1
|
Ando T, Murakami T, Fujiyama S, Sejiyama SY, Murakami K, Miki D, Fujita Y, Yamaguchi N, Shirakami R, Abe S, Todaka M, Suzuki S, Fujinami H, Shinohara M, Hata S, Inoue T, Shibuya T, Shin T, Mimata H. Impact of Fish Intake Frequency on Cardiovascular Disease-Specific Survival in Hemodialysis Patients. JMA J 2024; 7:85-93. [PMID: 38314428 PMCID: PMC10834181 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2023-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in hemodialysis patients (HPs). As a food source, fish contains both CVD-preventive and CVD-promoting fatty acids; however, there is no consensus on fish consumption as a preventive measure for CVD in HPs. This single-center longitudinal cohort study aims to assess the impact of fish intake frequency (FIF) per week on CVD in Japanese HPs. Methods Upon the initiation of the study, 148 HPs were evaluated to determine the FIF, and blood samples were analyzed. These patients were then monitored for 6 years.The relationships between each FIF and blood sampling data, CVD-specific survival (CSS), and new CVD-free survival (nCFS) were statistically calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results During the observation period, 65 deaths were reported, 16 of which were attributed to CVD. Further, 53 patients developed new CVD onset, and no association was found between the FIF and blood sampling data. Based on the Kaplan-Meier survival curves, there was a significant difference in the CSS probability rates at 72 months between patients with an FIF of ≥4 (0.719, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.530-0.842) and those with an FIF of ≤3 (0.930, 95% CI: 0.851-0.968) (p < 0.01). However, the nCFS probability at 72 months did not significantly differ between patients with an FIF of ≥4 and those with an FIF of ≤3. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression showed that an FIF of ≥4 (hazard ratio: 3.64, 95% CI: 1.22-10.9, p = 0.02) was an independent predictor of CSS, but not of nCFS. Conclusions It was suggested that a higher FIF in HPs might be one of the risks for developing CVD with increased mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadasuke Ando
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | | | - Sakura Fujiyama
- Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Sejiyama
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kan Murakami
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miki
- Hemodialysis Center, JCHO Nankai Medical Center, Saiki, Japan
| | | | - Naomichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Shirakami
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Satoki Abe
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Todaka
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujinami
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Mayuka Shinohara
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Shinro Hata
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Toru Inoue
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Tadamasa Shibuya
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Shin
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Mimata
- Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel A, Desai SS, Mane VK, Enman J, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Futuristic food fortification with a balanced ratio of dietary ω-3/ω-6 omega fatty acids for the prevention of lifestyle diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
3
|
Shi W, Deng Y, Zhao C, Xiao W, Wang Z, Xiong Z, Zhao L. Integrative serum metabolomic analysis for preventive effects of Yaobitong capsule in adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis rat based on RP/HILIC-UHPLC-Q-TOF MS. Anal Biochem 2022; 637:114474. [PMID: 34801482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Yaobitong capsule (YBTC) has been used for the prevention and treatment of inflammation-related lumbago and leg pain. However, its intervention mechanism still remains unclear. This study was aimed to evaluate the control efficiency of YBTC on adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats by metabonomic method and to explore its possible anti-arthritis mechanism. Taking into account the complexity of endogenous metabolites in serum samples, an integrated metabolomics method based on RP/HILIC-UHPLC-Q-TOF MS was developed, to overcome the limitations of a single chromatographic in this study. The results showed that 32 potential biomarkers of arthritis were identified, primarily related to amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and nucleotide metabolism. Further receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the area under the curve of two down-regulated metabolites (3-Hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid, 2-Oxoarginine) and one up-regulated metabolite (l-Glutamic acid) among 32 biomarkers were 0.906, 0.969 and 1.000, respectively, indicating that high predictive ability of this method for RA. In this study, an integrated serum metabolomics method based on high-resolution mass spectrometry was successfully established for the first time to study the intervention mechanism of YBTC in RA, providing evidence regarding the clinical application of YBTC and a new insight for the prevention of RA in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yajie Deng
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical CO. LTD, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222001, China
| | - Zhili Xiong
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Longshan Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chou CL, Chen JS, Kang YN, Chen YJ, Fang TC. Association of polyunsaturated fatty acids with improved heart rate variability and cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving maintenance dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2021; 12:8090-8099. [PMID: 34286806 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00510c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apart from dietary restriction and medical therapy, the benefits of cardiovascular protection offered by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplements in patients with ESRD receiving maintenance dialysis remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of PUFAs on blood pressure, heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) prognosis. METHODS We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from Embase, PubMed (including MEDLINE), and Web of Science. We included seven RCTs that involved 724 patients with ESRD receiving dialysis and PUFA supplements. RESULTS The data indicated that compared with the control group, the PUFA group demonstrated decreased cardiovascular events (Peto odds ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 to 0.85, P = 0.009) and HRV (changes in the mean HR [mean difference = -2.59, 95% CI = -4.91 to -0.26, P = 0.03, I2 = 0%]; mean RR interval [MD = 29.03, 95% CI = 5.43 to 52.63, P = 0.02, I2 = 0%]; mean of the standard deviation of all normal RR intervals for all 5 min segments [MD = 2.73, 95% CI = 0.48 to 4.99, P = 0.02, I2 = 0%], and square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent intervals [MD = 2.03, 95% CI = 0.04 to 4.03, P = 0.05, I2 = 0%]). CONCLUSION PUFA supplements appeared to improve CVD prognosis in patients receiving dialysis. Additional RCTs with longer follow-up periods need to clarify the benefits of PUFA supplements in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Lin Chou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fournier N, Benoist JF, Allaoui F, Nowak M, Dakroub H, Vedie B, Paul JL. Contrasting effects of membrane enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids on phospholipid composition and cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded J774 mouse or primary human macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158536. [PMID: 31672574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly n-3 PUFAs, is atheroprotective. PUFAs incorporation into membrane phospholipids alters the functionality of membrane proteins. We studied the consequences of the in vitro supplementation of several PUFAs on the FA profiles and on ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux capacities from cholesterol-loaded macrophages. Arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6) and, to a lesser extent, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), dose-dependently impaired cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded J774 mouse macrophages without alterations in ABCA1 expression, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) had no impact. AA cells exhibited higher proportions of arachidonic acid and adrenic acid (C22:4 n-6), its elongation product. EPA cells exhibited slightly higher proportions of EPA associated with much higher proportions of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3), its elongation product and with lower proportions of AA. Conversely, both EPA and DHA and, to a lesser extent, AA decreased cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded primary human macrophages (HMDM). The differences observed in FA profiles after PUFA supplementations were different from those observed for the J774 cells. In conclusion, we are the first to report that AA and EPA, but not DHA, have deleterious effects on the cardioprotective ABCA1 cholesterol efflux pathway from J774 foam cells. Moreover, the membrane incorporation of PUFAs does not have the same impact on cholesterol efflux from murine (J774) or human (HMDM) cholesterol-loaded macrophages. This finding emphasizes the key role of the cellular model in cholesterol efflux studies and may partly explain the heterogeneous literature data on the impact of PUFAs on cholesterol efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fournier
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Jean-François Benoist
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie hormonale, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Fatima Allaoui
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Maxime Nowak
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Hani Dakroub
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Benoît Vedie
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Paul
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vijayaraghavan K, Szerlip HM, Ballantyne CM, Bays HE, Philip S, Doyle RT, Juliano RA, Granowitz C. Icosapent ethyl reduces atherogenic markers in high-risk statin-treated patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease and high triglycerides. Postgrad Med 2019; 131:390-396. [PMID: 31306043 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1643633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, likely driven by atherogenic and inflammatory markers beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The objective of this hypothesis-generating post hoc subgroup analysis was to explore the effects of icosapent ethyl at 2 or 4 g/day (prescription pure ethyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) on atherogenic lipid, apolipoprotein, inflammatory parameters (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 [Lp-PLA2]), and oxidative parameters (oxidized-LDL [ox-LDL]) in statin-treated patients from ANCHOR with stage 3 CKD.Methods: The 12-week ANCHOR study evaluated icosapent ethyl in 702 statin-treated patients at increased CVD risk with triglycerides (TG) 200-499 mg/dL despite controlled LDL-C (40-99 mg/dL). This post-hoc analysis included patients from ANCHOR with stage 3 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for ≥3 months) randomized to icosapent ethyl 4 g/day (n = 19), 2 g/day (n = 30), or placebo (n = 36).Results: At the prescription dose of 4 g/day, icosapent ethyl significantly reduced TG (-16.9%; P = 0.0074) and other potentially atherogenic lipids/lipoproteins, ox-LDL, hsCRP, and Lp-PLA2, and increased plasma and red blood cell EPA levels (+879% and +579%, respectively; both P < 0.0001) versus placebo. Icosapent ethyl did not significantly alter eGFR or serum creatinine. Safety and tolerability were similar to placebo.Conclusions: In patients with stage 3 CKD at high CVD risk with persistent high TG despite statins, icosapent ethyl 4 g/day reduced potentially atherogenic and other cardiovascular risk factors without raising LDL-C, with safety similar to placebo. These findings suggest prospective investigation may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harold M Szerlip
- Nephrology Division and Nephrology Fellowship Program, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and the Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harold E Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sephy Philip
- Medical Affairs, Amarin Pharma Inc., Bedminster, NJ, USA
| | - Ralph T Doyle
- Clinical Development, Amarin Pharma Inc., Bedminster, NJ, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei Z, Cao J, Zhang X, Yin D, Xu D, Lu G. EPA attenuates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis through the TGF-β1/Smad3/ILK pathway in renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells by up-regulating miR-541. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2516-2525. [PMID: 31934078 PMCID: PMC6949584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could prevent tubulointerstitial injury in kidney. EPA could also inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HK-2 cells stimulated by albumin (Alb) in vitro. However, the regulating molecular mechanism of EPA remains to be elucidated. METHODS An immortalized human proximal tubular cell line (human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells) was used in all experiments. MTT assay was employed to determine the effect of Alb or EPA on the cell viability of HK-2 cells. The miR-541 expression, the mRNA levels of EMT markers E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibrogenesis markers Collagen I and fibronectin (FN) were examined by RT-qPCR assay. The protein levels of E-cadherin, α-SMA and Collagen I, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad3/integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathway-related protein TGF-β1, pSmad2/3, Smad7 and ILK were measured by western blot. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect FN expression. The target relationship between miR-541 and TGF-β1 was confirmed by bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assay and western blot. RESULTS Low doses of Alb had no effect on the cell viability of HK-2 cells, while EPA repressed the cell viability of HK-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. EPA could inhibit EMT and fibrosis and increase the miR-541 expression of HK-2 cells exposed to Alb. Interestingly, introduction of miR-541 effectively abolished the EMT and fibrosis of HK-2 cells stimulated by Alb. Bioinformatics analysis predicted TGF-β1 as a target gene of miR-541, and subsequent luciferase reporter assay and western blot further supported the prediction. miR-541 counter-regulated TGF-β1 expression, and inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad3/ILK pathway. Alb treatment activated the TGF-β1/Smad3/ILK pathway, while EPA inhibited the activation of the pathway. miR-541 inhibitors reversed the effects of EPA on EMT, fibrosis, and TGF-β1/Smad3/ILK pathway-related protein expression induced by Alb. CONCLUSION EPA attenuates EMT and renal fibrosis through the TGF-β1/Smad3/ILK pathway in renal epithelial cells by targeting miR-541.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Taixing People’s Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityTaixing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Taixing People’s Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityTaixing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Taixing People’s Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityTaixing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deyu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyuan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuzyuk T, Lozier B, Schwarz EL, Viau K, Kish-Trier E, De Biase I. Intra-individual variability of long-chain fatty acids (C12-C24) in plasma and red blood cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:30-38. [PMID: 30103929 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) play key roles in mammalian cells as sources of energy, structural components and signaling molecules. Given their importance in numerous physiological processes, the roles of LCFAs in health and disease have been extensively investigated. In the majority of studies, correlations are established using a single measurement in plasma or red blood cells (RBCs). Although a few studies have reported on reproducibility of individual fatty acid measurements, the comprehensive analysis of intra-individual LCFA variability has not been performed. Therefore, our goal was to determine intra-individual variability for the 22 most abundant LCFAs in both plasma and RBC samples collected from healthy individuals on a regular diet after overnight fasting. The measurements of LCFAs in RBCs were consistent throughout the course of study reflecting long-term nutritional status. In contrast, the results in plasma showed considerable LCFA intra-individual variability, even between fatty acids of the same type. Plasma intra-individual variability for omega-3 alpha-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids in some participants were >40% whereas the variability of docosahexaenoic acid was consistently <12.8%. Omega-6 linoleic and arachidonic acids also showed low variability in plasma. The results suggest that some LCFAs have less variability and would be more reliable as biomarkers. Reliability of biomarkers can have a profound impact on the research outcomes. Intra-individual variability of LCFAs should be taken into consideration in designing, conducting and interpreting results of clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - B Lozier
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E L Schwarz
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Viau
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Kish-Trier
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Navigen, Salt Lake City, UT, USA (present affiliation)
| | - I De Biase
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|