1
|
Vulnerability to Psychosis, Ideas of Reference and Evaluation with an Implicit Test. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111956. [PMID: 31766179 PMCID: PMC6912563 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideas of reference (IRs) are observed in the general population on the continuum of the psychotic phenotype (as a type of psychotic-like experiences, PLE). The instruments usually used to evaluate IRs show some problems: They depend on the cooperation of the participant, comprehension of items, social desirability, etc. Aims: The Testal emotional counting Stroop (TECS) was developed for the purpose of improving evaluation of individuals vulnerable to psychosis and its relationship with ideas of reference. The TECS (two versions) was applied as an implicit evaluation instrument for IRs and related processes for early identification of persons vulnerable to psychosis and to test the possible influence of emotional symptomatology. METHOD A total of 160 participants (67.5% women) from the general population were selected (Mean (M) = 24.12 years, standard deviation (SD) = 5.28), 48 vulnerable and 112 non-vulnerable. RESULTS Vulnerability to psychosis was related to greater latency in response to referential stimuli. Version 4 of the TECS showed a slight advantage in identifying more latency in response to referential stimuli among participants with vulnerability to psychosis (Cohen's d = 1.08). Emotional symptomatology (especially stress), and IQ (premorbid) mediated the relationship between vulnerability and IR response latency. CONCLUSIONS The application of the implicit Testal emotional counting Stroop test (TECS) is useful for evaluating processes related to vulnerability to psychosis, as demonstrated by the increased latency of response to referential stimuli.
Collapse
|
2
|
Iffland B, Weitkämper A, Weitkämper NJ, Neuner F. Attentional avoidance in peer victimized individuals with and without psychiatric disorders. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 30795803 PMCID: PMC6387543 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attentional biases are a relatively robust phenomenon among clinical populations but less pronounced in healthy participants. However, regarding the components of attentional biases and the directions of attention allocation, there are several inconsistencies in the literature. The present study examined whether these inconsistencies can be traced back to previous experiences of relational peer victimization in clinical populations. Methods Participants were subjects with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 31). Additionally, the sample was divided into two subgroups according to the participants’ reports of previous relational peer victimization (high peer victimization: n = 28; low peer victimization: n = 33). Attentional biases were measured by the Emotional Stroop task and a dot-probe task. Results In both samples, peer victimized participants showed delayed response times when color-naming negative and positive compared to neutral adjectives in the Emotional Stroop task. Likewise, the dot-probe task indicated attentional avoidance of both negative and positive words in peer victimized participants with and without a psychiatric disorder. Interestingly, presence of a psychiatric disorder did not have a significant effect on attentional biases. Conclusion Both tasks could detect that attentional processes were linked to the experience of peer victimization rather than to the current diagnostic status of the participants. Attentional avoidance of emotional stimuli may prevent victimized individuals from responding adequately to environmental stimuli, which may increase the risk for the development of psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Iffland
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Angelina Weitkämper
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nicolai J Weitkämper
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feroz FS, Leicht G, Rauh J, Mulert C. The Time Course of Dorsal and Rostral-Ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity in the Emotional Stroop Experiment Reveals Valence and Arousal Aberrant Modulation in Patients with Schizophrenia. Brain Topogr 2018; 32:161-177. [PMID: 30288663 PMCID: PMC6327077 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the temporal dynamics within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the rostral-ventral (rv) ACC during the interaction of emotional valence and arousal with cognitive control in patients with Schizophrenia (SZ). Although cognitive deficits in SZ are highly relevant and emotional disturbances are common, the temporal relationship of brain regions involved in the interaction of emotional and cognitive processing in SZ is yet to be determined. To address this issue, the reaction time (RT), event-related potential (ERP) and temporal dynamics of the dACC and rvACC activity were compared between SZ subjects and healthy controls (HC), using a modified emotional Stroop experiment (with factors namely congruence, arousal and valence). EEG was recorded with 64 channels and source localisation was performed using the sLORETA software package. We observed slower initial increase and lower peaks of time course activity within the dACC and rvACC in the SZ group. In this particular group, the dACC activity during late negativity was negatively correlated with a significantly higher RT in the high arousal conflict condition. In contrast to HC subjects, at the N450 window, there was no significant valence (ERP and rvACC ROI) modulation effect in the SZ subjects. Using high density EEG and source localisation, it was possible to distinguish various disturbances within the dACC and rvACC in patients with SZ, during emotion–cognition processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F S Feroz
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malacca, Malaysia
| | - G Leicht
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Rauh
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Mulert
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Centre for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gibson LE, Cooper S, Reeves LE, Olino TM, Ellman LM. Attentional biases and trauma status: Do psychotic-like experiences matter? PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2018; 11:300-306. [PMID: 30010376 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a large undergraduate sample, we explored whether attentional biases were similar between individuals reporting positive psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) with a history of traumatic life events (TLEs) compared with individuals with a TLE history alone. METHOD Participants completed the Emotional Stroop Task, and self-report questionnaires of TLEs and PLEs. RESULTS Although reaction time (RT) to physical, sexual, emotional, and overall trauma words was associated with TLEs, only RT to physical abuse and overall trauma words remained significantly associated with TLE status after controlling for age, race, and neutral word RT. Contrary to our hypotheses, PLEs were not associated with RT to TLE words and there were no significant interactions between TLE history and PLEs on RT to TLE-salient stimuli. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that psychosis risk alone does not appear to exacerbate attentional biases and that TLE history may exert similar influence on attention regardless of psychosis risk. In conclusion, phenotypes associated with TLEs may be similar in populations potentially at risk for psychosis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
5
|
Wards in Opinion of Patients - A Comparative Study on the Quality of Nursing Care. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2016; 30:685-691. [PMID: 27888960 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of nursing care in psychiatric wards and compare it between hospitals of different types. RESULTS Significant differences between hospitals were found in: personnel benevolence (p=0,006219) and response to patient needs (p=0,011446) as well as patients' sense of safety (p=0,020042). In both hospitals, patients were equally dissatisfied with the quality of information concerning treatment side effects (p=0,207804). In both hospitals patients were equally satisfied regarding the level of respect for their dignity and psychological support (p=0,176928). CONCLUSION General patient perception of nursing care in psychiatry wards seems to be positive. Some tasks carried out by nurses in psychiatric care still require improvement, especially regarding providing information to patients.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gibson LE, Alloy LB, Ellman LM. Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 49:92-105. [PMID: 27632064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic life events have been robustly associated with various psychosis outcomes, including increased risk of psychotic disorders, the prodrome of psychosis, and dimensional measures of psychotic symptoms, such as attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. However, trauma exposure has been linked to various mental disorders; therefore, the specificity of trauma exposure to psychosis remains unclear. This review focuses on two understudied areas of the trauma and psychosis literature: 1) the specificity between trauma and psychosis in relation to other disorders that often result post-trauma, and 2) proposed mechanisms that uniquely link trauma to psychosis. We begin by discussing the underlying connection between trauma exposure and the entire psychosis spectrum with a focus on the influence of trauma type and specific psychotic symptoms. We then consider how the principles of multifinality and equifinality can be useful in elucidating the trauma-psychosis relationship versus the trauma-other disorder relationship. Next, we discuss several cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms that might uniquely account for the association between trauma and psychosis, as well as the role of gender. Lastly, we review important methodological issues that complicate the research on trauma and psychosis, ending with clinical implications for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Vos AE, Pijnenborg GHM, Aleman A, van der Meer L. Implicit and explicit self-related processing in relation to insight in patients with schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 20:311-29. [PMID: 26017116 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-related processing (SRP) has been associated with clinical and cognitive insight. We investigated the relationship between implicit SRP (ISRP) and explicit SRP (ESRP) and insight. We first hypothesised that impaired insight is associated with the extent to which implicit feedback is incorporated in the self-image and subsequently influences behaviour. Second, we hypothesised that impaired insight is related to the way patients handle explicit feedback and use it to guide subsequent behaviour, therefore we expected to find a positive relationship between level of insight and the explicit self-related processing task. METHODS Thirty-four schizophrenia patients and 23 healthy controls participated in the study. Patients were assessed with the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight-Expanded and the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. ISRP was measured using a working memory two-back priming task. ESRP was measured with an adapted version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task where patients received explicit feedback on their performance. RESULTS Cognitive insight, but not clinical insight, was positively associated with ISRP after implicit positive cues. Both clinical and cognitive insight were positively associated with the ability to adjust performance upon receiving explicit feedback, though cognitive insight was more strongly associated with overall task performance. CONCLUSIONS Priming with positive cues improved performance on a working memory task in patients with good cognitive insight, but worsened performance in patients with impaired cognitive insight. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the ability to adequately use feedback may be a specific capacity that is related to insight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annerieke E de Vos
- a Department of Psychotic Disorders , GGZ Drenthe , Assen , the Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Falcone MA, Murray RM, O'Connor JA, Hockey LN, Gardner-Sood P, Di Forti M, Freeman D, Jolley S. Jumping to conclusions and the persistence of delusional beliefs in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 165:243-6. [PMID: 25956634 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive biases may contribute to delusion persistence. We tested this in a longitudinal study of first episode psychosis (FEP). METHODS 34 FEP patients completed assessments of delusions and Jumping to Conclusions (JTC) at baseline and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS JTC was associated with baseline delusion severity (t(32)=2.7, p=0.01). Baseline delusions persisted at follow-up for 8/20 participants (40%), who all jumped to conclusions (8/8, 100%), compared to half of those with no or changeable delusions (14/26, 54%; χ(2) (df=1)=5.7, p=0.03; Phi=0.4). CONCLUSION Findings implicate cognitive biases in delusion persistence, and support the potential to reduce delusions through reasoning-focused interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aurora Falcone
- King's College, London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; King's College, London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
| | - Robin M Murray
- King's College, London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jennifer A O'Connor
- King's College, London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Leanne N Hockey
- King's College, London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Poonam Gardner-Sood
- King's College, London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- King's College, London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Daniel Freeman
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Suzanne Jolley
- King's College, London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mitchell RLC, Rossell SL. Perception of emotion-related conflict in human communications: what are the effects of schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:135-44. [PMID: 25149130 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to make sense of emotional cues is of paramount importance for understanding state of mind and communicative intent. However, emotional cues often conflict with each other; this presents a significant challenge for people with schizophrenia. We conducted a theoretical review to determine the extent and types of impaired processing of emotion-related conflict in schizophrenia; we evaluated the relationship with medication and symptoms, and considered possible mediatory mechanisms. The literature established that people with schizophrenia demonstrated impaired function: (i) when passively exposed to emotion cues whilst performing an unrelated task, (ii) when selectively attending to one source of emotion cues whilst trying to ignore interference from another source, and (iii) when trying to resolve conflicting emotion cues and judge meta-communicative intent. These deficits showed associations with both negative and positive symptoms. There was limited evidence for antipsychotic medications attenuating impaired emotion perception when there are conflicting cues, with further direct research needed. Impaired attentional control and context processing may underlie some of the observed impairments. Neuroanatomical correlates are likely to involve interhemispheric transfer via the corpus callosum, limbic regions such as the amygdala, and possibly dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex through their role in conflict processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L C Mitchell
- Centre for Affective (PO Box 72), Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Palmer EC, David AS. More work on lack of awareness and insight in healthy people and psychiatric patients will assist model building. Cogn Neurosci 2013; 4:206-7. [DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2013.854759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Palmer
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Anthony S. David
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|