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Rolland B, Matheson C, Kaski A, Kosim M, Roncero C, Vorspan F. Compared implementation of the long-acting buprenorphine treatment buvidal in four European countries. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:809-815. [PMID: 38898689 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2369756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buvidal is the only depot buprenorphine currently available in Europe. Buvidal offers a new treatment paradigm, which may require some adjustment in the national regulatory frameworks for opioid agonist treatments (OATs), as well as the national care systems. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data on the national dissemination of Buvidal, types of populations treated, and the national regulatory framework and care organization system through which Buvidal has been implemented were compared between the UK, Finland, Spain, and France, using a qualitative survey. RESULTS In 2022, the proportion of people on OAT who received Buvidal was 2.1% in the UK, 60-65% in Finland, 1% in Spain, and 0.3% in France. In both Finland and the UK, the cost of the medication is covered by the national health system, whereas, in Spain and France, Buvidal is accessible only in specialized centers, which must carry its cost. Other national features may explain the gaps in Buvidal use, including the baseline level of OAT coverage, which was high in both France and Spain. CONCLUSIONS Important national discrepancies are found regarding Buvidal dissemination among people on OAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rolland
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Hospices Civils de Lyon, CH Le Vinatier, Lyon, France
| | - Catriona Matheson
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Colin Bell Building, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Ari Kaski
- Kuopio Addiction Medicine Center, Päihdepalvelusäätiö, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Margaux Kosim
- Camurus SAS, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, GHU Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Consultations de médecine-Alcoologie PASS, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Roncero
- Unidad de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicinia, Universidad de Salamanca & Instituto de Biomedicina (IBSAL), Spain; Universidad de Salamanca, C, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine et INSERM UMRS 1144, Paris, France; Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, GHU NORD, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de, Paris, France
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Salekešin M, Vorobjov S, Des Jarlais D, Uusküla A. Mortality among people who inject drugs - the interwoven roles of fentanyl and HIV: a community-based cohort study. Eur J Public Health 2024; 34:329-334. [PMID: 38041408 PMCID: PMC10990538 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess all-cause mortality is a key indicator for assessing direct and indirect consequences of injection drug use and data are warranted to delineate sub-populations within people who inject drugs at higher risk of death. Our aim was to examine mortality and factors associated with mortality among people who inject drugs in Estonia. METHODS Retrospective cohort study using data from people who inject drugs recruited in the community with linkage to death records. Standardized mortality ratios were used to compare the cohort mortality to the general population and potential predictors of death were examined through survival analysis (Cox regression). The cohort include a total of 1399 people who inject drugs recruited for cross-sectional surveys using respondent driven sampling between 2013 and 2018 in Estonia. A cohort with follow-up through 2019 was formed with linkage to national causes of death registry. RESULTS Among 1399 participants with 4684 person-years of follow-up, 10% were deceased by 2019. The all-cause mortality rate in the cohort was 28.9 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval 25.3-35.3). Being HIV positive, injecting mainly opioids (fentanyl), living in the capital region and the main source of income other than work were associated with greater mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS While low-threshold services have been available for a long time for people who inject drugs, there is still a need to widen the availability and integration of services, particularly the integration of HIV and opioid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris Salekešin
- Department of Risk Behavior Studies, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sigrid Vorobjov
- Department of Risk Behavior Studies, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Don Des Jarlais
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Anneli Uusküla
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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3
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Jamal S, Shaw M, Quasim T, Puxty K, McGovern C. Long term opioid use after burn injury: a retrospective cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:599-606. [PMID: 38216388 PMCID: PMC10870133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who have survive a burn injury might be at risk of opioid dependence after discharge. This study examined the use of opioids in patients who suffer burn injury and explored factors associated with persistent opioid use after hospital discharge. METHODS This retrospective cohort study compared adults admitted with a burn injury from 2009 to 2019 with two matched comparison cohorts from the general population and adults with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Pre-admission prescription opioid use was determined, and a multivariable negative binomial regression analysis used to explore post-discharge opioid use. RESULTS A total of 7147 burn patients were matched with 6810 pancreatitis patients and with 28 184 individuals from the general population. Pre-admission opioid use was higher in the burn and pancreatitis cohorts (29% and 40%, respectively) compared with the general population (17%). Opioid use increased in both burn and pancreatitis cohorts after discharge (41% and 53%, respectively), although patients with pancreatitis were at even higher risk of increased opioid use in an adjusted analysis (incidence rate ratio 1.43). Female sex, lower socioeconomic status, ICU admission, pre-injury opioid use, and a history of excess alcohol use were all associated with an increase in opioid prescriptions after discharge. CONCLUSIONS Opioid use is high in those admitted with a burn injury or acute pancreatitis when compared with the general population, increasing further after hospital discharge. Female sex and socioeconomic deprivation are among factors that make increased opioid use more likely, although this phenomenon seems even more pronounced in those with acute pancreatitis compared with burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzah Jamal
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Martin Shaw
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tara Quasim
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn Puxty
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Hughes T, McFadden A, Whittaker A, Boardman JP, Marryat L. Antenatal care of women who use opioids: a qualitative study of practitioners' perceptions of strengths and challenges of current service provision in Scotland. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:75. [PMID: 38262968 PMCID: PMC10804550 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing rise of women using opioids during pregnancy across the world has warranted concern over the access and quality of antenatal care received by this group. Scotland has particularly high levels of opioid use, and correspondingly, pregnancies involving women who use opioids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the different models of antenatal care for women using opioids during pregnancy in three Scottish Health Board Areas, and to explore multi-disciplinary practitioners' perceptions of the strengths and challenges of working with women who use opioids through these specialist services. METHODS Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with health and social care workers who had experience of providing antenatal and postnatal care to women who use drugs across three Scottish Health Board Areas: NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, NHS Lothian, and NHS Tayside. Framework Analysis was used to analyse interview data. The five stages of framework analysis were undertaken: familiarisation, identifying the thematic framework, indexing, charting, and mapping and interpretation. RESULTS Each area had a specialist antenatal pathway for women who used substances. Pathways varied, with some consisting of specialist midwives, and others comprising a multidisciplinary team (e.g. midwife, mental health nurse, social workers, and an obstetrician). Referral criteria for the specialist service differed between health board areas. These specialised pathways presented several key strengths: continuity of care with one midwife and a strong patient-practitioner relationship; increased number of appointments, support and scans; and highly specialised healthcare professionals with experience of working with substance use. In spite of this, there were a number of limitations to these pathways: a lack of additional psychological support for the mother; some staff not having the skills to engage with the complexity of patients who use substances; and problems with patient engagement. CONCLUSIONS Across the three areas, there appears to be high-quality multi-disciplinary antenatal services for women who use opioids during pregnancy. However, referral criteria vary and some services appear more comprehensive than others. Further research is needed into the perceptions of women who use opioids on facilitators and barriers to antenatal care, and provision in rural regions of Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hughes
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - A McFadden
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - A Whittaker
- NMAHP Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - J P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L Marryat
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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García-Sempere A, Hurtado I, Robles C, Llopis-Cardona F, Sánchez-Saez F, Rodriguez-Bernal C, Peiró-Moreno S, Sanfélix-Gimeno G. Initial opioid prescription characteristics and risk of opioid misuse, poisoning and dependence: retrospective cohort study. BMJ Qual Saf 2023; 33:13-23. [PMID: 37414557 PMCID: PMC10804034 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2022-015833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify individual and initial prescription-related factors associated with an increased risk for opioid-related misuse, poisoning and dependence (MPD) in patients with non-cancer pain. METHODS Cohort study linking several databases covering 5 million inhabitants of the region of Valencia, Spain, including all adults initiating prescription opioids in the period 2012-2018. To ascertain the association between the characteristics of the initial prescription choice and the risk of opioid MPD, we used shared frailty Cox regression models. We additionally considered death as a competing risk in sensitivity analyses. RESULTS 958 019 patients initiated opioid prescription from 2012 to 2018, of which 0.13% experienced MPD. Most patients were prescribed tramadol as initial opioid (76.7%) followed by codeine (16.3%), long-acting opioids (6.7%), short-acting opioids (0.2%) and ultrafast opioids (0.1%). Initiation with ultrafast (HR 7.2; 95% CI 4.1 to 12.6), short-acting (HR 4.8; 95% CI 2.3 to 10.2) and long-acting opioids (HR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.9) were associated with a higher risk of MPD when compared with tramadol. Initial prescriptions covering 4-7 days (HR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.8), 8-14 days (HR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.9), 15-30 days (HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3) and more than one a month (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.5) were associated with more MPD risk than initial prescriptions for 1-3 days. Treatments with >120 daily morphine milligram equivalents (MME) increased MPD risk (vs <50 MME, HR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2). Main individual factors associated with increased risk of MPD risk were male sex (HR 2.4; 95% CI 2.1 to 2.7), younger age (when compared with patients aged 18-44 years, patients aged 45-64 years, HR 0.4; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.5; patients aged 65-74 years, HR 0.4; 95% CI 0.3 to 0.5 and patients aged 75 years old and over, HR 0.7; 95% CI 0.6 to 0.8), lack of economic resources (2.1; 95% CI 1.8 to 2.5) and registered misuse of alcohol (2.9; 95% CI 2.4 to 3.5). Sensitivity analyses yielded overall comparable results. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies riskier patterns of opioid prescription initiation for non-cancer indications, as well as patient subgroups with higher risk of misuse, poisoning and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal García-Sempere
- Health Services Research Unit, Fundacio per al Foment de la Investigacio Sanitaria i Biomedica, Valencia, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud - RICAPPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Hurtado
- Health Services Research Unit, Fundacio per al Foment de la Investigacio Sanitaria i Biomedica, Valencia, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud - RICAPPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Robles
- Health Services Research Unit, Fundacio per al Foment de la Investigacio Sanitaria i Biomedica, Valencia, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud - RICAPPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fran Llopis-Cardona
- Health Services Research Unit, Fundacio per al Foment de la Investigacio Sanitaria i Biomedica, Valencia, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud - RICAPPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Saez
- Health Services Research Unit, Fundacio per al Foment de la Investigacio Sanitaria i Biomedica, Valencia, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud - RICAPPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Bernal
- Health Services Research Unit, Fundacio per al Foment de la Investigacio Sanitaria i Biomedica, Valencia, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud - RICAPPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Peiró-Moreno
- Health Services Research Unit, Fundacio per al Foment de la Investigacio Sanitaria i Biomedica, Valencia, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud - RICAPPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Sanfélix-Gimeno
- Health Services Research Unit, Fundacio per al Foment de la Investigacio Sanitaria i Biomedica, Valencia, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud - RICAPPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Simpson A, Levy N, Mariano E. Opioid stewardship. BJA Educ 2023; 23:389-397. [PMID: 37720559 PMCID: PMC10501885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Simpson
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston, Bristol, UK
| | - N. Levy
- West Suffolk Hospital, Bury St. Edmunds, UK
| | - E.R. Mariano
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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van Amsterdam J, Burgess N, van den Brink W. Legal Approaches to New Psychoactive Substances: First Empirical Findings. Eur Addict Res 2023; 29:363-372. [PMID: 37557091 DOI: 10.1159/000531503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generic drug legislation, i.e., simultaneously banning groups of drugs, has been introduced worldwide to counteract the trade and use of emerging "new psychoactive substances" (NPSs) more effectively. SUMMARY The potential and de facto positive and negative effects of generic drug legislation have been described using an analysis based on documented evaluations of the experiences in the UK and Germany, supplemented with data from other publicly available sources. In particular, the effects of generic drug legislation on availability, use, sales, and overall health harms of NPS, and switches from NPS to traditional (classical) drugs are addressed. The results show that the introduction of generic drug legislation in the UK and Germany has enabled stricter regulation of NPS but has also led to some major harms within the domain of public health. Depending on the population considered, the rate of NPS use remained stable, slightly declined, or increased following the banning of NPS. Once banned, NPSs were more often purchased on the black market, often together with other (more harmful) drugs. Moreover, NPS-related harms did not reduce following the ban, and in some cases even increased. Finally, when harmful NPS, like potent synthetic opioids and cannabinoids, become substantially used and endanger public health, legislators already have the legal means to ban the problem drug, thus overruling the need for a generic ban. KEY MESSAGES Generic drug legislation may facilitate drug law enforcement, but it is not (very) effective in counteracting NPS use and it may increase NPS-related public health problems. It is concluded that, overall, the advantages of generic drug legislation are overshadowed by its serious disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van Amsterdam
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Research Program Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Burgess
- School of Law, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Research Program Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bugeja N, Oliver C, McGrath N, McGuire J, Yan C, Carlysle-Davies F, Reid M. Teaching old presumptive tests new digital tricks with computer vision for forensic applications. DIGITAL DISCOVERY 2023; 2:1143-1151. [PMID: 38013815 PMCID: PMC10408571 DOI: 10.1039/d3dd00066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Presumptive (or 'spot') tests have served forensic scientists, law enforcement, and legal practitioners for over a hundred years. Yet, the intended design of such tests, enabling quick identification of drugs by-eye, also hides their full potential. Here, we report the development and application of time-resolved imaging methods of reactions attending spot tests for amphetamines, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. Analysis of the reaction videos helps distinguish drugs within the same structural class that, by-eye, are judged to give the same qualitative spot test result. It is envisaged that application of these results will bridge the existing suite of field and lab-based confirmatory forensic tests, and support a broader range of colorimetric sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bugeja
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Cameron Oliver
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Nicole McGrath
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Jake McGuire
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Chunhui Yan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | | | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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Sumnall HR, Atkinson AM, Anderson M, McAuley A, Trayner K. How to save a life: Public awareness of a national mass media take home naloxone campaign, and effects of exposure to campaign components on overdose knowledge and responses. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023:104111. [PMID: 37563039 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Take home naloxone (THN) programmes are effective at reducing opioid related mortality, but require high levels of distribution, including to the general public. Mass media campaigns can be effective in improving public understanding of a topic and encouraging behavior change. Whilst mass media campaigns focusing on naloxone have been developed internationally, there is a lack of research on their potential impact. We investigated the effects of components of a recent national mass media campaign (Scotland, UK) designed to improve public awareness of drug related deaths, and readiness to intervene. METHODS We undertook a cross-sectional online experimental study with a randomized design, conducted with a nationally representative sample. Participants (N = 1551; 52.6% female; age 46.1±16.5 years) were assessed on overdose knowledge and readiness to intervene after presentation of eight combinations of campaign components. RESULTS Compared to a basic campaign description, exposure to all types of campaign component were associated with higher overdose knowledge (p < .001), but not knowledge of what to do in response to an overdose (p = .374), or readiness to intervene (p= .286). The greatest effects were associated with a media rich audio-visual resource (animated video with a popular song on the soundtrack, and narrated by a well-known actor). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that harm reduction is an appropriate topic for large-scale mass media campaigns. However, effects may be limited to knowledge and awareness raising in the general public, and may be related to the types of media used. Audience segmentation is important and more general messaging about drug related deaths may be more appropriate for the majority of audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Sumnall
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - A M Atkinson
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Anderson
- Scottish Drugs Forum, Glasgow, UK; MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - A McAuley
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK; Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kma Trayner
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK; Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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Kalkman GA, Kramers C, van den Brink W, Schellekens AFA. Europe has much to do to improve the quality of and access to safe pain management - Authors' reply. Lancet 2023; 401:1651-1652. [PMID: 37210112 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Kalkman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Arnt F A Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Marel C, Wilson J, Darke S, Ross J, Slade T, Haber PS, Haasnoot K, Visontay R, Keaveny M, Tremonti C, Mills KL, Teesson M. Patterns and Predictors of Heroin Use, Remission, and Psychiatric Health Among People with Heroin Dependence: Key Findings from the 18-20-Year Follow-Up of the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS). Int J Ment Health Addict 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36688114 PMCID: PMC9847452 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-01006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the long-term patterns and predictors of heroin use, dependence, and psychiatric health over 18-20 years among a cohort of Australians with heroin dependence, using a prospective longitudinal cohort study conducted in Sydney, Australia. The original cohort consisted of 615 participants, who were followed up at 3 months and 1, 2, 3, 11, and 18-20 years post-baseline; 401 (65.2%) were re-interviewed at 18-20 years. The Australian Treatment Outcome Study structured interview with established psychometric properties was administered to participants at each follow-up, addressing demographics, treatment and drug use history, overdose, crime, and physical and mental health. Overall, 96.7% completed at least one follow-up interview. At 18-20 years, 109 participants (17.7%) were deceased. Past-month heroin use decreased significantly over the study period (from 98.7 to 24.4%), with one in four using heroin at 18-20 years. Just under half were receiving treatment. Reductions in heroin use were accompanied by reductions in heroin dependence, other substance use, needle sharing, injection-related health, overdose, crime, and improvements in general physical and mental health. Major depression and borderline personality disorder (BPD) were consistently associated with poorer outcome. At 18-20 years, there is strong evidence that clinically significant levels of improvement can be maintained over the long term. The mortality rate over 18-20 years was devastating, with over one in six participants deceased. More sustained and targeted efforts are needed in relation to major depression and BPD to ensure evidence-based treatments are delivered to people with heroin dependence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-022-01006-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Marel
- University of Sydney Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Jack Wilson
- University of Sydney Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Shane Darke
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW Australia
| | - Joanne Ross
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- University of Sydney Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Paul S. Haber
- University of Sydney Addiction Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW Australia
- Sydney Local Health District Drug Health Services, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Katherine Haasnoot
- University of Sydney Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Rachel Visontay
- University of Sydney Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Madeleine Keaveny
- University of Sydney Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Chris Tremonti
- Sydney Local Health District Drug Health Services, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Katherine L. Mills
- University of Sydney Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- University of Sydney Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Xia Y, Forget P. Opioid and gabapentinoid prescriptions in England from 2015 to 2020. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276867. [PMID: 36441772 PMCID: PMC9704625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Concerns gradually arose about misuse of gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin), especially when used in combination with opioids. Because it can be a driver of usage, trends in prescribing habits may be interesting to analyse. The aim of this study is to examine the evolution of prescriptions of opioids and gabapentinoids in England from 2015 to 2020 at a regional level. METHODS This study included data from April 2015 to February 2020, focusing on prescribing data, extracted the OpenPrescribing database. We described the evolution of the prescriptions of opioids and gabapentinoids and calculated their ratios for each month. We used Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) to compare data between and within regions (over time). RESULTS During this period, opioid prescriptions remained stable (from -3.3% to +2.2%/year) and increased for gabapentinoids generally (from +1.5% to +2.2%). The ratio between gabapentinoid to opioid prescriptions increased by more than 20% in 2020 compared to 2015, variably between regions (F(6,406) = [120.2]; P<0.001; LSD Test: P<0.001; ANOVA for repeated measures: P<0.05). In 2019, a decline in the ratio occurred in all regions, but only persisting in the London commissioning region in 2020 (-14.4% in comparison with 2018, 95%CI: -12.8 to -16.3). CONCLUSIONS Gabapentinoids are increasingly prescribed in England. The ratio of gabapentinoid to opioid prescriptions in England increased from 2015 to 2020. The reclassification of gabapentinoids as controlled drugs, in 2019, may have been associated with a significant reduction, although larger prescribers may have been less influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Xia
- Epidemiology group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patrice Forget
- Epidemiology group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Anaesthesia department, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC), Pain AND Opioids after Surgery (PANDOS), Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Kalkman GA, Kramers C, van den Brink W, Schellekens AFA. The North American opioid crisis: a European perspective. Lancet 2022; 400:1404. [PMID: 36273479 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Kalkman
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nijmegen 6532 SZ, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nijmegen 6532 SZ, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnt F A Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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14
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Matheson C, Robertson R. An avoidable crisis. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:98. [PMID: 36038934 PMCID: PMC9422131 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Scotland drug policy and consequently the progress of evidence-based treatment options has been struggling for many years. Political inaction is brought about by a complex chain of legal and operational obstructions with local authorities deferring to national Government which in turn is paralysed by international convention. Scotland represents a case study demonstrating the adverse consequences of management by non medical requirements rather than implementation of a clinically proven progressive policy. The difficulty of translating theory and evidence into practice is acknowledged but suggestions are made for pragmatic and humanitarian initiatives.
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van den Brink W, Pierce M, van Amsterdam J. What lessons from Europe's experience could be applied in the United States in response to the opioid addiction and overdose crisis? Addiction 2022; 117:1197-1198. [PMID: 35373491 PMCID: PMC9322582 DOI: 10.1111/add.15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mimi Pierce
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jan van Amsterdam
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Fugelstad A, Ågren G, Ramstedt M, Thiblin I, Hjelmström P. Oxycodone-related deaths in Sweden 2006-2018. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 234:109402. [PMID: 35306392 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify and characterize oxycodone related deaths in Sweden from 2006 to 2018 and to compare them to other opioid-related deaths. METHODS To assess the factors contributing to the deaths, we used multinomial logistic regression to compare oxycodone-related deaths extracted from all forensic autopsy examinations and toxicology cases in the age groups 15-34 (reference group), 35-54 and 55-74 with regard to sex, presence of benzodiazepines and alcohol at the time of death, prescription of oxycodone, benzodiazepines and antidepressants, previous substance use-related (SUD) treatment, and manner of death. The oxycodone related deaths were compared with deaths with presence of other opioids. RESULT We identified 575 oxycodone-related deaths, and the rate increased during the study period from 0.10 to 1.12 per 100,000 in parallel with an increase of oxycodone prescriptions from 3.17 to 30.33 per 1000. Oxycodone-related deaths amounted to 10.0% of all opioid-related deaths. The deaths occurred mainly in older patients previously being prescribed oxycodone. Benzodiazepines were present at the time of death in 403 (70%) and alcohol in 259 (45%). Prescriptions of any opioid for pain (61%), oxycodone (50%), benzodiazepines (67%) and antidepressants (55%) were common. Only 15% had received treatment for SUD during the last year. CONCLUSION Oxycodone-related deaths increased in Sweden between 2006 and 2018 in parallel to an increase in oxycodone prescriptions. The increase occurred mainly in older patients being prescribed oxycodone for pain. There might be specific interventions needed to avoid oxycodone-related deaths compared to other opioid-related deaths associated with illicit opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fugelstad
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Ågren
- Former National Institute of Public Health, SE-11662 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Ramstedt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN), SE-11664 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Thiblin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section for Forensic Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-75140 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chalabianloo F, Ohldieck C, Haaland ØA, Fadnes LT, Johansson KA. Effectiveness and Safety of Low-Threshold Opioid-Agonist Treatment in Hard-To-Reach Populations with Opioid Dependence. Eur Addict Res 2022; 28:199-209. [PMID: 34864738 DOI: 10.1159/000520185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Opioid-use disorder is related to premature death worldwide. Opioid-agonist treatment (OAT) is an effective treatment for opioid dependence. OAT delivery platforms may influence treatment access and outcomes, especially for the most vulnerable groups. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of low-threshold OAT compared to the standard treatment. METHODS Patients with diagnosed opioid dependence undergoing low-threshold OAT at the Bergen delivery platform in Norway were enrolled in a cohort study in 2014-2019. A national OAT cohort was the reference group. The main outcomes were treatment retention, the use of illicit opioids, non-fatal overdose, overdose death, and all-cause mortality during the first year following treatment initiation and the full treatment period. Additionally, healthcare utilization in the periods before and during OAT was investigated. RESULTS Compared to the reference cohort, the low-threshold cohort (n = 128, mean age: 38 years, women: 28%) showed treatment retention rates of 95% versus 92%, illicit opioid use of 7% versus 10%, non-fatal overdose of 7% versus 6%, and death at 1.0% versus 1.3%, respectively. The incident rate ratios (IRRs) for healthcare utilization increased substantially during the OAT period compared to the period before; the IRR increased by 3.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.8, 3.9) and 3.4 (95% CI: 3.1, 3.9) for all in- and outpatient healthcare, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Low-threshold OAT was at least as effective and safe as the standard OAT in terms of treatment retention, the use of illicit opioids, non-fatal overdose, and death. Healthcare utilization increased during the OAT compared to the period before. Lowering the threshold for OAT entrance within proper delivery platforms should be broadly considered to reduce harm and improve healthcare access among patients with opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Chalabianloo
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Ohldieck
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein A Haaland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Thore Fadnes
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell Arne Johansson
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Bounthavong M, Suh K, Li M, Spoutz PM, Stottlemyer BA, Sepassi A. Trends in healthcare expenditures and resource utilization among a nationally representative population with opioids in the United States: a serial cross-sectional study, 2008 to 2017. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2021; 16:80. [PMID: 34670580 PMCID: PMC8527637 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-021-00415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports on healthcare costs and expenditures associated with populations prescribed an opioid primarily focused on populations who chronically use opioids or have opioid use disorder. However, studies that characterize the healthcare and expenditures costs among the wider number of people prescribed opioids in a nationally representative population are unavailable. We sought to characterize the healthcare costs and expenditures associated with a population prescribed an opioid in the U.S. from 2008 to 2017. METHODS A serial cross-sectional design was used to compare the economic burden of adult household respondents who were prescribed and not prescribed an opioid using pooled data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) between 2008 and 2017. Respondents with an opioid prescription were matched to respondents without an opioid prescription using propensity score match methods with survey weights. Two-part generalized linear models were used to estimate the survey-weighted annual healthcare expenditures and resource utilization adjusting for multiple covariates. Additionally, 10-year trend comparisons between the groups were performed. Costs were adjusted to 2019 US dollars. RESULTS There was a weighted total of 31,696,671 respondents with an opioid and 31,536,639 respondents without an opioid after propensity score matching. The sample had a mean (SD) age of 50.63 years (18.03), 58.9% females, and 81.6% Whites. Total annual economic burden among RPOs was $524 billion. Annual total expenditures per respondent with and without an opioid were $16,542 and $7067, respectively (P < 0.001). Similarly, adjusted prescription, outpatient, emergency department, and inpatient expenditures were significantly higher for respondents with an opioid compared to respondents without an opioid. Average annual increases in expenditures were significantly greater among respondents with an opioid compared to respondents without an opioid for total (+$185; 95% CI: $37-$334) and prescription (+$78; 95% CI: $28-$128) expenditures. There were no differences in the average annual trends for outpatient, emergency department, and inpatient expenditures between respondents with and without an opioid. CONCLUSIONS Respondents with an opioid prescription had higher healthcare expenditures and resource utilization compared to respondents without an opioid prescription from 2008 to 2017. Specifically, significant annual increases were observed for total and prescription expenditures. Additionally, 10-year trends in total and prescription expenditures were higher among respondents with an opioid than respondents without an opioid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bounthavong
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA.
- UCSD Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0657, USA.
| | - Kangho Suh
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Meng Li
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Patrick M Spoutz
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Aryana Sepassi
- UCSD Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0657, USA
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