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Pløen GG, Sørensen CB, Bentzon JF. Severe arterial injury heals with a complex clonal structure involving a large fraction of surviving smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2023; 387:117341. [PMID: 37940399 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineage cells in atherosclerosis and flow cessation-induced neointima are oligoclonal, being recruited from a tiny fraction of medial SMCs that modulate and proliferate. The present study aimed to investigate the clonal structure of SMC lineage cells healing more severe arterial injury. METHODS Arterial injury (wire, stretch, and partial ligation) was inflicted on the right carotid artery in mice with homozygous, SMC-restricted, stochastically recombining reporter transgenes that produced mosaic expression of 10 distinguishable fluorescent phenotypes for clonal tracking. Healed arteries and contra-lateral controls were analyzed after 3 weeks. Additional analysis of cell death and proliferation after injury was performed in wildtype mice. RESULTS The total number of SMC lineage cells in healed arteries was comparable to normal arteries but comprised significantly fewer fluorescent phenotypes. The population had a complex, intermixed, clonal structure. By statistical analysis of expected versus observed fractions of fluorescent phenotypes and visual inspection of coherent groups of same-colored cells, we concluded that >98% of SMC lineage cells in healed arteries belonged to a detectable clone, indicating that nearly all surviving SMCs after severe injury at some point undergo proliferation. This was consistent with serial observations in the first week after injury, which showed severe loss of medial cells followed by widespread proliferation. CONCLUSIONS After severe arterial injury, many surviving SMCs proliferate to repair the media and form a neointima. This indicates that the fraction of medial SMCs that are mobilized to repair arteries increases with the level of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Hedin U, Chemaly M, Matic L. The more the merrier: Severe vascular injury increases engagement of smooth muscle cell clones in intimal repair. Atherosclerosis 2023; 387:117365. [PMID: 37980218 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hedin
- Departments of Vascular Surgery and Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Melody Chemaly
- Departments of Vascular Surgery and Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Departments of Vascular Surgery and Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Ding X, Yan Y, Zhang C, Xu X, Yang F, Liu Y, Wang G, Qin Y. OCT4 regulated neointimal formation in injured mouse arteries by matrix metalloproteinase 2-mediated smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:5421-5431. [PMID: 33372301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The excessive proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play vital roles in neointimal hyperplasia and vascular restenosis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function and mechanism of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4, a key transcription factor for maintaining stem cells in de-differentiated state) on neointima formation in response to vascular injury. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot results displayed a significant increase of OCT4 levels in injured carotid arteries. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays confirmed that the increased OCT4 expression was primarily localized in α-SMA-positive VSMCs from neointima, and colocalized with PCNA in the nuclei of VSMCs. Adenovirus-mediated OCT4 overexpression in injured carotid arteries exacerbated intimal thickening, while OCT4 knockdown significantly inhibited intimal thickening. In-vitro experiments confirmed that the increased OCT4 expression in VMSCs could be induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in a time-dependent manner. Overexpression of OCT4 greatly promoted VSMCs proliferation and migration, while OCT4 knockdown significantly retarded the PDGF-BB-induced excessive proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that OCT4 could upregulate matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2) expression through promoting its transcription. Moreover, knockdown of MMP2 significantly attenuated OCT4-mediated VSMCs proliferation and migration. These results indicated that OCT4 facilitated neointimal formation in response to vascular injury by MMP2-mediated VSMCs proliferation and migration, and targeting OCT4 in VSMCs might be a novel therapeutic strategy for vascular restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, No. 903 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengke Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guokun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongwen Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Yue H, Febbraio M, Klenotic PA, Kennedy DJ, Wu Y, Chen S, Gohara AF, Li O, Belcher A, Kuang B, McIntyre TM, Silverstein RL, Li W. CD36 Enhances Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Development of Neointimal Hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:263-275. [PMID: 30567481 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Dysregulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) plays an essential role in neointimal hyperplasia. CD36 functions critically in atherogenesis and thrombosis. We hypothesize that CD36 regulates VSMC proliferation and contributes to the development of obstructive vascular diseases. Approach and Results- We found by immunofluorescent staining that CD36 was highly expressed in human vessels with obstructive diseases. Using guidewire-induced carotid artery injury and shear stress-induced intima thickening models, we compared neointimal hyperplasia in Apoe-/-, Cd36-/- /Apoe-/-, and CD36 specifically deleted in VSMC (VSMC cd36-/-) mice. CD36 deficiency, either global or VSMC-specific, dramatically reduced injury-induced neointimal thickening. Correspondingly, carotid artery blood flow was significantly increased in Cd36-/- /Apoe-/- compared with Apoe-/- mice. In cultured VSMCs from thoracic aorta of wild-type and Cd36-/- mice, we found that loss of CD36 significantly decreased serum-stimulated proliferation and increased cell populations in S phase, suggesting that CD36 is necessary for VSMC S/G2-M-phase transition. Treatment of VSMCs with a TSR (thrombospondin type 1 repeat) peptide significantly increased wild-type, but not Cd36-/- VSMC proliferation. TSR or serum treatment significantly increased cyclin A expression in wild-type, but not in Cd36-/- VSMCs. STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription), which reportedly enhances both VSMC differentiation and maturation, was higher in Cd36-/- VSMCs. CD36 deficiency significantly decreased expression of Col1A1 (type 1 collagen A1 chain) and TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1), and increased expression of contractile proteins, including calponin 1 and smooth muscle α actin, and dramatically increased cell contraction. Conclusions- CD36 promotes VSMC proliferation via upregulation of cyclin A expression that contributes to the development of neointimal hyperplasia, collagen deposition, and obstructive vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yue
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV (H.Y., A.B., W.L.)
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.F.)
| | - Philip A Klenotic
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (P.A.K.)
| | | | - Yueheng Wu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China (Y.W., S.C.)
| | - Shaoxian Chen
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China (Y.W., S.C.)
| | - Amira F Gohara
- Department of Pathology (A.F.G.), University of Toledo, OH
| | - Oliver Li
- Marshall University Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV (O.L., W.L.)
| | - Adam Belcher
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV (H.Y., A.B., W.L.)
| | - Bin Kuang
- Department of Plastic and Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, China (B.K.)
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (T.M.M.).,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (T.M.M.)
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
| | - Wei Li
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV (H.Y., A.B., W.L.)
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Komaravolu RK, Waltmann MD, Konaniah E, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. ApoER2 (Apolipoprotein E Receptor-2) Deficiency Accelerates Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence via Cytokinesis Impairment and Promotes Fibrotic Neointima After Vascular Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2132-2144. [PMID: 31412739 PMCID: PMC6761011 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide studies showed that mutation in apoER2 (apolipoprotein E receptor-2) is additive with ε4 polymorphism in the APOE gene on cardiovascular disease risk in humans. ApoE or apoER2 deficiency also accelerates atherosclerosis lesion necrosis in hypercholesterolemic mice and promotes neointima formation after vascular injury. This study tests the hypothesis that apoE and apoER2 modulate vascular occlusive diseases through distinct mechanisms. Approach and Results: Carotid endothelial denudation induced robust neointima formation in both apoE-/- and apoER2-deficient Lrp8-/- mice. The intima in apoE-/- mice was rich in smooth muscle cells, but the intima in Lrp8-/- mice was cell-poor and rich in extracellular matrix. Vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from apoE-/- mice were hyperplastic whereas Lrp8-/- smooth muscle cells showed reduced proliferation but responded robustly to TGF (transforming growth factor)-β-induced fibronectin synthesis indicative of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which was confirmed by increased β-galactosidase activity, p16INK4a immunofluorescence, and number of multinucleated cells. Western blot analysis of cell cycle-associated proteins showed that apoER2 deficiency promotes cell cycle arrest at the metaphase/anaphase. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that apoER2 interacts with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. In the absence of apoER2, PP2A-C (protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit) failed to interact with CDC20 (cell-division cycle protein 20) thus resulting in inactive anaphase-promoting complex and impaired cell cycle exit. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that apoER2 participates in APC (anaphase-promoting complex)/CDC20 complex formation during mitosis, and its absence impedes cytokinesis abscission thereby accelerating premature cell senescence and vascular disease. This mechanism is distinct from apoE deficiency, which causes smooth muscle cell hyperplasia to accelerate vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Komaravolu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Meaghan D. Waltmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - David Y. Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
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Herman AB, Silva Afonso M, Kelemen SE, Ray M, Vrakas CN, Burke AC, Scalia RG, Moore K, Autieri MV. Regulation of Stress Granule Formation by Inflammation, Vascular Injury, and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2014-2027. [PMID: 31462091 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic aggregates containing mRNA, RNA-binding proteins, and translation factors that form in response to cellular stress. SGs have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of several human diseases, but their role in vascular diseases is unknown. This study shows that SGs accumulate in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and macrophages during atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Immunohistochemical analysis of atherosclerotic plaques from LDLR-/- mice revealed an increase in the stress granule-specific markers Ras-G3BP1 (GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein) and PABP (poly-A-binding protein) in intimal macrophages and smooth muscle cells that correlated with disease progression. In vitro, PABP+ and G3BP1+ SGs were rapidly induced in VSMC and bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to atherosclerotic stimuli, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein and mediators of mitochondrial or oxidative stress. We observed an increase in eIF2α (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha) phosphorylation, a requisite for stress granule formation, in cells exposed to these stimuli. Interestingly, SG formation, PABP expression, and eIF2α phosphorylation in VSMCs is reversed by treatment with the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-19. Microtubule inhibitors reduced stress granule accumulation in VSMC, suggesting cytoskeletal regulation of stress granule formation. SG formation in VSMCs was also observed in other vascular disease pathologies, including vascular restenosis. Reduction of SG component G3BP1 by siRNA significantly altered expression profiles of inflammatory, apoptotic, and proliferative genes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SG formation is a common feature of the vascular response to injury and disease, and that modification of inflammation reduces stress granule formation in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Herman
- From the Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (A.B.H., S.E.K., M.R., C.N.V., R.G.S., M.V.A.)
| | - Milessa Silva Afonso
- New York University Langone Health, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York (M.S.A., A.C.B., K.M.)
| | - Sheri E Kelemen
- From the Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (A.B.H., S.E.K., M.R., C.N.V., R.G.S., M.V.A.)
| | - Mitali Ray
- From the Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (A.B.H., S.E.K., M.R., C.N.V., R.G.S., M.V.A.)
| | - Christine N Vrakas
- From the Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (A.B.H., S.E.K., M.R., C.N.V., R.G.S., M.V.A.)
| | - Amy C Burke
- New York University Langone Health, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York (M.S.A., A.C.B., K.M.)
| | - Rosario G Scalia
- From the Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (A.B.H., S.E.K., M.R., C.N.V., R.G.S., M.V.A.)
| | - Kathryn Moore
- New York University Langone Health, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York (M.S.A., A.C.B., K.M.)
| | - Michael V Autieri
- From the Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (A.B.H., S.E.K., M.R., C.N.V., R.G.S., M.V.A.)
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7
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Wang Z, Cai M, Tay LWR, Zhang F, Wu P, Huynh A, Cao X, Di Paolo G, Peng J, Milewicz DM, Du G. Phosphatidic acid generated by PLD2 promotes the plasma membrane recruitment of IQGAP1 and neointima formation. FASEB J 2019; 33:6713-6725. [PMID: 30811216 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800390rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about how lipid signaling regulates intima hyperplasia after vascular injury. Herein, we report that deletion and pharmacological inhibition of phospholipase D (PLD)2, which generates the signaling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA), reduced neointimal formation in the mouse carotid artery ligation model. PLD2 deficiency inhibits migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into the intima in mice as well as migration and formation of membrane ruffles in primary VSMCs. PA specifically binds to the IQ motif-containing guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) scaffold protein. The binding between PA and IQGAP is required for the plasma membrane recruitment of IQGAP1. Similar to PLD2 inhibition, knockdown of IQGAP1 blocks ruffle formation and migration in VSMCs, which are rescued by expression of the exogenous IQGAP1 but not the PA binding-deficient mutant. These data reveal that the PLD2-PA-IQGAP1 pathway plays an important role in VSMC migration and injury-induced vascular remodeling, and implicate PLD2 as a candidate target for therapeutic interventions.-Wang, Z., Cai, M., Tay, L. W. R., Zhang, F., Wu, P., Huynh, A., Cao, X., Di Paolo, G., Peng, J., Milewicz, D. M., Du, G. Phosphatidic acid generated by PLD2 promotes the plasma membrane recruitment of IQGAP1 and neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wei Rachel Tay
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anh Huynh
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiumei Cao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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The Role of Age-Related Intimal Remodeling and Stiffening in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 81:365-391. [PMID: 29310802 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Age-related vascular stiffening is closely associated with cardiovascular risk. The clinical measure of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, reflects bulk structural changes in the media observed with age, but does not reflect intimal remodeling that also drives atherosclerosis. Endothelial barrier integrity is disrupted during early atherogenesis and is regulated by the mechanics and composition of the underlying intima, which undergoes significant atherogenic remodeling in response to age and hemodynamics. Here, we first review the best characterized of these changes, including physiological intimal thickening throughout the arterial tree, fibronectin and collagen deposition, and collagen cross-linking. We then address the most common in vivo and in vitro models used to gain mechanistic insight into the consequences of intimal remodeling. Finally, we consider the impacts of intimal stiffening upon endothelial cell mechanotransduction with emphasis on the emerging impact of increased complexity in cellular traction forces and substrate rigidity upon endothelial barrier integrity.
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9
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Bessler WK, Kim G, Hudson FZ, Mund JA, Mali R, Menon K, Kapur R, Clapp DW, Ingram DA, Stansfield BK. Nf1+/- monocytes/macrophages induce neointima formation via CCR2 activation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1129-39. [PMID: 26740548 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a predisposition for premature and severe arterial stenosis. Mutations in the NF1 gene result in decreased expression of neurofibromin, a negative regulator of p21(Ras), and increases Ras signaling. Heterozygous Nf1 (Nf1(+/-)) mice develop a marked arterial stenosis characterized by proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and a predominance of infiltrating macrophages, which closely resembles arterial lesions from NF1 patients. Interestingly, lineage-restricted inactivation of a single Nf1 allele in monocytes/macrophages is sufficient to recapitulate the phenotype observed in Nf1(+/-) mice and to mobilize proinflammatory CCR2+ monocytes into the peripheral blood. Therefore, we hypothesized that CCR2 receptor activation by its primary ligand monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is critical for monocyte infiltration into the arterial wall and neointima formation in Nf1(+/-) mice. MCP-1 induces a dose-responsive increase in Nf1(+/-) macrophage migration and proliferation that corresponds with activation of multiple Ras kinases. In addition, Nf1(+/-) SMCs, which express CCR2, demonstrate an enhanced proliferative response to MCP-1 when compared with WT SMCs. To interrogate the role of CCR2 activation on Nf1(+/-) neointima formation, we induced neointima formation by carotid artery ligation in Nf1(+/-) and WT mice with genetic deletion of either MCP1 or CCR2. Loss of MCP-1 or CCR2 expression effectively inhibited Nf1(+/-) neointima formation and reduced macrophage content in the arterial wall. Finally, administration of a CCR2 antagonist significantly reduced Nf1(+/-) neointima formation. These studies identify MCP-1 as a potent chemokine for Nf1(+/-) monocytes/macrophages and CCR2 as a viable therapeutic target for NF1 arterial stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waylan K Bessler
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Grace Kim
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Farlyn Z Hudson
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Julie A Mund
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and
| | - Raghuveer Mali
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Keshav Menon
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - David A Ingram
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brian K Stansfield
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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10
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Role of smooth muscle Nox4-based NADPH oxidase in neointimal hyperplasia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:185-94. [PMID: 26582463 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular wall play a key role in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. Nox4-based NADPH oxidase is a major ROS generating enzyme in the vasculature, but its roles in neointimal hyperplasia remain unclear. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to investigate the role of smooth muscle cell (SMC) Nox4 in neointimal hyperplasia. APPROACH AND RESULTS Mice overexpressing a human Nox4 mutant form, carrying a P437H dominant negative mutation (Nox4DN) and driven by SM22α promoter, to achieve specific expression in SMC, were generated in a FVB/N genetic background. After wire injury-induced endothelial denudation, Nox4DN had significantly decreased neointima formation compared with non-transgenic littermate controls (NTg). ROS production, serum-induced proliferation and migration, were significantly decreased in aortic SMCs isolated from Nox4DN compared with NTg. Both mRNA and protein levels of thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) were significantly downregulated in Nox4DN SMCs. Downregulation of TSP1 by siRNA decreased cell proliferation and migration in SMCs. Similar to Nox4DN, downregulation of Nox4 by siRNA significantly decreased TSP1 expression level, cell proliferation and migration in SMCs. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of smooth muscle Nox4 inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by suppressing TSP1, which in part can account for inhibition of SMC proliferation and migration.
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11
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Östergren C, Shim J, Larsen JV, Nielsen LB, Bentzon JF. Genetic analysis of ligation-induced neointima formation in an F2 intercross of C57BL/6 and FVB/N inbred mouse strains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121899. [PMID: 25875831 PMCID: PMC4395357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are central for arterial diseases including atherosclerosis and restenosis. We hypothesized that the underlying mechanisms may be modeled by carotid ligation in mice. In FVB/N inbred mice, ligation leads to abundant neointima formation with proliferating media-derived SMCs, whereas in C57BL/6 mice hardly any neointima is formed. In the present study, we aimed to identify the chromosomal location of the causative gene variants in an F2 intercross between these two mouse strains. Methods and Results The neointimal cross-sectional area was significantly different between FVB/N, C57BL/6 and F1 female mice 4 weeks after ligation. Carotid artery ligation and a genome scan using 800 informative SNP markers were then performed in 157 female F2 mice. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, we identified suggestive, but no genome-wide significant, QTLs on chromosomes 7 and 12 for neointimal cross-sectional area and on chromosome 14 for media area. Further analysis of the cross revealed 4 QTLs for plasma cholesterol, which combined explained 69% of the variation among F2 mice. Conclusions We identified suggestive QTLs for neointima and media area after carotid ligation in an intercross of FVB/N and C57BL/6 mice, but none that reached genome-wide significance indicating a complex genetic architecture of the traits. Genome-wide significant QTLs for total cholesterol levels were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 9, and 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Östergren
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeong Shim
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Vinther Larsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob F. Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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12
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Takayama T, Shi X, Wang B, Franco S, Zhou Y, DiRenzo D, Kent A, Hartig P, Zent J, Guo LW. A murine model of arterial restenosis: technical aspects of femoral wire injury. J Vis Exp 2015:52561. [PMID: 25867187 PMCID: PMC4401250 DOI: 10.3791/52561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Takayama
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Sarah Franco
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Daniel DiRenzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Alycia Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Peter Hartig
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Joshua Zent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health;
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Huang L, Zhang SM, Zhang P, Zhang XJ, Zhu LH, Chen K, Gao L, Zhang Y, Kong XJ, Tian S, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 7 protects against vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001309. [PMID: 25304854 PMCID: PMC4323813 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a member of the interferon regulatory factor family, plays important roles in innate immunity and immune cell differentiation. However, the role of IRF7 in neointima formation is currently unknown. Methods and Results Significant decreases in IRF7 expression were observed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) following carotid artery injury in vivo and platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB) stimulation in vitro. Compared with non‐transgenic (NTG) controls, SMC‐specific IRF7 transgenic (IRF7‐TG) mice displayed reduced neointima formation and VSMC proliferation in response to carotid injury, whereas a global knockout of IRF7 (IRF7‐KO) resulted in the opposite effect. Notably, a novel IRF7‐KO rat strain was successfully generated and used to further confirm the effects of IRF7 deletion on the acceleration of intimal hyperplasia based on a balloon injury‐induced vascular lesion model. Mechanistically, IRF7's inhibition of carotid thickening and the expression of VSMC proliferation markers was dependent on the interaction of IRF7 with activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and its downstream target, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The evidence that IRF7/ATF3‐double‐TG (DTG) and IRF7/ATF3‐double‐KO (DKO) mice abolished the regulatory effects exhibited by the IRF7‐TG and IRF7‐KO mice, respectively, validated the underlying molecular events of IRF7‐ATF3 interaction. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that IRF7 modulated VSMC proliferation and neointima formation by interacting with ATF3, thereby inhibiting the ATF3‐mediated induction of PCNA transcription. The results of this study indicate that IRF7 is a novel modulator of neointima formation and VSMC proliferation and may represent a promising target for vascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Shu-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (X.J.Z.)
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (K.C., X.D.Z.)
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiang-Jie Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (K.C., X.D.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
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Genetic variants of ApoE and ApoER2 differentially modulate endothelial function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13493-8. [PMID: 25197062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402106111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is poorly understood why there is greater cardiovascular disease risk associated with the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE) allele vs. apoE3, and also greater risk with the LRP8/apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) variant ApoER2-R952Q. Little is known about the function of the apoE-ApoER2 tandem outside of the central nervous system. We now report that in endothelial cells apoE3 binding to ApoER2 stimulates endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and endothelial cell migration, and it also attenuates monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. However, apoE4 does not stimulate eNOS or endothelial cell migration or dampen cell adhesion, and alternatively it selectively antagonizes apoE3/ApoER2 actions. The contrasting endothelial actions of apoE4 vs. apoE3 require the N-terminal to C-terminal interaction in apoE4 that distinguishes it structurally from apoE3. Reconstitution experiments further reveal that ApoER2-R952Q is a loss-of-function variant of the receptor in endothelium. Carotid artery reendothelialization is decreased in ApoER2(-/-) mice, and whereas adenoviral-driven apoE3 expression in wild-type mice has no effect, apoE4 impairs reendothelialization. Moreover, in a model of neointima formation invoked by carotid artery endothelial denudation, ApoER2(-/-) mice display exaggerated neointima development. Thus, the apoE3/ApoER2 tandem promotes endothelial NO production, endothelial repair, and endothelial anti-inflammatory properties, and it prevents neointima formation. In contrast, apoE4 and ApoER2-R952Q display dominant-negative action and loss of function, respectively. Thus, genetic variants of apoE and ApoER2 impact cardiovascular health by differentially modulating endothelial function.
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Spiezio SH, Amon LM, McMillen TS, Vick CM, Houston BA, Caldwell M, Ogimoto K, Morton GJ, Kirk EA, Schwartz MW, Nadeau JH, LeBoeuf RC. Genetic determinants of atherosclerosis, obesity, and energy balance in consomic mice. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:549-63. [PMID: 25001233 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity and atherosclerosis result from complex interactions between environmental factors and genetic variants. A panel of chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) was developed to characterize genetic and dietary factors contributing to metabolic diseases and other biological traits and biomedical conditions. Our goal here was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to obesity, energy expenditure, and atherosclerosis. Parental strains C57BL/6 and A/J together with a panel of 21 CSSs derived from these progenitors were subjected to chronic feeding of rodent chow and atherosclerotic (females) or diabetogenic (males) test diets, and evaluated for a variety of metabolic phenotypes including several traits unique to this report, namely fat pad weights, energy balance, and atherosclerosis. A total of 297 QTLs across 35 traits were discovered, two of which provided significant protection from atherosclerosis, and several dozen QTLs modulated body weight, body composition, and circulating lipid levels in females and males. While several QTLs confirmed previous reports, most QTLs were novel. Finally, we applied the CSS quantitative genetic approach to energy balance, and identified three novel QTLs controlling energy expenditure and one QTL modulating food intake. Overall, we identified many new QTLs and phenotyped several novel traits in this mouse model of diet-induced metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H Spiezio
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 North Terry Ave, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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Ellison S, Gabunia K, Richards JM, Kelemen SE, England RN, Rudic D, Azuma YT, Munroy MA, Eguchi S, Autieri MV. IL-19 reduces ligation-mediated neointimal hyperplasia by reducing vascular smooth muscle cell activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2134-43. [PMID: 24814101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that IL-19, a putative member of the type 2 helper T-cell family of anti-inflammatory interleukins, can attenuate intimal hyperplasia and modulate the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) response to injury. Ligated carotid artery of IL-19 knockout (KO) mice demonstrated a significantly higher neointima/intima ratio compared with wild-type (WT) mice (P = 0.04). More important, the increased neointima/intima ratio in the KO could be reversed by injection of 10 ng/g per day recombinant IL-19 into the KO mouse (P = 0.04). VSMCs explanted from IL-19 KO mice proliferated significantly more rapidly than WT. This could be inhibited by addition of IL-19 to KO VSMCs (P = 0.04 and P < 0.01). IL-19 KO VSMCs migrated more rapidly compared with WT (P < 0.01). Interestingly, there was no type 1 helper T-cell polarization in the KO mouse, but there was significantly greater leukocyte infiltrate in the ligated artery in these mice compared with WT. IL-19 KO VSMCs expressed significantly greater levels of inflammatory mRNA, including IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in response to tumor necrosis factor α stimulation (P < 0.01 for all). KO VSMCs expressed greater adhesion molecule expression and adherence to monocytes. Together, these data indicate that IL-19 is a previously unrecognized counterregulatory factor for VSMCs, and its expression is an important protective mechanism in regulation of vascular restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ellison
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Khatuna Gabunia
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James M Richards
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheri E Kelemen
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ross N England
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan Rudic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Alexandra Munroy
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael V Autieri
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Interferon regulatory factor 8 modulates phenotypic switching of smooth muscle cells by regulating the activity of myocardin. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:400-14. [PMID: 24248596 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01070-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), a member of the IRF transcription factor family, was recently implicated in vascular diseases. In the present study, using the mouse left carotid artery wire injury model, we unexpectedly observed that the expression of IRF8 was greatly enhanced in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by injury. Compared with the wild-type controls, IRF8 global knockout mice exhibited reduced neointimal lesions and maintained SMC marker gene expression. We further generated SMC-specific IRF8 transgenic mice using an SM22α-driven IRF8 plasmid construct. In contrast to the knockout mice, mice with SMC-overexpressing IRF8 exhibited a synthetic phenotype and enhanced neointima formation. Mechanistically, IRF8 inhibited SMC marker gene expression through regulating serum response factor (SRF) transactivation in a myocardin-dependent manner. Furthermore, a coimmunoprecipitation assay indicated a direct interaction of IRF8 with myocardin, in which a specific region of myocardin was essential for recruiting acetyltransferase p300. Altogether, IRF8 is crucial in modulating SMC phenotype switching and neointima formation in response to vascular injury via direct interaction with the SRF/myocardin complex.
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18
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Shimamura M, Nakagami H, Sata M, Takaoka M, Azuma J, Kiomy Osako M, Koriyama H, Kurinami H, Wakayama K, Miyake T, Morishita R. Unique remodeling processes after vascular injury in intracranial arteries: analysis using a novel mouse model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1153-9. [PMID: 23571280 PMCID: PMC3734766 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of angioplasty and stenting in intracranial atherosclerotic diseases is controversial due to high rates of delayed restenosis and hemorrhage compared with extracranial arteries. However, the mechanisms underlying these differences are still unclear, because their pathophysiology is yet to be examined. To address this issue, we established a novel vascular injury model in the intracranial internal carotid arteries (IICAs) in mice, and analyzed the remodeling process in comparison to that of the femoral arteries (FAs). In IICAs, neointimal hyperplasia was observed from day 14 and grew until day 56. Although smooth muscle cells (SMCs) emerged in the neointima from day 28, SMCs in the injured media were continuously lost with eventual extinction of the media. Re-endothelialization was started from day 7 and completed on day 28. Accumulation of macrophages was continued in the adventitia until day 56. Compared with FAs, the following points are unique in IICAs: (1) delayed continuous formation of neointima; (2) accumulation of macrophages in the media on day 14; (3) continuous loss of SMCs in the media followed by extinction of the media itself; and (4) continuously growing adventitia. These pathophysiologic differences might be associated with unfavorable outcomes in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in intracranial arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehisa Shimamura
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University Office for University-Industry Collaboration, Osaka, Japan
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Ganly S, Hynes SO, Sharif F, Aied A, Barron V, McCullagh K, McMahon J, McHugh P, Crowley J, Wang W, O'Brien T, Greiser U. Liposomal surface coatings of metal stents for efficient non-viral gene delivery to the injured vasculature. J Control Release 2013; 167:109-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Guan H, Chen C, Zhu L, Cui C, Guo Y, Fu M, Wang L, Tang Q. Indole-3-carbinol blocks platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell function and reduces neointima formation in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Guan H, Zhu L, Fu M, Yang D, Tian S, Guo Y, Cui C, Wang L, Jiang H. 3,3'Diindolylmethane suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and inhibits neointima formation after carotid injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34957. [PMID: 22506059 PMCID: PMC3323601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,3'Diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural phytochemical, has shown inhibitory effects on the growth and migration of a variety of cancer cells; however, whether DIM has similar effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of DIM on the proliferation and migration of cultured VSMCs and neointima formation in a carotid injury model, as well as the related cell signaling mechanisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS DIM dose-dependently inhibited the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferation of VSMCs without cell cytotoxicity. This inhibition was caused by a G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest demonstrated by fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis. We also showed that DIM-induced growth inhibition was associated with the inhibition of the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 as well as an increase in p27(Kip1) levels in PDGF-stimulated VSMCs. Moreover, DIM was also found to modulate migration of VSMCs and smooth muscle-specific contractile marker expression. Mechanistically, DIM negatively modulated PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of PDGF-recptorβ (PDGF-Rβ) and the activities of downstream signaling molecules including Akt/glycogen synthase kinase(GSK)3β, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). Our in vivo studies using a mouse carotid arterial injury model revealed that treatment with 150 mg/kg DIM resulted in significant reduction of the neointima/media ratio and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, without affecting apoptosis of vascular cells and reendothelialization. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was also inhibited by DIM administration. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that DIM can suppress the phenotypic modulation of VSMCs and neointima hyperplasia after vascular injury. These beneficial effects on VSMCs were at least partly mediated by the inhibition of PDGF-Rβ and the activities of downstream signaling pathways. The results suggest that DIM has the potential to be a candidate for the prevention of restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Becaplermin
- Carotid Artery Diseases/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery Diseases/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- G1 Phase/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima/drug therapy
- Neointima/metabolism
- Neointima/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changping Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Guan H, Gao L, Zhu L, Yan L, Fu M, Chen C, Dong X, Wang L, Huang K, Jiang H. Apigenin attenuates neointima formation via suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Shimizu T, De Wispelaere A, Winkler M, D'Souza T, Caylor J, Chen L, Dastvan F, Deou J, Cho A, Larena-Avellaneda A, Reidy M, Daum G. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 promotes neointimal hyperplasia in mouse iliac-femoral arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:955-61. [PMID: 22308044 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to define a role for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) in intimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS A denudation model of the iliac-femoral artery in wild-type and S1PR3-null mice was used to define a role for S1PR3 in the arterial injury response because we found in humans and mice that expression of S1PR3 was higher in these arteries compared with carotid arteries. At 28 days after surgery, wild-type arteries formed significantly larger lesions than S1PR3-null arteries. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling experiments demonstrated that on injury, wild-type arteries exhibited higher medial as well as intimal proliferation than S1PR3-null arteries. Because S1PR3 expression in vitro was low, we expressed S1PR3 in S1PR3-null smooth muscle cells (SMCs) using retroviral-mediated gene transfer to study the effects of S1PR3 on cell functions and signaling. SMCs expressing S1PR3, but not vector-transfected controls, responded to sphingosine-1-phosphate stimulation with activation of Rac, Erk, and Akt. SMCs expressing S1PR3 also migrated more. CONCLUSIONS In humans and mice, S1PR3 expression was higher in iliac-femoral arteries compared with carotid arteries. S1PR3 promoted neointimal hyperplasia on denudation of iliac-femoral arteries in mice, likely by stimulating cell migration and proliferation through activation of signaling pathways involving Erk, Akt, and Rac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98109, USA
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Shim J, Handberg A, Ostergren C, Falk E, Bentzon JF. Genetic susceptibility of the arterial wall is an important determinant of atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 and FVB/N mouse strains. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1814-20. [PMID: 21571684 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.229674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE How genetic variations among inbred mouse strains translate into differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility is of significant interest for the development of new therapeutic strategies. The objective of the present study was to examine whether genetically controlled arterial wall properties influence atherosclerosis susceptibility in FVB/N (FVB) and C57BL/6 (B6) apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mouse strains. METHODS AND RESULTS Common carotid artery segments from B6 apoE(-/-), F1 apoE(-/-), and FVB apoE(-/-) mice were transplanted to hybrid F1 apoE(-/-) mice, which can accept grafts from both parental strains without adaptive immune responses. The mice were fed a high-fat diet, and atherosclerosis was induced in the transplanted artery segments by placement of a perivascular constrictive collar. Artery segments from B6 apoE(-/-) mice developed much larger atherosclerotic lesions than artery segments from FVB or F1 apoE(-/-) mice. No differences in aortic arch atherosclerosis of the recipient mice were observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS Genetically controlled factors acting at the level of the arterial wall are important determinants of atherosclerosis susceptibility in FVB apoE(-/-) and B6 apoE(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Shim
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
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Deliri H, Meller N, Kadakkal A, Malhotra R, Brewster J, Doran AC, Pei H, Oldham SN, Skaflen MD, Garmey JC, McNamara CA. Increased 12/15-Lipoxygenase Enhances Cell Growth, Fibronectin Deposition, and Neointimal Formation in Response to Carotid Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:110-6. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.212068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Deliri
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Nahum Meller
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ajay Kadakkal
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Rohit Malhotra
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Jordan Brewster
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Amanda C. Doran
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Hong Pei
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Stephanie N. Oldham
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Marcus D. Skaflen
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - James C. Garmey
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- From the Cardiovascular Division (H.D., R.M., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Research Center (H.D., N.M., A.K., R.M., J.B., A.C.D., H.P., S.N.O., M.D.S., J.C.G., and C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Yuan Z, Pei H, Roberts DJ, Zhang Z, Rowlan JS, Matsumoto AH, Shi W. Quantitative trait locus analysis of neointimal formation in an intercross between C57BL/6 and C3H/HeJ apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:220-8. [PMID: 19718279 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.108.792499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) exhibit marked differences in neointimal formation after arterial injury when deficient in apolipoprotein E (apoE(-/-)) and fed a Western diet. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed on an intercross between B6.apoE(-/-) and C3H.apoE(-/-) mice to determine genetic factors contributing to the phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS Female B6.apoE(-/-) mice were crossed with male C3H.apoE(-/-) mice to generate F(1)s, which were intercrossed to generate 204 male F(2) progeny. At 10 weeks of age, F(2)s underwent endothelium denudation injury to the left common carotid artery. Mice were fed a Western diet for 1 week before and 4 weeks after injury and analyzed for neointimal lesion size, plasma lipid and MCP-1 levels. One significant QTL, named Nih1 (61cM, LOD score: 5.02), on chromosome 12 and a suggestive locus on chromosome 13 (35cM, LOD: 2.67) were identified to influence lesion size. One significant QTL on distal chromosome 1 accounted for major variations in plasma non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Four suggestive QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 were detected for circulating MCP-1 levels. No correlations were observed between neointimal lesion size and plasma lipid levels or between lesion size and plasma MCP-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS Neointimal formation is controlled by genetic factors independent of those affecting plasma lipid levels and circulating MCP-1 levels in the B6 and C3H mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuobiao Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Doran AC, Lehtinen AB, Meller N, Lipinski MJ, Slayton RP, Oldham SN, Skaflen MD, Yeboah J, Rich SS, Bowden DW, McNamara CA. Id3 is a novel atheroprotective factor containing a functionally significant single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with intima-media thickness in humans. Circ Res 2010; 106:1303-11. [PMID: 20185798 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.210294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The gene encoding the helix-loop-helix transcription factor Id3 (inhibitor of differentiation-3) is located within atherosclerosis susceptibility loci of both mice and humans, yet its influence on atherosclerosis is not known. OBJECTIVE The present study sought to determine whether polymorphisms in the ID3 gene were associated with indices of atherosclerosis in humans and if loss of Id3 function modulated atherogenesis in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Six tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (tagSNPs) in the human ID3 gene were assessed in participants of the Diabetes Heart Study. One tagSNP, rs11574, was independently associated with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). The human ID3 variant at rs11574 results in an alanine to threonine substitution in the C terminus. To determine the effect of this polymorphism on the basic function of Id3, site-directed mutagenesis of the human ID3 gene at rs11574 was performed. Results demonstrated a significant reduction in coimmunoprecipitation of the known E-protein partner, E12, with Id3 when it contains the sequence encoded by the risk allele (Id3105T). Further, Id3105T had an attenuated ability to modulate E12-mediated transcriptional activation compared to Id3 containing the ancestral allele (Id3105A). Microarray analysis of vascular smooth muscle cells from WT and Id3(-/-) mice revealed significant modulation of multiple gene pathways implicated in atherogenesis. Moreover, Id3(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice developed significantly more atherosclerosis in response to 32 weeks of Chow or Western diet feeding than Id3(+/+)ApoE(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results provide novel evidence that Id3 is an atheroprotective factor and link a common SNP in the human ID3 gene to loss of Id3 function and increased IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Doran
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Lasater EA, Li F, Bessler WK, Estes ML, Vemula S, Hingtgen CM, Dinauer MC, Kapur R, Conway SJ, Ingram DA. Genetic and cellular evidence of vascular inflammation in neurofibromin-deficient mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:859-70. [PMID: 20160346 DOI: 10.1172/jci41443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) results from mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene, which encodes the protein neurofibromin. NF1 patients display diverse clinical manifestations, including vascular disease, which results from neointima formation and vessel occlusion. However, the pathogenesis of NF1 vascular disease remains unclear. Vessel wall homeostasis is maintained by complex interactions between vascular and bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), and neurofibromin regulates the function of each cell type. Therefore, utilizing cre/lox techniques and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to delete 1 allele of Nf1 in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and BMDCs alone, we determined which cell lineage is critical for neointima formation in vivo in mice. Here we demonstrate that heterozygous inactivation of Nf1 in BMDCs alone was necessary and sufficient for neointima formation after vascular injury and provide evidence of vascular inflammation in Nf1+/- mice. Further, analysis of peripheral blood from NF1 patients without overt vascular disease revealed increased concentrations of inflammatory cells and cytokines previously linked to vascular inflammation and vasoocclusive disease. These data provide genetic and cellular evidence of vascular inflammation in NF1 patients and Nf1+/- mice and provide a framework for understanding the pathogenesis of NF1 vasculopathy and potential therapeutic and diagnostic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Lasater
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
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Furgeson SB, Simpson PA, Park I, Vanputten V, Horita H, Kontos CD, Nemenoff RA, Weiser-Evans MCM. Inactivation of the tumour suppressor, PTEN, in smooth muscle promotes a pro-inflammatory phenotype and enhances neointima formation. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:274-82. [PMID: 20051384 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is implicated as a negative regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and injury-induced vascular remodelling. We tested if selective depletion of PTEN only in SMC is sufficient to promote SMC phenotypic modulation, cytokine production, and enhanced neointima formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Smooth muscle marker expression and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines were compared in cultured SMC expressing control or PTEN-specific shRNA. Compared with controls, PTEN-deficient SMC exhibited increased phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappaB) activity, reduced expression of SM markers (SM-alpha-actin and calponin), and increased production of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (KC/CXCL1) under basal conditions. PI3K/Akt or mTOR inhibition reversed repression of SM marker expression, whereas PI3K/Akt or NF-kappaB inhibition blocked cytokine induction mediated by PTEN depletion. Carotid ligation in mice with genetic reduction of PTEN specifically in SMC (SMC-specific PTEN heterozygotes) resulted in enhanced neointima formation, increased SMC hyperplasia, reduced SM-alpha-actin and calponin expression, and increased NF-kappaB and cytokine expression compared with wild-types. Lesion formation in SMC-specific heterozygotes was similar to lesion formation in global PTEN heterozygotes, indicating that inactivation of PTEN exclusively in SMC is sufficient to induce considerable increases in neointima formation. CONCLUSION PTEN activation specifically in SMC is a common upstream regulator of multiple downstream events involved in pathological vascular remodelling, including proliferation, de-differentiation, and production of multiple cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Furgeson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Leigh Perkins LE. Preclinical Models of Restenosis and Their Application in the Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stent Systems. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:58-76. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985809352978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coronary arterial disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, the European Union, and Canada. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has revolutionized the treatment of CAD, and it is the advent of drug-eluting stent (DES) systems that has effectively allayed much of the challenge of restenosis that has plagued the success of PCI through its 30-year history. However, DES systems have not been a panacea: There yet remain the challenges associated with interventions involving bare metallic stents as well as newly arisen concerns related to the application of DES systems. To effectively address these novel and ongoing issues, animal models are relied on both to project the safety and efficacy of endovascular devices and to provide insight into the pathophysiology underlying the vascular response to injury and mechanisms of restenosis. In this review, preclinical models of restenosis are presented, and their application and limitation in the evaluation of device-based interventional technologies for the treatment of CAD are discussed.
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Yang Y, Parsons KK, Chi L, Malakauskas SM, Le TH. Glutathione S-transferase-micro1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and oxidative stress. Hypertension 2009; 54:1360-8. [PMID: 19822795 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.139428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase-micro1, GSTM1, belongs to a superfamily of glutathione S-transferases that metabolizes a broad range of reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics. Across species, genetic variants that result in decreased expression of the Gstm1 gene are associated with increased susceptibility for vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis in humans. We previously identified Gstm1 as a positional candidate in our gene mapping study for susceptibility to renal vascular injury characterized by medial hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the renal vessels. To determine the role of Gstm1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we isolated VSMCs from mouse aortas. We demonstrate that VSMCs from the susceptible C57BL/6 mice have reduced expression of Gstm1 mRNA and its protein product compared with that of the resistant 129 mice. After serum stimulation, C57BL/6 VSMCs proliferate and migrate at a much faster rate than 129 VSMCs. Furthermore, C57BL/6 VSMCs have higher levels of reactive oxygen species and exhibit exaggerated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation after exposure to H(2)O(2). To establish causality, we show that knockdown of Gstm1 by small interfering RNA results in increased proliferation of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner, as well as in increased reactive oxygen species levels and VSMC migration. Moreover, Gstm1 small interfering RNA causes increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and attenuates the antiproliferative effect of Tempol. Our data suggest that Gstm1 is a novel regulator of VSMC proliferation and migration through its role in handling reactive oxygen species. Genetic variants that cause a decremental change in expression of Gstm1 may permit an environment of exaggerated oxidative stress, leading to susceptibility to vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Yang
- University of Virginia, Box 800133, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Takahashi M. Genetic susceptibility to restenosis: role of bone marrow cells and inflammatory response. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1407-8. [PMID: 19759370 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.194928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Basford JE, Moore ZWQ, Zhou L, Herz J, Hui DY. Smooth muscle LDL receptor-related protein-1 inactivation reduces vascular reactivity and promotes injury-induced neointima formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1772-8. [PMID: 19729608 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.194357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Defective smooth muscle expression of LDL receptor-related protein-1 (Lrp1) increases atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. This study explored the importance of smooth muscle Lrp1 expression under normolipidemic conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Smooth muscle cells isolated from control (smLrp1(+/+)) and smooth muscle-specific Lrp1 knockout (smLrp1(-/-)) mice were characterized based on morphology, smooth muscle marker protein expression levels, and growth rates in vitro. Vascular functions were assessed by aortic constrictive response to agonist stimulation in situ and neointimal hyperplasia to carotid arterial injury in vivo. The smLrp1(-/-) smooth muscle cells displayed reduced alpha-actin and calponin expression and an accelerated growth rate attribtuable to sustained phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PRGFR) and protein kinase B/Akt. Vasoconstrictive response to agonist stimulation was impaired in aortic rings isolated from smLrp1(-/-) mice. Injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia was significantly increased in smLrp1(-/-) mice. The increase in neointima was associated with corresponding elevated activation of PDGFR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Smooth muscle expression of Lrp1 is important in maintaining normal vascular functions under normolipidemic conditions. The absence of Lrp1 expression results in greater smooth muscle cell proliferation, deficient contractile protein expression, impairment of vascular contractility, and promotion of denudation-induced neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Basford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Gordon JW, Pagiatakis C, Salma J, Du M, Andreucci JJ, Zhao J, Hou G, Perry RL, Dan Q, Courtman D, Bendeck MP, McDermott JC. Protein kinase A-regulated assembly of a MEF2{middle dot}HDAC4 repressor complex controls c-Jun expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19027-42. [PMID: 19389706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) maintain the ability to modulate their phenotype in response to changing environmental stimuli. This phenotype modulation plays a critical role in the development of most vascular disease states. In these studies, stimulation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells with platelet-derived growth factor resulted in marked induction of c-jun expression, which was attenuated by protein kinase Cdelta and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase inhibition. Given that these signaling pathways have been shown to relieve the repressive effects of class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) on myocyte enhancer factor (MEF) 2 proteins, we ectopically expressed HDAC4 and observed repression of c-jun expression. Congruently, suppression of HDAC4 by RNA interference resulted in enhanced c-jun expression. Consistent with these findings, mutation of the MEF2 cis-element in the c-jun promoter resulted in promoter activation during quiescent conditions, suggesting that the MEF2 cis-element functions as a repressor in this context. Furthermore, we demonstrate that protein kinase A attenuates c-Jun expression by promoting the formation of a MEF2.HDAC4 repressor complex by inhibiting salt-inducible kinase 1. Finally, we document a physical interaction between c-Jun and myocardin, and we document that forced expression of c-Jun represses the ability of myocardin to activate smooth muscle gene expression. Thus, MEF2 and HDAC4 act to repress c-Jun expression in quiescent VSMCs, protein kinase A enhances this repression, and platelet-derived growth factor derepresses c-Jun expression through calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases and novel protein kinase Cs. Regulation of this molecular "switch" on the c-jun promoter may thus prove critical for toggling between the activated and quiescent VSMC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Pinkaew D, Cho SG, Hui DY, Wiktorowicz JE, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Mahabusarakam W, Tonganunt M, Stafford LJ, Phongdara A, Liu M, Fujise K. Morelloflavone blocks injury-induced neointimal formation by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:31-9. [PMID: 18930785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-stent restenosis, or renarrowing within a coronary stent, is the most ominous complication of percutaneous coronary intervention, caused by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration into and proliferation in the intima. Although drug-eluting stents reduce restenosis, they delay the tissue healing of the injured arteries. No promising alternative anti-restenosis treatments are currently on the horizon. METHODS In endothelium-denudated mouse carotid arteries, oral morelloflavone-an active ingredient of the Thai medicinal plant Garcinia dulcis-significantly decreased the degree of neointimal hyperplasia, without affecting neointimal cell cycle progression or apoptosis as evaluated by Ki-67 and TUNEL staining, respectively. At the cellular level, morelloflavone robustly inhibited VSMC migration as shown by both scratch wound and invasion assays. In addition, morelloflavone prevented VSMCs from forming lamellipodia, a VSMC migration apparatus. Mechanistically, the inhibition by morelloflavone of VSMC migration was through its negative regulatory effects on several migration-related kinases, including FAK, Src, ERK, and RhoA. Consistently with the animal data, morelloflavone did not affect VSMC cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis. RESULTS These data suggest that morelloflavone blocks injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia via the inhibition of VSMC migration, without inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We propose morelloflavone to be a viable oral agent for the prevention of restenosis, without compromising effects on the integrity and healing of the injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decha Pinkaew
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Chai H, Dong Y, Wang X, Zhou W. Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates homocysteine-augmented guidewire injury-induced intimal hyperplasia in mice. J Surg Res 2008; 157:193-8. [PMID: 19041102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the primary cause for post-angioplasty restenosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of homocysteine (Hcy) and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) on IH using a guidewire injury animal model. METHODS In 12-wk-old C57BL/6J mice, the left common carotid artery (CCA) was denudated with a guidewire and the right CCA was used as the uninjured control. They were treated with saline (NS), Hcy, Rb1, or Hcy + Rb1 for 4 wk prior to sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at 4, 6, or 8 wk. Both CCAs were harvested and intimal-medium thickness (IMT) ratios were calculated. Local macrophage distribution was also studied. RESULTS Histology analyses demonstrated consistent internal elastic lamina disruption and focal IH in the injured CCA segments. The degree of IH correlated to the lengths of time following injury. Hcy treated group had significant increase in IMT compared with the NS group (P < 0.05), while Rb1 group was similar to the NS group. In addition, Hcy + Rb1 group showed significant improvement in IMT compared with Hcy group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, Hcy significantly increased local macrophage content as compared with either lesion alone or Rb1 treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that Hcy increased the degree of IH and macrophage content in the injured CCA and that Rb1 attenuated these adverse effects. These changes might be mediated through antioxidative effects of Rb1. Our data suggests a potential clinical application of ginseng in controlling Hcy-related vascular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chai
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Higher levels of collagen and facilitated healing protect against ventricular rupture following myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 115:99-106. [PMID: 18248324 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cardiac rupture after MI (myocardial infarction) is not fully understood. Rupture has not been reported in most laboratory species, including the rat, but does occur in mice. We have reported previously that beta2-TG mice (transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of beta2-adrenergic receptors) had a lower incidence of rupture compared with NTG (non-transgenic) littermates. We hypothesized that the difference in the incidence of rupture between rodents and specific mouse strains is due to the difference in collagen content following MI. In the present study, we compared the difference in matrix remodelling post-MI between beta2-TG and NTG mice and between mice and rats. MI was induced by ligation of the left main coronary artery. Following MI, tensile strength, insoluble and soluble collagen content and gelatinase expression were determined in the infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium. Better preserved tensile strength measured as TTR [tension-to-rupture; 88+/-14 and 58+/-3% of the respective sham group values for beta2-TG compared with NTG mice (P<0.05); 108+/-7 and 32+/-4% of the respective sham group values for rats compared with 129sv mice (P<0.01)] and less severe acute infarct expansion after MI were found in rats compared with mice or in beta2-TG compared with NTG mice. These differences were associated with a higher content of pre-existing fibril collagen in the normal myocardium of beta2-TG compared with NTG mice (1.6-fold) or rats compared with 129sv mice (2-fold) and an accelerated fibrotic healing in the infarcted myocardium. Additionally, a less pronounced increase in MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) activity was observed in the infarcted myocardium of rats compared with 129sv mice. We conclude that a higher collagen level is associated with facilitated fibrotic healing of an infarct and preserves the tensile strength of infarcted myocardium, thereby preventing cardiac rupture and acute ventricular remodelling.
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Lasater EA, Bessler WK, Mead LE, Horn WE, Clapp DW, Conway SJ, Ingram DA, Li F. Nf1+/- mice have increased neointima formation via hyperactivation of a Gleevec sensitive molecular pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2336-44. [PMID: 18442999 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Neurofibromin is encoded by NF1 and functions as a negative regulator of Ras activity. Somatic mutations in the residual normal NF1 allele within cancers of NF1 patients is consistent with NF1 functioning as a tumor-suppressor. However, the prevalent non-malignant manifestations of NF1, including learning and bone disorders emphasize the importance of dissecting the cellular and biochemical effects of NF1 haploinsufficiency in multiple cell lineages. One of the least studied complications of NF1 involves cardiovascular disorders, including arterial occlusions that result in cerebral and visceral infarcts. NF1 vasculopathy is characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) accumulation in the intima area of vessels resulting in lumen occlusion. We recently showed that Nf1 haploinsufficiency increases VSMC proliferation and migration via hyperactivation of the Ras-Erk pathway, which is a signaling axis directly linked to neointima formation in diverse animal models of vasculopathy. Given this observation, we tested whether heterozygosity of Nf1 would lead to vaso-occlusive disease in genetically engineered mice in vivo. Strikingly, Nf1+/- mice have increased neointima formation, excessive vessel wall cell proliferation and Erk activation after vascular injury in vivo. Further, this effect is directly dependent on a Gleevec sensitive molecular pathway. Therefore, these studies establish an Nf1 model of vasculopathy, which mirrors features of human NF1 vaso-occlusive disease, identifies a potential therapeutic target and provides a platform to further dissect the effect of Nf1 haploinsufficiency in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Lasater
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Ginnan R, Guikema BJ, Halligan KE, Singer HA, Jourd’heuil D. Regulation of smooth muscle by inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase in vascular proliferative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1232-45. [PMID: 18211830 PMCID: PMC2390910 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in promoting smooth muscle migration and proliferation during vascular diseases such as postangioplasty restenosis and atherosclerosis. Another common feature of many vascular diseases is the contribution of reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species to vascular injury. Primary sources of ROS and RNS in smooth muscle are several isoforms of NADPH oxidase (Nox) and the cytokine-regulated inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS). One important example of the interaction between NO and ROS is the reaction of NO with superoxide to yield peroxynitrite, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. In this review, we discuss the literature that supports an alternate possibility: Nox-derived ROS modulate NO bioavailability by altering the expression of iNOS. We highlight data showing coexpression of iNOS and Nox in vascular smooth muscle demonstrating the functional consequences of iNOS and Nox during vascular injury. We describe the relevant literature demonstrating that the mitogen-activated protein kinases are important modulators of proinflammatory cytokine-dependent expression of iNOS. A central hypothesis discussed is that ROS-dependent regulation of the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase Cdelta is essential to understanding how Nox may regulate signaling pathways leading to iNOS expression. Overall, the integration of nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase with cytokine signaling in general and in vascular smooth muscle in particular is poorly understood and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David Jourd’heuil
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Albany Medical College, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, 47 New Scotland Avenue (MC8), Albany, NY 12208; Tel: (518) 262 8104; Fax: (518) 262 8101; E-mail:
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40
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Abstract
The most commonly used procedures to induce arterial injury in mice are carotid artery ligation with cessation of blood flow and mechanically-induced denudation of endothelium in the carotid or the femoral arteries. Both procedures result in neointimal hyperplasia after two to three weeks. A survey of various inbred strains of mice shows that strain-specific differences in susceptibility to injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia are different than those for susceptibility to diet-induced atherosclerosis, with strains identified as susceptible to both neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis, resistant to both, susceptible to atherosclerosis but resistant to neointimal hyperplasia, or resistant to atherosclerosis but susceptible to neointimal hyperplasia. Inflammatory cells such as T and B lymphocytes, which are contributory to atherosclerosis, are protective against injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. In contrast, the infiltration of monocytes into the site of injury and their differentiation to macrophages favor neointimal hyperplasia similar to their pathogenic role in atherosclerosis. The regulatory role of lymphocytes and macrophages in neointimal hyperplasia is related to the production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, respectively. Interestingly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity appears to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in the endothelial denudation model but contributes to neointimal hyperplasia when arterial injury is induced by periadventitial cuff placement. The difference appears to be due to the time required for endothelial recovery and the participation of inflammatory cells. Thus, although arterial injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia results in similar vascular occlusion as progressive atherosclerosis, the pathology and mechanism of the two disease processes are quite different.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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Zhang L, Sivashanmugam P, Wu JH, Brian L, Exum ST, Freedman NJ, Peppel K. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 signaling attenuates vein graft neointima formation by promoting endothelial recovery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:284-9. [PMID: 18006858 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.151613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation appears intricately linked to vein graft arterialization. We have previously shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 (TNFR1, p55) signaling augments vein graft neointimal hyperplasia (NH) and remodeling through its effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In this study we examined the role of TNFR2 (p75) signaling in vein graft arterialization. METHODS AND RESULTS Inferior vena cava-to-carotid artery interposition grafting was performed between p75-/- and congenic (C57B1/6J) wild-type (WT) mice. Six weeks postoperatively, neointimal and medial dimensions were greater in p75-/- grafts placed into p75-/- recipients (by 42% or 60%, respectively; P<0.05), when compared with WT veins grafted into WT recipients. Relative to WT vein grafts, p75 deficiency augmented early (2-week-old) graft vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression (by 2.4-fold, P<0.05), increased endothelial cell apoptosis (2-fold), and delayed graft re-endothelialization. Both cellular proliferation in early, and collagen I content of mature (6-week-old) vein grafts were increased (by 70% and 50%, respectively) in p75-/- grafts. P75 deficiency augmented TNF-induced apoptosis of cultured endothelial cells, but did not affect TNF-stimulated SMC proliferation or migration induced by co-cultured macrophages. CONCLUSIONS TNF signaling via p75 reduces vein graft neointimal hyperplasia through mechanisms involving reduction of adhesion molecule expression and endothelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neointimal development is seen clinically after both vein grafting and balloon catheterization, but may not represent the same pathology under these 2 conditions. This study compared the degree of neointimal hyperplasia after vein grafting or arterial-injury grafts in 2 strains of mice: C57Bl/6 and FVB. METHODS AND RESULTS Jugular vein branches were interpositioned as grafts in the femoral artery of syngenic-matched mice, with graft harvest at 30 days. Wire-injured carotid arteries were grafted to the carotid arteries of syngenic-matched mice, with graft harvest at 14 days. Histomorphometry revealed no strain differences in vein grafts in the extent of position-dependent neointimal thickening or lumen cross-sectional area. Both strains showed significantly thicker neointima and less lumen area at the proximal graft site (vs the mid-graft; p<0.05). In contrast, a significantly greater neointimal thickness was found in the wire-injured carotid grafts of FVB mice vs those of C57Bl/6 mice (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Neointimal formation shows a vessel-dependent, strain-dependent difference, with greater arterial neointimal thickening in FVB mice. These data suggest that different mechanisms operate for arterial-injury- vs vein-graft-associated neointimal development and that the difference has a genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Cooley
- Allen Bradley Medical Sciences Laboratory, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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43
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Inoue S, Nakazawa T, Cho A, Dastvan F, Davastan F, Shilling D, Daum G, Reidy M. Regulation of arterial lesions in mice depends on differential smooth muscle cell migration: a role for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46:756-63. [PMID: 17903653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The response of mice arteries to injury varies significantly between strains. FVB mice develop large neointimas after injury, whereas very small lesions form in C57BL/6 mice. After injury, platelet interaction with the denuded artery and early smooth muscle (SMC) replication are identical in both strains; however, the migration of SMCs differs significantly. FVB cells readily move into the developing neointima, whereas only the occasional C57BL/6 cells migrate. Injured arteries showed no difference in matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and plasminogen activator activities. In vitro, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in combination with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates migration of FVB cells but inhibits migration of C57BL/6 SMCs. Both SMCs migrate equally well to PDGF alone. One explanation is that the SMCs express different S1P receptors. Real-time polymerase chain reaction shows that FVB cells express higher levels of S1P receptor-1 (S1P(1)) compared with C57BL/6 cells, which express higher levels of S1P receptor-2 (S1P(2)). In addition, the migration of C57BL/6 cells can be increased by inhibiting S1P(2), whereas inhibiting S1P(1) expression slows the migration of FVB cells. Taken together these studies suggest that expression of S1P receptors vary within inbred mouse strains and that S1P is critical for SMC migration and lesion formation after injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/physiopathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Plasminogen Activators/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Inoue
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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44
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Shimizu T, Nakazawa T, Cho A, Dastvan F, Shilling D, Daum G, Reidy MA. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 negatively regulates neointimal formation in mouse arteries. Circ Res 2007; 101:995-1000. [PMID: 17872461 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.159228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal lesion formation was induced in sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 2 (S1P2)-null and wild-type mice by ligation of the left carotid artery. After 28 days, large neointimal lesions developed in S1P2-null but not in wild-type arteries. This was accompanied with a significant increase in both medial and intimal smooth muscle cell (SMC) replication between days 4 to 28, with only minimal replication in wild-type arteries. S1P2-null SMCs showed a significant increase in migration when stimulated with S1P alone and together with platelet-derived growth factor, whereas both wild-type and null SMCs migrated equally well to platelet-derived growth factor. S1P increased Rho activation in wild-type but not in S1P2-null SMCs, and inhibition of Rho activity promoted S1P-induced SMC migration. Plasma S1P levels were similar and did not change after surgery. These results suggest that activation of S1P2 normally acts to suppress SMC growth in arteries and that S1P is a regulator of neointimal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 815 Mercer St, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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45
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Muller D, Schmidt C, Barbosa-Sicard E, Wellner M, Gross V, Hercule H, Markovic M, Honeck H, Luft F, Schunck WH. Mouse Cyp4a isoforms: enzymatic properties, gender- and strain-specific expression, and role in renal 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid formation. Biochem J 2007; 403:109-18. [PMID: 17112342 PMCID: PMC1828894 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AA (arachidonic acid) hydroxylation to 20-HETE (20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) influences renal vascular and tubular function. To identify the CYP (cytochrome P450) isoforms catalysing this reaction in the mouse kidney, we analysed the substrate specificity of Cyp4a10, 4a12a, 4a12b and 4a14 and determined sex- and strain-specific expressions. All recombinant enzymes showed high lauric acid hydroxylase activities. Cyp4a12a and Cyp4a12b efficiently hydroxylated AA to 20-HETE with V(max) values of approx. 10 nmol x nmol(-1) x min(-1) and K(m) values of 20-40 microM. 20-Carboxyeicosatetraenoic acid occurred as a secondary metabolite. AA hydroxylase activities were approx. 25-75-fold lower with Cyp4a10 and not detectable with Cyp4a14. Cyp4a12a and Cyp4a12b also efficiently converted EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) into 19/20-OH- and 17,18-epoxy-EPA. In male mice, renal microsomal AA hydroxylase activities ranged between approx. 100 (NMRI), 45-55 (FVB/N, 129 Sv/J and Balb/c) and 25 pmol x min(-1) x mg(-1) (C57BL/6). The activities correlated with differences in Cyp4a12a protein and mRNA levels. Treatment with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone induced both 20-HETE production and Cyp4a12a expression more than 4-fold in male C57BL/6 mice. All female mice showed low AA hydroxylase activities (15-25 pmol x min(-1) x mg(-1)) and very low Cyp4a12a mRNA and protein levels, but high Cyp4a10 and Cyp4a14 expression. Renal Cyp4a12b mRNA expression was almost undetectable in both sexes of all strains. Thus Cyp4a12a is the predominant 20-HETE synthase in the mouse kidney. Cyp4a12a expression determines the sex- and strain-specific differences in 20-HETE generation and may explain sex and strain differences in the susceptibility to hypertension and target organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik N. Muller
- *Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
- †Medical Faculty of the Charité, Franz Volhard Clinic, HELIOS Klinikum, Wiltberg Str 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cosima Schmidt
- *Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Barbosa-Sicard
- *Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Wellner
- †Medical Faculty of the Charité, Franz Volhard Clinic, HELIOS Klinikum, Wiltberg Str 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkmar Gross
- †Medical Faculty of the Charité, Franz Volhard Clinic, HELIOS Klinikum, Wiltberg Str 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hantz Hercule
- *Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marija Markovic
- *Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst Honeck
- *Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich C. Luft
- *Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
- †Medical Faculty of the Charité, Franz Volhard Clinic, HELIOS Klinikum, Wiltberg Str 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Hagen Schunck
- *Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Tian J, Pei H, Sanders JM, Angle JF, Sarembock IJ, Matsumoto AH, Helm GA, Shi W. Hyperlipidemia is a major determinant of neointimal formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1004-9. [PMID: 16712797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice exhibit mild hyperlipidemia on a chow diet but develop severe hyperlipidemia on a high fat diet. In this study, we investigated neointimal formation after removal of the endothelium when LDLR(-/-) mice were fed chow or a Western diet containing 42% fat, 0.15% cholesterol, and 19.5% casein. At 10 weeks of age, female mice underwent endothelial denudation of the left common carotid artery. Two weeks after injury, neointimal formation was barely detectable in the injured vessel when mice developed mild hyperlipidemia on the chow diet. In contrast, neointimal lesions were obvious when mice developed severe hyperlipidemia on the Western diet. Immunohistochemical and histological analyses demonstrated the presence of macrophage foam cells and smooth muscle cells in neointimal lesions. The injured artery also exhibited a significant increase in medial area on the Western diet. Plasma levels of MCP-1 and soluble VCAM-1 were significantly elevated by feeding of the Western diet. These data indicate that hyperlipidemia aggravates neointimal growth in LDLR(-/-) mice by promoting foam cell formation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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47
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Gizard F, Amant C, Barbier O, Bellosta S, Robillard R, Percevault F, Sevestre H, Krimpenfort P, Corsini A, Rochette J, Glineur C, Fruchart JC, Torpier G, Staels B. PPAR alpha inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation underlying intimal hyperplasia by inducing the tumor suppressor p16INK4a. J Clin Invest 2006; 115:3228-38. [PMID: 16239970 PMCID: PMC1257531 DOI: 10.1172/jci22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular SMC proliferation is a crucial event in occlusive cardiovascular diseases. PPARalpha is a nuclear receptor controlling lipid metabolism and inflammation, but its role in the regulation of SMC growth remains to be established. Here, we show that PPARalpha controls SMC cell-cycle progression at the G1/S transition by targeting the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and tumor suppressor p16(INK4a) (p16), resulting in an inhibition of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. PPARalpha activates p16 gene transcription by both binding to a canonical PPAR-response element and interacting with the transcription factor Sp1 at specific proximal Sp1-binding sites of the p16 promoter. In a carotid arterial-injury mouse model, p16 deficiency results in an enhanced SMC proliferation underlying intimal hyperplasia. Moreover, PPARalpha activation inhibits SMC growth in vivo, and this effect requires p16 expression. These results identify an unexpected role for p16 in SMC cell-cycle control and demonstrate that PPARalpha inhibits SMC proliferation through p16. Thus, the PPARalpha/p16 pathway may be a potential pharmacological target for the prevention of cardiovascular occlusive complications of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gizard
- INSERM U545, Département d'Athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur de Lille et Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Lille II, Lille, France
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48
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Heissig B, Rafii S, Akiyama H, Ohki Y, Sato Y, Rafael T, Zhu Z, Hicklin DJ, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Werb Z, Hattori K. Low-dose irradiation promotes tissue revascularization through VEGF release from mast cells and MMP-9-mediated progenitor cell mobilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:739-50. [PMID: 16157686 PMCID: PMC2212942 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells accumulate in tissues undergoing angiogenesis during tumor growth, wound healing, and tissue repair. Mast cells can secrete angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Ionizing irradiation has also been shown to have angiogenic potential in malignant and nonmalignant diseases. We observed that low-dose irradiation fosters mast cell–dependent vascular regeneration in a limb ischemia model. Irradiation promoted VEGF production by mast cells in a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)–dependent manner. Irradiation, through MMP-9 up-regulated by VEGF in stromal and endothelial cells, induced the release of Kit-ligand (KitL). Irradiation-induced VEGF promoted migration of mast cells from the bone marrow to the ischemic site. Irradiation-mediated release of KitL and VEGF was impaired in MMP-9–deficient mice, resulting in a reduced number of tissue mast cells and delayed vessel formation in the ischemic limb. Irradiation-induced vasculogenesis was abrogated in mice deficient in mast cells (steel mutant, Sl/Sld mice) and in mice in which the VEGF pathway was blocked. Irradiation did not induce progenitor mobilization in Sl/Sld mice. We conclude that increased recruitment and activation of mast cells following irradiation alters the ischemic microenvironment and promotes vascular regeneration in an ischemia model. These data show a novel mechanism of neovascularization and suggest that low-dose irradiation may be used for therapeutic angiogenesis to augment vasculogenesis in ischemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Heissig
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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Moore ZWQ, Hui DY. Apolipoprotein E inhibition of vascular hyperplasia and neointima formation requires inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:2083-90. [PMID: 16061951 PMCID: PMC1435725 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500177-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown apolipoprotein E (apoE) recruitment to medial layers of carotid arteries after vascular injury in vivo and apoE activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in smooth muscle cells in vitro. This investigation explored the relationship between medial apoE recruitment and iNOS activation in protection against neointimal hyperplasia. ApoE was present in both neointimal-resistant C57BL/6 mice and neointimal-susceptible FVB/N mice 24 h after carotid denudation, but iNOS expression was observed only in the neointimal-resistant C57BL/6 mice. However, iNOS was not observed in apoE-defective C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, overexpression of apoE in FVB/N mice activated iNOS expression in the injured vessels, resulting in protection against neointimal hyperplasia. ApoE and iNOS were colocalized in the medial layer of neointimal-resistant mouse strains. Endothelial denudation of carotid arteries in the iNOS-deficient NOS2(-/-) mice did not increase neointimal hyperplasia but significantly increased medial thickness and area. The iNOS-specific inhibitor also abrogated the apoE protective effects on vascular response to injury in apoE-overexpressing FVB/N mice. Thus, injury-induced activation of iNOS requires apoE recruitment. Moreover, both apoE and iNOS are necessary for the suppression of cell proliferation, and apoE recruitment without iNOS expression resulted in medial hyperplasia without cell migration to the intima.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Y. Hui
- Correspondence to: David Y. Hui, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, ML-0507, 2120 E. Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237-0507. Ph: 513-558-9152; FAX: 513-558-1312; E-mail:
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Shi W, Pei H, Fischer JJ, James JC, Angle JF, Matsumoto AH, Helm GA, Sarembock IJ. Neointimal formation in two apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse strains with different atherosclerosis susceptibility. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:2008-14. [PMID: 15314103 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400254-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6 (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) are two commonly used mouse strains that differ markedly in atherosclerosis susceptibility. In this study, we determined plaque formation after removal of the endothelium in the two strains carrying the mutant apolipoprotein E gene (apoE(-/-)). At 10 weeks of age, male B6.apoE(-/-) and C3H.apoE(-/-) mice underwent endothelial denudation of the left common carotid artery. Two weeks after injury, B6.apoE(-/-) mice developed significantly larger neointimal lesions in the vessel than their C3H.apoE(-/-) counterparts, although they had comparable plasma cholesterol levels on a chow diet. Feeding of a Western diet aggravated lesion formation in both strains, but the increase was more dramatic in B6.apoE(-/-) mice than in C3H.apoE(-/-) mice. Immunohistochemical and histological analyses demonstrated the presence of macrophage foam cells in neointimal lesions. We then compared neointimal growth in F1 mice reconstituted with bone marrow from B6.apoE(-/-) and C3H.apoE(-/-) mice. No significant lesions were observed 2 weeks after endothelial denudation in the mice reconstituted with bone marrow from either donor. Thus, these data indicate that foam cell formation contributes to neointimal growth in the hyperlipidemic apoE(-/-) model and that neither endothelial cells nor blood cells alone explain the dramatic difference between B6 and C3H mice in plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Shi
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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