudlicki A, Zhao Y, Brasier AR. The NFκB subunit RELA is a master transcriptional regulator of the committed epithelial-mesenchymal transition in airway epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16528-16545. [PMID: 30166344 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a multistep dedifferentiation program important in tissue repair. Here, we examined the role of the transcriptional regulator NF-κB in EMT of primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAECs). Surprisingly, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) activated NF-κB/RELA proto-oncogene, NF-κB subunit (RELA) translocation within 1 day of stimulation, yet induction of its downstream gene regulatory network occurred only after 3 days. A time course of TGFβ-induced EMT transition was analyzed by RNA-Seq in the absence or presence of inducible shRNA-mediated silencing of RELA. In WT cells, TGFβ stimulation significantly affected the expression of 2,441 genes. Gene set enrichment analysis identified WNT, cadherin, and NF-κB signaling as the most prominent TGFβ-inducible pathways. By comparison, RELA controlled expression of 3,138 overlapping genes mapping to WNT, cadherin, and chemokine signaling pathways. Conducting upstream regulator analysis, we found that RELA controls six clusters of upstream transcription factors, many of which overlapped with a transcription factor topology map of EMT developed earlier. RELA triggered expression of three key EMT pathways: 1) the WNT/β-catenin morphogen pathway, 2) the JUN transcription factor, and 3) the Snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1). RELA binding to target genes was confirmed by ChIP. Experiments independently validating WNT dependence on RELA were performed by silencing RELA via genome editing and indicated that TGFβ-induced WNT5B expression and downstream activation of the WNT target AXIN2 are RELA-dependent. We conclude that RELA is a master transcriptional regulator of EMT upstream of WNT morphogen, JUN, SNAI1-ZEB1, and interleukin-6 autocrine loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Tian
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Steven G Widen
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Jun Yang
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Andrzej Kudlicki
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555 and
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555 and
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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30
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Coopes A, Henry CE, Llamosas E, Ford CE. An update of Wnt signalling in endometrial cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:ERC-18-0112. [PMID: 30093601 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in developed nations, and its prevalence is rising as women defer or decide not to have children and as obesity rises, both key risk factors. Despite this, treatment options remain limited, particularly for advanced or refractory disease. New genomic analyses have revealed distinct mutational profiles with therapeutic and prognostic potential. Wnt signalling, which is pivotal in embryogenesis, healing and homeostasis, is of importance in the endometrium and has been linked to carcinogenesis. This review aims to update and discuss the current evidence for the role of β-catenin dependent and independent Wnt signalling, including the ROR receptors in the endometrium and its potential as a therapeutic target, in light of recent trials of Wnt-targeted therapy in multiple tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Coopes
- A Coopes, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Adult Cancer Program, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire E Henry
- C Henry, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Adult Cancer Program, Sydney, Australia
| | - Estelle Llamosas
- E Llamosas, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Adult Cancer Program, Sydney, Australia
| | - Caroline Elizabeth Ford
- C Ford, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Adult Cancer Program, Sydney, Australia
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31
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Molaei F, Forghanifard MM, Fahim Y, Abbaszadegan MR. Molecular Signaling in Tumorigenesis of Gastric Cancer. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018; 22:217-30. [PMID: 29706061 PMCID: PMC5949124 DOI: 10.22034/ibj.22.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is regarded as the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Mechanism of GC pathogenesis is still unclear and relies on multiple factors, including environmental and genetic characteristics. One of the most important environmental factors of GC occurrence is infection with Helicobacter pylori that is classified as class one carcinogens. Dysregulation of several genes and pathways play an essential role during gastric carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of developmental pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Hedgehog signaling, Hippo pathway, Notch signaling, nuclear factor-kB, and epidermal growth factor receptor have been found in GC. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as an important process during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis, is supposed to play a role in initiation, invasion, metastasis, and progression of GC. Although surgery is the main therapeutic modality of the disease, the understanding of biological processes of cell signaling pathways may help to develop new therapeutic targets for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Molaei
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Fahim
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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32
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Yokozaki H, Koma YI, Shigeoka M, Nishio M. Cancer as a tissue: The significance of cancer-stromal interactions in the development, morphogenesis and progression of human upper digestive tract cancer. Pathol Int 2018; 68:334-352. [PMID: 29671926 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We review the significance of cancer-stromal interactions (CSIs) in the development, morphogenesis and progression of human gastric and esophageal cancer based on the data obtained from co-culture experiments. Orthotopic fibroblasts in the gastric cancer stroma not only promoted their growth by cancer cells but were also responsible for the mobility, morphogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the cancer cells through CSI. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells could be part of the origin of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) of the gastric cancer providing an advantageous microenvironment for the restoration of cancer stem cells with the induction of the EMT. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may differentiate from bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages within the tumor microenvironment of esophageal cancer and participate in the growth and the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs). Macrophages infiltrated into the intraepithelial neoplastic lesions of the esophagus may function as a biological promoter by promoting the growth and motility of squamous epithelia. Tumor cells build up "cancer as a tissue" by taking advantage of the existing network of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines through the interactions of TAMs, CAFs and cancer cells themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Koma
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Nishio
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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33
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Wnt5a promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171092. [PMID: 29054966 PMCID: PMC5705780 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study indicated that high Wnt5a expression is associated with poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients; however, the underlying mechanism was not clear yet. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to examine the protein expression level in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. The role of Wnt5a in clone formation, invasiveness, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NSCLC cells was studied. Luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the Tcf/Lef transcriptional activity. For assessing the effects of Wnt5a on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, A549 cells transfected with sh-Wnt5a were subcutaneously or orthotopically injected into nude mice. In NSCLC tissues, higher expression levels of Wnt5a and ROR2 were found, β-Catenin was expressed exceptionally, and EMT was prompted. Wnt5a overexpression increased clone formation, migration, and invasion, as well as prompted EMT of NSCLC cell in vitro, whereas Wnt5a knockdown showed the absolutely reversed results. Wnt5a overexpression enhanced the Tcf/Lef transcriptional activity and elevated the nuclear β-catenin level in NSCLC cells, without altering the ROR2 expression. We also demonstrated that si-β-catenin antagonized Wnt5a overexpression nduced EMT and invasiveness. Besides, in vivo experiment showed that sh-Wnt5a significantly increased tumor volume and tumor weight, and prompted EMT in A549 tumor-bearing mice as compared with the control. No metastasis was found in the liver tissue after sh-Wnt5a-transfected cells were orthotopically injected into nude mice as compared with the control. In conclusion, Wnt5a promotes EMT and metastasis in NSCLC, which is involved in the activation of β-catenin-dependent canonical Wnt signaling.
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Tao J, Shi L, Huang L, Shi H, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang T. EZH2 is involved in silencing of WNT5A during epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colon cancer cell line. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2211-2219. [PMID: 28748258 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in SW480 was established as a system for studies of colon cancer metastasis. However, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this process remain unknown. In mammal, polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) is a highly conserved histone methyltransferase involved in epigenetic regulations. Enhancer of zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of PRC2, which catalyzes methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27). METHODS An inducible EMT system in colorectal cancer was utilized to study its mechanistic and phenotypic changes. Particularly, gene expression analysis was studied after immunoprecipitation. RESULTS In this study, we reported that EZH2 is significantly enriched in the promoter region of WNT5A after TGF-β induction in SW480 colon cancer cell line, which in turn silenced the expression of WNT5A. Furthermore, EZH2 inhibitor antagonized the TGF-β-induced morphological conversion associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conversely, inhibition of histone H3K27me3 reader CBX does not affect the WNT5A expression level during TGF-β-induced EMT. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that EZH2 was essential for the silencing of WNT5A during TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Tao
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Shi
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Longchang Huang
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoze Shi
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Zhu D, Yang Z, Liu Z, Zou Q, Yuan Y, Hu C. Association between Wnt inhibitory factor 1 and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 protein expression and the clinical pathological significance in benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2244-2252. [PMID: 28454387 PMCID: PMC5403277 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant types of tumor. It is important to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of pancreatic tumorigenesis and to identify novel biomarkers as therapeutic targets of pancreatic cancer. In the present study, the protein expression levels of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) were examined in a collection of pancreatic ductal carcinoma and benign pancreatic lesion tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. The positive expression rate of WIF1 protein in pancreatic ductal carcinoma was demonstrated to be significantly decreased compared with that of the paracancerous tissue, benign lesions and wild-type pancreatic tissue (P=0.002, P<0.0001, P=0.001, respectively). The positive expression rate of ROR2 protein in pancreatic ductal carcinoma was demonstrated to be significantly increased compared with that of the paracancerous tissue, benign lesions and wild-type pancreatic tissue (P<0.0001). There was a negative association between WIF1 and ROR2 expression in the pancreatic ductal carcinoma samples (P=0.004). The survival period of patients with negative WIF1 and positive ROR2 protein expression was demonstrated to be significantly decreased compared with that of patients with positive WIF1 and negative ROR2 protein expression (P<0.0001). The expression levels of WIF1 and ROR2 protein reflected the incidence, development, clinical and biological behavior, and prognosis of pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Patients with negative WIF1 and positive ROR2 protein expression had poor prognosis. The results indicate that WIF1 and ROR2 are important biomarkers in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoqi Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, No. 163 Central Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Changsha, Hunan 410003, P.R. China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Ziru Liu
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Oncology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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36
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Song Y, Wang Y, Tong C, Xi H, Zhao X, Wang Y, Chen L. A unified model of the hierarchical and stochastic theories of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:973-989. [PMID: 28301871 PMCID: PMC5396111 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in treatments for GC, it is still fatal to many patients due to cancer progression, recurrence and metastasis. Regarding the development of novel therapeutic techniques, many studies have focused on the biological mechanisms that initiate tumours and cause treatment resistance. Tumours have traditionally been considered to result from somatic mutations, either via clonal evolution or through a stochastic model. However, emerging evidence has characterised tumours using a hierarchical organisational structure, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. Both stochastic and hierarchical models are reasonable systems that have been hypothesised to describe tumour heterogeneity. Although each model alone inadequately explains tumour diversity, the two models can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive explanation. In this review, we discuss existing evidence supporting a unified model of gastric CSCs, including the regulatory mechanisms of this unified model in addition to the current status of stemness-related targeted therapy in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Song
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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37
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Prasad CP, Chaurasiya SK, Guilmain W, Andersson T. WNT5A signaling impairs breast cancer cell migration and invasion via mechanisms independent of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:144. [PMID: 27623766 PMCID: PMC5022188 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WNT5A (-/-) mammary tissue has been shown to exhibit increased ductal elongation, suggesting elevated mammary cell migration. Increased epithelial cell migration/invasion has often but not always been linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the current study, we investigated the loss of WNT5A in HB2 human mammary epithelial cells and hypothesized that this loss increased their invasion via the EMT. Based on these results, we postulated that suppression of breast cancer cell migration and invasion by WNT5A is due to EMT reversal. METHODS WNT5A was transiently knocked down using specific siRNAs, whereas WNT5A signaling was induced in MDA-MB468 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells by stably transfecting cells with WNT5A or treating them with recombinant WNT5A (rWNT5A). Changes in EMT markers, CD44, pAKT and AKT expression were assessed using Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The physiological relevance of altered WNT5A signaling was assessed using migration and invasion assays. RESULTS WNT5A knockdown in HB2 mammary epithelial cells resulted in EMT-like changes and increased invasiveness, and these changes were partially reversed by the addition of rWNT5A. These data suggest that WNT5A might inhibit breast cancer cell migration and invasion by a similar EMT reversal. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe any changes in the EMT status of breast cancer cells, either after treatment with rWNT5A or stable transfection with a WNT5A plasmid, despite the parallel WNT5A-induced inhibition of migration and invasion. Instead, we found that WNT5A signaling impaired CD44 expression and its downstream signaling via AKT. Moreover, knocking down CD44 in breast cancer cells using siRNA impaired cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS WNT5A bi-directionally regulates EMT in mammary epithelial cells, thereby affecting their migration and invasion. However, the ability of WNT5A to inhibit breast cancer cell migration and invasion is an EMT-independent mechanism that, at least in part, can be explained by decreased CD44 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Shivendra Kumar Chaurasiya
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden.,Present Address: Department of Applied Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr HS Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - William Guilmain
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tommy Andersson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
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38
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Lu C, Wang X, Zhu H, Feng J, Ni S, Huang J. Over-expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a cooperatively correlates with unfavorable prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24912-21. [PMID: 26305508 PMCID: PMC4694803 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) 2 and Wnt5a and their prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a in 219 patients. mRNA expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a was examined in 20 pairs of NSCLC and matched adjacent normal tissues by real-time PCR. Compared with non-tumorous tissues, both mRNA expression and protein product of ROR2 and Wnt5a genes were significantly increased in NSCLC. c2 analysis revealed that high ROR2 or Wnt5a expression in NSCLC was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage. High expression of both ROR2 and Wnt5a was also related to advanced TNM stage. Multivariate analyses suggested that ROR2, Wnt5a and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors in NSCLC. Our clinical findings suggest that high ROR2 or Wnt5a expression is associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC, and combined detection of ROR2 and Wnt5a is helpful in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songshi Ni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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39
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Henry CE, Llamosas E, Djordjevic A, Hacker NF, Ford CE. Migration and invasion is inhibited by silencing ROR1 and ROR2 in chemoresistant ovarian cancer. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e226. [PMID: 27239958 PMCID: PMC4945749 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer survival remains poor despite recent advances in our understanding of genetic profiles. Unfortunately, the majority of ovarian cancer patients have recurrent disease after chemotherapy and lack other treatment options. Wnt signalling has been extensively implicated in cancer progression and chemoresistance. Therefore, we investigated the previously described Wnt receptors ROR1 and ROR2 as regulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a clinically relevant cell line model. The parental A2780- and cisplatin-resistant A2780-cis cell lines were used as a model of ovarian cancer chemoresistance. Proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion were measured after transient overexpression of ROR1 and ROR2 in the parental A2780 cell line, and silencing of ROR1 and ROR2 in the A2780-cis cell line. Here we show that ROR1 and ROR2 expression is increased in A2780-cis cells, alongside β-catenin-independent Wnt targets. Knockdown of ROR1 and ROR2 significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion and simultaneous knockdown of ROR1 and ROR2 significantly sensitised cells to cisplatin, whilereas ROR overexpression in the parental cell line increased cell invasion. Therefore, ROR1 and ROR2 have the potential as novel drug targets in metastatic and recurrent ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Henry
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E Llamosas
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Djordjevic
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N F Hacker
- Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C E Ford
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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40
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Vaidya H, Rumph C, Katula KS. Inactivation of the WNT5A Alternative Promoter B Is Associated with DNA Methylation and Histone Modification in Osteosarcoma Cell Lines U2OS and SaOS-2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151392. [PMID: 26978652 PMCID: PMC4792504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT5A is a secreted ligand involved in Wnt pathway signaling and has a role in cell movement and differentiation. Altered WNT5A expression is associated with various cancers, although in most studies the focus has been on only one of the known WNT5A isoforms. In this study, we analyzed expression from two of the major WNT5A promoters, termed promoter A and promoter B, in normal human osteoblasts, SaOS-2 and U2OS osteosarcoma cell lines, and osteosarcoma tumor tissue. We found that both promoters A and B are active in normal osteoblasts with nearly 11-fold more promoter B than A transcripts. Promoter B but not promoter A transcripts are decreased or nearly undetectable in the SaOS-2 and U2OS cell lines and osteosarcoma tumor tissues. Transient transfection of promoter A and promoter B reporter constructs confirmed that SaOS-2 cells have the necessary factors to transcribe both promoters. Bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed that three CpG enriched regions upstream of the promoter B exon 1βare highly methylated in both SaOS-2 and U2OS cells. The CpG island sub-region R6 located in promoter B exon 1β was approximately 51% methylated in SaOS-2 and 25% methylated in U2OS. Region 3 was approximately 28% methylated in normal osteoblasts, whereas the others were unmethylated. Promoter B was re-activated by treatment of SaOS-2 cells with 1 μM 5-azacytidine, which was associated with only a small insignificant change in methylation of sub-region R6. ChIP analysis of U2OS and SaOS-2 cells indicated that the promoter B region is less enriched in the active histone mark H3K4me3, in comparison to promoter A and that there is increased enrichment of the repressive mark H3K27me3 in association with the promoter B genomic region in the cell line SaOS-2. These findings show that epigenetic inactivation of the WNT5A promoter B involves both DNA methylation and histone modifications and suggest that differential expression of the WNT5A alternative promoters A and B is a characteristic of osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Vaidya
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Candie Rumph
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karen S. Katula
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Zhang Y, Du J, Zheng J, Liu J, Xu R, Shen T, Zhu Y, Chang J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Meng F, Wang Y, Chen Y, Xu Y, Gu L. EGF-reduced Wnt5a transcription induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Arf6-ERK signaling in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7244-61. [PMID: 25779663 PMCID: PMC4466682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a, a ligand for activating the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, is commonly associated with Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cell metastasis. Here, we show that downregulation of Wnt5a mRNA and protein by EGF is necessary for EGF-induced EMT in gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. To further explore the mechanisms, we investigated the effect of EGF signaling on Wnt5a expression. EGF increased Arf6 and ERK activity, while blockade of Arf6 activation repressed ERK activity, up-regulated Wnt5a expression and repressed EMT in response to EGF. We also demonstrate that EGF inactivated Wnt5a transcription by direct recruitment of ERK to the Wnt5a promoter. On the other hand, inhibition of ERK phosphorylation resulted in decreased movement of ERK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, following rescued Wnt5a mRNA and protein expression and favored an epithelial phenotype of SGC-7901 cells. In addition, we notice that kinase-dead, nuclear-localised ERK has inhibitory effect on Wnt5a transcription. Analysis of gastric cancer specimens revealed an inverse correlation between P-ERK and Wnt5a protein levels and an association between Wnt5a expression and better prognosis. These findings indicate that Wnt5a is a potential suppressor of EMT and identify a novel Arf6/ERK signaling pathway for EGF-regulated Wnt5a expression at transcriptional level of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Du
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jianchao Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jiaojing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Biotechnology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Tian Shen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yichao Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Fanqing Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Luo Gu
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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42
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Hayakawa Y, Ariyama H, Stancikova J, Sakitani K, Asfaha S, Renz BW, Dubeykovskaya ZA, Shibata W, Wang H, Westphalen CB, Chen X, Takemoto Y, Kim W, Khurana SS, Tailor Y, Nagar K, Tomita H, Hara A, Sepulveda AR, Setlik W, Gershon MD, Saha S, Ding L, Shen Z, Fox JG, Friedman RA, Konieczny SF, Worthley DL, Korinek V, Wang TC. Mist1 Expressing Gastric Stem Cells Maintain the Normal and Neoplastic Gastric Epithelium and Are Supported by a Perivascular Stem Cell Niche. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:800-814. [PMID: 26585400 PMCID: PMC4684751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulation and stem cell origin of normal and neoplastic gastric glands are uncertain. Here, we show that Mist1 expression marks quiescent stem cells in the gastric corpus isthmus. Mist1(+) stem cells serve as a cell-of-origin for intestinal-type cancer with the combination of Kras and Apc mutation and for diffuse-type cancer with the loss of E-cadherin. Diffuse-type cancer development is dependent on inflammation mediated by Cxcl12(+) endothelial cells and Cxcr4(+) gastric innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). These cells form the perivascular gastric stem cell niche, and Wnt5a produced from ILCs activates RhoA to inhibit anoikis in the E-cadherin-depleted cells. Targeting Cxcr4, ILCs, or Wnt5a inhibits diffuse-type gastric carcinogenesis, providing targets within the neoplastic gastric stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ariyama
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jitka Stancikova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Kosuke Sakitani
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bernhard W Renz
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Zinaida A Dubeykovskaya
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wataru Shibata
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christoph B Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Takemoto
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Woosook Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shradha S Khurana
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Karan Nagar
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Antonia R Sepulveda
- Division of Clinical Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wanda Setlik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Subhrajit Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Departments of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Cao J, Liu J, Xu R, Zhu X, Liu L, Zhao X. MicroRNA-21 stimulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tumorigenesis in clear cell renal cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:75-82. [PMID: 26572589 PMCID: PMC4686059 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) metastasis may result from epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal stem cells that contribute to the development of the primary tumor. In this study, it was demonstrated that microRNA-21 (miR-21) acts as an oncogenic driver of ccRCC. ccRCC spheres were isolated and it was shown that they exhibited cancer stem cell-like properties, including the formation of self-renewing spheres. Spheres showed increased expression of stem cell-related transcription factors and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. In addition, secondary sphere formation capacity was assessed after miR-21 transfection. miR-21 accelerated the formation of ccRCC spheres, which shared molecular characteristics with the spontaneous ccRCC spheres. It was demonstrated that miR-21 overexpression facilitates ccRCC sphere formation. Thus, a single miRNA may have an impact on the formation of highly tumorigenic cancer spheres in kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Chang YW, Su YJ, Hsiao M, Wei KC, Lin WH, Liang CJ, Chen SC, Lee JL. Diverse Targets of β-Catenin during the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Define Cancer Stem Cells and Predict Disease Relapse. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3398-410. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Qi L, Sun B, Liu Z, Cheng R, Li Y, Zhao X. Wnt3a expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes colon cancer progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:107. [PMID: 25499541 PMCID: PMC4269867 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the progression and metastasis of cancer cells and is associated with a more invasive phenotype of cancer. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the major pathways involved in EMT regulation. Many studies provide evidence that β-catenin, the key regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, is important in regulating EMT in cancer. However, the roles of Wnt3a, the representative canonical Wnt ligand, in EMT and colon cancer progression have not yet been fully explored. Methods The expression levels of Wnt3a and EMT-associated proteins (E-cadherin, vimentin, and β-catenin) were assessed by immunohistochemistry in human colon cancer tissues to evaluate the clinicopathological significance of Wnt3a, as well as the correlation between Wnt3a and EMT. We then upregulated Wnt3a expression in HCT116 colon cancer cells, established a nude mouse xenograft model, detected the expression of EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling-associated proteins, and observed invasion and clone-initiating abilities. Results In 203 human colon cancer tissue samples, Wnt3a protein overexpression was related to colon cancer histological differentiation (P = 0.004), clinical stage (P = 0.008), presence of metastasis and recurrence (P = 0.036), and survival time (P = 0.007) of colon cancer patients. Wnt3a expression was notably concomitant with EMT immunohistochemical features, such as reduced expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin (P = 0.012), increased expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin (P = 0.002), and cytoplasmic distribution of β-catenin (P = 0.021). Results of in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that Wnt3a overexpression could alter cell morphology, regulate EMT-associated protein expression, and enhance clone-initiation and invasion. Dkk1 (antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling) could also partially reverse the expression of EMT-associated proteins in Wnt3a-overexpressing cells. Conclusions Wnt3a expression was associated with EMT and promoted colon cancer progression. The EMT-inducing effect was partially due to the stimulative effect of Wnt3a on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Qi
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Runfen Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Yixian Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Neelakantan D, Drasin DJ, Ford HL. Intratumoral heterogeneity: Clonal cooperation in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 9:265-76. [PMID: 25482627 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.972761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although phenotypic intratumoral heterogeneity was first described many decades ago, the advent of next-generation sequencing has provided conclusive evidence that in addition to phenotypic diversity, significant genotypic diversity exists within tumors. Tumor heterogeneity likely arises both from clonal expansions, as well as from differentiation hierarchies existent in the tumor, such as that established by cancer stem cells (CSCs) and non-CSCs. These differentiation hierarchies may arise due to genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, or microenvironmental influences. An additional differentiation hierarchy within epithelial tumors may arise when only a few tumor cells trans-differentiate into mesenchymal-like cells, a process known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Again, this process can be influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. In this review we discuss the evidence for clonal interaction and cooperation for tumor maintenance and progression, particularly with respect to EMT, and further address the far-reaching effects that tumor heterogeneity may have on cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- CLL, chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- EMP, epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- GFP, green fluorescent protein.
- MET, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
- MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus
- NGS, next generation sequencing
- OxR, oxaliplatin resistant
- SCLC, small cell lung cancer
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- cancer stem cells/CSCs
- clonal evolution
- epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- hPDGF human platelet-derived growth factor
- intratumoral heterogeneity
- metastasis
- miRNA, microRNA
- non-cell autonomous
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Neelakantan
- a Department of Pharmacology ; University of Colorado; School of Medicine ; Aurora, CO USA
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Holtzhausen A, Zhao F, Evans KS, Hanks BA. Early Carcinogenesis Involves the Establishment of Immune Privilege via Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1: Translational Implications in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:438. [PMID: 25339948 PMCID: PMC4186479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prolonged genetic pressure has been conjectured to be necessary for the eventual development of tumor immune evasion mechanisms, recent work is demonstrating that early genetic mutations are capable of moonlighting as both intrinsic and extrinsic modulators of the tumor immune microenvironment. The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO) immunoregulatory enzyme is emerging as a key player in tumor-mediated immune tolerance. While loss of the tumor suppressor, BIN-1, and the over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 have been implicated in intrinsic regulation of IDO, recent findings have demonstrated the loss of TβRIII and the upregulation of Wnt5a by developing cancers to play a role in the extrinsic control of IDO activity by local dendritic cell populations residing within tumor and tumor-draining lymph node tissues. Together, these genetic changes are capable of modulating paracrine signaling pathways in the early stages of carcinogenesis to establish a site of immune privilege by promoting the differentiation and activation of local regulatory T cells. Additional investigation of these immune evasion pathways promises to provide opportunities for the development of novel strategies to synergistically enhance the efficacy of the evolving class of T cell-targeted "checkpoint" inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Holtzhausen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Fei Zhao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Kathy S Evans
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Brent A Hanks
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
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Liu Y, Patel L, Mills GB, Lu KH, Sood AK, Ding L, Kucherlapati R, Mardis ER, Levine DA, Shmulevich I, Broaddus RR, Zhang W. Clinical significance of CTNNB1 mutation and Wnt pathway activation in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju245. [PMID: 25214561 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) is the most common form of endometrial carcinoma. The heterogeneous clinical course of EEC is an obstacle to individualized patient care. METHODS We performed an integrated analysis on the multiple-dimensional data types including whole-exome and RNA sequencing, RPPA profiling, and clinical data from 271 EEC cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to identify molecular fingerprints that may account for this clinical heterogeneity. Significance analysis of microarray was used to identify marker genes of each subtype that were subject to pathway analysis. Association of molecular subtypes with clinical features and mutation data was analyzed with the Mann Whitney, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Survival analysis was evaluated with log-rank test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Four transcriptome subtypes with distinct clinicopathologic characteristics and mutation spectra were identified from the TCGA dataset and validated in an independent sample cohort of 184 EEC cases. Cluster II consisted of younger, obese patients with low-grade EEC but diminished survival. CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations were present in 87.0% (47/54) of Cluster II (P < .001) that exhibited a low overall mutation rate; this was statistically significantly associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation (P < .001). High expression levels of CTNNB1 (P = .001), MYC (P = .01), and CCND1 (P = .01) were associated with poorer overall survival in low-grade EEC tumors. CONCLUSIONS CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations are likely a driver that characterize an aggressive subset of low-grade and low-stage EEC occurring in younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Liu
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Lalit Patel
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Karen H Lu
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Raju Kucherlapati
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Ilya Shmulevich
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Russell R Broaddus
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology (YL, LP, RRB, WZ) and Department of Systems Biology (GBM) and Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology (KHL, AKS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (LD, ERM); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RK); Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY (DAL); The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA (IS).
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Herr F, Horndasch M, Howe D, Baal N, Goyal P, Fischer S, Zygmunt M, Preissner KT. Human placenta-derived Wnt-5a induces the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in CD133(+)CD34(+)-hematopoietic progenitor cells. Reprod Biol 2014; 14:262-75. [PMID: 25454492 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and vascular development are essential for fetal development and growth, whereby early pregnancy loss and other pregnancy-related pathologies have been linked to aberrant vascular development. As Wnt signalling has been suggested to play a role in the vascularization of chorionic villi, we investigated the expression of Wnt family members in trophoblasts and stromal cells isolated from chorionic villi of early placenta and the influence of Wnt signalling on CD133(+)CD34(+)-hematopoietic progenitor (CD133(+)CD34(+)) cells. Wnt-5a was expressed in human placental stromal cells and to a lesser extent in human trophoblast cells. rWnt-5a impeded migration and induced adhesion of CD133(+)CD34(+) cells, in accordance with the expression of adhesion proteins, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). rWnt-5a-related regulation of the ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were dependent on the release of Ca2+ and the activation of transcription factor - nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT). We propose that Wnt-5a is required during early placenta development to mediate adhesion and homing of CD133(+)CD34(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Herr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manuela Horndasch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Désirée Howe
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35385 Giessen, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35385 Giessen, Germany; Institute for Clinical Immunology & Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Pankaj Goyal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan 305801, India
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Coexpression of HMGA2 and Oct4 predicts an unfavorable prognosis in human gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:130. [PMID: 25037576 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group protein A2 (HMGA2) and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) are transcription factors that play major roles in the acquisition of cancer stemness phenotypes and tumorigenicity of malignant neoplasms. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between HMGA2 and Oct4 expression and various clinicopathologic features in gastric cancer patients including invasion, metastasis, and clinical prognosis, in addition to overall survival. Immunohistochemistry was performed to explore the expression of HMGA2 and Oct4 in 158 gastric cancer and surrounding non-tumor tissues. Moreover, HMGA2 and Oct4 mRNA and protein levels were also detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, in 86 clinical tissue specimens and various gastric epithelial cell lines (GES-1, SGC7901, MKN45, and MKN27). Finally, associations between HMGA2 and Oct4 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. Survival analysis was performed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Taken together, we found that HMGA2 and Oct4 expression was significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues compared with non-cancerous tissues (P < 0.01), and HMGA2 and Oct4 protein levels were significantly higher in poorly differentiated gastric cancer cell lines (MKN45), moderately differentiated cell lines (SGC7901), and well-differentiated cell lines (MKN28) compared with human immortalized gastric epithelial cell lines (GES-1) (P < 0.01). Elevated HMGA2 and Oct4 levels were significantly associated with poor clinical prognosis (P < 0.05). Further conclusion showed that coexpression of HMGA2 and Oct4 in gastric cancer correlated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and clinical prognosis and predicted an unfavorable clinical outcome. These transcription factors may represent useful biomarkers to identify patients at high risk of postoperative recurrence.
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