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Wang C, Lu Z, Zhang J, Chen X, Xu J, Zhang B, Dong J, Ren J, Xu C, Gao C, Guo X, Wu J, Ma J. The Relationship between Low-Sodium Salt Intake and Both Blood Pressure Level and Hypertension in Chinese Residents. Nutrients 2024; 16:1909. [PMID: 38931264 PMCID: PMC11206867 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to common salt, low-sodium salt can reduce blood pressure to varying degrees. However, the exact dosage relationship remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the dose-response relationships between low-sodium salt intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as the risk of hypertension, and to determine the optimal range for low-sodium salt intake. We investigated the basic characteristics and dietary profile of 350 individuals who consumed low-sodium salt. The samples were divided into three groups according to the 33.3rd and 66.6th percentiles of low-sodium salt intake in condiments (Q1: <4.72 g/d, Q2: ≥4.72 g/d, and <6.88 g/d, and Q3: ≥6.88 g/d). The restricted cubic spline results indicated that low-sodium salt intake decreased linearly with SBP and DBP, while low-sodium intake demonstrated a non-linear, L-shaped relationship with the risk of hypertension, with a safe range of 5.81 g to 7.66 g. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that compared with group Q1, the DBP in group Q2 decreased by 2.843 mmHg (95%CI: -5.552, -0.133), and the SBP in group Q3 decreased by 4.997 mmHg (95%CI: -9.136, -0.858). Exploratory subgroup analyses indicated that low-sodium salt intake had a significant impact on reducing SBP in males, DBP in females, SBP in rural populations, and DBP in urban populations. The intake of low-sodium salt adheres to the principle of moderation, with 5.81-7.66 g potentially serving as a pivotal threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Zilong Lu
- The Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.D.); (J.R.); (C.X.); (C.G.)
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- The Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.D.); (J.R.); (C.X.); (C.G.)
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianwei Xu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Bingyin Zhang
- The Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.D.); (J.R.); (C.X.); (C.G.)
| | - Jing Dong
- The Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.D.); (J.R.); (C.X.); (C.G.)
| | - Jie Ren
- The Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.D.); (J.R.); (C.X.); (C.G.)
| | - Chunxiao Xu
- The Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.D.); (J.R.); (C.X.); (C.G.)
| | - Congcong Gao
- The Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.D.); (J.R.); (C.X.); (C.G.)
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- The Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.D.); (J.R.); (C.X.); (C.G.)
| | - Jing Wu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Jixiang Ma
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
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Li S, Shi Y, Yuan S, Ruan J, Pan H, Ma M, Huang G, Ji Q, Zhong Y, Jiang T. Inhibiting the MAPK pathway improves heart failure with preserved ejection fraction induced by salt-sensitive hypertension. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115987. [PMID: 38056241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for almost 50% of HF, and hypertension is one of the pathogenies. The MAPK signaling pathway is closely linked to heart failure and hypertension; however, its function in HEpEF resulting from salt-sensitive hypertension is not well understood. In this work, a salt-sensitive hypertension-induced HEpEF model was established based on deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) hypertension mice. The impact of the MAPK inhibitor (Doramapimod) on HEpEF induced by salt-sensitive hypertension was assessed through various measures, such as blood pressure, transthoracic echocardiography, running distance, and histological analysis, to determine its therapeutic effectiveness on cardiac function. In addition, the effects of high salt on myogenic cells were also evaluated in vitro using qRTPCR. The LV ejection fractions (LVEF) in DOCA-salt hypertension mice were over 50%, indicating that the salt-sensitive hypertension-induced HFpEF model was successful. RNA-seq revealed that the MAPK signaling pathway was upregulated in the HFpEF model compared with the normal mice, accompanied by hypertension, impaired running distance, restricted cardiac function, increased cross-sectional and fibrosis area, and upregulation of heart failure biomarkers, including GAL-3, LDHA and BNP. The application of Doramapimod could improve blood pressure, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis, as well as decrease the aforementioned heart failure biomarkers. The qRTPCR results showed similar findings to these observations. Our findings suggest that the use of a MAPK inhibitor (Doramapimod) could be a potential treatment for salt-sensitive hypertension-induced HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Shanshan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Jiangwen Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Honglian Pan
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Mengxiao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Guoxiu Huang
- Health Management Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Guangxi Health Examination Center, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
| | - You Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, China; Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Tongmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
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