1
|
Bikangui R, Parkouda S, More A, Magossou Mbadinga MV, Boussoukou IPM, Ondo GN, Nkoma AMM, Adamou R, Honkpehedji YJ, Rossatanga EG, Ushijima Y, Abe H, Lell B, Dejon-Agobé JC, Yasuda J, Adegnika AA. Molecular surveillance for dengue serotypes among the population living in Moyen-Ogooué province, Gabon; evidence of the presence of dengue serotype 1. Virol J 2024; 21:141. [PMID: 38902719 PMCID: PMC11191199 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite dengue virus (DENV) outbreak in Gabon a decade ago, less is known on the potential circulation of DENV serotypes in the country. Previous studies conducted in some areas of the country, are limited to hospital-based surveys which reported the presence of some cases of serotype 2 and 3 seven years ago and more recently the serotype 1. As further investigation, we extend the survey to the community of Moyen Ogooué region with the aim to assess the presence of the dengue virus serotypes, additionally to characterize chikungunya (CHIKV) infection and describe the symptomatology associated with infections. METHOD A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April 2020 to March 2021. The study included participants of both sexes and any age one year and above, with fever or history of fever in the past seven days until blood collection. Eligible volunteers were clinically examined, and blood sample was collected for the detection of DENV and CHIKV using RT-qPCR. Positive samples were selected for the target sequencing. RESULTS A total of 579 volunteers were included. Their mean age (SD) was 20 (20) years with 55% of them being female. Four cases of DENV infection were diagnosed giving a prevalence of 0.7% (95%CI: 0.2-1.8) in our cohort while no case of CHIKV was detected. The common symptoms and signs presented by the DENV cases included fatigue, arthralgia myalgia, cough, and loss of appetite. DENV-1was the only virus detected by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the presence of active dengue infection in the region, particularly DENV-1, and could suggest the decline of DENV-2 and DENV-3. Continuous surveillance remains paramount to comprehensively describe the extent of dengue serotypes distribution in the Moyen-Ogooué region of Gabon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Bikangui
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.
- École doctorale régionale d'Afrique centrale en Infectiologie tropicale, Franceville, Gabon.
| | | | - Ayong More
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafiou Adamou
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Yabo Josiane Honkpehedji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Yuri Ushijima
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Science, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruka Abe
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vietnam Research Station, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- École doctorale régionale d'Afrique centrale en Infectiologie tropicale, Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Poungou N, Sevidzem SL, Koumba AA, Koumba CRZ, Mbehang P, Onanga R, Zahouli JZB, Maganga GD, Djogbénou LS, Borrmann S, Adegnika AA, Becker SC, Mavoungou JF, Nguéma RM. Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses Occurrence and Distribution in the Last Three Decades in Central Africa: A Systematic Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 12:4. [PMID: 38276174 PMCID: PMC10819313 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses represent a real public health problem globally and in the Central African subregion in particular, which represents a high-risk zone for the emergence and re-emergence of arbovirus outbreaks. Furthermore, an updated review on the current arbovirus burden and associated mosquito vectors is lacking for this region. To contribute to filling this knowledge gap, the current study was designed with the following objectives: (i) to systematically review data on the occurrence and distribution of arboviruses and mosquito fauna; and (ii) to identify potential spillover mosquito species in the Central African region in the last 30 years. A web search enabled the documentation of 2454 articles from different online databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) and the quality of reporting of meta-analyses (QUORUM) steps for a systematic review enabled the selection of 164 articles that fulfilled our selection criteria. Of the six arboviruses (dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and West Nile virus (WNV)) of public health concern studied, the most frequently reported were chikungunya and dengue. The entomological records showed >248 species of mosquitoes regrouped under 15 genera, with Anopheles (n = 100 species), Culex (n = 56 species), and Aedes (n = 52 species) having high species diversity. Three genera were rarely represented, with only one species included, namely, Orthopodomyia, Lutzia, and Verrallina, but individuals of the genera Toxorhinchites and Finlayas were not identified at the species level. We found that two Aedes species (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) colonised the same microhabitat and were involved in major epidemics of the six medically important arboviruses, and other less-frequently identified mosquito genera consisted of competent species and were associated with outbreaks of medical and zoonotic arboviruses. The present study reveals a high species richness of competent mosquito vectors that could lead to the spillover of medically important arboviruses in the region. Although epidemiological studies were found, they were not regularly documented, and this also applies to vector competence and transmission studies. Future studies will consider unpublished information in dissertations and technical reports from different countries to allow their information to be more consistent. A regional project, entitled "Ecology of Arboviruses" (EcoVir), is underway in three countries (Gabon, Benin, and Cote d'Ivoire) to generate a more comprehensive epidemiological and entomological data on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Poungou
- Ecole Doctorale Regionale en Infectiologie Tropical de Franceville (EDR), University of Science and Technique of Masuku (USTM), Franceville P.O. Box 943, Gabon;
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
| | - Silas Lendzele Sevidzem
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
| | - Aubin Armel Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Christophe Roland Zinga Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Phillipe Mbehang
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Richard Onanga
- Center of Interdisciplinary Medical Analysis of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Julien Zahouli Bi Zahouli
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké 01 BPV 18, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Gael Darren Maganga
- Center of Interdisciplinary Medical Analysis of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Luc Salako Djogbénou
- Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Ouidah P.O. Box 384, Benin
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné P.O. Box 242, Gabon
| | - Stefanie C. Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Rodrigue Mintsa Nguéma
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agbodzi B, Sado Yousseu FB, Nemg Simo FB, Kumordjie S, Yeboah C, Mosore MT, Bentil RE, Coatsworth HG, Attram N, Nimo-Paintsil S, Fox AT, Bonney JHK, Ampofo W, Dinglasan RR, Sanders T, Wiley MR, Demanou M, Letizia AG. Whole genome sequencing of outbreak strains from 2017 to 2018 reveals an endemic clade of dengue 1 virus in Cameroon. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2281352. [PMID: 37933502 PMCID: PMC10732222 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2281352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is expanding as a global public health threat including countries within Africa. For the past few decades, Cameroon has experienced sporadic cases of arboviral infections including dengue fever. Here, we conducted genomic analyses to investigate the origin and phylogenetic profile of Cameroon DENV-1 outbreak strains and predict the impact of emerging therapeutics on these strains. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic inference approaches were employed in virus evolutionary analyses. An in silico analysis was performed to assess the divergence in immunotherapeutic and vaccine targets in the new genomes. Six complete DENV-1 genomes were generated from 50 samples that met a clinical definition for DENV infection. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the strains from the current study belong to a sub-lineage of DENV-1 genotype V and form a monophyletic taxon with a 2012 strain from Gabon. The most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the Cameroon and Gabon strains was estimated to have existed around 2008. Comparing our sequences to the vaccine strains, 19 and 15 amino acid (aa) substitutions were observed in the immuno-protective prM-E protein segments of the Dengvaxia® and TetraVax-DV-TV003 vaccines, respectively. Epitope mapping revealed mismatches in aa residues at positions E155 and E161 located in the epitope of the human anti-DENV-1 monoclonal antibody HMAb 1F4. The new DENV strains constitute a conserved genomic pool of viruses endemic to the Central African region that needs prospective monitoring to track local viral evolution. Further work is needed to ascertain the performance of emerging therapeutics in DENV strains from the African region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bright Agbodzi
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Clara Yeboah
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Heather G. Coatsworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Naiki Attram
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Anne T. Fox
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph H. K. Bonney
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ampofo
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rhoel R. Dinglasan
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Terrel Sanders
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ali IM, Tchuenkam VPK, Colton M, Stittleburg V, Mitchell C, Gaither C, Thwai K, Espinoza DO, Zhu Y, Jamal H, Key A, Juliano JJ, Christopher TB, Piantadosi A, Waggoner JJ, Collins MH. Arboviruses as an unappreciated cause of non-malarial acute febrile illness in the Dschang Health District of western Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010790. [PMID: 36223421 PMCID: PMC9591055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute febrile illness is a common problem managed by clinicians and health systems globally, particularly in the Tropics. In many regions, malaria is a leading and potentially deadly cause of fever; however, myriad alternative etiologies exist. Identifying the cause of fever allows optimal management, but this depends on many factors including thorough knowledge of circulating infections. Arboviruses such as dengue (DENV) cause fever and may be underdiagnosed in sub-Saharan Africa where malaria is a major focus. We examined cases of fever in western Cameroon that tested negative for malaria and found 13.5% (13/96) were due to DENV, with 75% (9/12) of these being DENV serotype 2 infections. Two complete DENV2 genomes were obtained and clustered closely to recent isolates from Senegal and Burkina Faso. The seroprevalence of DENV in this region was 24.8% (96/387). Neutralizing antibodies to DENV2 were detected in all (15/15) seropositive samples tested. Chikungunya (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, the same principal vector as DENV. The seroprevalence for CHIKV was 15.7% (67/427); however, CHIKV did not cause a single case of fever in the 96 subjects tested. Of note, being seropositive for one arbovirus was associated with being seropositive for the other (Χ2 = 16.8, p<0.001). Taken together, these data indicate that Aedes-transmitted arboviruses are endemic in western Cameroon and are likely a common but underappreciated cause of febrile illness. This work supports the need for additional study of arboviruses in sub-Saharan Africa and efforts to improve diagnostic capacity, surveillance systems, and arbovirus prevention strategies. Acute illness with fever is common but can be challenging for clinicians to manage, particularly in resource-limited settings. In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is a major cause of fever, but other causes of fever are poorly documented or monitored, which impairs optimal medical care to patients and implementation of public health interventions to control leading causes of disease. Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are a prevalent and expanding problem throughout the tropics and beyond; however, there is concern that these infections frequently go undetected in sub-Saharan Africa. We discovered a previously unrecognized outbreak of dengue virus in western Cameroon by testing remnant samples from over 400 patients that presented with fever. Our results indicate that dengue has circulated in this region for decades with little recognition. This study adds important information about causes of fever in sub-Saharan Africa and advocates for increasing investment in surveillance systems and prevention strategies for mosquito-borne viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Innocent M. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region of Cameroon, Cameroon
| | - Valery P. K. Tchuenkam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region of Cameroon, Cameroon
| | - Mia Colton
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victoria Stittleburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cedar Mitchell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Claudia Gaither
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kyaw Thwai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Espinoza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yerun Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Haaris Jamal
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Autum Key
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Juliano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tume B. Christopher
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region of Cameroon, Cameroon
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jesse J. Waggoner
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Collins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Mony R, Demanou M, Keumezeu-Tsafack J, Bamou R, Awono-Ambene P, Bilong Bilong CF, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Assessment of Dengue and Chikungunya Infections among Febrile Patients Visiting Four Healthcare Centres in Yaoundé and Dizangué, Cameroon. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102127. [PMID: 36298682 PMCID: PMC9612120 DOI: 10.3390/v14102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue and chikungunya are now widely distributed in Cameroon, but there is still not enough information on their prevalence in different epidemiological settings. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of dengue and chikungunya in both urban and rural settings in Cameroon using three diagnostic tools. From December 2019 to September 2021, willing febrile (temperature >38 °C) outpatients visiting four healthcare facilities in the cities of Yaoundé and Dizangué were screened for dengue, and chikungunya. Clinical features of patient were recorded in a form, and their blood samples were analysed using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR), rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA). Odds ratios were used to determine the level of association between socio-demographic factors, clinical features, and infection status. The Kappa coefficient permitted to assess the level of agreement between RDTs and ELISA. Overall, 301 febrile patients were recruited in the study: 198 in Yaoundé and 103 in Dizangué. The prevalence of infection varied with the diagnostic tool used. For dengue diagnostics, 110 patients were positive to rtRT-PCR: 90 (45.45%) in Yaoundé, and 20 (19.42%) in Dizangué. The prevalence of dengue IgM using ELISA varied from 22.3% in Dizangué to 30.8% in Yaoundé. Dengue IgM rate using RDTs was 7.6% in Yaoundé and 3.9% in Dizangué. For chikungunya, one (0.5%) patient (Yaoundé, suburb) was positive to rtRT-PCR. The prevalence of chikungunya IgM according to ELISA varied from 18.4% in Dizangué to 21.7% in Yaoundé, while it was 4.5% in Yaoundé and 12.6% in Dizangué with RDTs. Only abdominal and retro-orbital pains were significantly associated with acute dengue infection. All four dengue serotypes were recorded, with a predominance of DENV-3 (35.45%) and DENV-4 (25.45%). Rapid Diagnostic Tests for either chikungunya or dengue displayed very poor sensitivity. This study further confirms the high endemicity of both dengue and chikungunya in Yaoundé and Dizangué. These data stress the need for active surveillance and the implementation of vector control measures to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks across the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mariette Nana-Ndjangwo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (S.M.N.-N.); (C.A.-N.)
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Ruth Mony
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Demanou
- World Health Organization, IST West Africa, Ouagadougou P.O. Box 7019, Burkina Faso
| | - Joyce Keumezeu-Tsafack
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
| | - Charles Félix Bilong Bilong
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Correspondence: (S.M.N.-N.); (C.A.-N.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo MS, Nchoutpouen E, Makoudjou I, Ngangue-Siewe IN, Talipouo A, Mayi MPA, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji C, Tchuinkam T, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Aedes Mosquito Surveillance Using Ovitraps, Sweep Nets, and Biogent Traps in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon. INSECTS 2022; 13:793. [PMID: 36135494 PMCID: PMC9500714 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arbovirus diseases represent a significant public health problem in Cameroon and vector surveillance is a key component of prevention strategies. However, there is still not enough evidence of the efficacy of different sampling methods used to monitor Aedes mosquito population dynamic in different epidemiological settings. The present study provides data on the evaluation of ovitraps and different adult sampling methods in the city of Yaoundé and its close vicinity. Entomological surveys were carried out from February 2020 to March 2021 in two urban (Obili, Mvan), two peri-urban (Simbock, Ahala), and two rural (Lendom, Elig-essomballa) sites in the city of Yaoundé. The efficacy of three sampling methods, namely ovitraps, Biogent Sentinel trap, and sweep nets, was evaluated. Different ovitrap indices were used to assess the infestation levels across study sites; a general linear model was used to determine if there are statistical differences between positive ovitraps across ecological zones. A total of 16,264 Aedes mosquitoes were collected during entomological surveys. Ovitraps provided the highest mosquito abundance (15,323; 91.14%) and the highest species diversity. Of the five Aedes species collected, Aedes albopictus (59.74%) was the most commonly recorded in both urban and rural settings. Different Aedes species were collected in the same ovitrap. The ovitrap positivity index was high in all sites and varied from 58.3% in Obili in the urban area to 86.08% in Lendom in the rural area. The egg density index varied from 6.42 in Mvan (urban site) to 13.70 in Lendom (rural area). Adult sampling methods recorded mostly Aedes albopictus. The present study supports high infestation of Aedes species in the city of Yaoundé. Ovitraps were highly efficient in detecting Aedes distribution across study sites. The situation calls for regular surveillance and control of Aedes population to prevent sudden occurrence of outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
| | - Mariette Stella Nana-Ndjangwo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Idene Makoudjou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Idriss Nasser Ngangue-Siewe
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Global prevalence of dengue and chikungunya coinfection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43,341 participants. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106408. [PMID: 35305942 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dengue and chikungunya virus are important arboviruses of public health concern. In the past decades, they have accounted for numerous outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya in different parts of the world. Several cases of concurrent infection of dengue and chikungunya have been documented. However, the true burden of this concurrent infection is unknown. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data on the prevalence of dengue and chikungunya coinfection in the human population was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Six electronic databases (Web of science, Embase, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched without year or language restrictions for relevant studies. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020175344). Eighty-three studies involving a total of 43,341 participants were included. The random-effects model was employed to calculate the summary estimates. A pooled global prevalence of 2.5% (95% CI: 1.8-3.4) was obtained for dengue and chikungunya coinfection. Males and females appear to be coinfected at a fairly similar rate. Among the regions, Asia accounted for the highest prevalence (3.3%, 95% CI: 2.3-4.6) while North America was the least (0.8%, 95% CI: 0.3-2.4). The prevalence estimates varied across different countries. A much higher prevalence rates were obtained for Colombia (37.4%, 95% CI: 9.1-78.1), Madagascar (18.2%, 95% CI: 10.1-30.6), Laos (12.5%, 95% CI: 5.3-26.7), Maldives (4.5%, 95% CI: 1.5-13.0) and Thailand (3.7%, 95% CI: 0.4-26.3). This first extensive systematic review and meta-analysis reveals dengue and chikungunya coinfection as a global problem worthy of consideration. It is therefore pertinent that both infections be assessed during diagnosis, mosquito vector control practices be implemented, and vaccine development strides be supported globally.
Collapse
|
8
|
Djeunang Dongho GB, Venturi G, Fortuna C, Paganotti GM, Severini C, L’Episcopia M, Tsapi AT, Benedetti E, Marsili G, Amendola A, Rezza G, Sobze MS, Russo G. Dengue and Chikungunya virus circulation in Cameroon and Gabon: molecular evidence among symptomatic individuals. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000340. [PMID: 35812708 PMCID: PMC9260096 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the molecular evidence of dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in symptomatic individuals in Cameroon and Gabon, respectively. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are distributed in the tropical or subtropical regions, with DENV having the highest burden. The morbidity and mortality related to arboviral diseases raise the concern of timely and efficient surveillance and care. Our aim was to assess the circulation of arboviruses [DENV, CHIKV, Zika virus (ZIKV)] among febrile patients in Dschang (West Cameroon) and Kyé-ossi (South Cameroon, border with Gabon and Equatorial Guinea). Dried blood spots were collected from 601 consenting febrile patients, and 194 Plasmodium spp.-negative samples were tested for the molecular detection of cases of DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV infection. Overall, no case of ZIKV infection was found, whereas one case of DENV infection and one case of CHIKV infection were detected in Dschang and Kyé-ossi, respectively, with the CHIKV-infected patient being resident in Gabon. Our findings suggest the need to establish an active surveillance of arbovirus transmission in Cameroon and bordering countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghyslaine Bruna Djeunang Dongho
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fortuna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Maria Paganotti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Botswana Upenn-Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Carlo Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Armand Tiotsia Tsapi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Benedetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Sanou Sobze
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gianluca Russo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nemg FBS, Abanda NN, Yonga MG, Ouapi D, Samme IE, Djoumetio MD, Endegue-Zanga MC, Demanou M, Njouom R. Sustained circulation of yellow fever virus in Cameroon: an analysis of laboratory surveillance data, 2010-2020. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:418. [PMID: 35488234 PMCID: PMC9055699 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The re-emergence of yellow fever poses a serious public health risk to unimmunized communities in the tropical regions of Africa and South America and unvaccinated travelers visiting these regions. This risk is further accentuated by the likely spread of the virus to areas with potential for yellow fever transmission such as in Asia, Europe, and North America. To mitigate this risk, surveillance of yellow fever is pivotal. We performed an analysis of laboratory-based surveillance of yellow fever suspected cases in Cameroon during 2010-2020 to characterize the epidemiology of yellow fever cases and define health districts at high risk. METHOD We reviewed IgM capture ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) test results of all suspected yellow fever patients analyzed at Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, the national yellow fever testing laboratory, during 2010-2020. RESULTS Of the 20,261 yellow fever suspected patient's samples that were tested, yellow fever IgM antibodies were detected in 360 patients representing an annual average of 33 cases/year. A major increase in YF IgM positive cases was observed in 2015 and in 2016 followed by a decrease in cases to below pre-2015 levels. The majority of the 2015 cases occurred during the latter part of the year while those in 2016, occurred between February and May. This trend may be due to an increase in transmission that began in late 2015 and continued to early 2016 or due to two separate transmission events. In 2016, where the highest number of cases were detected, 60 health districts in the 10 regions of Cameroon were affected with the Littoral, Northwest and, Far North regions being the most affected. After 2016, the number of detected yellow fever IgM positive cases dropped. CONCLUSION Our study shows that yellow fever transmission continues to persist and seems to be occurring all over Cameroon with all 10 regions under surveillance reporting a case. Preventive measures such as mass vaccination campaigns and routine childhood immunizations are urgently needed to increase population immunity. The diagnostic limitations in our analysis highlight the need to strengthen laboratory capacity and improve case investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngu Njei Abanda
- Virology Unit, Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, 451 Rue 2005, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Martial Gide Yonga
- Virology Unit, Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, 451 Rue 2005, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Diane Ouapi
- Virology Unit, Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, 451 Rue 2005, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ivis Ewang Samme
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Maurice Demanou
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team West Africa, 03 BP 7019, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Unit, Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, 451 Rue 2005, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Uncovering the Burden of Dengue in Africa: Considerations on Magnitude, Misdiagnosis, and Ancestry. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020233. [PMID: 35215827 PMCID: PMC8877195 DOI: 10.3390/v14020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a re-emerging neglected disease of major public health importance. This review highlights important considerations for dengue disease in Africa, including epidemiology and underestimation of disease burden in African countries, issues with malaria misdiagnosis and co-infections, and potential evidence of genetic protection from severe dengue disease in populations of African descent. The findings indicate that dengue virus prevalence in African countries and populations may be more widespread than reported data suggests, and that the Aedes mosquito vectors appear to be increasing in dissemination and number. Changes in climate, population, and plastic pollution are expected to worsen the dengue situation in Africa. Dengue misdiagnosis is also a problem in Africa, especially due to the typical non-specific clinical presentation of dengue leading to misdiagnosis as malaria. Finally, research suggests that a protective genetic component against severe dengue exists in African descent populations, but further studies should be conducted to strengthen this association in various populations, taking into consideration socioeconomic factors that may contribute to these findings. The main takeaway is that Africa should not be overlooked when it comes to dengue, and more attention and resources should be devoted to this disease in Africa.
Collapse
|
11
|
Simo Tchetgna H, Sado Yousseu F, Kamgang B, Tedjou A, McCall PJ, Wondji CS. Concurrent circulation of dengue serotype 1, 2 and 3 among acute febrile patients in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009860. [PMID: 34695135 PMCID: PMC8568189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute febrile patients presenting at hospitals in Douala, Cameroon between July and December 2020, were screened for dengue infections using real time RT-PCR on fragments of the 5’ and 3’ UTR genomic regions. In total, 12.8% (41/320) of cases examined were positive for dengue. Dengue virus 3 (DENV-3) was the most common serotype found (68.3%), followed by DENV-2 (19.5%) and DENV-1 (4.9%). Co-infections of DENV-3 and DENV-2 were found in 3 cases. Jaundice and headache were the most frequent clinical signs associated with infection and 56% (23/41) of the cases were co-infections with malaria. Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene identified DENV-1 as belonging to genotype V, DENV-2 to genotype II and DENV-3 to genotype III. The simultaneous occurrence of three serotypes in Douala reveals dengue as a serious public health threat for Cameroon and highlights the need for further epidemiological studies in the major cities of this region. Acute febrile patients presenting at hospitals in Douala, Cameroon between July and December 2020, were screened for dengue infections by Polymerase chain reaction. In total, 12.8% (41/320) of cases examined were infected by dengue virus. Dengue virus 3 (DENV-3) was the most common serotype found (68.3%), followed by DENV-2 (19.5%) and DENV-1 (4.9%). Co-infections of DENV-3 and DENV-2 were found in 3 cases. Jaundice and headache were the most frequent clinical signs associated with infection and 56% (23/41) of the cases were co-infections with malaria. The simultaneous occurrence of three serotypes in Douala reveals dengue as a serious public health threat for Cameroon and highlights the need for further epidemiological studies in the major cities of this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francine Sado Yousseu
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Buéa, Buéa, Cameroon
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Armel Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Philip J. McCall
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Nchoutpouen E, Cornel AJ, Awono-Ambene P, Parola P, Tchuinkam T, Antonio-Nkondjio C. An update on the mosquito fauna and mosquito-borne diseases distribution in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:527. [PMID: 34635176 PMCID: PMC8507310 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya in the past 15 years has ignited the need for active surveillance of common and neglected mosquito-borne infectious diseases. The surveillance should be designed to detect diseases and to provide relevant field-based data for developing and implementing effective control measures to prevent outbreaks before significant public health consequences can occur. Mosquitoes are important vectors of human and animal pathogens, and knowledge on their biodiversity and distribution in the Afrotropical region is needed for the development of evidence-based vector control strategies. Following a comprehensive literature search, an inventory of the diversity and distribution of mosquitoes as well as the different mosquito-borne diseases found in Cameroon was made. A total of 290 publications/reports and the mosquito catalogue website were consulted for the review. To date, about 307 species, four subspecies and one putative new species of Culicidae, comprising 60 species and one putative new species of Anopheles, 67 species and two subspecies of Culex, 77 species and one subspecies of Aedes, 31 species and one subspecies of Eretmapodites, two Mansonia, eight Coquillettidia, and 62 species with unknown medical and veterinary importance (Toxorhynchites, Uranotaenia, Mimomyia, Malaya, Hodgesia, Ficalbia, Orthopodomyia, Aedeomyia, and Culiseta and Lutzia) have been collected in Cameroon. Multiple mosquito species implicated in the transmission of pathogens within Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Eretmapodites, Mansonia, and Coquillettidia have been reported in Cameroon. Furthermore, the presence of 26 human and zoonotic arboviral diseases, one helminthic disease, and two protozoal diseases has been reported. Information on the bionomics, taxonomy, and distribution of mosquito species will be useful for the development of integrated vector management programmes for the surveillance and elimination of mosquito-borne diseases in Cameroon. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. .,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France. .,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Stella Mariette Nana-Ndjangwo
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie et d'écologie, Université de Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Antony John Cornel
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Phillipe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Agbodzi B, Yousseu FBS, Simo FBN, Kumordjie S, Yeboah C, Mosore MT, Bentil RE, Prieto K, Colston SM, Attram N, Nimo-Paintsil S, Fox AT, Bonney JHK, Ampofo W, Coatsworth HG, Dinglasan RR, Wolfe DM, Wiley MR, Demanou M, Letizia AG. Chikungunya viruses containing the A226V mutation detected retrospectively in Cameroon form a new geographical subclade. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113:65-73. [PMID: 34592442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging arbovirus associated with sporadic outbreaks in Cameroon since 2006. Viral whole genomes were generated to analyze the origins of evolutionary lineages, the potential of emergence/re-emergence, and to infer transmission dynamics of recent Cameroon CHIKV outbreak strains. METHODS Samples collected between 2016 and 2019 during CHIKV outbreaks in Cameroon were screened for CHIKV using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), followed by whole genome sequencing of positive samples. RESULTS Three coding-complete CHIKV genomes were obtained from samples, which belong to an emerging sub-lineage of the East/Central/South African genotype and formed a monophyletic taxon with previous Central African strains. This clade, which we have named the new Central African clade, appears to be evolving at 3.0 × 10-4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (95% highest posterior density (HPD) interval of 1.94 × 10-4 to 4.1 × 10-4). Notably, mutations in the envelope proteins (E1-A226V, E2-L210Q, and E2-I211T), which are known to enhance CHIKV adaptability and infectious potential in Aedes albopictus, were present in all strains and mapped to established high-density Ae. albopictus populations. CONCLUSIONS These new CHIKV strains constitute a conserved genomic pool of an emerging sub-lineage, reflecting a putative vector host adaptation to Ae. albopictus, which has practically displaced Aedes aegypti from select regions of Cameroon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bright Agbodzi
- US Naval Medical Research Unit - No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | | | | | - Clara Yeboah
- US Naval Medical Research Unit - No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Ronald E Bentil
- US Naval Medical Research Unit - No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Karla Prieto
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Agricultural Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sophie M Colston
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, USA
| | - Naiki Attram
- US Naval Medical Research Unit - No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Anne T Fox
- US Naval Medical Research Unit - No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph H K Bonney
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ampofo
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- University of Florida Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David M Wolfe
- US Naval Medical Research Unit - No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael R Wiley
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Agricultural Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Andrew G Letizia
- US Naval Medical Research Unit - No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo MS, Tchuinkam T, Makoudjou I, Nchoutpouen E, Kopya E, Talipouo A, Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji C, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Aedes Mosquito Distribution along a Transect from Rural to Urban Settings in Yaoundé, Cameroon. INSECTS 2021; 12:819. [PMID: 34564259 PMCID: PMC8471432 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The surveillance of mosquito vectors is important for the control of arboviruses diseases worldwide. Detailed information on the bionomics and distribution of their main vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, is essential for assessing disease transmission risk and for better planning of control interventions. METHODS Entomological surveys were carried out from November 2019 to November 2020 in six localities of Yaoundé city following a transect from urban to rural settings: two urban (Obili, Mvan), two peri-urban (Simbock, Ahala) and two rural areas (Lendom, Elig-essomballa)-during rainy and dry seasons. All water containers were inspected. Aedes mosquito abundance, species distribution and seasonal distribution patterns were compared using generalized linear models. Stegomyia indexes were estimated to determine the risk of arbovirus transmission. RESULTS A total of 6332 mosquitoes larvae were collected (2342 in urban areas, 1694 in peri-urban areas and 2296 in rural sites). Aedes species recorded included Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegytpi, Ae. simpsoni and Aedes spp. High mosquito abundance was registered in the rainy season (4706) compared to the dry season (1626) (p < 0.0001). Ae. albopictus was the most abundant Aedes species in urban (96.89%) and peri-urban (95.09%) sites whereas Ae. aegypti was more prevalent in rural sites (68.56%) (p < 0.0001). Both species were found together in 71 larval habitats. Ae. albopictus was mostly found in discarded tires (42.51%), whereas Ae. aegypti was more prevalent in plastic containers used for storing water (65.87%). The majority of Aedes mosquitoes' breeding places were situated close to human dwellings (0-10 m). CONCLUSION Uncontrolled urbanization seems to greatly favour the presence of Aedes mosquito species around human dwellings in Yaoundé. Controlling Aedes mosquito distribution is becoming urgent to reduce the risk of arbovirus outbreaks in the city of Yaoundé.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon; (B.D.-T.); (T.T.); (R.B.); (M.P.A.M.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (I.M.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Mariette Stella Nana-Ndjangwo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (I.M.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon; (B.D.-T.); (T.T.); (R.B.); (M.P.A.M.)
| | - Idene Makoudjou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (I.M.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (E.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (I.M.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (I.M.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon; (B.D.-T.); (T.T.); (R.B.); (M.P.A.M.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (I.M.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon; (B.D.-T.); (T.T.); (R.B.); (M.P.A.M.)
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (I.M.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Charles Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (E.N.); (C.W.)
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (I.M.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Galani BRT, Mapouokam DW, Simo FBN, Mohamadou H, Chuisseu PDD, Njintang NY, Moundipa PF. Investigation of dengue-malaria coinfection among febrile patients consulting at Ngaoundere Regional Hospital, Cameroon. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3350-3361. [PMID: 33325045 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the seroprevalence of dengue among malarious patients consulting at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital. During 2 months and a half, 174 participants were recruited and their blood samples were screened for Plasmodium spp and then for Dengue virus (DENV) infection using rapid diagnostic tests. Also, hematological asparameters were measured using a hematology autoanalyzer. Among patients tested, 134 (77.01%) were malaria-positive, and 12/134 (8.95%) were coinfected. In this population, 8/12 (66.67%) were only anti-DENV IgM-positive, 3/12 (25%) were both NS1 and anti-DENV IgM positive, and 1/12 (8.33%) were anti-DENV IgG-positive. Furthermore, women were more affected (58.3%) than men (41.7%). The most affected age groups were young people aged less than or equal to 15 years (33.3%) and adults aged between 30 and 45 years (33.3%). A significant association (p < .05; odds ratio [OR] = 5.16) was found between the age range (30-45) and dengue-malaria coinfection. Similarly, we noted a significant association between the coinfection, and joint pain (p < .05; OR = 6.15), fatigue (p < .01; OR = 5.74), and chills (p < .05; OR = 0). Analysis of hematologic parameters showed a significant decrease (p < .001) in platelets in coinfected patients compared with monoinfected patients. In conclusion, dengue-malaria coinfection is a reality in Ngaoundere city and associated with the appearance of clinical features which predict the disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borris R T Galani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Danielle W Mapouokam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Fredy B N Simo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Pascal D D Chuisseu
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Y Njintang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Paul F Moundipa
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo MS, Mavridis K, Talipouo A, Nchoutpouen E, Makoudjou I, Bamou R, Mayi AMP, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, Vontas J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Analyses of Insecticide Resistance Genes in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquito Populations from Cameroon. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060828. [PMID: 34071214 PMCID: PMC8229692 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could pose major challenges for arboviral-borne disease control. In this paper, insecticide susceptibility level and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from urban settings of Cameroon. The F1 progeny of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus collected in Douala, Yaoundé and Dschang from August to December 2020 was tested using WHO tube assays with four insecticides: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, DDT 4% and bendiocarb 0.1%. TaqMan, qPCR and RT-qPCR assays were used to detect kdr mutations and the expression profiles of eight detoxification genes. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Douala were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. Three kdr mutations, F1534C, V1016G and V1016I were detected in Aedes aegypti populations from Douala and Dschang. The kdr allele F1534C was predominant (90%) in Aedes aegypti and was detected for the first time in Aedes albopictus (2.08%). P450s genes, Cyp9J28 (2.23-7.03 folds), Cyp9M6 (1.49-2.59 folds), Cyp9J32 (1.29-3.75 folds) and GSTD4 (1.34-55.3 folds) were found overexpressed in the Douala and Yaoundé Aedes aegypti populations. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus calls for alternative strategies towards the control and prevention of arboviral vector-borne diseases in Cameroon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.-T.); (C.A.-N.)
| | - Mariette Stella Nana-Ndjangwo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Idene Makoudjou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Audrey Marie Paul Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Correspondence: (B.D.-T.); (C.A.-N.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yougang AP, Kamgang B, Bahun TAW, Tedjou AN, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Njiokou F, Wondji CS. First detection of F1534C knockdown resistance mutation in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:152. [PMID: 33138860 PMCID: PMC7607635 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes borne viral diseases, notably dengue, are increasingly reported in Cameroon with Aedes aegypti being a major vector. Data on insecticide resistance of this vector and underlying mechanisms needed for outbreak preparedness remain scarce in Cameroon. Here, we present the nationwide distribution of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti and investigate the potential resistance mechanisms involved. Methods Immature stages of Ae. aegypti were collected between March and July 2017 in 13 locations across Cameroon and reared until G1/G2/G3 generation. Larval, adult bioassays, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist assays were carried out according to World Health Organization guidelines. F1534C mutation was genotyped using allele specific polymerase chain reaction in field collected adults (Go) and the polymorphism of the sodium channel gene was assessed. The χ2 test was used to compare the mortality rate between bioassays with insecticides only and bioassays after preexposure to PBO synergist. Results Larval bioassay revealed that all the three populations tested with temephos were susceptible. Adult bioassays showed a good level of susceptibility toward both pyrethroids tested, 0.25% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin, with six out of 10 populations susceptible. However, two populations (Douala and Edéa) were resistant (deltamethrin [73.2–92.5% mortality], permethrin [2.6–76.3% mortality]). The resistance to 4% dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was observed in four out of 10 populations tested (16.8–87.1% mortality). Resistance was also reported to carbamates including 0.1% propoxur (60.8–87.1% mortality) and to 0.1% bendiocarb (82.9% mortality). All populations tested were fully susceptible to 1% fenitrothion. A partial recovery of susceptibility was observed in the pyrethroid resistant population of Douala after pre-exposed to PBO suggesting the implication of cytochrome P450 monoxygenases permethrin resistance. Genotyping and sequencing detected the F1534C kdr mutation in the two pyrethroid resistant locations of Edéa and Douala, with allelic frequency of 3.3% and 33.3% respectively. However, the high genetic diversity of the sodium channel gene supports the recent introduction of this mutation in Cameroon. Conclusions This study revealed the contrasting resistance profiles to insecticides of Ae. aegypti populations in Cameroon suggesting that, instead of a unique nationwide control approach, a regionally adapted strategy will be needed to control this vector. The localised distribution of the F1534C kdr mutation supports this region-specific control strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie P Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Theodel A Wilson Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Bioecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien-Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Armel N Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Nguiffo-Nguete
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tchuandom SB, Lissom A, Ateba GHM, Tchouangueu TF, Tchakounte C, Ayuk AR, Atabonkeng EP, Ngong AI, Nchinda G, Kuiate JR. Dengue virus serological markers among potential blood donors: an evidence of asymptomatic dengue virus transmission in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:185. [PMID: 32952829 PMCID: PMC7467628 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.185.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction the risk of dengue virus or its antibodies which can be transmitted through blood transfusion by asymptomatic individuals infected, has been a major concern all over the world. Dengue is an endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Cameroon. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of dengue virus (DENV) infection among potential blood donors at Yaounde Jamot Hospital. Methods serum samples were collected from 310 potential adult blood donors aged 18-57 years, who signed a written informed consent and completed the questionnaire between March 2019 and August 2019. This serum is used to screen for the presence of serological markers of DENV infection (NS1, IgM and IgG) using immunochromatographic tests (Zhuhai Encode Medical Engineering Co., Ltd, China). IgM/IgG positive samples were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results the overall prevalence was 24.8% among potential blood donors were subdivided as follows: 4.5% (14/310), 12.3% (38/310) and 6.1% (19/310) showed mono-positivity to DENV-NS1 antigen, anti-DENV IgM and anti-DENV IgG antibodies respectively. 1.9% (6/310) of potential blood donors showed dual positivity to anti-DENV IgM antibodies and anti-DENV IgG antibodies. The presence of DENV-NS1 antigen show asymptomatic viremia of dengue at the time of donation, while the presence of IgG antibodies reflects the high endemicity of dengue disease in the city of Yaoundé. Conclusion these findings demonstrate the high level of risk of the DENV transmission among potential blood donors to needy recipients, underscoring the importance of establishing dengue fever blood screening in different services and blood collection units in Cameroon to improve safety transfusion and control the dissemination of the DENV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Bonsi Tchuandom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.,Public School of Medical Laboratory Technicians, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Abel Lissom
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, CIRCB, Melen-Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Thibau Flaurant Tchouangueu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, CIRCB, Melen-Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Ankiambom Innocent Ngong
- Public School of Medical Laboratory Technicians, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, CIRCB, Melen-Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tedjou AN, Kamgang B, Yougang AP, Wilson-Bahun TA, Njiokou F, Wondji CS. Patterns of Ecological Adaptation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and Stegomyia Indices Highlight the Potential Risk of Arbovirus Transmission in Yaoundé, the Capital City of Cameroon. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060491. [PMID: 32575721 PMCID: PMC7350347 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic of arbovirus vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus remains poorly understood in large cities in central Africa. Here, we compared the larval ecology, geographical distribution and degree of infestation of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Yaoundé, the capital city of Cameroon, and estimated their Stegomyia indices revealing a significant potential risk of arbovirus transmission. An entomological survey was conducted in April-May 2018 in a cluster of houses randomly selected. Each selected house was inspected, the number of inhabitants was recorded, and potential and positive containers for Aedes were characterized. Stegomyia and pupae-based indices were estimated. Overall, 447 houses and 954 containers were inspected comprising 10,801 immature stages of Aedes with 84.95% of Ae. albopictus and 15.05% of Ae. aegypti. Both species bred mainly in discarded tanks and used tyres, associated with turbid water and the presence of plant debris inside containers. Aedes albopictus was the most prevalent species in almost all neighbourhoods. The house index, Breteau index, and container index were higher for Ae. albopictus (38.26%, 71.81%, and 29.61%) compared to those of Ae. aegypti (25.73%, 40.93%, and 16.88%). These indices are high compared to the thresholds established by Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization, which suggests a high potential risk of arbovirus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armel N. Tedjou
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, 15391 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (A.P.Y.); (T.A.W.-B.); (C.S.W.)
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon;
- Correspondence: (A.N.T.); (B.K.)
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, 15391 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (A.P.Y.); (T.A.W.-B.); (C.S.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.T.); (B.K.)
| | - Aurélie P. Yougang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, 15391 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (A.P.Y.); (T.A.W.-B.); (C.S.W.)
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon;
| | - Theodel A. Wilson-Bahun
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, 15391 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (A.P.Y.); (T.A.W.-B.); (C.S.W.)
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon;
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, 15391 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (A.P.Y.); (T.A.W.-B.); (C.S.W.)
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yougang AP, Kamgang B, Tedjou AN, Wilson-Bahun TA, Njiokou F, Wondji CS. Nationwide profiling of insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cameroon. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234572. [PMID: 32555588 PMCID: PMC7302487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an invasive mosquito which has become one of the most important vectors of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses worldwide. This species was reported for the first time in Cameroon in early 2000s and became the dominant Aedes species in the urban areas in the southern part of Cameroon but remain poorly characterized. Here, we assessed the susceptibility profile of A. albopictus collected throughout Cameroon and investigated the potential resistance mechanisms involved. Immature stages of A. albopictus were collected between March and July 2017 in 15 locations across Cameroon and reared until G1/G2 generation. Larval, adult bioassays, and synergists [piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM)] assays were carried out according to WHO recommendations. F1534C mutation was genotyped in field collected adults (Go) using allele specific PCR. All tested populations were susceptible to both larvicides, temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), after larval bioassays. Adult bioassays revealed a high level of resistance of A. albopictus to 4% DDT with mortality rates ranging from 12.42% in Bafang to 75.04% in Kumba. The resistance was reported also in 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.25% permethrin, and 0.1% propoxur in some locations. A loss of susceptibility to 0.1% bendiocarb was found in one of three populations analysed. A full susceptibility to 1% fenitrothion were observed across the country. A full recovery or partial of susceptibility was observed in A. albopictus when pre-exposed to PBO or DEM and then to DDT and permethrin, respectively. The F1534C kdr mutation was not detected in A. albopictus. This study showed that the susceptibility profile of A. albopictus to insecticide vary according to the sampling location and insecticides used. These findings are useful to planning vector control program against arbovirus vectors in Cameroon and can be used as baseline data for further researches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie P. Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Armel N. Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Theodel A. Wilson-Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of vertebrate and invertebrate bioecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien-Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kamgang B, Wilson-Bahun TA, Yougang AP, Lenga A, Wondji CS. Contrasting resistance patterns to type I and II pyrethroids in two major arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Republic of the Congo, Central Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:23. [PMID: 32114983 PMCID: PMC7050138 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-0637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Republic of Congo, with two massive outbreaks of chikungunya observed this decade, little is known about the insecticide resistance profile of the two major arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Here, we established the resistance profile of both species to insecticides and explored the resistance mechanisms to help Congo to better prepare for future outbreaks. METHODS Immature stages of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were sampled in May 2017 in eight cities of the Republic of the Congo and reared to adult stage. Larval and adult bioassays, and synergist (piperonyl butoxide [PBO]) assays were carried out according to WHO guidelines. F1534C mutation was genotyped in field collected adults in both species and the polymorphism of the sodium channel gene assessed in Ae. aegypti. RESULTS All tested populations were susceptible to temephos after larval bioassays. A high resistance level was observed to 4% DDT in both species countrywide (21.9-88.3% mortality). All but one population (Ae. aegypti from Ngo) exhibited resistance to type I pyrethroid, permethrin, but showed a full susceptibility to type II pyrethroid (deltamethrin) in almost all locations. Resistance was also reported to 1% propoxur in Ae. aegypti likewise in two Ae. albopictus populations (Owando and Ouesso), and the remaining were fully susceptible. All populations of both species were fully susceptible to 1% fenitrothion. A full recovery of susceptibility was observed in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus when pre-exposed to PBO and then to propoxur and permethrin respectively. The F1534C kdr mutation was not detected in either species. The high genetic variability of the portion of sodium channel spanning the F1534C in Ae. aegypti further supported that knockdown resistance probably play no role in the permethrin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that both Aedes species were susceptible to organophosphates (temephos and fenitrothion), while for other insecticide classes tested the profile of resistance vary according to the population origin. These findings could help to implement better and efficient strategies to control these species in the Congo in the advent of future arbovirus outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, PO Box 15391, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Theodel A Wilson-Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, PO Box 15391, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Aurelie P Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, PO Box 15391, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Arsene Lenga
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, PO Box 15391, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mouiche MMM, Ntumvi NF, Maptue VT, Tamoufe U, Albert B, Ngum Ndze V, Nwobegahay J, Gillis A, LeBreton M, McIver DJ, Ayukekbong JA, Saylors K, Rubin EM, Lange CE. Evidence of Low-Level Dengue Virus Circulation in the South Region of Cameroon in 2018. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:314-317. [PMID: 31934826 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is an understudied disease in many parts of Africa and little is known about its prevalence in Cameroon. We tested blood from 629 individuals from the South Region of Cameroon, collected over the course of one year, for flavivirus RNA using conventional broad range PCR. Flavivirus RNA corresponding to dengue virus (DENV) serotype 1 was identified in two individuals who were also diagnosed with malaria. This finding confirms previous reports that indicate the presence of low-level circulation of DENV in Cameroon and supports the concern that dengue fever may be underdiagnosed due to more prevalent diseases that have similar symptomology and insufficient diagnostic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bisse Albert
- Sangmelima District Hospital, Sangmelima, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen Saylors
- Metabiota, Inc., San Francisco, California.,Labyrinth, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kamgang B, Vazeille M, Tedjou AN, Wilson-Bahun TA, Yougang AP, Mousson L, Wondji CS, Failloux AB. Risk of dengue in Central Africa: Vector competence studies with Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations and dengue 2 virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007985. [PMID: 31887138 PMCID: PMC6953884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne diseases worldwide but was considered scarce in West-Central Africa. During the last decade, dengue outbreaks have increasingly been reported in urban foci in this region suggesting major epidemiological changes. However, in Central Africa where both vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are well established, the role of each species in dengue transmission remains poorly investigated. Methodology/Principal findings Field-collected strains of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from different ecological settings in Central Africa were experimentally challenged with dengue 2 virus (DENV-2). Mosquitoes were analysed at 14- and 21-days post-infection. Analysis provide evidence that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Central Africa were able to transmit dengue virus with Ae. aegypti exhibiting a higher transmission rate. Unexpectedly, two Ae. aegypti populations from Bénoué and Maroua, in northern Cameroon, were not able to transmit DENV-2. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are susceptible to DENV-2 and may intervene as active dengue vectors. These findings highlight the urgent need to plan a vector surveillance program and control methods against dengue vectors in Central Africa in order to prevent future outbreaks. Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus mainly transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes notably Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. In Central Africa where both vectors, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are well established, the role of each species in dengue transmission remains poorly investigated. Here, we assessed the vector competence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus collected in different ecological settings in Central Africa to transmit dengue 2 virus (DENV-2). We provide evidence that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Central Africa were able to transmit dengue virus with Ae. aegypti exhibiting a higher transmission rate. These findings could increase the risk of dengue outbreak in the region and emphasize the need for a comprehensive vector surveillance program to prevent and preparedness for an intervention in case of outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Marie Vazeille
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Armel N. Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Theodel A. Wilson-Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Aurélie P. Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Laurence Mousson
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|