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Shen J, Xie Z, Liu Y, Zhao T, Li Z, Ren Y, Xi Y, Xiao N, Yang X, Shao S, Qin D, Peng J, Li Z. Aberrant messenger RNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with gouty arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2022; 25:1152-1163. [PMID: 35906742 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gouty arthritis (GA) is a type of self-limiting inflammatory arthritis caused by deposition of monosodium urate (MSU). This study aimed to analyze the expression variation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in GA patients and investigated the role of mRNAs in GA pathogenesis. METHODS Five patients with acute GA (AGA), 5 with non-acute GA (NAGA), and 5 healthy controls (HC) were recruited to examine differential mRNA expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and explore whether mRNA is involved in the pathogenesis of AGA. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases were used to study the biological functions of differentially expressed mRNA and the relationship between genes and signal pathways. RESULTS Compared with HC, the AGA group had 1456 differentially expressed mRNAs, while the NAGA group had 437 differentially expressed mRNAs and compared with the NAGA group, 115 differentially expressed mRNAs were found in the AGA group. GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed mRNA in the AGA group was mainly enriched in processes related to leukocyte activation and immune response, while KEGG analysis showed that "Staphylococcus aureus infection" and "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" are enriched in the up-regulated mRNAs in the AGA group. CONCLUSION This study identified genes and pathways that are differentially expressed during the onset of AGA, which might reveal part of the pathogenesis of the disease and provide clues to explaining the severe pain associated with disease onset and the rapid development of inflammatory response that subsides by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Shen
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhaohu Xie
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yifei Ren
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yujiang Xi
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Niqing Xiao
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Shuiyan Shao
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhaofu Li
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Potassium Channels Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 But Not Kv1.5 Contribute to BV2 Cell Line and Primary Microglial Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042081. [PMID: 33669857 PMCID: PMC7923211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: As membrane channels contribute to different cell functions, understanding the underlying mechanisms becomes extremely important. A large number of neuronal channels have been investigated, however, less studied are the channels expressed in the glia population, particularly in microglia. In the present study, we focused on the function of the Kv1.3, Kv1.5 and Kir2.1 potassium channels expressed in both BV2 cells and primary microglia cultures, which may impact the cellular migration process. (2) Methods: Using an immunocytochemical approach, we were able to show the presence of the investigated channels in BV2 microglial cells, record their currents using a patch clamp and their role in cell migration using the scratch assay. The migration of the primary microglial cells in culture was assessed using cell culture inserts. (3) Results: By blocking each potassium channel, we showed that Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 but not Kv1.5 are essential for BV2 cell migration. Further, primary microglial cultures were obtained from a line of transgenic CX3CR1-eGFP mice that express fluorescent labeled microglia. The mice were subjected to a spared nerve injury model of pain and we found that microglia motility in an 8 µm insert was reduced 2 days after spared nerve injury (SNI) compared with sham conditions. Additional investigations showed a further impact on cell motility by specifically blocking Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 but not Kv1.5; (4) Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of the Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 but not Kv1.5 potassium channels on microglia migration both in BV2 and primary cell cultures.
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Gattlen C, Deftu AF, Tonello R, Ling Y, Berta T, Ristoiu V, Suter MR. The inhibition of Kir2.1 potassium channels depolarizes spinal microglial cells, reduces their proliferation, and attenuates neuropathic pain. Glia 2020; 68:2119-2135. [PMID: 32220118 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal microglia change their phenotype and proliferate after nerve injury, contributing to neuropathic pain. For the first time, we have characterized the electrophysiological properties of microglia and the potential role of microglial potassium channels in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. We observed a strong increase of inward currents restricted at 2 days after injury associated with hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential (RMP) in microglial cells compared to later time-points and naive animals. We identified pharmacologically and genetically the current as being mediated by Kir2.1 ion channels whose expression at the cell membrane is increased 2 days after SNI. The inhibition of Kir2.1 with ML133 and siRNA reversed the RMP hyperpolarization and strongly reduced the currents of microglial cells 2 days after SNI. These electrophysiological changes occurred coincidentally to the peak of microglial proliferation following nerve injury. In vitro, ML133 drastically reduced the proliferation of BV2 microglial cell line after both 2 and 4 days in culture. In vivo, the intrathecal injection of ML133 significantly attenuated the proliferation of microglia and neuropathic pain behaviors after nerve injury. In summary, our data implicate Kir2.1-mediated microglial proliferation as an important therapeutic target in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gattlen
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandru-Florian Deftu
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raquel Tonello
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuejuan Ling
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, University of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Violeta Ristoiu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marc René Suter
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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The role of convergent ion channel pathways in microglial phenotypes: a systematic review of the implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:259. [PMID: 30498192 PMCID: PMC6265266 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in the activated state of microglia, the main neuroimmune cells, are widely reported in the brains of patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Microglia transform from the resting to the activated state by sensing their environment, aided by a variety of ion channels. To examine the effect of ion channels on microglial phenotypes, we conducted a systematic review of immunohistochemical analyses of these neuroimmune cells in animal models following administration of ion channel antagonists, compared to control conditions. A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases using the PRISMA and WHO methodologies for systematic reviews yielded 15 original peer-reviewed studies. The majority (13 out of 15) of these studies reported a decrease in microglial activated state after ion signaling pharmacological blockade. The studies provide evidence that acute administration of ion channel antagonists leads to a reduction in microglial activation in rodent brains in the models for epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, inflammation, pain, ischemia, and brain and spinal cord injury. Future research should explore microglial-specific druggable targets for neurological and psychiatric disorders. The investigation of acute and chronic administration of ion channel antagonists in microglial phenotypes in primates and the development of microglia-like cells derived from human stem cells could be valuable sources in this direction.
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