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Mendes GDRL, Souza HFD, Lopes JPA, Rocha ACS, Faria RB, Santos FRD, Mesquita BMADCD, Santos SHS, Durães CAF, Ferreira SR, Boitrago SCODS, Leal JS, Kamimura ES, Brandi IV. A fermented milk drink with Umbu (Spondias tuberosa) pulp and whey is effective for weight gain and re-nutrition in malnourished: An in vivo study in mice and children. Food Res Int 2024; 181:114083. [PMID: 38448094 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Malnutrition is considered one of the major public health problems worldwide and negatively affects the growth, development and learning of schoolchildren. This study developed and evaluated a fermented milk drink with added Umbu (Spondias tuberosa) pulp in the weight gain and renutrition of mice submitted to malnutrition by calorie restriction, and in malnourished children. The supplementation with this fermented milk drink contributed to an increase of 7.2 % in body weight, and 64.3 % in albumin, and a reduction of 35 % in cholesterol in malnourished mice. In humans, a group of nine malnourished children consumed a daily 200 mL serving of the milk drink (for 60 days). For humans, the fermented milk drink allowed an increase of 16.5 % in body weight, and 20.9 % in body mass index in malnourished children. In conclusion, fermented milk drink has a positive effect on the re-nutrition of malnourished mice and helps to improve the nutritional status of malnourished children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela da Rocha Lemos Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Handray Fernandes de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil; Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Antunes Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Santos Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Raquel Borges Faria
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mara Aparecida de Carvalho de Mesquita
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Av. Prof. Rui Braga, s/n, 39401-089 Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Av. Prof. Rui Braga, s/n, 39401-089 Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carla Adriana Ferreira Durães
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Av. Prof. Rui Braga, s/n, 39401-089 Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sildimar Rodrigues Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Santos Leal
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Eliana Setsuko Kamimura
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Viana Brandi
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Health; Food Engineering School, Agricultural Sciences Institute (ICA), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), A. Universitária, 1000, 39404-547 Montes Claros, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Av. Prof. Rui Braga, s/n, 39401-089 Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Argov-Argaman N, Altman H, Janssen JN, Daeem S, Raz C, Mesilati-Stahy R, Penn S, Monsonego-Ornan E. Effect of milk fat globules on growth and metabolism in rats fed an unbalanced diet. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1270171. [PMID: 38274212 PMCID: PMC10808575 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1270171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of supplementing milk fat globules (MFG) on the growth and development of the skeleton in rats fed a Western unbalanced diet (UBD). The UBD is high in sugar and fat, low in protein, fiber, and micronutrients, and negatively impacts health. The MFG-a complex lipid-protein assembly secreted into milk-has a unique structure and composition, which differs significantly from isolated and processed dietary ingredients. Rats consuming the UBD exhibited growth retardation and disrupted bone structural and mechanical parameters; these were improved by supplementation with small MFG. The addition of small MFG increased the efficiency of protein utilization for growth, and improved trabecular and cortical bone parameters. Furthermore, consumption of UBD led to a decreased concentration of saturated fatty acids and increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega-6 PUFA, in the serum, liver, and adipose tissue. The addition of small MFG restored PUFA concentration and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA in bone marrow and adipose tissue. Finally, large but not small MFG supplementation affected the cecal microbiome in rats. Overall, our results suggest that natural structure MFG supplementation can improve metabolism and bone development in rats fed an UBD, with the effects depending on MFG size. Moreover, the benefits of small MFG to bone development and metabolism were not mediated by the microbiome, as the detrimental effects of an UBD on the microbiome were not mitigated by MFG supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hodaya Altman
- School of Nutrition Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Seman Daeem
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chen Raz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Mesilati-Stahy
- School of Nutrition Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Svetlana Penn
- School of Nutrition Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- School of Nutrition Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ariyo O, Alabi O, Aleru EO, Ojo TJ. Effect of emotion-based nutrition messages on consumption of calcium-rich foods among early adolescents in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2023; 2:100130. [PMID: 38515477 PMCID: PMC10953985 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2023.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Calcium is a vital micronutrient for several physiological processes, yet it remains one of the significant shortfall nutrients among Nigerian adolescents. Objective This study was designed to assess the effect of emotion-based nutrition messages on the consumption of calcium-rich foods among early adolescents in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Methodology The quasi-experimental study involved 220 adolescents (experimental: 110 and control: 110) selected using a three-stage sampling procedure. A semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics, dietary practice, calcium-rich foods consumption pattern, calcium intake, and anthropometric parameters. Second, calcium-rich foods consumption pattern was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and intake was evaluated using the multi-pass 24-hour dietary recall to define adequacy at intake level ≥1,300 mg per day. Third, the experimental group had five weeks of nutrition education using emotion-based nutrition messages. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test at p < 0.05. Results The age of respondents (years) in experimental (12.88±1.41) and control (13.4±1.03) groups was similar. Primary dietary calcium sources were meat, chicken, egg, white beans, cheese, soy milk, oranges, and locust beans at baseline. At post-intervention, intake of other calcium-rich foods such as milk, yogurt, ice cream, okra, sardine, and unripe plantain increased, however, calcium intake remains similar in both control (238.41±92.4 mg; 235.40±92.92 mg) and experimental groups (239.76±51 mg; 241.46±100.89 mg) at baseline and post-intervention, respectively. The overall calcium intake of the adolescents remains below the recommended intake level of 1,300 mg. Conclusion Emotion-based nutritional messages did not significantly increase the total calcium intake among early adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Ariyo
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi Alabi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food and Consumer Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth O. Aleru
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Lead City University Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tomilola J. Ojo
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Menahem C, Foist M, Mansour Y, Shtaif B, Bar-Maisels M, Phillip M, Gat-Yablonski G. A Whey-Based Diet Can Ameliorate the Effects of LPS-Induced Growth Attenuation in Young Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:1823. [PMID: 37111042 PMCID: PMC10146220 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in childhood is associated with impaired growth. In the current study, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of inflammation in young rats was used to study the efficacy of whey-based as compared to soy-based diets to ameliorate growth attenuation. Young rats were injected with LPS and fed normal chow or diets containing whey or soy as the sole protein source during treatment, or during the recovery period in a separate set of experiments. The body and spleen weight, food consumption, humerus length, and EGP height and structure were evaluated. Inflammatory markers in the spleen and markers of differentiation in the EGP were assessed using qPCR. The LPS led to a significant increase in the spleen weight and a decrease in the EGP height. Whey, but not soy, protected the animals from both effects. In the recovery model, whey led to increased EGP height at both 3 and 16 d post treatment. The most affected region in the EGP was the hypertrophic zone (HZ), which was significantly shortened by the LPS treatment but enlarged by whey. In conclusion, LPS affected the spleen weight and EGP height and had a specific effect on the HZ. Nutrition with whey protein appeared to protect the rats from the LPS-induced growth attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Menahem
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michal Foist
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yasmin Mansour
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
| | - Biana Shtaif
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
| | - Meytal Bar-Maisels
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
| | - Moshe Phillip
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
| | - Galia Gat-Yablonski
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
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Huang D, Wu Q, Xu X, Ji C, Xia Y, Zhao Z, Dai H, Li H, Gao S, Chang Q, Zhao Y. Maternal Consumption of Milk or Dairy Products During Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:900529. [PMID: 35811961 PMCID: PMC9261982 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.900529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to systematically review current evidence and quantitatively evaluate the associations between milk or dairy consumption during pregnancy and birth outcomes. Methods This systematic review had been reported in accordance with the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. A supplementary literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase was conducted on 30 March 2021. Studies that assessed the association of maternal consumption of milk or dairy with birth-related outcomes were identified. The dose-response meta-analyses of continuous data and categorical data were applied. One-stage approach and two-stage approach were used where appropriate. Results In total, 42 studies were eligible for the present systematic review, and 18 of them were included in the outcome-specific meta-analyses. The dose-response meta-analysis [Number of studies (N) = 9] predicted a maximum mean change in birthweight of 63.38 g [95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.08, 126.67] at 5.00 servings per day. Intake of dairy products had the greatest protective effect on small for gestational age at a maximum of 7.2 servings per day [Relative risk (RR) = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.56, 0.85] (N = 7). The risk of large for gestational age was predicted to be maximum at 7.20 servings per day of dairy consumption, with the RR and 95% CI of 1.30 (1.15, 1.46; N = 4). In addition, the relationship between dairy consumption and low birth weight (RR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.33, 1.50; N = 5) and pre-mature birth (RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.87, 1.47; N = 5) was not significant, respectively. Conclusions Maternal consumption of dairy during pregnancy has a potential effect on fetal growth. Further well-designed studies are warranted to clarify the specific roles of individual dairy products. Systematic Review Registration identifier: PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020150608
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Huang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Wu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huixu Dai
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanyan Gao
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhong Zhao
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García-Martínez J, Pérez-Castillo ÍM, Salto R, López-Pedrosa JM, Rueda R, Girón MD. Beneficial Effects of Bovine Milk Exosomes in Metabolic Interorgan Cross-Talk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071442. [PMID: 35406056 PMCID: PMC9003525 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed secreted vesicles involved in cell-to-cell communication processes, identified in virtually all body fluids. Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes have gained increasing attention in recent years as they have unique biological origins and deliver different cargos, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which might mediate various health processes. In particular, milk-derived exosomes are proposed as bioactive compounds of breast milk, which have been reported to resist gastric digestion and reach systemic circulation, thus being bioavailable after oral intake. In the present manuscript, we critically discuss the available evidence on the health benefits attributed to milk exosomes, and we provide an outlook for the potential future uses of these compounds. The use of milk exosomes as bioactive ingredients represents a novel avenue to explore in the context of human nutrition, and they might exert important beneficial effects at multiple levels, including but not limited to intestinal health, bone and muscle metabolism, immunity, modulation of the microbiota, growth, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Martínez
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, Abbott Laboratories, 18004 Granada, Spain; (J.G.-M.); (Í.M.P.-C.); (J.M.L.-P.); (R.R.)
| | - Íñigo M. Pérez-Castillo
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, Abbott Laboratories, 18004 Granada, Spain; (J.G.-M.); (Í.M.P.-C.); (J.M.L.-P.); (R.R.)
| | - Rafael Salto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-246363
| | - José M. López-Pedrosa
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, Abbott Laboratories, 18004 Granada, Spain; (J.G.-M.); (Í.M.P.-C.); (J.M.L.-P.); (R.R.)
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, Abbott Laboratories, 18004 Granada, Spain; (J.G.-M.); (Í.M.P.-C.); (J.M.L.-P.); (R.R.)
| | - María D. Girón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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Bar-Maisels M, Menahem C, Gabet Y, Hiram-Bab S, Phillip M, Gat-Yablonski G. Different Effects of Soy and Whey on Linear Bone Growth and Growth Pattern in Young Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Front Nutr 2021; 8:739607. [PMID: 34901105 PMCID: PMC8652289 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.739607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the better protein for supporting optimal linear growth, as the exact composition and benefits of specific dietary proteins in supporting linear growth is unknown. In the current study, we compared the effect of soy and whey proteins, both proteins contain all essential amino acids and are considered the best proteins in their categories. Young male rats were subjected to multiple feeding protocols using iso-energetic diets containing soy or whey as the sole protein source. The rats were allowed to eat ad libitum for 11, 24, or 74 days in the first set of experiments, and the soy group was pair-fed to the whey group in the second set. The differences in weight gain, food consumption, and humeri length of the soy group that were greater at the beginning of the ad libitum experiments lessened over time. Pair-fed experiments revealed that the increased weight and humeri length resulted from the differences in food consumption. However, other parameters were protein specific. Bone quality, which was better in the soy group at 24 days, was matched by the whey group and even surpassed that of the soy group in the long-term experiment, with a significantly greater bone mineral density, cortical thickness, and growth plate. Although in the short term the levels of insulin like growth factor (IGF)-I were similar between the groups, IGF-I increased with age in the whey group, and the levels at the long-term experiment were significantly higher compared to the soy group. Furthermore, using the pair fed setup made it clear that when the difference in food consumption were no longer playing part, whey was more efficient in increasing IGF-I. There were no indications of metabolic sequelae. Although the use of soy is gaining in popularity as a sustainable protein, our findings indicate a better effect of whey on linear growth by leading to slower growth with better-organized epiphyseal growth plates and bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meytal Bar-Maisels
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Chen Menahem
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sahar Hiram-Bab
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Phillip
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galia Gat-Yablonski
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Candela-Martínez B, Martínez-Carrión JM, Román-Cervantes C. Biological Well-Being and Inequality in Canary Islands: Lanzarote (Cohorts 1886-1982). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12843. [PMID: 34886572 PMCID: PMC8657708 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Developments in anthropometric history in the Iberian Peninsula have been remarkable in recent decades. In contrast, we barely know about the behavior of insular population groups and infants' and adults' growth during the nutritional transition in the Canary Islands. This paper analyzes the height, weight and body mass index of military recruits (conscripts) in a rural municipality from the eastern Canaries during the economic modernization process throughout the 20th century. The case study (municipality of San Bartolomé (SB) in Lanzarote, the island closest to the African continent) uses anthropometric data of military recruits from 1907-2001 (cohorts from 1886 to 1982). The final sample is composed of 1921 recruits' records that were measured and weighed at the ages of 19-21 years old when adolescent growth had finished. The long-term anthropometric study is carried out using two approaches: a malnutrition and growth retardation approach and an inequality perspective. In the first one, we use the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) that is based on z-scores. In the second one, we implement several inequality dimensions such as the coefficient of variation (CV), percentiles and an analysis for height and BMI evolution by five socioeconomic categories. The data suggest that improvements in biological well-being were due to advances in nutrition since the 1960s. They show that infant nutrition is sensitively associated with economic growth and demographic and epidemiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Candela-Martínez
- Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Murcia University, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - José M. Martínez-Carrión
- Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Murcia University, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Cándido Román-Cervantes
- Department of Management Business and Economic History, Faculty of Economics, University of La Laguna, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain;
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Stounbjerg NG, Thams L, Hansen M, Larnkjær A, Clerico JW, Cashman KD, Mølgaard C, Damsgaard CT. Effects of vitamin D and high dairy protein intake on bone mineralization and linear growth in 6- to 8-year-old children: the D-pro randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1971-1985. [PMID: 34581765 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D and dairy protein may stimulate bone mineralization and linear growth in children, but previous studies show inconsistent results and have not examined their combined effects. OBJECTIVES To investigate combined and separate effects of vitamin D supplementation and high-protein (HP) compared with normal-protein (NP) yogurt intake on children's bone mineralization and linear growth. METHODS In a 2 × 2-factorial trial, 200 healthy, 6- to 8-year-old, Danish, children with light skin (55°N) were randomized to 20 µg/d vitamin D3 or placebo and to substitute 260 g/d dairy with HP (10 g protein/100 g) or NP (3.5 g protein/100 g) yogurt for 24 weeks during an extended winter. Outcomes were total body less head (TBLH) and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area (BA) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, height, and biomarkers of bone turnover and growth. The primary outcome was TBLH BMD. RESULTS In total, 184 children (92%) completed the study. The baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 80.8 ± 17.2 nmol/L, which increased by 7.2 ± 14.1 nmol/L and decreased by 32.3 ± 17.5 nmol/L with vitamin D and placebo, respectively. The baseline protein intake was 15.4 ± 2.4 energy percentage (E%), which increased to 18.3 ± 3.4 E% with HP. There were no vitamin D-yogurt interactions and no main effects of either intervention on TBLH BMD. However, vitamin D supplementation increased lumbar spine BMD and TBLH BMC compared to placebo, whereas HP groups showed lower increments in lumbar spine BMD, TBLH BMC and BA, and plasma osteocalcin compared to NP groups. Height, growth factors, and parathyroid hormone levels were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Although there were no effects on whole-body BMD, vitamin D increased bone mass and spinal BMD, whereas high compared with normal dairy protein intake had smaller incremental effects on these outcomes. This supports a recommended vitamin D intake of around 20 µg/d during winter but not use of HP dairy products for improved bone mineralization among healthy, well-nourished children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03956732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna G Stounbjerg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Thams
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia W Clerico
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin D Cashman
- School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Grenov B, Larnkjær A, Ritz C, Michaelsen KF, Damsgaard CT, Mølgaard C. The effect of milk and rapeseed protein on growth factors in 7-8 year-old healthy children - A randomized controlled trial. Growth Horm IGF Res 2021; 60-61:101418. [PMID: 34333391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Milk protein may stimulate linear growth through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, the effect of plant proteins on growth factors is largely unknown. This study assesses the effect of combinations of milk and rapeseed protein versus milk protein alone on growth factors in children. DESIGN An exploratory 3-armed randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted in 129 healthy 7-8 year-old Danish children. Children received 35 g milk and rapeseed protein (ratio 54:46 or 30:70) or 35 g milk protein per day for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was difference in IGF-1 changes between intervention groups after 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in IGF-1 after 1 week and changes in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), IGF-1/IGFBP-3, insulin, height, weight and body composition after 1 and 4 weeks. Results were analysed by multiple linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS There were no differences in changes of plasma IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio or insulin between groups after 1 or 4 weeks based on 89 complete cases (P > 0.10). IGF-1 increased by 13.7 (95% CI 9.7;17.7) ng/mL and 18.0 (14.0;22.0) ng/mL from baseline to week 1 and 4, respectively, a 16% increase during the intervention. Similarly, insulin increased by 31% (14; 50) and 33% (16; 53) from baseline to week 1 and 4. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) increments were higher with milk alone than rapeseed blends (P < 0.05), coinciding with a trend towards a lower height increment. Body mass index increased within all groups (P < 0.05), mainly due to an increase in FFMI (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION There were no differences in changes of growth factors between the combinations of milk and rapeseed protein and milk protein alone in healthy, well-nourished children with a habitual intake of milk. Within groups, growth factors increased considerably. Future studies are needed to investigate how intakes of plant and animal proteins affect childhood growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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11
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Dor C, Stark AH, Dichtiar R, Keinan-Boker L, Shimony T, Sinai T. Milk and dairy consumption is positively associated with height in adolescents: results from the Israeli National Youth Health and Nutrition Survey. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:429-438. [PMID: 34406484 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Milk consumption is associated with increased height primarily in early childhood. However, in adolescents, data are scarce with inconsistent results. Since height is a proxy for overall health and well-being, this study evaluated the association of dairy intake with height in adolescents. METHODS Students in 7th-12th grades, participating in the 2015-2016 Israeli Health and Nutrition Youth Survey, a school-based cross-sectional study, completed self-administered questionnaires, including a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (n = 3529, 48% males, 15.2 ± 1.6 years). Anthropometric measurements were also performed. Dairy servings were calculated as the calcium equivalent of 1 cup of milk, and consumption was divided into four categories from very low (< 1 serving/day) to high (3 + servings/day). BMI- and Height-for-age z scores (HAZs) were calculated according to WHO growth standard; relatively short stature (RSS) was defined as HAZ < - 0.7 SD (< 25th percentile). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of dairy intake with HAZ and prevalence of RSS, respectively. RESULTS Median consumption of dairy products was 2 servings/day, 1.4 from unsweetened products (milk, cheese and yogurt). Controlling for age, sex, BMI-z-score and socioeconomic status, each increment of unsweetened dairy intake was associated with on average 0.04 higher HAZ (equivalent to 0.3-0.4 cm, p < 0.05), and with reduced risk for RSS: OR 0.90, 95%CI: 0.84, 0.97, p < 0.01. No such associations were found with sweetened dairy products. CONCLUSION Consumption of unsweetened dairy products (3-4 servings/day) appears to contribute to achieving growth potential in adolescents. Intervention studies are necessary to determine the causal relationship between dairy intake and linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dor
- School of Nutritional Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aliza Hannah Stark
- School of Nutritional Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rita Dichtiar
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, 5262100, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lital Keinan-Boker
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, 5262100, Ramat Gan, Israel
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Shimony
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, 5262100, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Sinai
- School of Nutritional Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, 5262100, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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12
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Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality Are Associated with Standardized Height-for-Age among U.S. Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051689. [PMID: 34065650 PMCID: PMC8156872 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional status affects linear growth and development. However, studies on the associations between nutritional status, diet quality, and age-standardized height in children are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between macro- and micronutrient intake and food consumption and height-for-age Z score (HAZ) among US children in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). This cross-sectional population-based study included 6116 US children aged 2–18 years. The usual dietary intake of nutrients and food groups was estimated by the multiple source method (MSM) using two-day food consumption data from NHANES 2007–2014. After adjusting for covariates, HAZ was positively associated with intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins A, D, E, B6, and B12, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, and iron. Children in the highest tertile of HAZ were less likely to consume lower than the EAR for vitamin E and calcium. Major foods consumed by children with lower HAZ were soft drinks, high-fat milk products, cakes, cookies, pastries, and pies, whereas children with higher HAZ tended to consume low-fat milk products, tea, and low-calorie fruit juice. These findings suggest that adequate nutritional intake, diet quality, and nutrient-dense food are important factors for height in children.
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13
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Pesu H, Mutumba R, Mbabazi J, Olsen MF, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Ritz C, Filteau S, Briend A, Mupere E, Friis H, Grenov B. The Role of Milk Protein and Whey Permeate in Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements on the Growth and Development of Stunted Children in Uganda: A Randomized Trial Protocol (MAGNUS). Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab067. [PMID: 34027295 PMCID: PMC8128719 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stunting is associated with cognitive impairment and later chronic disease. Previous trials to prevent stunting have had little effect, and no trials seem to have provided larger amounts of energy and high-quality proteins to already stunted children. We aimed to assess the effects of milk protein (MP) and whey permeate (WP) in large-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS-LQ), among stunted children, on linear growth and child development. This was a randomized, double-blind, 2-by-2 factorial trial. Stunted children aged 12-59 mo from eastern Uganda (n = 750) were randomly assigned to receive 100 g LNS-LQ with or without MP and WP (n = 4 × 150) or no supplement (n = 150) for 3 mo. The primary outcomes were change in knee-heel and total length. Secondary outcomes included child development, body composition, anthropometry, and hemoglobin. Micronutrient status, intestinal function, and microbiota were also assessed. Our findings will contribute to an understanding of the role of milk ingredients and LNS in linear catch-up growth. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN13093195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pesu
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rolland Mutumba
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Mbabazi
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mette F Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Zhang YQ, Li H, Wu HH, Zong XN. Stunting, wasting, overweight and their coexistence among children under 7 years in the context of the social rapidly developing: Findings from a population-based survey in nine cities of China in 2016. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245455. [PMID: 33444425 PMCID: PMC7808628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of stunting, wasting, overweight and their coexistence are various in different populations and they also have changed with social developing and environmental improving. In this paper, we aimed to analyze the prevalence of stunting, wasting, overweight and their coexistence in some developed regions of China. Data were collected in a population-based cross-sectional survey by a multi-stage cluster sampling method in nine cities located in the northern, central, and southern region of China in 2016. Children under seven years (n = 110,491) were measured. WHO growth standards were used to assess the growth status. Stunting, underweight, wasting, overweight and obesity were considered as the primary forms of malnutrition (includes undernutrition and overnutrition) for infant or young children at population-levels. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting, and overweight or obesity were respectively 0.7%, 0.6%, 1.2%, and 7.6%. Most of these children (95.4%) suffered from one form of malnutrition, and only 0.2% of them concurrently stunted and wasted, 0.4% concurrently stunted and overweight, 1.7% concurrently stunted and underweight, 2.3% concurrently underweight and wasted. Among stunted children, 91.2% were appropriate body proportion, and only 2.3% were wasted, 6.5% were overweight or obesity. Among overweight or obese children, only 0.6% were stunted, whereas, 15.8% were high stature and 83.6% were the appropriate ranges of stature. Sex, age, urban/suburban, and region were associated with these primary forms of malnutrition in the multivariate logistic analysis. In conclusion, we found that the coexistence of stunting and overweight was not common at both population-level and individual-level. The situation for undernutrition had significantly improved, and overweight may be the leading public health issue for children under seven years in the nine cities of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qin Zhang
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hua-Hong Wu
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Nan Zong
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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15
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Bottani M, Cattaneo S, Pica V, Stuknytė M, Gomarasca M, Lombardi G, Banfi G, Noni ID, Ferraretto A. Gastrointestinal In Vitro Digests of Infant Biscuits Formulated with Bovine Milk Proteins Positively Affect In Vitro Differentiation of Human Osteoblast-Like Cells. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101510. [PMID: 33096628 PMCID: PMC7589107 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant biscuits (IBs) are part of complementary feeding from weaning up to the age of five years. They normally contain bovine milk proteins, which can influence bone development. This potential effect was investigated using experimental baked IBs, which were prepared from doughs containing different type of dairy proteins: milk protein concentrate (IB1), whey protein isolate (IB2), and skimmed milk powder (IB3). Dairy protein-free (IB0) and gluten-free (IB4) biscuits were also formulated. The in vitro gastrointestinal digests of IBs (IBDs) were tested on a co-culture of Caco-2/HT-29 70/30 cells as an in vitro model of human small intestine. None of the IBDs influenced cell viability and monolayer integrity, while IBD0 and IBD4 increased Peptide-YY production. The basolateral contents of Transwell plates seeded with Caco-2/HT-29 70/30 co-culture, mimicking metabolized IBDs (MIBDs), were tested on Saos-2 cells, an in vitro model of human osteoblast-like cells. After incubation, MIBD0, lacking dairy proteins, decreased the cell viability, while MIBD2, containing whey protein isolate, increased both the viability and the number of cells. MIBD2 and MIBD4, the latter containing both casein and whey proteins, increased alkaline phosphatase activity, a bone differentiation marker. These results highlight that IBs containing dairy proteins positively affect bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bottani
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Via Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefano Cattaneo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.C.); (V.P.)
| | - Valentina Pica
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.C.); (V.P.)
| | - Milda Stuknytė
- Unitech COSPECT—University Technological Platforms Office, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marta Gomarasca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Via Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Via Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (G.B.)
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Via Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (G.B.)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano De Noni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.C.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-16680
| | - Anita Ferraretto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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16
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Grenov B, Larnkjær A, Lee R, Serena A, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Manary MJ. Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Is Positively Associated with Growth and Cognition in 6- to 9-Year-Old Schoolchildren from Ghana. J Nutr 2020; 150:1405-1412. [PMID: 32211798 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk intake stimulates linear growth and improves cognition in children from low-income countries. These effects may be mediated through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the effect of milk supplement on circulating IGF-1 and to assess IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition in children. METHODS Secondary data on blood spot IGF-1 from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 6-9-y-old children from rural Ghana were analyzed. Intervention groups received porridge with non-energy-balanced supplements: 8.8 g milk protein/d, 100 kcal/d (Milk8); 4.4 g milk and 4.4 g rice protein/d, 100 kcal/d (Milk/rice); 4.4 g milk protein/d, 48 kcal/d (Milk4); or a control (no protein, 10 kcal/d). IGF-1, length, body composition, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were measured at 3.5 or 8.5 mo. Linear regressions were used to assess the effect of milk interventions on IGF-1 and IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition. RESULTS The increase in IGF-1 was 15.3 (95% CI: 3.3, 27.3) ng/mL higher in children receiving Milk8 compared with the control. The IGF-1 increases in the isonitrogenous, isoenergetic Milk/rice or the Milk4 groups were not different from the control (P ≥ 0.49). The increase in IGF-1 was associated with improvements in 4 out of 5 CANTAB domains. The strongest associations included reductions in "mean correct latency" from Pattern Recognition Memory and "pre-extradimensional (pre-ED) shift errors" from Intra/Extradimensional Set Shift (P ≤ 0.005). In addition, change in IGF-1 was positively associated with changes in height, weight, and fat-free mass (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intake of skimmed milk powder corresponding to one, but not half a glass of milk on school days stimulates IGF-1 in 6-9-y-old Ghanian children. IGF-1 seems to mediate the effect of milk intake on growth and cognition. The association between IGF-1 and cognition in relation to milk intake is novel and opens possibilities for dietary interventions to improve cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Reginald Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anja Serena
- Global Nutrition, Arla Foods amba, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mark J Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Sani NA, Kawu MU, Bako IG. Effects of Launaea taraxacifolia and resveratrol on milk yield and serum prolactin and oxytocin levels: a lactogenic study. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019; 7:71-77. [PMID: 32010724 PMCID: PMC6968715 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1694307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequacy of milk supply to meet the increasing human population coupled with a decreasing livestock population has necessitated the need for a potent galactogoue. The aim of this study was to compare the lactogenic effects of Launaea taraxacifolia (PLT) and resveratrol in Wistar rats. After parturition, 25 primiparous female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups of 5 dams each. Dams in groups I, II, III, IV and V were administered distilled water (DW: 2 ml/kg), metochlopromide (MET: 15 mg/kg), resveratrol (RES: 5 mg/kg), n-hexane leaf fraction of L. taraxacifolia (PLT: 333 mg/kg) and the combination of RES + PLT (CO: 5 mg + 333 mg/kg); respectively, for 12 days. Pup weight gain was used to quantify milk yield. Serum was harvested from the dams and assayed for prolactin and oxytocin. The PLT and CO groups had significantly higher (p < 0.05) milk yield than DW group. Serum concentration of prolactin was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PLT group, while the combination group had the highest (p < 0.05) concentration of oxytocin compared to DW group. In conclusion, L. taraxacifolia and resveratrol exhibited galactopoietic potentials individually by stimulating hyperprolactinaemia, while their combination increased milk production by increasing serum oxytocin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na'imatu A Sani
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed U Kawu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim G Bako
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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18
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Kumordzie SM, Adu-Afarwuah S, Arimond M, Young RR, Adom T, Boatin R, Ocansey ME, Okronipa H, Prado EL, Oaks BM, Dewey KG. Maternal and Infant Lipid-Based Nutritional Supplementation Increases Height of Ghanaian Children at 4-6 Years Only if the Mother Was Not Overweight Before Conception. J Nutr 2019; 149:847-855. [PMID: 31034033 PMCID: PMC6499103 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of nutritional supplementation during the first 1000 d of life. We previously reported that maternal and child lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) increased child length by 18 mo. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effects of LNS on later growth and body composition at 4-6 y of age. DESIGN This was a follow-up of children in the International Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)-DYAD trial in Ghana. Women (n = 1320) at ≤20 weeks of gestation were randomly assigned to: 1) iron and folic acid during pregnancy and 200 mg calcium/d for 6 mo postpartum, 2) multiple micronutrients (1-2 RDA of 18 vitamins and minerals) during both periods, or 3) maternal LNS during both periods plus child LNS from 6 to 18 mo. At 4-6 y, we compared height, height-for-age z score (HAZ), and % body fat (deuterium dilution method) between the LNS group and the 2 non-LNS groups combined. RESULTS Data were available for 961 children (76.5% of live births). There were no significant differences between LNS compared with non-LNS groups in height [106.7 compared with 106.3 cm (mean difference, MD, 0.36; P = 0.226)], HAZ [-0.49 compared with -0.57 (MD = 0.08; P = 0.226)], stunting (< -2 SD) [6.5 compared with 6.3% (OR = 1.00; P = 0.993)], or % body fat [15.5 compared with 15.3% (MD = 0.16; P = 0.630)]. However, there was an interaction with maternal prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (P-interaction = 0.046 before correction for multiple testing): among children of women with BMI < 25 , LNS children were taller than non-LNS children (+1.1 cm, P = 0.017), whereas there was no difference among children of women with BMI ≥ 25 (+0.1 cm; P = 0.874). CONCLUSIONS There was no overall effect of LNS on height at 4-6 y in this cohort, which had a low stunting rate, but height was greater in the LNS group among children of nonoverweight/obese women. There was no adverse impact of LNS on body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00970866.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sika M Kumordzie
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA,Address correspondence to SMK (E-mail: )
| | - Seth Adu-Afarwuah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Mary Arimond
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA,Intake – Center for Dietary Assessment, FHI 360, Washington, DC
| | - Rebecca R Young
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Theodosia Adom
- Nutrition Research Centre, Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, Ghana
| | - Rose Boatin
- Nutrition Research Centre, Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, Ghana
| | - Maku E Ocansey
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Harriet Okronipa
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Elizabeth L Prado
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Brietta M Oaks
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
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Sinai T, Goldberg MR, Nachshon L, Amitzur-Levy R, Yichie T, Katz Y, Monsonego-Ornan E, Elizur A. Reduced Final Height and Inadequate Nutritional Intake in Cow's Milk-Allergic Young Adults. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 7:509-515. [PMID: 30529059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth impairment was previously described in milk-allergic children but was not examined in adults on reaching final height. OBJECTIVES To investigate the dietary intake and final stature of young adults with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (IgE-CMA) as compared with nonallergic controls. METHODS Eighty-seven patients with IgE-CMA, median age 19.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 17.3-22.7), and 36 control participants without food allergies, median age 22.7 years (IQR, 18.9-26.1), were studied. Anthropometric and nutritional data were collected. Age and gender z-scores were determined according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Nutrient intake assessment was based on dietary records. Individuals with conditions or treatments affecting bone metabolism or growth, other than asthma, were excluded. RESULTS Mean values of height z-scores were significantly reduced in CMA subjects compared with controls (-0.64 ± 0.9 vs -0.04 ± 0.7, P = .001). In contrast, no differences were found between the 2 groups in weight and body mass index z-scores. Patients with CMA had significantly lower intake of protein, and several essential vitamins (A, B12, and riboflavin) and minerals (calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc) compared with controls (P < .05), but the intakes of calories, carbohydrate, and fat were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Differences between actual and expected (based on midparental height) height z-scores were comparable in CMA subjects with or without asthma and between those with and without additional food allergies. CONCLUSIONS Young adults who have CMA from infancy are at risk of not reaching their growth potential. Growth and nutritional monitoring and appropriate dietary intervention are of particular importance in these at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Sinai
- The School of Nutritional Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael R Goldberg
- Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Pediatric Pulmonology, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Liat Nachshon
- Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Pediatric Pulmonology, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Roni Amitzur-Levy
- Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Pediatric Pulmonology, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Tamar Yichie
- Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Pediatric Pulmonology, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Katz
- Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Pediatric Pulmonology, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- The School of Nutritional Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arnon Elizur
- Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Pediatric Pulmonology, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel; Department of Pediatrics, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
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Melaku YA, Gill TK, Taylor AW, Adams R, Shi Z, Worku A. Associations of childhood, maternal and household dietary patterns with childhood stunting in Ethiopia: proposing an alternative and plausible dietary analysis method to dietary diversity scores. Nutr J 2018; 17:14. [PMID: 29378583 PMCID: PMC5789646 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying dietary patterns that consider the overall eating habits, rather than focusing on individual foods or simple counts of consumed foods, better helps to understand the combined effects of dietary components. Therefore, this study aimed to use dietary patterns, as an alternative method to dietary diversity scores (DDSs), and investigate their associations with childhood stunting in Ethiopia. METHODS Mothers and their children aged under 5 years (n = 3788) were recruited using a two-stage random cluster sampling technique in two regions of Ethiopia. Socio-demographic, dietary and anthropometric data were collected. Dietary intake was assessed using standardized dietary diversity tools. Household, maternal and child DDSs were calculated and dietary patterns were identified by tetrachoric (factor) analysis. Multilevel linear and Poisson regression analyses were applied to assess the association of DDSs and dietary patterns with height-for-age z score (HAZ) and stunting, respectively. RESULTS The overall prevalence of stunting among children under-five was 38.5% (n = 1459). We identified three dietary patterns each, for households ("fish, meat and miscellaneous", "egg, meat, poultry and legume" and "dairy, vegetable and fruit"), mothers ("plant-based", "egg, meat, poultry and legume" and "dairy, vegetable and fruit" and children ("grain based", "egg, meat, poultry and legume" and "dairy, vegetable and fruit"). Children in the third tertile of the household "dairy, vegetable and fruit" pattern had a 0.16 (β = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.30) increase in HAZ compared to those in the first tertile. A 0.22 (β = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.39) and 0.19 (β = 0.19; 0.04, 0.33) increase in HAZ was found for those in the third tertiles of "dairy, vegetable and fruit" patterns of children 24-59 months and 6-59 months, respectively. Those children in the second (β = -0.17; 95% CI: -0.31, -0.04) and third (β = -0.16; 95% CI: -0.30, -0.02) tertiles of maternal "egg, meat, poultry and legume" pattern had a significantly lower HAZ compared to those in the first tertile. No significant associations between the household and child "egg, meat, poultry and legume" dietary patterns with HAZ and stunting were found. Statistically non-significant associations were found between household, maternal and child DDSs, and HAZ and stunting. CONCLUSION A higher adherence to a "dairy, vegetable and fruit" dietary pattern is associated with increased HAZ and reduced risk of stunting. Dietary pattern analysis methods, using routinely collected dietary data, can be an alternative approach to DDSs in low resource settings, to measure dietary quality and in determining associations of overall dietary intake with stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Adama Melaku
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tiffany K. Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anne W. Taylor
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Adams
- Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zumin Shi
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amare Worku
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Masarwi M, Solnik HI, Phillip M, Yaron S, Shamir R, Pasmanic-Chor M, Gat-Yablonski G. Food restriction followed by refeeding with a casein- or whey-based diet differentially affects the gut microbiota of pre-pubertal male rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 51:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
The present narrative review outlines the use of milk products in infant and young child feeding from early history until today and illustrates how research findings and technical innovations contributed to the evolution of milk-based strategies to combat undernutrition in children below the age of 5 years. From the onset of social welfare initiatives, dairy products were provided by maternal and child health services to improve nutrition. During the last century, a number of aetiological theories on oedematous forms of undernutrition were developed and until the 1970s the dogma of protein deficiency was dominant. Thereafter, a multifactorial concept gained acceptance and protein quality was emphasised. During the last decades, research findings demonstrated that the inclusion of dairy products in the management of severe acute malnutrition is most effective. For children suffering from moderate acute malnutrition the evidence for the superiority of milk-based diets is less clear. There is an unmet need for evaluating locally produced milk-free alternatives at lower cost, especially in countries that rely on imported dairy products. New strategies for the dietary management of childhood undernutrition need to be developed on the basis of research findings, current child feeding practices, socio-cultural conditions and local resources. Exclusive and continued breast-feeding supported by community-based nutrition programmes using optimal combinations of locally available complementary foods should be compared with milk product-based interventions.
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Bar-Maisels M, Gabet Y, Shamir R, Hiram-Bab S, Pasmanik-Chor M, Phillip M, Bar-Yoseph F, Gat-Yablonski G. Beta Palmitate Improves Bone Length and Quality during Catch-Up Growth in Young Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070764. [PMID: 28718808 PMCID: PMC5537878 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in human milk, where it is heavily concentrated in the sn-2-position (termed beta palmitate, BPA) and as such is conserved in all women, regardless of their diet or ethnicity, indicating its physiological and metabolic importance. We hypothesized that BPA improves the efficiency of nutrition-induced catch up growth as compared to sn-1,3 PA, which is present in vegetable oil. Pre-pubertal male rats were subjected to a 17 days food restriction followed by re-feeding for nine days with 1,3 PA or BPA-containing diets. We measured bone length, epiphyseal growth plate height (EGP, histology), bone quality (micro-CT and 3-point bending assay), and gene expression (Affymetrix). The BPA-containing diet improved most growth parameters: humeri length and EGP height were greater in the BPA-fed animals. Further analysis of the EGP revealed that the hypertrophic zone was significantly higher in the BPA group. In addition, Affymetrix analysis revealed that the diet affected the expression of several genes in the liver and EGP. Despite the very subtle difference between the diets and the short re-feeding period, we found a small but significant improvement in most growth parameters in the BPA-fed rats. This pre-clinical study may have important implications, especially for children with growth disorders and children with special nutritional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meytal Bar-Maisels
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Raanan Shamir
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
- Institute for Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel.
- The Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel.
| | - Sahar Hiram-Bab
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Moshe Phillip
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
- The Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel.
| | - Fabiana Bar-Yoseph
- Enzymotec Ltd., Sagi 2000 Industrial Park, Migdal HaEmeq 2310001, Israel.
| | - Galia Gat-Yablonski
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
- The Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel.
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