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Suba K, Patel Y, Martin-Alonso A, Hansen B, Xu X, Roberts A, Norton M, Chung P, Shrewsbury J, Kwok R, Kalogianni V, Cheng S, Liu X, Kalyviotis K, Rutter GA, Jones B, Minnion J, Owen BM, Pantazis P, Distaso W, Drucker DJ, Tan TM, Bloom SR, Murphy KG, Salem V. Intra-islet glucagon signalling regulates beta-cell connectivity, first-phase insulin secretion and glucose homoeostasis. Mol Metab 2024:101947. [PMID: 38677509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterised by the loss of first-phase insulin secretion. We studied mice with β-cell selective loss of the glucagon receptor (Gcgrfl/fl X Ins-1Cre), to investigate the role of intra-islet glucagon receptor signalling on pan-islet calcium activity and insulin secretion. METHODS Metabolic profiling was conducted on Gcgrβ-cell-/- and littermate controls. Crossing with GCaMP6f (STOP flox) animals further allowed for β-cell specific expression of a fluorescent calcium indicator. These islets were functionally imaged in vitro and in vivo. Wild-type mice were transplanted with islets expressing GCaMP6f in β-cells into the anterior eye chamber and placed on a high fat diet. Part of the cohort received a glucagon analogue (GCG-analogue) for 40 days and the control group were fed to achieve weight matching. Calcium imaging was performed regularly during the development of hyperglycaemia and in response to GCG-analogue treatment. RESULTS Gcgrβ-cell-/- mice exhibited higher glucose levels following intraperitoneal glucose challenge (control 12.7 mmol/L ± 0.6 vs. Gcgrβ-cell-/- 15.4 mmol/L ± 0.0 at 15 min, p = 0.002); fasting glycaemia was not different to controls. In vitro, Gcgrβ-cell-/- islets showed profound loss of pan-islet [Ca2+]I waves in response to glucose which was only partially rescued in vivo. Diet induced obesity and hyperglycaemia also resulted in a loss of co-ordinated [Ca2+]I waves in transplanted islets. This was reversed with GCG-analogue treatment, independently of weight-loss (n = 8). CONCLUSION These data provide novel evidence for the role of intra-islet GCGR signalling in sustaining synchronised [Ca2+]I waves and support a possible therapeutic role for glucagonergic agents to restore the insulin secretory capacity lost in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suba
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Y Patel
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - A Martin-Alonso
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - B Hansen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - X Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Roberts
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - M Norton
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - P Chung
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - J Shrewsbury
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - R Kwok
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - V Kalogianni
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - S Cheng
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - X Liu
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - K Kalyviotis
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - G A Rutter
- CHUM Research Center, University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Lee Kong Chian Imperial Medical School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - B Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - J Minnion
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - B M Owen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - P Pantazis
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - W Distaso
- Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - D J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - T M Tan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - S R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - K G Murphy
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - V Salem
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Ramos-Pittol JM, Fernandes-Freitas I, Milona A, Manchishi SM, Rainbow K, Lam BYH, Tadross JA, Beucher A, Colledge WH, Cebola I, Murphy KG, Miguel-Aliaga I, Yeo GSH, Dhillo WS, Owen BM. Dax1 modulates ERα-dependent hypothalamic estrogen sensing in female mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3076. [PMID: 37248237 PMCID: PMC10227040 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling the release of pituitary hormones to the developmental stage of the oocyte is essential for female fertility. It requires estrogen to restrain kisspeptin (KISS1)-neuron pulsatility in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, while also exerting a surge-like effect on KISS1-neuron activity in the AVPV hypothalamic nucleus. However, a mechanistic basis for this region-specific effect has remained elusive. Our genomic analysis in female mice demonstrate that some processes, such as restraint of KISS1-neuron activity in the arcuate nucleus, may be explained by region-specific estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) DNA binding at gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, we find that the Kiss1-locus is uniquely regulated in these hypothalamic nuclei, and that the nuclear receptor co-repressor NR0B1 (DAX1) restrains its transcription specifically in the arcuate nucleus. These studies provide mechanistic insight into how ERα may control the KISS1-neuron, and Kiss1 gene expression, to couple gonadotropin release to the developmental stage of the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ramos-Pittol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | | | - Alexandra Milona
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Manchishi
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kara Rainbow
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Tadross
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology and East Midlands & East of England Genomic Laboratory Hub, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony Beucher
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William H Colledge
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Cebola
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Hope DCD, Hinds CE, Lopes T, Vincent ML, Shrewsbury JV, Yu ATC, Davies I, Scott R, Jones B, Murphy KG, Minnion JS, Sardini A, Carling D, Lutz TA, Bloom SR, Tan TMM, Owen BM. Hypoaminoacidemia underpins glucagon-mediated energy expenditure and weight loss. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100810. [PMID: 36384093 PMCID: PMC9729826 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon analogs show promise as components of next-generation, multi-target, anti-obesity therapeutics. The biology of chronic glucagon treatment, in particular, its ability to induce energy expenditure and weight loss, remains poorly understood. Using a long-acting glucagon analog, G108, we demonstrate that glucagon-mediated body weight loss is intrinsically linked to the hypoaminoacidemia associated with its known amino acid catabolic action. Mechanistic studies reveal an energy-consuming response to low plasma amino acids in G108-treated mice, prevented by dietary amino acid supplementation and mimicked by a rationally designed low amino acid diet. Therefore, low plasma amino acids are a pre-requisite for G108-mediated energy expenditure and weight loss. However, preventing hypoaminoacidemia with additional dietary protein does not affect the ability of G108 to improve glycemia or hepatic steatosis in obese mice. These studies provide a mechanism for glucagon-mediated weight loss and confirm the hepatic glucagon receptor as an attractive molecular target for metabolic disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C D Hope
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte E Hinds
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tatiana Lopes
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew L Vincent
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jed V Shrewsbury
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arthur T C Yu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Iona Davies
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Scott
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James S Minnion
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Sardini
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Carling
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M M Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Hinds CE, Owen BM, Hope DCD, Pickford P, Jones B, Tan TM, Minnion JS, Bloom SR. A glucagon analogue decreases body weight in mice via signalling in the liver. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22577. [PMID: 34799628 PMCID: PMC8604983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon receptor agonists show promise as components of next generation metabolic syndrome pharmacotherapies. However, the biology of glucagon action is complex, controversial, and likely context dependent. As such, a better understanding of chronic glucagon receptor (GCGR) agonism is essential to identify and mitigate potential clinical side-effects. Herein we present a novel, long-acting glucagon analogue (GCG104) with high receptor-specificity and potent in vivo action. It has allowed us to make two important observations about the biology of sustained GCGR agonism. First, it causes weight loss in mice by direct receptor signalling at the level of the liver. Second, subtle changes in GCG104-sensitivity, possibly due to interindividual variation, may be sufficient to alter its effects on metabolic parameters. Together, these findings confirm the liver as a principal target for glucagon-mediated weight loss and provide new insights into the biology of glucagon analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Hinds
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - David C D Hope
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Philip Pickford
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tricia M Tan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - James S Minnion
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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5
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Pickford P, Lucey M, Rujan RM, McGlone ER, Bitsi S, Ashford FB, Corrêa IR, Hodson DJ, Tomas A, Deganutti G, Reynolds CA, Owen BM, Tan TM, Minnion J, Jones B, Bloom SR. Partial agonism improves the anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy of an oxyntomodulin-derived GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonist. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101242. [PMID: 33933675 PMCID: PMC8163982 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor (GLP-1R/GCGR) co-agonism can maximise weight loss and improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated the cellular and metabolic effects of modulating the balance between G protein and β-arrestin-2 recruitment at GLP-1R and GCGR using oxyntomodulin (OXM)-derived co-agonists. This strategy has been previously shown to improve the duration of action of GLP-1R mono-agonists by reducing target desensitisation and downregulation. METHODS Dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 (DPP-4)-resistant OXM analogues were generated and assessed for a variety of cellular readouts. Molecular dynamic simulations were used to gain insights into the molecular interactions involved. In vivo studies were performed in mice to identify the effects on glucose homeostasis and weight loss. RESULTS Ligand-specific reductions in β-arrestin-2 recruitment were associated with slower GLP-1R internalisation and prolonged glucose-lowering action in vivo. The putative benefits of GCGR agonism were retained, with equivalent weight loss compared to the GLP-1R mono-agonist liraglutide despite a lesser degree of food intake suppression. The compounds tested showed only a minor degree of biased agonism between G protein and β-arrestin-2 recruitment at both receptors and were best classified as partial agonists for the two pathways measured. CONCLUSIONS Diminishing β-arrestin-2 recruitment may be an effective way to increase the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonists. These benefits can be achieved by partial rather than biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Pickford
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Lucey
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Roxana-Maria Rujan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Emma Rose McGlone
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tricia M Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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6
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Comninos AN, Yang L, O’Callaghan J, Mills EG, Wall MB, Demetriou L, Wing VC, Thurston L, Owen BM, Abbara A, Rabiner EA, Dhillo WS. Kisspeptin modulates gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the human brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 129:105244. [PMID: 33975151 PMCID: PMC8243259 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a key inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the aetiology of common mood and behavioural disorders. By employing proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in man, we demonstrate that administration of the reproductive neuropeptide, kisspeptin, robustly decreases GABA levels in the limbic system of the human brain; specifically the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This finding defines a novel kisspeptin-activated GABA pathway in man, and provides important mechanistic insights into the mood and behaviour-altering effects of kisspeptin seen in rodents and humans. In addition, this work has therapeutic implications as it identifies GABA-signalling as a potential target for the escalating development of kisspeptin-based therapies for common reproductive disorders of body and mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Comninos
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, UK,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lisa Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Edouard G. Mills
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Lysia Demetriou
- Invicro, London, UK,Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria C. Wing
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Layla Thurston
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Bryn M. Owen
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Waljit S. Dhillo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, UK,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK,Correspondence to: Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
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7
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Mousavy Gharavy SN, Owen BM, Millership SJ, Chabosseau P, Pizza G, Martinez-Sanchez A, Tasoez E, Georgiadou E, Hu M, Fine NHF, Jacobson DA, Dickerson MT, Idevall-Hagren O, Montoya A, Kramer H, Mehta Z, Withers DJ, Ninov N, Gadue PJ, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C, Ibberson M, Leclerc I, Voz M, Rutter GA. Sexually dimorphic roles for the type 2 diabetes-associated C2cd4b gene in murine glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 2021; 64:850-864. [PMID: 33492421 PMCID: PMC7829492 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Variants close to the VPS13C/C2CD4A/C2CD4B locus are associated with altered risk of type 2 diabetes in genome-wide association studies. While previous functional work has suggested roles for VPS13C and C2CD4A in disease development, none has explored the role of C2CD4B. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9-induced global C2cd4b-knockout mice and zebrafish larvae with c2cd4a deletion were used to study the role of this gene in glucose homeostasis. C2 calcium dependent domain containing protein (C2CD)4A and C2CD4B constructs tagged with FLAG or green fluorescent protein were generated to investigate subcellular dynamics using confocal or near-field microscopy and to identify interacting partners by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Systemic inactivation of C2cd4b in mice led to marked, but highly sexually dimorphic changes in body weight and glucose homeostasis. Female C2cd4b mice displayed unchanged body weight compared with control littermates, but abnormal glucose tolerance (AUC, p = 0.01) and defective in vivo, but not in vitro, insulin secretion (p = 0.02). This was associated with a marked decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone levels as compared with wild-type (WT) littermates (p = 0.003). In sharp contrast, male C2cd4b null mice displayed essentially normal glucose tolerance but an increase in body weight (p < 0.001) and fasting blood glucose (p = 0.003) after maintenance on a high-fat and -sucrose diet vs WT littermates. No metabolic disturbances were observed after global inactivation of C2cd4a in mice, or in pancreatic beta cell function at larval stages in C2cd4a null zebrafish. Fasting blood glucose levels were also unaltered in adult C2cd4a-null fish. C2CD4B and C2CD4A were partially localised to the plasma membrane, with the latter under the control of intracellular Ca2+. Binding partners for both included secretory-granule-localised PTPRN2/phogrin. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our studies suggest that C2cd4b may act centrally in the pituitary to influence sex-dependent circuits that control pancreatic beta cell function and glucose tolerance in rodents. However, the absence of sexual dimorphism in the impact of diabetes risk variants argues for additional roles for C2CD4A or VPS13C in the control of glucose homeostasis in humans. DATA AVAILABILITY The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Biorxiv repository ( www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.099200v1 ). RNA-Seq (GSE152576) and proteomics (PXD021597) data have been deposited to GEO ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE152576 ) and ProteomeXchange ( www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD021597 ) repositories, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neda Mousavy Gharavy
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Steven J Millership
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Grazia Pizza
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Emirhan Tasoez
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eleni Georgiadou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ming Hu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicholas H F Fine
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew T Dickerson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Alex Montoya
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Holger Kramer
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Zenobia Mehta
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dominic J Withers
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolay Ninov
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul J Gadue
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, CTRB, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Christophe Magnan
- Regulation of Glycemia by Central Nervous System, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Leclerc
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marianne Voz
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Yang L, Demetriou L, Wall MB, Mills EG, Wing VC, Thurston L, Schaufelberger CN, Owen BM, Abbara A, Rabiner EA, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS. The Effects of Kisspeptin on Brain Response to Food Images and Psychometric Parameters of Appetite in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1837-e1848. [PMID: 33075807 PMCID: PMC7993584 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The hormone kisspeptin has crucial and well-characterized roles in reproduction. Emerging data from animal models also suggest that kisspeptin has important metabolic effects including modulation of food intake. However, to date there have been no studies exploring the effects of kisspeptin on brain responses to food stimuli in humans. OBJECTIVE This work aims to investigate the effects of kisspeptin administration on brain responses to visual food stimuli and psychometric parameters of appetite, in healthy men. DESIGN A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 27 healthy, right-handed, eugonadal men (mean ± SEM: age 26.5 ± 1.1 years; body mass index 23.9 ± 0.4 kg/m2). INTERVENTION Participants received an intravenous infusion of 1 nmol/kg/h of kisspeptin or rate-matched vehicle over 75 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Measurements included change in brain activity on functional magnetic resonance imaging in response to visual food stimuli and change in psychometric parameters of appetite, during kisspeptin administration compared to vehicle. RESULTS Kisspeptin administration at a bioactive dose did not affect brain responses to visual food stimuli or psychometric parameters of appetite compared to vehicle. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in humans investigating the effects of kisspeptin on brain regions regulating appetite and demonstrates that peripheral administration of kisspeptin does not alter brain responses to visual food stimuli or psychometric parameters of appetite in healthy men. These data provide key translational insights to further our understanding of the interaction between reproduction and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Edouard G Mills
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria C Wing
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Layla Thurston
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Bryn M Owen
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alexander N Comninos
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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9
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Yang L, Demetriou L, Wall MB, Mills EG, Zargaran D, Sykes M, Prague JK, Abbara A, Owen BM, Bassett PA, Rabiner EA, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS. Kisspeptin enhances brain responses to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133633. [PMID: 32051344 PMCID: PMC7098781 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful reproduction is a fundamental physiological process that relies on the integration of sensory cues of attraction with appropriate emotions and behaviors and the reproductive axis. However, the factors responsible for this integration remain largely unexplored. Using functional neuroimaging, hormonal, and psychometric analyses, we demonstrate that the reproductive hormone kisspeptin enhances brain activity in response to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men. Furthermore, the brain regions enhanced by kisspeptin correspond to areas within the olfactory and limbic systems that govern sexual behavior and perception of beauty as well as overlap with its endogenous expression pattern. Of key functional and behavioral significance, we observed that kisspeptin was most effective in men with lower sexual quality-of-life scores. As such, our results reveal a previously undescribed attraction pathway in humans activated by kisspeptin and identify kisspeptin signaling as a new therapeutic target for related reproductive and psychosexual disorders. Kisspeptin enhances brain processing in response to olfactory and visual cues of attraction and is most effective in men with lower sexual quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yang
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lysia Demetriou
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard Ga Mills
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - David Zargaran
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Sykes
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia K Prague
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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10
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Fernandes-Freitas I, Milona A, Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Owen BM. Live Birth in Sex-Reversed XY Mice Lacking the Nuclear Receptor Dax1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1703. [PMID: 32015477 PMCID: PMC6997165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor Dax1 functions during development as a testes-determining gene. However, the phenotype of male mice lacking Dax1 is strain-dependent due to the background-specific abundance of male-determining Sry gene-transcripts. We hypothesised that inter-individual variation in Sry mRNA-abundance would result in a spectrum of phenotypes even within-strain. We found that while all XY C57BL/6J mice lacking Dax1 presented as phenotypic females, there was a marked inter-individual variability in measures of fertility. Indeed, we report rare occasions where sex-reversed mice had measures of fertility comparable to those in control females. On two occasions, these sex-reversed XY mice were able to give birth to live offspring following mating to stud-males. As such, this work documents within-strain variability in phenotypes of XY mice lacking Dax1, and reports for the first time a complete sex-reversal capable of achieving live birth in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fernandes-Freitas
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Milona
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Jones B, Buenaventura T, Kanda N, Chabosseau P, Owen BM, Scott R, Goldin R, Angkathunyakul N, Corrêa IR, Bosco D, Johnson PR, Piemonti L, Marchetti P, Shapiro AMJ, Cochran BJ, Hanyaloglu AC, Inoue A, Tan T, Rutter GA, Tomas A, Bloom SR. Targeting GLP-1 receptor trafficking to improve agonist efficacy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1602. [PMID: 29686402 PMCID: PMC5913239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, causes weight loss, and is an important pharmacological target in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Like other G protein-coupled receptors, the GLP-1R undergoes agonist-mediated endocytosis, but the functional and therapeutic consequences of modulating GLP-1R endocytic trafficking have not been clearly defined. Here, we investigate a series of biased GLP-1R agonists with variable propensities for GLP-1R internalization and recycling. Compared to a panel of FDA-approved GLP-1 mimetics, compounds that retain GLP-1R at the plasma membrane produce greater long-term insulin release, which is dependent on a reduction in β-arrestin recruitment and faster agonist dissociation rates. Such molecules elicit glycemic benefits in mice without concomitant increases in signs of nausea, a common side effect of GLP-1 therapies. Our study identifies a set of agents with specific GLP-1R trafficking profiles and the potential for greater efficacy and tolerability as T2D treatments. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and undergoes agonist-mediated endocytosis. Here, authors study GLP-1R endocytosis caused by different agonists and show that a longer plasma membrane retention time of GLP-1R results in greater long-term insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Teresa Buenaventura
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nisha Kanda
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rebecca Scott
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Robert Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Napat Angkathunyakul
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Domenico Bosco
- Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute (HSR-DRI), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Laboratory and Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2C8, AB, Canada
| | - Blake J Cochran
- Section of Renal and Vascular Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.,School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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12
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Sondhi V, Owen BM, Liu J, Chomic R, Kliewer SA, Hughes BA, Arlt W, Mangelsdorf DJ, Auchus RJ. Impaired 17,20-Lyase Activity in Male Mice Lacking Cytochrome b5 in Leydig Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:469-78. [PMID: 26974035 PMCID: PMC4814474 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen and estrogen biosynthesis in mammals requires the 17,20-lyase activity of cytochrome P450 17A1 (steroid 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase). Maximal 17,20-lyase activity in vitro requires the presence of cytochrome b5 (b5), and rare cases of b5 deficiency in human beings causes isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency. To study the consequences of conditional b5 removal from testicular Leydig cells in an animal model, we generated Cyb5flox/flox:Sf1-Cre (LeyKO) mice. The LeyKO male mice had normal body weights, testis and sex organ weights, and fertility compared with littermates. Basal serum and urine steroid profiles of LeyKO males were not significantly different than littermates. In contrast, marked 17-hydroxyprogesterone accumulation (100-fold basal) and reduced testosterone synthesis (27% of littermates) were observed after human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation in LeyKO animals. Testis homogenates from LeyKO mice showed reduced 17,20-lyase activity and a 3-fold increased 17-hydroxylase to 17,20-lyase activity ratio, which were restored to normal upon addition of recombinant b5. We conclude that Leydig cell b5 is required for maximal androgen synthesis and to prevent 17-hydroxyprogesterone accumulation in the mouse testis; however, the b5-independent 17,20-lyase activity of mouse steroid 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase is sufficient for normal male genital development and fertility. LeyKO male mice are a good model for the biochemistry but not the physiology of isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sondhi
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Chomic
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Beverly A Hughes
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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13
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Talukdar S, Zhou Y, Li D, Rossulek M, Dong J, Somayaji V, Weng Y, Clark R, Lanba A, Owen BM, Brenner MB, Trimmer JK, Gropp KE, Chabot JR, Erion DM, Rolph TP, Goodwin B, Calle RA. A Long-Acting FGF21 Molecule, PF-05231023, Decreases Body Weight and Improves Lipid Profile in Non-human Primates and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. Cell Metab 2016; 23:427-40. [PMID: 26959184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
FGF21 plays a central role in energy, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. To characterize the pharmacologic effects of FGF21, we administered a long-acting FGF21 analog, PF-05231023, to obese cynomolgus monkeys. PF-05231023 caused a marked decrease in food intake that led to reduced body weight. To assess the effects of PF-05231023 in humans, we conducted a placebo-controlled, multiple ascending-dose study in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. PF-05231023 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, improved plasma lipoprotein profile, and increased adiponectin levels. Importantly, there were no significant effects of PF-05231023 on glycemic control. PF-05231023 treatment led to dose-dependent changes in multiple markers of bone formation and resorption and elevated insulin-like growth factor 1. The favorable effects of PF-05231023 on body weight support further evaluation of this molecule for the treatment of obesity. Longer studies are needed to assess potential direct effects of FGF21 on bone in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Rossulek
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Dong
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Veena Somayaji
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yan Weng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ronald Clark
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adhiraj Lanba
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Martin B Brenner
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Trimmer
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathryn E Gropp
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Chabot
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roberto A Calle
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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14
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Talukdar S, Owen BM, Song P, Hernandez G, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Scott WT, Paratala B, Turner T, Smith A, Bernardo B, Müller CP, Tang H, Mangelsdorf DJ, Goodwin B, Kliewer SA. FGF21 Regulates Sweet and Alcohol Preference. Cell Metab 2016; 23:344-9. [PMID: 26724861 PMCID: PMC4749404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone induced by various metabolic stresses, including ketogenic and high-carbohydrate diets, that regulates energy homeostasis. In humans, SNPs in and around the FGF21 gene have been associated with macronutrient preference, including carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake. Here we show that FGF21 administration markedly reduces sweet and alcohol preference in mice and sweet preference in cynomolgus monkeys. In mice, these effects require the FGF21 co-receptor β-Klotho in the central nervous system and correlate with reductions in dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens. Since analogs of FGF21 are currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, our findings raise the possibility that FGF21 administration could affect nutrient preference and other reward behaviors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Parkyong Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Genaro Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William T Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bhavna Paratala
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Tod Turner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Barbara Bernardo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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15
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Fernandes-Freitas I, Owen BM. Metabolic roles of endocrine fibroblast growth factors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 25:30-5. [PMID: 26531325 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort is currently being devoted to understanding the physiological and pharmacological action of the endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). These three proteins (FGF15/19, FGF21 and FGF23) act in a tissue-specific manner through a membrane-complex consisting of an FGF-receptor and α/βKlotho. FGF15/19 is produced in the intestine and regulates postprandial liver metabolism and gallbladder filling. FGF21 is largely liver-derived and co-ordinates adaptive changes in response to nutritional and physiological stresses. FGF23 signals from the bone to the kidney to maintain phosphate homeostasis. In pharmacological settings, FGF15/19, FGF21, and the prototypical FGF1, potentially represent novel treatments for obesity and diabetes. This review summarises the recent advances in our understanding of the biology of these important metabolic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fernandes-Freitas
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK.
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16
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Owen BM, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. Tissue-specific actions of the metabolic hormones FGF15/19 and FGF21. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:22-9. [PMID: 25476453 PMCID: PMC4277911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 15/19 and 21 belong to a subfamily of FGFs that function as hormones. Produced in response to specific nutritional cues, they act on overlapping sets of cell surface receptors composed of classic FGF receptors in complex with βKlotho, and regulate metabolism and related processes during periods of fluctuating energy availability. Pharmacologically, both FGF15/19 and FGF21 cause weight loss and improve both insulin-sensitivity and lipid parameters in rodent and primate models of metabolic disease. Recently, FGF21 was shown to have similar effects in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. We discuss here emerging concepts in FGF15/19 and FGF21 tissue-specific actions and critically assess their putative role as candidate targets for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn M Owen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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17
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Patel R, Bookout AL, Magomedova L, Owen BM, Consiglio GP, Shimizu M, Zhang Y, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA, Cummins CL. Glucocorticoids regulate the metabolic hormone FGF21 in a feed-forward loop. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 29:213-23. [PMID: 25495872 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and glucocorticoids (GCs) play crucial roles in coordinating the adaptive starvation response. Here we examine the interplay between these hormones. It was previously shown that FGF21 induces corticosterone levels in mice by acting on the brain. We now show that this induces the expression of genes required for GC synthesis in the adrenal gland. FGF21 also increases corticosterone secretion from the adrenal in response to ACTH. We further show that the relationship between FGF21 and GCs is bidirectional. GCs induce Fgf21 expression in the liver by acting on the GC receptor (GR). The GR binds in a ligand-dependent manner to a noncanonical GR response element located approximately 4.4 kb upstream of the Fgf21 transcription start site. The GR cooperates with the nuclear fatty acid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, to stimulate Fgf21 transcription. GR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α ligands have additive effects on Fgf21 expression both in vivo and in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes. We conclude that FGF21 and GCs regulate each other's production in a feed-forward loop and suggest that this provides a mechanism for bypassing negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to allow sustained gluconeogenesis during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.P., L.M., G.P.C., C.L.C.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2; Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (A.L.B., B.M.O., M.S., Y.Z., D.J.M.), and Department of Molecular Biology (S.A.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (C.L.C.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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18
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Owen BM, Ding X, Morgan DA, Coate KC, Bookout AL, Rahmouni K, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. FGF21 acts centrally to induce sympathetic nerve activity, energy expenditure, and weight loss. Cell Metab 2014; 20:670-7. [PMID: 25130400 PMCID: PMC4192037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which pharmacologic administration of the hormone FGF21 increases energy expenditure to cause weight loss in obese animals is unknown. Here we report that FGF21 acts centrally to exert its effects on energy expenditure and body weight in obese mice. Using tissue-specific knockout mice, we show that βKlotho, the obligate coreceptor for FGF21, is required in the nervous system for these effects. FGF21 stimulates sympathetic nerve activity to brown adipose tissue through a mechanism that depends on the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor. Our findings provide an unexpected mechanistic explanation for the strong pharmacologic effects of FGF21 on energy expenditure and weight loss in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn M Owen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xunshan Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Katie Colbert Coate
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Angie L Bookout
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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19
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Bookout AL, de Groot MHM, Owen BM, Lee S, Gautron L, Lawrence HL, Ding X, Elmquist JK, Takahashi JS, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. FGF21 regulates metabolism and circadian behavior by acting on the nervous system. Nat Med 2013; 19:1147-52. [PMID: 23933984 PMCID: PMC3769420 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hepatokine that acts as a global starvation signal to modulate fuel partitioning and metabolism and repress growth; however, the site of action of these diverse effects remains unclear. FGF21 signals through a heteromeric cell-surface receptor composed of one of three FGF receptors (FGFR1c, FGFR2c or FGFR3c) in complex with β-Klotho, a single-pass transmembrane protein that is enriched in metabolic tissues. Here we show that in addition to its known effects on peripheral metabolism, FGF21 increases systemic glucocorticoid levels, suppresses physical activity and alters circadian behavior, which are all features of the adaptive starvation response. These effects are mediated through β-Klotho expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the dorsal vagal complex of the hindbrain. Mice lacking the gene encoding β-Klotho (Klb) in these regions are refractory to these effects, as well as those on metabolism, insulin and growth. These findings demonstrate a crucial role for the nervous system in mediating the diverse physiologic and pharmacologic actions of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie L Bookout
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. [2] Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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20
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Papacleovoulou G, Abu-Hayyeh S, Nikolopoulou E, Briz O, Owen BM, Nikolova V, Ovadia C, Huang X, Vaarasmaki M, Baumann M, Jansen E, Albrecht C, Jarvelin MR, Marin JJ, Knisely A, Williamson C. Maternal cholestasis during pregnancy programs metabolic disease in offspring. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3172-81. [PMID: 23934127 PMCID: PMC3696570 DOI: 10.1172/jci68927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrauterine environment is a major contributor to increased rates of metabolic disease in adults. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a liver disease of pregnancy that affects 0.5%-2% of pregnant women and is characterized by increased bile acid levels in the maternal serum. The influence of ICP on the metabolic health of offspring is unknown. We analyzed the Northern Finland birth cohort 1985-1986 database and found that 16-year-old children of mothers with ICP had altered lipid profiles. Males had increased BMI, and females exhibited increased waist and hip girth compared with the offspring of uncomplicated pregnancies. We further investigated the effect of maternal cholestasis on the metabolism of adult offspring in the mouse. Females from cholestatic mothers developed a severe obese, diabetic phenotype with hepatosteatosis following a Western diet, whereas matched mice not exposed to cholestasis in utero did not. Female littermates were susceptible to metabolic disease before dietary challenge. Human and mouse studies showed an accumulation of lipids in the fetoplacental unit and increased transplacental cholesterol transport in cholestatic pregnancy. We believe this is the first report showing that cholestatic pregnancy in the absence of altered maternal BMI or diabetes can program metabolic disease in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papacleovoulou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shadi Abu-Hayyeh
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evanthia Nikolopoulou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Briz
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bryn M. Owen
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanya Nikolova
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Ovadia
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marja Vaarasmaki
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Baumann
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Jansen
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose J.G. Marin
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - A.S. Knisely
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,
Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Atkin SD, Owen BM, Bookout AL, Cravo RM, Lee C, Elias CF, Elmquist JK, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptor LRH-1 induces the reproductive neuropeptide kisspeptin in the hypothalamus. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:598-605. [PMID: 23504956 PMCID: PMC3607696 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The differential expression and secretion of the neuropeptide kisspeptin from neurons in the arcuate (Arc) and anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nuclei of the hypothalamus coordinate the temporal release of pituitary gonadotropins that control the female reproductive cycle. However, the molecular basis for this differential regulation is incompletely understood. Here, we report that liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed in kisspeptin neurons in the Arc but not in the AVPV in female mice. LRH-1 binds directly to the kisspeptin (Kiss1) promoter and stimulates Kiss1 transcription. Deletion of LRH-1 from kisspeptin neurons in mice decreased Kiss1 expression in the Arc, leading to reduced plasma FSH levels, dysregulated follicle maturation, and prolongation of the estrous cycle. Conversely, overexpression of LRH-1 in kisspeptin neurons increased Arc Kiss1 expression and plasma FSH concentrations. These studies provide a molecular basis for the differential regulation of basal kisspeptin expression in Arc and AVPV neurons and reveal a prominent role for LRH-1 in hypothalamus in regulating the female reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan D Atkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Room ND9.124, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA
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22
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Ding X, Boney-Montoya J, Owen BM, Bookout AL, Coate KC, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. βKlotho is required for fibroblast growth factor 21 effects on growth and metabolism. Cell Metab 2012; 16:387-93. [PMID: 22958921 PMCID: PMC3447537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a fasting-induced hepatokine that has potent pharmacologic effects in mice, which include improving insulin sensitivity and blunting growth. The single-transmembrane protein βKlotho functions as a coreceptor for FGF21 in vitro. To determine if βKlotho is required for FGF21 action in vivo, we generated whole-body and adipose tissue-selective βKlotho-knockout mice. All of the effects of FGF21 on growth and metabolism were lost in whole-body βKlotho-knockout mice. Selective elimination of βKlotho in adipose tissue blocked the acute insulin-sensitizing effects of FGF21. Taken together, these data demonstrate that βKlotho is essential for FGF21 activity and that βKlotho in adipose tissue contributes to the beneficial metabolic actions of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunshan Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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23
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Milona A, Owen BM, Cobbold JFL, Willemsen ECL, Cox IJ, Boudjelal M, Cairns W, Schoonjans K, Taylor-Robinson SD, Klomp LWJ, Parker MG, White R, van Mil SWC, Williamson C. Raised hepatic bile acid concentrations during pregnancy in mice are associated with reduced farnesoid X receptor function. Hepatology 2010; 52:1341-9. [PMID: 20842631 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pregnancy alters bile acid homeostasis and can unmask cholestatic disease in genetically predisposed but otherwise asymptomatic individuals. In this report, we show that normal pregnant mice have raised hepatic bile acid levels in the presence of procholestatic gene expression. The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates the transcription of the majority of these genes, and we show that both ablation and activation of Fxr prevent the accumulation of hepatic bile acids during pregnancy. These observations suggest that the function of Fxr may be perturbed during gestation. In subsequent in vitro experiments, serum from pregnant mice and humans was found to repress expression of the Fxr target gene, small heterodimer partner (Shp), in liver-derived Fao cells. Estradiol or estradiol metabolites may contribute to this effect because coincubation with the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist fulvestrant (ICI 182780) abolished the repressive effects on Shp expression. Finally, we report that ERα interacts with FXR in an estradiol-dependent manner and represses its function in vitro. CONCLUSION Ligand-activated ERα may inhibit FXR function during pregnancy and result in procholestatic gene expression and raised hepatic bile acid levels. We propose that this could cause intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Milona
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Owen BM, Milona A, van Mil S, Clements P, Holder J, Boudjelal M, Cairns W, Parker M, White R, Williamson C. Intestinal detoxification limits the activation of hepatic pregnane X receptor by lithocholic acid. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:143-9. [PMID: 19797606 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.029306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal-derived secondary bile acid (BA) lithocholic acid (LCA) is hepatotoxic and is implicated in the pathogenesis of cholestatic diseases. LCA is an endogenous ligand of the xenobiotic nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), but there is currently no consensus on the respective roles of hepatic and intestinal PXR in mediating protection against LCA in vivo. Under the conditions reported here, we show that mice lacking Pxr are resistant to LCA-mediated hepatotoxicity. This unexpected phenotype is found in association with enhanced urinary BA excretion and elevated basal expression of drug metabolism enzymes and the hepatic sulfate donor synthesis enzyme Papss2 in Pxr(-/-) mice. By subsequently comparing molecular responses to dietary and intraperitoneal administration of LCA, we made two other significant observations: 1) LCA feeding induces intestinal, but not hepatic, drug-metabolizing enzymes in a largely Pxr-independent manner; and 2) in contrast to LCA feeding, bypassing first-pass gut transit by intraperitoneal administration of LCA did induce hepatic detoxification machinery and in a Pxr-dependent manner. These data reconcile important discrepancies in the reported molecular responses to this BA and suggest that Pxr plays only a limited role in mediating responses to gut-derived LCA. Furthermore, the route of administration must be considered in the future planning and interpretation of experiments designed to assess hepatic responses to BAs, orally administered pharmaceuticals, and dietary toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn M Owen
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Milona A, Owen BM, van Mil S, Dormann D, Mataki C, Boudjelal M, Cairns W, Schoonjans K, Milligan S, Parker M, White R, Williamson C. The normal mechanisms of pregnancy-induced liver growth are not maintained in mice lacking the bile acid sensor Fxr. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G151-8. [PMID: 19815629 PMCID: PMC2822506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00336.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rodents undergo gestational hepatomegaly to meet the increased metabolic demands on the maternal liver during pregnancy. This is an important physiological process, but the mechanisms and signals driving pregnancy-induced liver growth are not known. Here, we show that liver growth during pregnancy precedes maternal body weight gain, is proportional to fetal number, and is a result of hepatocyte hypertrophy associated with cell-cycle progression, polyploidy, and altered expression of cell-cycle regulators p53, Cyclin-D1, and p27. Because circulating reproductive hormones and bile acids are raised in normal pregnant women and can cause liver growth in rodents, these compounds are candidates for the signal driving gestational liver enlargement in rodents. Administration of pregnancy levels of reproductive hormones was not sufficient to cause liver growth, but mouse pregnancy was associated with increased serum bile acid levels. It is known that the bile acid sensor Fxr is required for normal recovery from partial hepatectomy, and we demonstrate that Fxr(-/-) mice undergo gestational liver growth by adaptive hepatocyte hyperplasia. This is the first identification of any component that is required to maintain the normal mechanisms of gestational hepatomegaly and also implicates Fxr in a physiologically normal process that involves control of the hepatocyte cell cycle. Understanding pregnancy-induced hepatocyte hypertrophy in mice could suggest mechanisms for safely increasing functional liver capacity in women during increased metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryn M. Owen
- 1Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and
| | - Saskia van Mil
- 2Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Dirk Dormann
- 3MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London;
| | - Chikage Mataki
- 4Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Milligan
- 6Reproduction and Rhythms Group, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Malcolm Parker
- 1Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and
| | - Roger White
- 1Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and
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26
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Owen BM, Van Mil SWC, Boudjelal M, McLay I, Cairns W, Elias E, White R, Williamson C, Dixon PH. Sequencing and functional assessment of hPXR (NR1I2) variants in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:1289-97. [PMID: 18800312 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802426114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of coding variation in hPXR (NR1I2) in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and to functionally asses the response of PXR variants to ligands of interest in ICP. 2. The coding region of hPXR was sequenced in a cohort of 121 Caucasian ICP patients and exon 2 was sequenced in an additional 226 cases. Reporter assays were used to evaluate the function of all known hPXR variants in response to the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid and therapeutic agents rifampicin, ursodeoxycholic acid and dexamethasone. 3. Two coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (C79T and G106A) were detected in the ICP cohort at frequencies consistent with healthy populations. These do not alter hPXR function in response to ligands of interest to ICP. Analysis of all known coding hPXR variants demonstrates that while subtle changes in experimental design mask or may unveil the functional effects of genetic variation, these are not maintained in a standard functional assay. 4. Coding genetic variation in hPXR does not contribute to the aetiology of ICP in Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Owen
- Maternal and Fetal Disease Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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27
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is released as part of the acute phase immune response and can directly stimulate the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and thus induce hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis hyperactivity. Major depression has been shown to be accompanied by both an acute phase immune response, including raised IL-1beta production and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis hyperactivity. In this study the possible role of IL-1beta in major depression and postviral depression was investigated. METHOD Plasma IL-1beta levels were measured in four groups; patients suffering from postviral depression (n= 17), patients with major depression (n = 20), subjects who were postviral and euthymic (n= 12) and normal controls (n = 20). RESULTS IL-1beta serum concentrations were significantly elevated in both groups of depressed patients compared to controls. The serum concentrations of IL-1beta were higher in the postviral group than in the major depression group; this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION These data confirm previous suggestions of elevated IL-1beta levels in major depression and postviral depression. IL-1beta is known to induce depressive symptoms as well as sickness behaviour and may contribute to the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis hyperactivity found in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Owen
- Stanley Foundation Research Centre, Psychiatry Research Laboratories, University of Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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28
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, practicality and patient understanding of 5 methods used for testing sensation in leprosy patients, in a rural setting. The tests used were the WHO test, cottonwool, pin-prick, monofilaments and the biothesiometer. We concentrated on testing sensation in the hands, and the various tests were carried out on 75 patients and 32 controls, all taken from villagers living at Kindwitwi Leprosy Village, Tanzania. Our results showed that although the WHO test, cottonwool and pin-prick were all easy to use, cheap and well accepted they were not sensitive enough to be of any practical value. We found that the monofilaments, as well as being cheap and easy to use, had great potential value, as the 2-g monofilament could be used as a threshold value (indicative of leprosy, but not diagnostic) for protective sensation with a combined false-positive and false-negative value of only 4%. Finally, the biothesiometer was found to be a precise test that can accurately identify leprosy patients from controls and identify patients at risk of ulceration. It was, however, associated with its own problems, chiefly those of expense and its need of electricity, although we found this latter problem could be easily and relatively cheaply solved by the use of a solar powered recharger (Appendix).
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Owen
- Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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29
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the effect of footwear on sensory testing in leprosy. This was achieved by using 3 methods of sensory testing within 1 district of East Africa. We included 72 leprosy patients and 36 patients (nonleprosy patients) in the study and these were subdivided into 2 groups, depending on whether they normally wore shoes or went barefoot. The methods used were the WHO sensory test, graded monofilaments and the biothesiometer. The results showed significant differences in the threshold levels between both groups of patients with the biothesiometer and monofilaments, demonstrating the importance of having separate values when screening for leprosy and assessing which patients are at the most risk of developing ulcers. The importance of having quantitative methods of testing was also demonstrated, as only then can the results be sufficiently standardized to identify the at-risk groups and also be sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between shoe wearing and nonshoe wearing patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Stratford
- Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne
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