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Wang X, Sun X, Abulizi A, Xu J, He Y, Chen Q, Yan R. Effects of salvianolic acid A on intestinal microbiota and lipid metabolism disorders in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 36127704 PMCID: PMC9490915 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SalA) is the main water-soluble component isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. This study explored the influences of SalA on intestinal microbiota composition and lipid metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The 6-week-old male ZDF rats were treated with distilled water (N = 10) and low dose (SalA 0.5 mg/kg/d, N = 10), medium dose (SalA 1 mg/kg/d, N = 10), and high dose (SalA 2 mg/kg/d, N = 10) of SalA, with the male Zucker lean normoglycemic rats of the same week age as controls (given distilled water, N = 10). The blood glucose, body weight, and food intake of rats were examined. After 7 and 8 weeks of continuous administration, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed, respectively. Serum fasting insulin (FINS), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) were determined. Liver tissues were stained using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and oil red O staining. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Small intestinal tissues were stained using HE and immunohistochemistry. The tight junction proteins (ZO-1/Occludin/Claudin-1) and serum levels of LPS/TNF-α/IL-6 were evaluated. SalA reduced insulin resistance, liver injury, serum FFA, liver TC and TG levels in ZDF rats, and improved lipid metabolism. After SalA treatment, intestinal microbiota richness and diversity of ZDF rats were promoted. SalA retained the homeostasis of intestinal core microbiota. SalA reduced intestinal epithelial barrier damage, LPS, and inflammatory cytokines in ZDF rats. Overall, SalA can sustain intestinal microbiota balance and improve the lipid metabolism of ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 856 Luoyu Rd, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430061, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 856 Luoyu Rd, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430061, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Abulikemu Abulizi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 856 Luoyu Rd, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430061, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jinyao Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 856 Luoyu Rd, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430061, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 856 Luoyu Rd, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430061, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 856 Luoyu Rd, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430061, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Ruicheng Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 856 Luoyu Rd, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430061, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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Zhang C, Chen H, Cui S, Lin Y, Liang Y, Zhao P, Wang C, Xu S, Peng X, Chen H, Wang L, Zhao D, Zhang M, Hu D, Lou Y, Hu F. Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Their Dynamic Changes with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cohort Study in China. Endocr Res 2022; 47:138-152. [PMID: 36163006 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2022.2127757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at investigating the relationships between Platelet-Lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and their dynamic changes (∆PLR, ∆NLR) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a Chinese cohort study. METHODS This study recruited 41,439 individuals who were diagnosed without T2DM at first health examination and completed at least one follow-up. The relationships between NLR, PLR, ∆PLR, ∆NLR and T2DM risk were analyzed using the Cox regression model with corresponding Hazard Ratios (HRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). RESULTS PLR exhibited significant correlation with T2DM risk in a linear reverse dose-response pattern, the corresponding HRs and 95% CIs were 0.81 (0.72, 0.90), 0.71 (0.63, 0.80) and 0.56 (0.49, 0.64) respectively (Ptrend < 0.001) for Q2, Q3 and Q4 vs Q1 after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, TG, TC, HDL-C, FPG, ALT, AST, heart rate, smoking, family history of diabetes, and alcohol consumption at baseline in Model 3. The significance remained in subgroups of women, <45 years, ≥45 years, BMI ≥ 24, with fatty liver disease, without fatty liver disease and normotension. Comparing with the largest decrease group of NLR (∆NLR < -0.32), the risk of T2DM increased for -0.003 ≤ ∆NLR < 0.31 (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.01-1.36) and ∆NLR ≥ 0.31 (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-1.43). CONCLUSIONS Higher PLR could reduce the risk of T2DM. Larger increase of NLR could increase T2DM risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canjia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
- 2019 Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
- 2019 Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Shangxin Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
- 2019 Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Yeli Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
- 2019 Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Yongqiang Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
- 2019 Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Health Management, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, PK, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Xiaolin Peng
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Hongen Chen
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Dongsheng Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
| | - Yanmei Lou
- Department of Health Management, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, PK, China
| | - Fulan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, GD, China
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3
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Zhang YJ, Guo WJ, Tang ZY, Lin HB, Hong P, Wang JW, Huang XX, Li FX, Xu SY, Zhang HF. Isoflurane Attenuates Cerebral Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury via the TLR4-NLRP3 Signalling Pathway in Diabetic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2650693. [PMID: 35419168 PMCID: PMC9001073 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2650693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is a severe disease worldwide. Restoration of blood flow after ischaemic stroke leads to cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Various operations, such as cardiac surgery with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, predictably cause cerebral ischaemia. Diabetes is related to the occurrence of perioperative stroke and exacerbates neurological impairment after stroke. Therefore, the choice of anaesthetic drugs has certain clinical significance for patients with diabetes. Isoflurane (ISO) exerts neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in patients without diabetes. However, the role of ISO in cerebral ischaemia in the context of diabetes is still unknown. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation play important roles in microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory injury. In this study, we treated a diabetic middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model with ISO. We found that diabetes exacerbated cerebral ischaemia damage and that ISO exerted neuroprotective effects in diabetic mice. Then, we found that ISO decreased TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia and the excessive autophagy induced by CIRI in diabetic mice. The TLR4-specific agonist CRX-527 reversed the neuroprotective effects of ISO. In summary, our study indicated that ISO exerts neuroprotective effects against the neuroinflammation and autophagy observed during diabetic stroke via the TLR4-NLRP3 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen-Jing Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Bin Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pu Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Xian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Fei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Cibi DM, Sandireddy R, Bogireddi H, Tee N, Ghani SABA, Singh BK, Mackman N, Singh MK, Singh A. Cardiac Tissue Factor Regulates Inflammation, Hypertrophy, and Heart Failure in Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2131-2146. [PMID: 34155039 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes have an increased risk of heart failure (HF). Diabetes is highly prevalent in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which is on the rise worldwide. The role of diabetes in HF is less established, and available treatments for HF are not effective in patients with HFpEF. Tissue factor (TF), a transmembrane receptor, plays an important role in immune cell inflammation and atherothrombosis in diabetes. However, its role in diabetes-induced cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy, and HF has not been studied. In this study, we used wild-type (WT), heterozygous, and low-TF (with 1% human TF) mice to determine the role of TF in type 1 diabetes-induced HF. We found significant upregulation of cardiac TF mRNA and protein levels in diabetic WT hearts compared with nondiabetic controls. WT diabetic hearts also exhibited increased inflammation and cardiac hypertrophy versus controls. However, these changes in cardiac inflammation and hypertrophy were not found in low-TF mice with diabetes compared with their nondiabetic controls. TF deficiency was also associated with improved cardiac function parameters suggestive of HFpEF, which was evident in WT mice with diabetes. The TF regulation of inflammation and cardiac remodeling was further dependent on downstream ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways. In summary, our study demonstrated an important role of TF in regulating diabetes-induced inflammation, hypertrophy, and remodeling of the heart leading to HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasan Mary Cibi
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Reddemma Sandireddy
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hanumakumar Bogireddi
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nicole Tee
- National Heart Center, National Heart Research Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Brijesh K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Center, National Heart Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Anamika Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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5
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Xia F, Wen LP, Ge BC, Li YX, Li FP, Zhou BJ. Gut microbiota as a target for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Mechanisms and dietary natural products. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1146-1163. [PMID: 34512884 PMCID: PMC8394227 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i8.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is among the most remarkable public health concerns globally. Accumulating research evidence documents that alteration of gut microbiota has an indispensable role in the onset and progression of obesity and T2DM. A reduced microbial diversity is linked to insulin resistance and energy metabolism, especially for the rise of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Changes in metabolites followed by the gut dysbacteriosis are linked to the presence of T2DM. Moreover, endotoxin leakage and gut permeability caused by gut dysbacteriosis is more of a trigger for the onset and progression of T2DM. Research documents that natural products are remarkable arsenals of bioactive agents for the discovery of anti-T2DM drugs. Many studies have elucidated that the possible mechanisms of the anti-T2DM effects of natural products are remarkably linked to its regulation on the composition of gut microflora and the successive changes in metabolites directly or indirectly. This review presents a brief overview of the gut microbiota in T2DM and several relevant mechanisms, including short-chain fatty acids, biosynthesis and metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, bile acid signaling, endotoxin leakage, and gut permeability, and describes how dietary natural products can improve T2DM via the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lu-Ping Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bing-Chen Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang-Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ben-Jie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong Province, China
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Gentile NT, Rao AK, Reimer H, Del Carpio‐Cano F, Ramakrishnan V, Pauls Q, Barsan WG, Bruno A. Coagulation markers and functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke: Impact of intensive versus standard hyperglycemia control. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5:e12563. [PMID: 34278192 PMCID: PMC8279129 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in coagulation could mediate functional outcome in patients with hyperglycemia after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We prospectively studied the effects of intensive versus standard glucose control on coagulation markers and their relationships to functional outcomes in patients with AIS. APPROACH The Insights on Selected Procoagulation Markers and Outcomes in Stroke Trial measured the coagulation biomarkers whole blood tissue factor procoagulant activity (TFPCA); plasma factors VII (FVII), VIIa (FVIIa), and VIII (FVIII); thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex; D-dimer; tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen in patients enrolled in the Stroke Hyperglycemia Insulin Network Effort trial of intensive versus standard glucose control on functional outcome at 3 months after AIS. Changes in biomarkers over time (from baseline ≈12 hours after stroke onset) to 48 hours, and changes in biomarkers between treatment groups, functional outcomes, and their interaction were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 125 patients were included (57 in the intensive treatment group and 68 in the standard treatment group). The overall mean age was 66 years; 42% were women. Changes from baseline to 48 hours in coagulation markers were significantly different between treatment groups for TFPCA (P = 0.02) and PAI-1 (P = .04) and FVIIa (P = .04). Increases in FVIIa and decreases in FVIII were associated with favorable functional outcomes (P = .04 and .04, respectively). In the intensive treatment group, reductions in TFPCA and FVIII and increases in FVIIa were greater in patients with favorable than unfavorable outcomes (P = .02, 0.002, 0.03, respectively). In the standard treatment group, changes in FVII were different by functional outcome (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS Intensive glucose control induced greater alterations in coagulation biomarkers than standard treatment, and these were associated with a favorable functional outcome at 3 months after AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina T. Gentile
- Department of Emergency MedicineLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - A. Koneti Rao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of MedicineLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Hannah Reimer
- Department of Emergency MedicineLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Fabiola Del Carpio‐Cano
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of MedicineLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | - Qi Pauls
- Department of Public Health SciencesMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - William G. Barsan
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborSAUSA
| | - Askiel Bruno
- Department of NeurologyMedical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGAUSA
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7
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Diabetes and Thrombosis: A Central Role for Vascular Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050706. [PMID: 33946846 PMCID: PMC8146432 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the fifth most common cause of death worldwide. Due to its chronic nature, diabetes is a debilitating disease for the patient and a relevant cost for the national health system. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes mellitus (90% of cases) and is characteristically multifactorial, with both genetic and environmental causes. Diabetes patients display a significant increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to the rest of the population. This is associated with increased blood clotting, which results in circulatory complications and vascular damage. Platelets are circulating cells within the vascular system that contribute to hemostasis. Their increased tendency to activate and form thrombi has been observed in diabetes mellitus patients (i.e., platelet hyperactivity). The oxidative damage of platelets and the function of pro-oxidant enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases appear central to diabetes-dependent platelet hyperactivity. In addition to platelet hyperactivity, endothelial cell damage and alterations of the coagulation response also participate in the vascular damage associated with diabetes. Here, we present an updated interpretation of the molecular mechanisms underlying vascular damage in diabetes, including current therapeutic options for its control.
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8
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Bratseth V, Margeirsdottir HD, Heier M, Solheim S, Arnesen H, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Seljeflot I. Procoagulant activity in children and adolescents on intensive insulin therapy. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:496-504. [PMID: 31943582 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is associated with atherothrombosis, but limited data exist on procoagulant activity in the young. We investigated procoagulant activity in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes using intensified insulin treatment compared with controls in a 5-year follow-up study, and further any associations with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The study included 314 diabetes children/adolescents and 120 healthy controls. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), D-dimer, tissue-factor-procoagulant-activity (TF-PCA), and tissue-factor-pathway-inhibitor (TFPI) were analyzed with ELISAs. RESULTS F1+2, D-dimer, and TF-PCA did not differ between the groups or correlate to HbA1c in the diabetes group at either time points. TFPI was significantly higher in the diabetes group compared with controls both at inclusion and follow-up (both P < .001). In the diabetes group, TFPI correlated significantly to HbA1c at both time points (r = 0.221 and 0.304, both P < .001). At follow-up, females using oral contraceptives had significantly elevated F1+2, D-dimer, and TF-PCA and lower TFPI compared to no-users (all P < .005), and females had lower TFPI (P = .017) and higher F1+2 compared with males (P = .052), also after adjusting for the use of oral contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS The current results show similar procoagulant activity in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes compared with controls over a 5-year period, indicating that these children using modern intensified insulin treatment are not at high thrombotic risk at younger age. The elevated levels of TFPI in the diabetes group, related to hyperglycaemia, are probably reflecting increased endothelial activation. These findings highlight the significance of optimal blood glucose control in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, to maintain a healthy endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Bratseth
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna D Margeirsdottir
- Pediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Heier
- Pediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Solheim
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Pediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Zahran AM, Nafady-Hego H, Askar E, Elmasry HM, Mohamad IL, El-Asheer OM, Esmail AM, Elsayh KI. Analysis of Toll-Like Receptor-2 and 4 Expressions in Peripheral Monocyte Subsets in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:113-124. [PMID: 32281447 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1714649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysfunction of the peripheral blood monocytes in the form of changes in their proportion, cytokines or pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) expressions may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Our aim is to analyze the three monocyte subsets; classical, non-classical and intermediate monocytes and their expression of Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR-2) and 4 (TLR-4) in T1DM patients. Methods: The peripheral blood monocytes of 20 T1DM patients were analyzed by Flow cytometry to measure their count and TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression. Results: T1DM patients had more non-classical and intermediate monocytes, whereas classical monocytes were comparable between patients and control (20 healthy volunteers). Classical, non-classical and intermediate monocytes had no significant correlations with hemoglobin (Hb) A1C in controls, while all subsets showed positive correlations with HbA1C in T1DM. TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression were significantly increased in classical monocytes in patients, especially those with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and both of them showed positive correlations with the duration of T1DM. The expression of TLR-2 inside non-classical monocytes showed a negative correlation with LDL cholesterol and TLR-4/TLR-2 ratio showed positive correlations with the duration of T1DM and negative correlations with total cholesterol. The expression of TLR-2 inside intermediate monocytes showed positive correlations with the duration of T1DM and TLR-4/TLR-2 ratio showed negative correlations with the duration of T1DM Conclusions: The observed changes in both proportions and TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression of monocyte subsets can raise the possible role in the pathogenesis of early stages of T1DM and DKA. Abbreviations APC: allophycocyanin; CBC: complete blood picture; DKA: diabetic acidosis; DM: diabetes mellitus; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; FSC: forward scatter; Hb: haemoglobin; MFI: mean channel fluorescence intensity; PE: phycoerythrin; PRR: pattern-recognition receptors; SPSS: statistical package for the social sciences; SSC: side scatter; T1DM: Type1DM; TLRs: toll-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute , Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Nafady-Hego
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt.,Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha, Qatar
| | - Eman Askar
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt
| | - Heba M Elmasry
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute , Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ismail L Mohamad
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt
| | - Osama M El-Asheer
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Esmail
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University , Aswan, Egypt
| | - Khalid I Elsayh
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt
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10
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Effect of Permissive Underfeeding with Intensive Insulin Therapy on MCP-1, sICAM-1, and TF in Critically Ill Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050987. [PMID: 31052277 PMCID: PMC6566807 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the effect of permissive underfeeding compared to target feeding and intensive insulin therapy (IIT) compared to conventional insulin therapy (CIT) on the inflammatory mediators monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), and tissue factor (TF) in critically ill patients. Methodology: This was a substudy of a 2 × 2 factorial design randomized controlled trial in which intensive care unit (ICU) patients were randomized into permissive underfeeding compared to target feeding groups and into IIT compared to CIT groups (ISRCTN96294863). In this substudy, we included 91 patients with almost equal numbers across randomization groups. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at days 3, 5, and 7 of an ICU stay. Linear mixed models were used to assess the differences in MCP-1, sICAM-1, and TF across randomization groups over time. Results: Baseline characteristics were balanced across randomization groups. Daily caloric intake was significantly higher in the target feeding than in the permissive underfeeding groups (P-value < 0.01), and the daily insulin dose was significantly higher in the IIT than in the CIT groups (P-value < 0.01). MCP-1, sICAM-1, and TF did not show any significant difference between the randomization groups, while there was a time effect for MCP-1. Baseline sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score and platelets had a significant effect on sICAM-1 (P-value < 0.01). For TF, there was a significant association with age (P-value < 0.01). Conclusions: Although it has been previously demonstrated that insulin inhibits MCP-1, sICAM-1 in critically ill patients, and TF in non-critically ill patients, our study demonstrated that IIT in critically ill patients did not affect these inflammatory mediators. Similarly, caloric intake had a negligible effect on the inflammatory mediators studied.
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11
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Activation of GABA B Receptor Suppresses Diabetic Neuropathic Pain through Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway in the Spinal Dorsal Horn. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6016272. [PMID: 30647535 PMCID: PMC6311757 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6016272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a prevalent complication in diabetes patients. Neuronal inflammation and activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are involved in the occurrence of DNP. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABAB) receptor contributes to the DNP. GABAB receptor interacts with NF-κB, a downstream signaling factor of TLR4, in a neuropathic pain induced by chemotherapy. In this study, we determined the role of TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathways coupled to GABAB receptors in the generation of DNP. Intrathecal injection of baclofen (GABAB receptor agonist), LPS-RS ultrapure (TLR4 antagonist), MIP (MyD88 antagonist), or SN50 (NF-κB inhibitor) significantly increased paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) in DNP rats, while intrathecal injection of saclofen (GABAB receptor blocker) decreased PWT and PWTL in DNP rats. The expression of TLR4, Myd88, NF-κBp65, and their downstream components IL-1 and TNF-α was significantly higher in the spinal cord tissue in DNP rats compared to control rats. Following inhibition of TLR4, Myd88, and NF-κB, the expression of IL-1 and TNF-α decreased. Activation of GABAB receptors downregulated the expression of TLR4, Myd88, NF-κBp65, IL-1, and TNF-α. Blockade of GABAB receptors significantly upregulated expression of TLR4, Myd88, NF-κBp65, IL-1, and TNF-α. These data suggest that activation of the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in the occurrence of DNP in rats. Activation of GABAB receptor in the spinal cord may suppress the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway and alleviate the DNP.
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Tobaldini LQ, Arantes FT, Saraiva SDS, Mazetto BDM, Colella MP, de Paula EV, Annichino-Bizzachi J, Orsi FA. Circulating levels of tissue factor and the risk of thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Res 2018; 171:114-120. [PMID: 30278301 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the severe hypercoagulable state in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have not yet been fully elucidated. Knowledge on the etiology of thrombosis in APS is needed to improve treatment. We performed a case control study to evaluate the association of the levels of circulating tissue factor (TF) with thrombotic APS and unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE), as compared with controls without a history of thrombosis. Study participants were selected in the same geographic area. Linear regression was used to evaluate possible determinants of TF levels among controls and logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between TF, unprovoked VTE and t-APS. TF levels were grouped into three categories based on: below 50th percentile [reference], between 50-75th percentiles [second category] and 75th percentile [third category]. Two hundred and eighty participants were included in the study; 51 patients with unprovoked VTE, 111 patients with t-APS and 118 control individuals. The levels of TF were not associated with an increased risk of unprovoked VTE, as compared with controls. The adjusted odds ratio for t-APS was 2.62 (95%CI 1.03 to 6.62) with TF levels between 50-75th percentiles and 8.62 (95%CI 3.76 to 19.80) with TF levels above the 75th percentile, as compared with the reference category (below the 50th percentile). In the subgroup analysis, higher levels of TF were associated with both arterial and venous thrombosis in APS and with both primary and secondary APS. Circulating TF is associated with thrombotic complications related to APS, but not with the risk of unprovoked VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Erich Vinícius de Paula
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Andrade Orsi
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil.
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13
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Li C, Che LH, Ji TF, Shi L, Yu JL. Effects of the TLR4 signaling pathway on apoptosis of neuronal cells in diabetes mellitus complicated with cerebral infarction in a rat model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43834. [PMID: 28272417 PMCID: PMC5341048 DOI: 10.1038/srep43834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects of the TLR4 signaling pathway on the apoptosis of neuronal cells in rats with diabetes mellitus complicated with cerebral infarction (DMCI). A DMCI model was established with 40 Sprague Dawley rats, which were assigned into blank, sham, DM + middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and DM + MCAO + TAK242 groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. A TUNEL assay was applied for detecting cell apoptosis, and Western blotting was used for detecting the expression of TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β and apoptosis-related proteins. Compared with the blank and sham groups, there was an increase in cell apoptosis, expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β and TLR4 proteins and MDA content and a decrease in SOD activity in the DM + MCAO and DM + MCAO + TAK242 groups. Compared with those in the DM + MCAO group, rats in the DM + MCAO + TAK242 group exhibited an increase in SOD activity and a decrease in cell apoptosis, expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β and TLR4 proteins and MDA content. Inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway reduces neuronal cell apoptosis and nerve injury to protect the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li-He Che
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Tie-Feng Ji
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
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14
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Bratseth V, Byrkjeland R, Njerve IU, Solheim S, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I. Procoagulant activity in patients with combined type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: No effects of long-term exercise training. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:144-151. [PMID: 28111966 DOI: 10.1177/1479164116679080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 12-month exercise training on hypercoagulability in patients with combined type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Associations with severity of disease were further explored. Patients ( n = 131) were randomized to exercise training or a control group. Blood was collected at inclusion and after 12 months. Tissue factor, free and total tissue factor pathway inhibitor, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) and D-dimer were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ex vivo thrombin generation by the calibrated automated thrombogram assay. Tissue factor and ex vivo thrombin generation increased from baseline to 12 months ( p < 0.01, all), with no significant differences in changes between groups. At baseline, free and total tissue factor pathway inhibitor significantly correlated to fasting glucose ( p < 0.01, both) and HbA1c ( p < 0.05, both). In patients with albuminuria ( n = 34), these correlations were strengthened, and elevated levels of D-dimer, free and total tissue factor pathway inhibitor ( p < 0.01, all) and decreased ex vivo thrombin generation ( p < 0.05, all) were observed. These results show no effects of exercise training on markers of hypercoagulability in our population with combined type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. The association between poor glycaemic control and tissue factor pathway inhibitor might indicate increased endothelial activation. More pronounced hypercoagulability and increased tissue factor pathway inhibitor were demonstrated in patients with albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Bratseth
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Byrkjeland
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida U Njerve
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Solheim
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Mao G, Jin J, Kunapuli SP, Rao AK. Nuclear factor-κB regulates expression of platelet phospholipase C-β2 (PLCB2). Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:931-940. [PMID: 27465150 PMCID: PMC6919569 DOI: 10.1160/th15-09-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC)-β2 (gene PLCB2) is a critical regulator of platelet responses upon activation. Mechanisms regulating of PLC-β2 expression in platelets/MKs are unknown. Our studies in a patient with platelet PLC-β2 deficiency revealed the PLCB2 coding sequence to be normal and decreased platelet PLC-β2 mRNA, suggesting a defect in transcriptional regulation. PLCB2 5'- upstream region of the patient revealed a heterozygous 13 bp deletion (-1645/-1633 bp) encompassing a consensus sequence for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). This was subsequently detected in three of 50 healthy subjects. To understand the mechanisms regulating PLC-β2, we studied the effect of this variation in the PLCB2. Gel-shift studies using nuclear extracts from human erythroleukaemia (HEL) cells or recombinant p65 showed NF-κB binding to oligonucleotide with NF-κB site; in luciferase reporter studies its deletion reduced PLCB2 promoter activity. PLCB2 expression was decreased by siRNA knockdown of NF-κB p65 subunit and increased by p65 overexpression. By immunoblotting platelet PLC-β2 in 17 healthy subjects correlated with p65 (r=0.76, p=0.0005). These studies provide the first evidence that NF-κB regulates MK/platelet PLC-β2 expression. This interaction is important because of the major role of PLC-β2 in platelet activation and of NF-κB in processes, including inflammation and atherosclerosis, where both are intimately involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A Koneti Rao
- A. Koneti Rao, MD, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 North Broad Street, MRB-204, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA, Tel.: +1 215 707 4684, Fax: +1 215 707 2783, E-mail:
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Denner J. Treatment of Ebola virus infections with inhibitors of TLR4. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:253-7. [PMID: 26003830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is associated with modulation of cytokine expression in infected patients. EBOV has been shown to interact directly with immune cells (at minimum with macrophages and dendritic cells) and modulation of cytokine expression has also been observed in vitro, which is similar to that in vivo. The modulation of cytokine expression observed in vitro was independent of virus infection and the glycoprotein GP1,2 was shown to be necessary and sufficient for cytokine modulation. Interestingly, similar changes in gene expression were observed in cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As evidence suggests that GP1,2 and LPS use the same receptor, it is tempting to evaluate whether compounds that can inhibit signal transduction by LPS, e.g., TAK-242, can also reduce EBOV-induced pathogenesis.
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