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Muntyanu A, Milan R, Kaouache M, Ringuet J, Gulliver W, Pivneva I, Royer J, Leroux M, Chen K, Yu Q, Litvinov IV, Griffiths CEM, Ashcroft DM, Rahme E, Netchiporouk E. Tree-Based Machine Learning to Identify Predictors of Psoriasis Incidence at the Neighborhood Level: A Populational Study from Quebec, Canada. Am J Clin Dermatol 2024; 25:497-508. [PMID: 38498268 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-024-00854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a major global health burden affecting ~ 60 million people worldwide. Existing studies on psoriasis focused on individual-level health behaviors (e.g. diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise) and characteristics as drivers of psoriasis risk. However, it is increasingly recognized that health behavior arises in the context of larger social, cultural, economic and environmental determinants of health. We aimed to identify the top risk factors that significantly impact the incidence of psoriasis at the neighborhood level using populational data from the province of Quebec (Canada) and advanced tree-based machine learning (ML) techniques. METHODS Adult psoriasis patients were identified using International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9/10 codes from Quebec (Canada) populational databases for years 1997-2015. Data on environmental and socioeconomic factors 1 year prior to psoriasis onset were obtained from the Canadian Urban Environment Health Consortium (CANUE) and Statistics Canada (StatCan) and were input as predictors into the gradient boosting ML. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC). Parsimonious models and partial dependence plots were determined to assess directionality of the relationship. RESULTS The incidence of psoriasis varied geographically from 1.6 to 325.6/100,000 person-years in Quebec. The parsimonious model (top 9 predictors) had an AUC of 0.77 to predict high psoriasis incidence. Amongst top predictors, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, maximum daily temperature, proportion of females, soil moisture, urbanization, and distance to expressways had a negative association with psoriasis incidence. Nighttime light brightness had a positive association, whereas social and material deprivation indices suggested a higher psoriasis incidence in the middle socioeconomic class neighborhoods. CONCLUSION This is the first study to highlight highly variable psoriasis incidence rates on a jurisdictional level and suggests that living environment, notably climate, vegetation, urbanization and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics may have an association with psoriasis incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Muntyanu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raymond Milan
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohammed Kaouache
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Ringuet
- Centre de Recherche Dermatologique de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Wayne Gulliver
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiuyan Yu
- Ecological and Biological Sciences, Exponent Inc, Menlo Park, USA
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Darren M Ashcroft
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Global Psoriasis Atlas, Manchester, UK
| | - Elham Rahme
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Czarnecki D. Mortality from Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Australia from 1971 to 2021. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:867. [PMID: 38473230 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The number of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) removed from Australians is increasing every year. The number of deaths from NMSC is increasing but so is the population. However, the population has greatly changed with many dark-skinned people migrating to Australia. These people are at low risk for skin cancer even if they live all their lives in Australia. The susceptible population is the rest of the population. The death rate from NMSC for the entire population and susceptible populations since 1971 is examined in this article. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on the Australian population were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Every five years a census is held in Australia and detailed information of the population is provided. The ABS also provided yearly data on the causes of death in Australia. RESULTS The total population increased from 12,755,638 in 1971 to 25,738,140 in 2021. However, the susceptible population increased by far less, from 12,493,780 to 19,773,783. The number of deaths from NMSC increased from 143 to 765. The crude death rate for the susceptible population increased from 1.1 per 100,000 to 3.9 per 100,000. The crude death rate in the susceptible population aged 65 or more increased from 9.4 to 18.2 per 100,000. CONCLUSION Deaths from NMSC are increasing despite public health campaigns to prevent skin cancer. According to current trends, NMSC will cause more deaths than melanoma in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Czarnecki
- Doctors'Care Clinic, 157 Scoresby Rd, Boronia, VIC 3155, Australia
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Adnan M, Akhter MH, Afzal O, Altamimi ASA, Ahmad I, Alossaimi MA, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Haider T, Haider MF. Exploring Nanocarriers as Treatment Modalities for Skin Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:5905. [PMID: 37570875 PMCID: PMC10421083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a progressive disease of multi-factorial origin that has risen worldwide, probably due to changes in lifestyle, food intake, and environmental changes as some of the reasons. Skin cancer can be classified into melanomas from melanocytes and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) from the epidermally-derived cell. Together it constitutes about 95% of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) are creditworthy of 99% of NMSC due to the limited accessibility of conventional formulations in skin cancer cells of having multiple obstacles in treatment reply to this therapeutic regime. Despite this, it often encounters erratic bioavailability and absorption to the target. Nanoparticles developed through nanotechnology platforms could be the better topical skin cancer therapy option. To improve the topical delivery, the nano-sized delivery system is appropriate as it fuses with the cutaneous layer and fluidized membrane; thus, the deeper penetration of therapeutics could be possible to reach the target spot. This review briefly outlooks the various nanoparticle preparations, i.e., liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, transethosomes, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles technologies tested into skin cancer and impede their progress tend to concentrate in the skin layers. Nanocarriers have proved that they can considerably boost medication bioavailability, lowering the frequency of dosage and reducing the toxicity associated with high doses of the medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Adnan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Md. Habban Akhter
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.S.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.S.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manal A. Alossaimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.S.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Tanweer Haider
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior 474005, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Md. Faheem Haider
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India;
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Muntyanu A, Nechaev V, Pastukhova E, Logan J, Rahme E, Zubarev A, Netchiporouk E, Litvinov IV. Burden and geographic distribution of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in the Russian Federation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1197287. [PMID: 37601694 PMCID: PMC10435750 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1197287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The global incidence of lip and oral cavity cancers (OCCs) and oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) is steadily increasing. While tobacco and alcohol consumption are established risk factors, a considerable proportion of these cancers has become attributed to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. We aimed to describe the occurrence and identify potential risk factors of OCCs and OPCs across the Russian Federation during 2007-2018. Methods We conducted an ecological analysis using publicly accessible data from the P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute. Incidence and mortality rates by jurisdiction were mapped for geospatial analysis. We pre-defined 11 potential contributing risk factors and used univariable and multivariable Poisson regression model with backwards stepwise variable selection to identify associated factors with OCC and OPC. Results A total of 190,585 individuals were diagnosed with OCCs and OPCs in Russia between 2007-2018. Non-uniform geographic distribution of cancer cases was noted where the Far Eastern Federal District had the highest rate of OCC and the Central Federal District of OPCs. Districts with high weekly alcohol consumption had significantly higher incidence and mortality rates in both sexes. Districts with high rates of daily smoking had higher incidence of OCC among females, and those with low smoking trends had lower mortality rates for OCCs and OPCs. Conclusion We detail the burden of OCCs and OPCs across Russia, with the aim of elucidating modifiable risk factors and proposing evidence-based prevention strategies. Tobacco/alcohol sales control measures and smoking/drinking cessation programs should continue to be prioritized as public health measures, especially for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Muntyanu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - James Logan
- Geographic Information System (GIS), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elham Rahme
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrei Zubarev
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Muntyanu A, Ghazawi FM, Pastukhova E, Zubarev A, Litvinov IV. National trends in incidence and geographic distribution of melanoma and keratinocyte carcinoma in the Russian Federation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1188038. [PMID: 37547610 PMCID: PMC10397511 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1188038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte Carcinomas (KC), including basal cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, are the most common skin cancers in Fitzpatrick phototype I-III individuals, while melanoma is one of the deadliest skin cancer types. The incidence of both melanoma and KC is increasing in Russia. KCs' incidence increases from north-to-south across the Russian Federation. In contrast, while melanoma's incidence increases from north-to-south in the eastern part of the country, in the west of Russia a reverse latitude gradient trend is noted, where northern more affluent regions of Russia display higher rates of melanoma than the southern jurisdictions. Furthermore, our detailed analysis of incidence by jurisdiction highlights that affluent northern capital cities have higher rates of melanoma than the surrounding regions. The observed melanoma incidence trends in the western portion of Russia are similar to the findings in the western Europe and opposite of the findings in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feras M. Ghazawi
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elena Pastukhova
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrei Zubarev
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Farberg AS, Marson JW, Soleymani T. Advances in Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: A Narrative Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2023; 13:689-716. [PMID: 36662422 PMCID: PMC9984667 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-023-00888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with photosensitization using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) [including a nanoemulsion (BF-200 ALA)] is approved in the USA for the treatment of actinic keratoses (AKs); another derivative, methyl aminolevulinate, is not approved in the USA but is used in Europe. For AK treatment, the photosensitizer may be applied to individual AK lesions or, depending on treatment regimen, to broader areas of sun-damaged skin to manage field cancerization, although not all products are approved for field treatment. ALA-PDT and photosensitizers have also been used off-label for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers, primarily basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC). Advantages of PDT include potentially improved cosmesis and patient satisfaction; disadvantages include pain and duration of treatment. Alternative illumination approaches, including intense pulsed light as well as pulsed-dye lasers, have also been used successfully. Pretreating the affected tissue or warming during incubation can help to increase photosensitizer absorption and improve therapeutic efficacy. Combinations of multiple treatments are also under exploration. Reducing incubation time between photosensitizer application and illumination may significantly reduce pain scores without affecting treatment efficacy. Substituting daylight PDT for a conventional illumination source can also reduce pain without compromising efficacy. The objective of this narrative review is to describe current and ongoing research in the use of topical photosensitizers and modified light delivery regimens to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes with less toxicity in patients with AK, cSCC, BCC, and field cancerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S. Farberg
- grid.486749.00000 0004 4685 2620Section of Dermatology, Baylor Scott & White Health System, Dallas, TX USA ,Bare Dermatology, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Justin W. Marson
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Teo Soleymani
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Division of Dermatologic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Ramchatesingh B, Martínez Villarreal A, Arcuri D, Lagacé F, Setah SA, Touma F, Al-Badarin F, Litvinov IV. The Use of Retinoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Cancers: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012622. [PMID: 36293471 PMCID: PMC9603842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives that are effective for the prevention and the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). NMSCs constitute a heterogenous group of non-melanocyte-derived skin cancers that impose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems. They include entities such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (collectively called keratinocyte carcinomas), cutaneous lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma among others. The retinoid signaling pathway plays influential roles in skin physiology and pathology. These compounds regulate diverse biological processes within the skin, including proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and immune regulation. Collectively, retinoids can suppress skin carcinogenesis. Both topical and systemic retinoids have been investigated in clinical trials as NMSC prophylactics and treatments. Desirable efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials have prompted health regulatory bodies to approve the use of retinoids for NMSC management. Acceptable off-label uses of these compounds as drugs for skin cancers are also described. This review is a comprehensive outline on the biochemistry of retinoids, their activities in the skin, their effects on cancer cells and their adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Arcuri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - François Lagacé
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Samy Abu Setah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fadi Touma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Faris Al-Badarin
- Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0V6, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Muntyanu A, Nechaev V, Pastukhova E, Logan J, Rahme E, Netchiporouk E, Zubarev A, Litvinov IV. Risk factors and communities disproportionately affected by cervical cancer in the Russian Federation: A national population-based study. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2022; 20:100454. [PMID: 35813967 PMCID: PMC9256716 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer in women of childbearing age worldwide. A substantial fraction of cervical cancer is associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and is preventable through vaccination and screening. The aim of the study is to describe geographic and epidemiologic trends in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in Russia during 2007–2018. Methods Publicly accessible data from the P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute and the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation for 2007–2018 was used for this study. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates were analyzed using descriptive statistics and results were mapped to determine the geographic distribution. Potential contributing risk factors in the population were studied using univariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses. Findings A total of 187,013 patients were diagnosed with cervical cancer in Russia between 2007 and 2018. The average age-standardized incidence (ASIR) and mortality rates (ASMR) were 15.70/100,000 and 5.76/100,000 females, respectively, with a 27% increase in the incidence observed between 2007 and 2018. The highest ASIR was observed in the Far Eastern Federal District and the lowest in the Central Federal District. Multivariate model for cervical cancer ASIR showed that daily smoking (p = 0·0003) and syphilis (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with cervical cancer incidence. Interpretation The incidence of cervical cancer in Russia is rising at a significant pace. This trend can in part be attributed to a lack of nationwide cervical cancer screening . The presented results are valuable for informing public health policy on HPV vaccinations, smoking prevention and cervical cancer screening as urgent interventions are needed to combat a troubling trend. Funding This work was supported by the Cancer Research Society (CRS)-Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) Partnership Grant #25343 to Dr. Litvinov. Canadian Dermatology Foundation research grant to Dr. Litvinov, and by the Fonds de la recherche du Québec – Santé to Dr. Sasseville (#22648) and to Dr. Litvinov (#34753 and #36769). This research was further supported by the CIHR Catalyst Grant #428712 to Dr. Litvinov.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Pastukhova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elham Rahme
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Andrei Zubarev
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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The Contributions of Cancer-Testis and Developmental Genes to the Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153630. [PMID: 35892887 PMCID: PMC9367444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In addition to mutations, ectopically-expressed genes are emerging as important contributors to cancer development. Efforts to characterize the expression patterns in cancers of gamete-restricted cancer-testis antigens and developmentally-restricted genes are underway, revealing these genes to be putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various malignancies. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are two highly-prevalent non-melanoma skin cancers that result in considerable burden on patients and our health system. To optimize disease prognostication and treatment, it is necessary to further classify the molecular complexity of these malignancies. This review describes the expression patterns and functions of cancer-testis antigens and developmentally-restricted genes in BCC and cSCC tumors. A large number of cancer-testis antigens and developmental genes exhibit substantial expression levels in BCC and cSCC. These genes have been shown to contribute to several aspects of cancer biology, including tumorigenesis, differentiation, invasion and responses to anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Keratinocyte carcinomas are among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the two cancers recognized as keratinocyte carcinomas. The standard of care for treating these cancers includes surgery and ablative therapies. However, in recent years, targeted therapies (e.g., cetuximab for cSCC and vismodegib/sonidegib for BCC) have been used to treat advanced disease as well as immunotherapy (e.g., cemiplimab). These treatments are expensive and have significant toxicities with objective response rates approaching ~50–65%. Hence, there is a need to dissect the molecular pathogenesis of these cancers to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve disease management. Several cancer-testis antigens (CTA) and developmental genes (including embryonic stem cell factors and fetal genes) are ectopically expressed in BCC and cSCC. When ectopically expressed in malignant tissues, functions of these genes may be recaptured to promote tumorigenesis. CTAs and developmental genes are emerging as important players in the pathogenesis of BCC and cSCC, positioning themselves as attractive candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets requiring rigorous testing. Herein, we review the current research and offer perspectives on the contributions of CTAs and developmental genes to the pathogenesis of keratinocyte carcinomas.
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Nascimento MID, Moraes JRFCD, Silva ERC, Mota MGGD, Guimarães RM. Tendências na Mortalidade por Câncer de Pele não Melanoma no Brasil e suas Macrorregiões. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CANCEROLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.32635/2176-9745.rbc.2022v68n1.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução: O câncer de pele não melanoma (CPNM) e o mais comum entre todas as malignidades. Objetivo: Descrever as tendências da mortalidade por CPNM no Brasil e nas suas Macrorregiões, de 2001 a 2018. Método: As taxas de mortalidade ajustadas por idade e estratificadas por sexo foram apresentadas por 100 mil pessoas-ano. Uma análise autorregressiva foi implementada para avaliar tendências, Mudança Percentual Anual (MPA) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: Houve 27.550 óbitos por CPNM no Brasil com maior frequência em homens (58,1%) e entre pessoas de 70 anos e mais (64,3%). As taxas globais foram de 2,25 (homens) e 1,22 (mulheres) por 100 mil pessoas-ano. As tendências seguiram em elevação no Brasil, em homens (MPA: 2,91%; IC95%: 1,96%; 3,86%) e em mulheres (MPA: 3,51%; IC95%: 2,68%; 4,34%). O mesmo ocorreu na Região Norte, em homens (MPA: 9,75%; IC95%: 7,68%; 11,86%) e em mulheres (MPA: 10,38%; IC95%: 5,77%; 15,21%), bem como na Região Nordeste, em homens (MPA: 9,98%; IC95%: 5,59%; 14,57%) e em mulheres (MPA: 8,34%; IC95%: 3,29%; 13,64%). Conclusão: Os óbitos por CPNM não são raridade no Brasil. O país e as Regiões Norte e Nordeste experimentaram taxas com tendência em elevação. Norte e Nordeste são as Regiões mais próximas da Linha do Equador e as menos desenvolvidas socioeconomicamente. Nessas Macrorregiões, um sinergismo entre diferentes tipos de desigualdades e exposições ambientais pode estar promovendo um aumento dos óbitos por esse tipo de câncer considerado totalmente evitável.
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Zhou S, Sikorski D, Xu H, Zubarev A, Chergui M, Lagacé F, Miller WH, Redpath M, Ghazal S, Butler MO, Petrella TM, Claveau J, Nessim C, Salopek TG, Gniadecki R, Litvinov IV. Defining the Criteria for Reflex Testing for BRAF Mutations in Cutaneous Melanoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2282. [PMID: 34068774 PMCID: PMC8126223 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy has been developed through an in-depth understanding of molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Approximately ~50% of patients with melanoma have tumors that harbor a mutation of the BRAF oncogene. Certain clinical features have been identified in BRAF-mutated melanomas (primary lesions located on the trunk, diagnosed in patients <50, visibly pigmented tumors and, at times, with ulceration or specific dermatoscopic features). While BRAF mutation testing is recommended for stage III-IV melanoma, guidelines differ in recommending mutation testing in stage II melanoma patients. To fully benefit from these treatment options and avoid delays in therapy initiation, advanced melanoma patients harboring a BRAF mutation must be identified accurately and quickly. To achieve this, clear definition and implementation of BRAF reflex testing criteria/methods in melanoma should be established so that patients with advanced melanoma can arrive to their first medical oncology appointment with a known biomarker status. Reflex testing has proven effective for a variety of cancers in selecting therapies and driving other medical decisions. We overview the pathophysiology, clinical presentation of BRAF-mutated melanoma, current guidelines, and present recommendations on BRAF mutation testing. We propose that reflex BRAF testing should be performed for every melanoma patient with stages ≥IIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zhou
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (S.Z.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (F.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Daniel Sikorski
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (S.Z.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (F.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Honghao Xu
- Division of Dermatology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (H.X.); (J.C.)
| | - Andrei Zubarev
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (S.Z.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (F.L.); (S.G.)
| | - May Chergui
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (M.C.); (M.R.)
| | - François Lagacé
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (S.Z.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (F.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Wilson H. Miller
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada;
| | - Margaret Redpath
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (M.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Stephanie Ghazal
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (S.Z.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (F.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Marcus O. Butler
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada;
| | - Teresa M. Petrella
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Joël Claveau
- Division of Dermatology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (H.X.); (J.C.)
| | - Carolyn Nessim
- Division of General Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Thomas G. Salopek
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (T.G.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (T.G.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (S.Z.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (F.L.); (S.G.)
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12
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Incidence and Mortality of Prostate Cancer in Canada during 1992-2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:978-990. [PMID: 33617514 PMCID: PMC7985768 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, prostate cancer is the most common reportable malignancy in men. We assessed the temporal trends of prostate cancer to gain insight into the geographic incidence and mortality trends of this disease. Three independent population-based cancer registries were used to retrospectively analyze demographic data on Canadian men diagnosed with prostate cancer and men who died of prostate cancer between the years of 1992 and 2010. The incidence and mortality rates were calculated at the provincial, city, and forward sortation area (FSA) postal code levels by using population counts that were obtained from the Canadian Census of Population. The Canadian average incidence rate was 113.57 cases per 100,000 males. There has been an overall increasing trend in crude prostate cancer incidence between 1992 and 2010 with three peaks, in 1993, 2001, and 2007. However, age-adjusted incidence rates showed no significant increase over time. The national mortality rate was calculated to be 24.13 deaths per 100,000 males per year. A decrease was noted in crude and age-adjusted mortality rates between 1992 and 2010. Several provinces, cities, and FSAs had higher incidence/mortality rates than the national average. Several of the FSA postal codes with the highest incidence/mortality rates were adjacent to one another. Several Canadian regions of high incidence for prostate cancer have been identified through this study and temporal trends are consistent with those reported in the literature. These results will serve as a foundation for future studies that will seek to identify new regional risk factors and etiologic agents.
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