1
|
Ramos-Pittol JM, Fernandes-Freitas I, Milona A, Manchishi SM, Rainbow K, Lam BYH, Tadross JA, Beucher A, Colledge WH, Cebola I, Murphy KG, Miguel-Aliaga I, Yeo GSH, Dhillo WS, Owen BM. Dax1 modulates ERα-dependent hypothalamic estrogen sensing in female mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3076. [PMID: 37248237 PMCID: PMC10227040 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling the release of pituitary hormones to the developmental stage of the oocyte is essential for female fertility. It requires estrogen to restrain kisspeptin (KISS1)-neuron pulsatility in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, while also exerting a surge-like effect on KISS1-neuron activity in the AVPV hypothalamic nucleus. However, a mechanistic basis for this region-specific effect has remained elusive. Our genomic analysis in female mice demonstrate that some processes, such as restraint of KISS1-neuron activity in the arcuate nucleus, may be explained by region-specific estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) DNA binding at gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, we find that the Kiss1-locus is uniquely regulated in these hypothalamic nuclei, and that the nuclear receptor co-repressor NR0B1 (DAX1) restrains its transcription specifically in the arcuate nucleus. These studies provide mechanistic insight into how ERα may control the KISS1-neuron, and Kiss1 gene expression, to couple gonadotropin release to the developmental stage of the oocyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ramos-Pittol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | | | - Alexandra Milona
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Manchishi
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kara Rainbow
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Tadross
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology and East Midlands & East of England Genomic Laboratory Hub, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony Beucher
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William H Colledge
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Cebola
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roberts SA, Naulé L, Chouman S, Johnson T, Johnson M, Carroll RS, Navarro VM, Kaiser UB. Hypothalamic Overexpression of Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 Results in Delayed Puberty in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac132. [PMID: 35974456 PMCID: PMC10233297 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) is an important neuroendocrine player in the control of pubertal timing and upstream inhibitor of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. In mice, expression of Mkrn3 in the hypothalamic arcuate and anteroventral periventricular nucleus is high early in life and declines before the onset of puberty. Therefore, we aimed to explore if the persistence of hypothalamic Mkrn3 expression peripubertally would result in delayed puberty. Female mice that received neonatal bilateral intracerebroventricular injections of a recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing Mkrn3 had delayed vaginal opening and first estrus compared with animals injected with control virus. Subsequent estrous cycles and fertility were normal. Interestingly, male mice treated similarly did not exhibit delayed puberty onset. Kiss1, Tac2, and Pdyn mRNA levels were increased in the mediobasal hypothalamus in females at postnatal day 28, whereas kisspeptin and neurokinin B protein levels in the arcuate nucleus were decreased, following Mkrn3 overexpression, compared to controls. Cumulatively, these data suggest that Mkrn3 may directly or indirectly target neuropeptides of Kiss1 neurons to degradation pathways. This mouse model suggests that MKRN3 may be a potential contributor to delayed onset of puberty, in addition to its well-established roles in central precocious puberty and the timing of menarche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lydie Naulé
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soukayna Chouman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tatyana Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marciana Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meccariello R, Fasano S, Pierantoni R. Kisspeptins, new local modulators of male reproduction: A comparative overview. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113618. [PMID: 32950583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process that leads to the production of male gametes within the testis through the coordination of mitotic, meiotic and differentiation events, under a deep control of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine modulators along the Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. The kisspeptin system plays a fundamental role along the HPG axis as it is the main positive modulator upstream of the hypothalamic neurons that secrete the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), the decapeptide that supports pituitary gonadotropins and the production of gonadal sex steroid. Currently, kisspeptins and their receptor, KISS1R, have a recognized activity in the central control of puberty onset, sex maturation, reproduction and sex-steroid feedback mechanisms in both animal models and human. However, kisspeptin signaling has been widely reported in peripheral tissues, particularly in the testis of mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, with functions related to Leydig cells physiology and steroid biosynthesis, spermatogenesis progression and spermatozoa functions, but its mandatory role within the testis is still a matter of discussion. This review provides a summary of the main intratesticular effects of kisspeptin in vertebrates, via a comparative approach. Particular emphasis was devoted to data from the anuran amphibian Pelophylax esculentus, the first animal model in which the direct intratesticular activity of kisspeptin was reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Meccariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fasano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abreu AP, Toro CA, Song YB, Navarro VM, Bosch MA, Eren A, Liang JN, Carroll RS, Latronico AC, Rønnekleiv OK, Aylwin CF, Lomniczi A, Ojeda S, Kaiser UB. MKRN3 inhibits the reproductive axis through actions in kisspeptin-expressing neurons. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4486-4500. [PMID: 32407292 PMCID: PMC7410046 DOI: 10.1172/jci136564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of loss-of-function mutations in MKRN3 in patients with central precocious puberty in association with the decrease in MKRN3 expression in the medial basal hypothalamus of mice before the initiation of reproductive maturation suggests that MKRN3 is acting as a brake on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion during childhood. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism by which MKRN3 prevents premature manifestation of the pubertal process. We showed that, as in mice, MKRN3 expression is high in the hypothalamus of rats and nonhuman primates early in life, decreases as puberty approaches, and is independent of sex steroid hormones. We demonstrated that Mkrn3 is expressed in Kiss1 neurons of the mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and that MKRN3 repressed promoter activity of human KISS1 and TAC3, 2 key stimulators of GnRH secretion. We further showed that MKRN3 has ubiquitinase activity, that this activity is reduced by MKRN3 mutations affecting the RING finger domain, and that these mutations compromised the ability of MKRN3 to repress KISS1 and TAC3 promoter activity. These results indicate that MKRN3 acts to prevent puberty initiation, at least in part, by repressing KISS1 and TAC3 transcription and that this action may involve an MKRN3-directed ubiquitination-mediated mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos A. Toro
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center–OHSU, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Yong Bhum Song
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victor M. Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aysegul Eren
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joy N. Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rona S. Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carlos F. Aylwin
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center–OHSU, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center–OHSU, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center–OHSU, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
lnc9141-a and -b Play a Different Role in Bovine Myoblast Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Differentiation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:554-566. [PMID: 31675668 PMCID: PMC6838521 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previously, our transcriptome sequencing revealed that lnc9141 was differentially expressed in muscles of fetal bovine, calf, and adult bovine, which is considered to provide the basis for raising the muscle mass. In this study, we identified lnc9141 characters. lnc9141 has different transcription start sites and 3′ alternative splicing sites of exon 1, producing lnc9141-a and lnc9141-b transcripts that were highly expressed in the heart and lung. Moreover, neither lnc9141-a nor lnc9141-b had the ability to encode proteins. The functions of lnc9141-a and lnc9141-b were explored by cell cycle, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that lnc9141-a or lnc9141-b overexpression decreased the number of myoblasts in the S phase and increased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, overexpressing lnc9141-a and lnc9141-b respectively downregulated the expression of Cyclin D1. However, lnc9141-a or lnc9141-b interference was found to increase the number of S-phase myoblasts, and upregulate Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E expression. Through Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining and the expression of apoptosis marker genes (Bax, Bcl2, and Caspase-3), it was found that lnc9141-b could regulate the expression of Bax gene. Meantime, high expression of lnc9141-b could decrease MyHC expression. In addition, the intergenic region between lnc9141 and IRX5 was 2.3 kb, with a head-to-head orientation. The study also revealed the core regions of the lnc9141 and IRX5 promoter. Our study demonstrated that both lnc9141-a and -b expression inhibited bovine myoblast proliferation. However, lnc9141-b regulated Bax and MyHC expression. The regulatory mechanism of lnc9141-a and lnc9141-b needs to be further explored.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wolfe A, Hussain MA. The Emerging Role(s) for Kisspeptin in Metabolism in Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:184. [PMID: 29740399 PMCID: PMC5928256 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin was initially identified as a metastasis suppressor. Shortly after the initial discovery, a key physiologic role for kisspeptin emerged in the regulation of fertility, with kisspeptin acting as a neurotransmitter via the kisspeptin receptor, its cognate receptor, to regulate hypothalamic GnRH neurons, thereby affecting pituitary-gonadal function. Recent work has demonstrated a more expansive role for kisspeptin signaling in a variety of organ systems. Kisspeptin has been revealed as a significant player in regulating glucose homeostasis, feeding behavior, body composition as well as cardiac function. The direct impact of kisspeptin on peripheral metabolic tissues has only recently been recognized. Here, we review the emerging endocrine role of kisspeptin in regulating metabolic function. Controversies and current limitations in the field as well as areas of future studies toward kisspeptin's diverse array of functions will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wolfe
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mehboob A. Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang P, Ma D, Wang X, Wang Y, Bi Y, Yang J, Wang X, Li X. Astragaloside IV Prevents Obesity-Associated Hypertension by Improving Pro-Inflammatory Reaction and Leptin Resistance. Mol Cells 2018; 41:244-255. [PMID: 29562733 PMCID: PMC5881098 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade pro-inflammatory state and leptin resistance are important underlying mechanisms that contribute to obesity-associated hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that Astragaloside IV (As IV), known to counteract obesity and hypertension, could prevent obesity-associated hypertension by inhibiting pro-inflammatory reaction and leptin resistance. High-fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats were randomly assigned to three groups: the HFD control group (HF con group), As IV group, and the As IV + α-bungaratoxin (α-BGT) group (As IV+α-BGT group). As IV (20 mg·Kg-1·d-1) was administrated to rats for 6 weeks via daily oral gavage. Body weight and blood pressure were continuously measured, and NE levels in the plasma and renal cortex was evaluated to reflect the sympathetic activity. The expressions of leptin receptor (LepRb) mRNA, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3), phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) mRNA, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA were measured by Western blot or qRT-PCR to evaluate the hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. Additionally, we measured the protein or mRNA levels of α7nAChR, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase subunit β/ nuclear factor κB (IKKβ/NF-KB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in hypothalamus and adipose tissue to reflect the anti-inflammatory effects of As IV through upregulating expression of α7nAChR. We found that As IV prevented body weight gain and adipose accumulation, and also improved metabolic disorders in HFD rats. Furthermore, As IV decreased BP and HR, as well as NE levels in blood and renal tissue. In the hypothalamus, As IV alleviated leptin resistance as evidenced by the increased p-STAT3, LepRb mRNA and POMC mRNA, and decreased p-PI3K, SOCS3 mRNA, and PTP1B mRNA. The effects of As IV on leptin sensitivity were related in part to the up-regulated α7nAchR and suppressed IKKβ/NF-KB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and adipose tissue, since co-administration of α7nAChR selective antagonist α-BGT could weaken the improved effect of As IV on central leptin resistance. Our study suggested that As IV could efficiently prevent obesity-associated hypertension through inhibiting inflammatory reaction and improving leptin resistance; furthermore, these effects of As IV was partly related to the increased α7nAchR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong,
R.P, China
| | - Dufang Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong,
R.P, China
| | - Xue Wang
- China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing,
R.P, China
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong,
R.P, China
| | - Yuxin Bi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong,
R.P, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong,
P.R, China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong,
R.P, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong,
P.R, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeydabadi Nejad S, Ramezani Tehrani F, Zadeh-Vakili A. The Role of Kisspeptin in Female Reproduction. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 15:e44337. [PMID: 29201072 PMCID: PMC5702467 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.44337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Kisspeptin (KISS1), a recently discovered neuropeptide that acts upstream of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, is critical for maturation and function of the reproductive axis. This review aimed at providing comprehensive and up-to-date information on Kisspeptin and its role in female reproduction. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review was performed using PubMed for all English language articles published between 1999 and 2016. RESULTS The kisspeptin system (KISS1/G protein-coupled receptor-54,GPR54) has recently been addressed as an essential gatekeeper of puberty onset and gonadotropin secretion. Compelling evidence has documented that hypothalamic Kisspeptin mediates steroid feedback and metabolic cues at different developmental stages throughout lifespan. Furthermore, in pre/postnatally androgenized animal models, which exhibit many of the characteristics of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), the hypothalamic expression of KISS1 and GnRH is abnormal, which might lead to multiple tissue abnormalities observed in this disorder. CONCLUSIONS Kisspeptin, a principal activator of GnRH neurons and the target of endocrine and metabolic cues, is a prerequisite for the onset of puberty and maintenance of normal reproductive function, as abnormal KISS1/GPR54 system has been reported in both animal models and patients with certain forms of infertility, e.g. Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and PCOS. The information suggests that kisspeptin or its receptor represents a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with fertility disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Zeydabadi Nejad
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Azita Zadeh-Vakili
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Azita Zadeh-Vakili, PhD, Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122432513, Fax: +98-2122402463, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|