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Atherosclerotic Lesion of the Carotid Artery in Indonesian Cynomolgus Monkeys Receiving a Locally Sourced Atherogenic Diet. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030105. [PMID: 35324833 PMCID: PMC8954025 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The atherosclerotic lesion is a principal hallmark of atherosclerotic animal models. This study aimed to assess lesions of the carotid artery in Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys exposed to an IPB-1 atherogenic diet. A total of 20 adult male cynomolgus monkeys received the local IPB-1 diet for two years. Blood lipid profiles, morphology, and carotid ultrasound of monkeys were measured. Nine of them were euthanized to confirm atherosclerotic lesions. Common carotid arteries (CCA) and carotid bifurcation (BIF) samples were collected and stained using Verhoef-van Giessen and CD68 immunohistochemistry. The results reveal the presence of severe atherosclerosis plaques in six out of nine animals (66.7%) corresponding to intermediately and hyper-responsive groups. The hyper-responsive group displayed the highest response in the developing intimal area (IA) at the CCA (0.821 mm2), whereas the hyporesponsive group had the smallest IA (0.045 mm2) (p = 0.0001). At the BIF, the hyporesponsive group showed the smallest IA (p = 0.001), but there was no difference between the intermediately and hyper-responsive groups (p = 0.312). The macrophage marker CD68 was also expressed on the cartotid of the intermediately and hyper-responsive groups. These results indicate that severe atherosclerotic lesions with high infiltration of macrophages were formed in the carotid arteries of intermediately and hyper-responsive Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys fed with the local atherogenic diet IPB-1 over two years, thus confirming atherosclerosis in a nonhuman primate model.
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Laila SR, Astuti DA, Suparto IH, Handharyani E, Sajuthi D. Metabolic and morphometric changes in Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) fed an atherogenic diet composed of locally sourced ingredients. Vet World 2018; 11:1609-1617. [PMID: 30587897 PMCID: PMC6303492 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1609-1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: This study was designed to determine the effects of a new atherogenic diet formulated at Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) (Bogor, Indonesia) on metabolic, morphometric, and carotid artery imaging of cynomolgus monkeys. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 adult male cynomolgus monkeys fed IPB-1 atherogenic diet for 1 year. Total plasma cholesterol (TPC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and morphometric measurements were evaluated at baseline and monthly during the study. Carotid plaques and intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured using ultrasonography at baseline and after 8 months of treatment. Results: This diet increased TPC, LDL, and TPC/HDL ratio and induced carotid atherosclerosis in this model. The TPC, LDL, and TPC/HDL ratio were positively associated; however, HDL was negatively associated with carotid plaques and IMT. Conclusion: The IPB-1 atherogenic diet formulated with locally and readily available ingredients provides an economically and scientifically feasible monkey model to study atherosclerosis in Indonesia and Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Rahmatul Laila
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Apri Astuti
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Irma Herawati Suparto
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ekowati Handharyani
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Veterinary Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dondin Sajuthi
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Veterinary Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Nutt M, Reed Z, Köhler TS. Vasectomy and prostate cancer risk: a historical synopsis of undulating false causality. Res Rep Urol 2016; 8:85-93. [PMID: 27486569 PMCID: PMC4958361 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s71325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential influence of vasectomy being a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer is not a new concept, with more than 30 publications addressing the topic. Given the global frequency of vasectomy and the prevalence of prostate cancer, this subject justifiably deserves scrutiny. Several articles have claimed that vasectomy puts men at risk for future development of prostate cancer. We explore articles that have shown the contrary (no link), explore the studies’ strengths and weaknesses, describe possible prostate cancer pathophysiologic mechanisms, and apply Bradford Hill criteria to help discern correlation with causation. The risk and interest of association of prostate cancer with vasectomy has waxed and waned over the last three decades. Based on our review, vasectomy remains a safe form of sterilization and does not increase prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nutt
- Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Urology, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Zachary Reed
- Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Urology, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Tobias S Köhler
- Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Urology, Springfield, IL, USA
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The association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations, C-reactive protein levels, and coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal monkeys. Menopause 2013; 19:1074-80. [PMID: 22713861 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31825499f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the potential relationships between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25OHD(3)), C-reactive protein (CRP), coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA), and coronary artery remodeling in monkeys consuming atherogenic diets. METHODS Female cynomolgus monkeys (n = 74) were fed a casein-lactalbumin (C/L)-based, moderately atherogenic diet for 12 months. They then consumed either a soy-based (n = 35) or C/L-based (n = 39) diet for 32 months. CRP concentrations were then determined, and monkeys underwent surgical menopause. Each diet group was then rerandomized to receive soy (n = 36) or C/L (n = 38). After 32 postmenopausal months, 25OHD(3), CRP, CAA, and coronary artery remodeling were determined. All monkeys received a woman's equivalent of 1,000 IU/day of vitamin D(3) and 1,200 mg/day of calcium throughout the study. RESULTS The premenopausal and postmenopausal dietary protein sources had no effect on postmenopausal 25OHD(3) concentrations (P = 0.6). Across treatment groups, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between 25OHD(3) concentrations and CRP at necropsy (r = -0.35, P = 0.003). A significant inverse correlation between 25OHD(3) concentration and the change in CRP from premenopause to postmenopause was observed (r = -0.32, P = 0.007). The significant associations identified between plasma 25OHD(3) and CRP remained after controlling for postmenopausal diet. Those monkeys with a greater increase in CRP also had significantly more CAA and less ability to maintain normal lumens by remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma concentrations of 25OHD(3) were associated with lower CRP. Lower CRP was associated with less coronary atherosclerosis and improved coronary artery remodeling. These findings suggest that 25OHD(3) concentrations are associated with an anti-inflammatory state and may support an association between oral vitamin D3 and cardioprotection.
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Michielsen D, Beerthuizen R. State-of-the art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: VI. Male sterilisation. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2010; 15:136-49. [DOI: 10.3109/13625181003682714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Köhler TS, Fazili AA, Brannigan RE. Putative health risks associated with vasectomy. Urol Clin North Am 2009; 36:337-45. [PMID: 19643236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vasectomy is widely regarded as a safe method of contraception, but over the years there have been many reports suggesting putative health risks associated with the procedure. Concerns over the possible association of vasectomy with a number of medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, psychologic distress, and a variety of immune complex-mediated disease processes have been reported. Most recently, a manuscript from the neurology literature has described an association between vasectomy and primary progressive aphasia, a rare variety of frontotemporal dementia. This article reviews the literature surrounding each of these purported health concerns. Because the ultimate findings have important ramifications for both informed consent of vasectomy patients and for public health, the reported health risks in question should be critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias S Köhler
- Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University, 747 North Rutledge, No. 9649, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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Abstract
The provision of safe, effective contraception has been revolutionized in the past 40 yr following the development of synthetic steroids and the demonstration that administration of combinations of sex steroids can be used to suppress ovulation and, subsequently, other reproductive functions. This review addresses the current standing of male contraception, long the poor relation in family planning but currently enjoying a resurgence in both scientific and political interest as it is recognized that men have a larger role to play in the regulation of fertility, whether seen in geopolitical or individual terms. Condoms and vasectomy continue to be popular at particular phases of the reproductive lifespan and in certain cultures. Although not perfect contraceptives, condoms have the additional advantage of offering protection from sexually transmitted infection. The hormonal approach may have acquired the critical mass needed to make the transition from academic research to pharmaceutical development. Greatly increased understanding of male reproductive function, partly stimulated by interest in ageing and the potential benefits of androgen replacement, is opening up other avenues for investigation taking advantage of nonhormonal regulatory pathways specific to spermatogenesis and the reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Anderson
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
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Grainger DJ, Bethell HWL. High titres of serum antinuclear antibodies, mostly directed against nucleolar antigens, are associated with the presence of coronary atherosclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:110-4. [PMID: 11796395 PMCID: PMC1753986 DOI: 10.1136/ard.61.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate inflammation is a key mechanism in the development of atherosclerosis. Antibodies against components of the atherosclerotic lesion, in particular, oxidised low density lipoprotein, have been described. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a systemic autoimmune response, characterised by the presence of high titres of antinuclear antibodies, is associated with the presence of coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS Serum was prepared from 40 subjects (aged 53-76) with at least 50% stenoses of three main coronary arteries (TVD subjects), and 30 subjects (aged 48-74) with no evidence of coronary atherosclerosis (NCA subjects) determined by coronary angiography. RESULTS Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), characterised by immunofluorescent detection of human antibodies bound to HEp-2000 cells, were detected at a titre of at least 1/40 in 28 (70%) of the TVD subjects, but only five (17%) of the NCA patients (odds ratio 11.67 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.91 to 17.82; p<0.001)). Most ANA positive TVD subjects had a pattern typical of antibodies directed against nucleolar antigens. The antigen has not yet been identified, but several common extractable antigens were excluded. The presence of ANA was not associated with incidence of prior myocardial infarction among the TVD group. CONCLUSION The presence of ANA, commonly associated with autoimmune diseases, is substantially more prevalent among subjects with severe coronary atherosclerosis than those with normal coronary arteries. This association merits further assessment as a potentially useful indicator of increased risk of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Grainger
- Department of Medicine, Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To recommend further research on vasectomy based on a systematic review of the effectiveness and safety of vasectomy. DESIGN A systematic MEDLINE review of the literature on the safety and effectiveness of vasectomy between 1964 and 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Early failure rates are <1%; however, effectiveness and complications vary with experience of surgeons and surgical technique. Early complications, including hematoma, infection, sperm granulomas, epididymitis-orchitis, and congestive epididymitis, occur in 1%-6% of men undergoing vasectomy. Incidence of epididymal pain is poorly documented. Animal and human data indicate that vasectomy does not increase atherosclerosis and that increases in circulating immune complexes after vasectomy are transient in men with vasectomies. The weight of the evidence regarding prostate and testicular cancer suggests that men with vasectomy are not at increased risk of these cancers. CONCLUSION(S) Publications to date continue to support the conclusion that vasectomy is a highly effective form of contraception. Future studies should include evaluations of the long-term effectiveness of vasectomy, evaluating criteria for postvasectomy discontinuation of alternative contraception for use in settings where semen analysis is not practical, and characterizing complications including chronic epididymal pain syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schwingl
- Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Manson JE, Ridker PM, Spelsberg A, Ajani U, Lotufo PA, Hennekens CH. Vasectomy and subsequent cardiovascular disease in US physicians. Contraception 1999; 59:181-6. [PMID: 10382081 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(99)00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to previous animal research suggesting accelerated atherosclerosis following vasectomy, we examined whether vasectomy increases the risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris, coronary revascularization, and stroke, in the US Physicians' Health Study. Of 22,071 US male physicians participating in the study, aged 40 to 84 years at entry and free from cardiovascular disease and cancer, 21,028 reported on the 60-month questionnaire whether they had undergone vasectomy prior to randomization. Of the 4546 physicians with vasectomy, 1159 had undergone the procedure at least 15 years before entry. During 258,892 person-years of follow-up, we documented 773 cases of MI (719 nonfatal and 54 fatal), 1907 cases of angina pectoris or coronary revascularization, and 604 confirmed cases of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (566 nonfatal and 38 fatal). When compared to men without prior vasectomy, the multivariate relative risk (RR) of total MI adjusted for age and other coronary risk factors was 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.14) among men with vasectomy. Risk estimates for fatal and nonfatal events did not appreciably differ from each other. For angina or coronary revascularization or both, the multivariate relative risk was 0.99 (0.88-1.12) and for total stroke the RR was 0.95 (0.75-1.21). For men who had undergone vasectomy 15 or more years previously, the multivariate relative risks were 0.98 (0.73-1.32) for total MI, 1.17 (0.87-1.57) for total stroke, and 1.12 (0.94-1.35) for angina/revascularization. These results provide reassuring evidence that vasectomy does not materially increase the risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease, even 15 or more years following the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Sandlow JI, Kreder KJ. A change in practice: current urologic practice in response to reports concerning vasectomy and prostate cancer. Fertil Steril 1996; 66:281-4. [PMID: 8690117 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the practice patterns of urologists performing vasectomy in response to studies reporting an increased risk of prostate cancer in vasectomized men. DESIGN A mailed survey. SETTING A university medical institution. PARTICIPANTS One thousand five hundred randomly selected United States urologists under the age of 65 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Urologists reported practice patterns of vasectomy in response to studies showing possible link between vasectomy and prostate cancer. RESULTS A response rate of 51% (759/1,500) was obtained. Although > 90% state that these studies have had little or no effect upon their practice of vasectomy, 27% screen vasectomized men earlier for prostate cancer, and 20% would be reluctant to recommend a vasectomy to a man with a strong family history of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Over one fourth of urologists who screen for prostate cancer have altered their screening patterns even though they responded that the studies have not affected their practice patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Sandlow
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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Abstract
Common principles can be discerned in the response of the epididymis to vasectomy, despite species differences. Increases in the size and number of lysosomes are the most frequent changes in the epididymal epithelium. The presence or absence of additional alterations such as changes in the height of the epithelium may be related to variations in distensibility of the vas deferens and epididymis. Direct measurements by micropuncture of epididymal and seminiferous tubule hydrostatic pressure indicate that, contrary to dogma, increased pressure in the distal epididymis after vasectomy is not generally transmitted to the seminiferous tubules. The epididymal interstitium shows microscopic changes indicative of chronic inflammation, with infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, and rats with these lesions have higher antisperm antibody levels than animals lacking epididymal changes. Macrophages and neutrophils may enter the duct through the epididymal epithelium, at sites of rupture of the duct, and in the efferent ductules. Cyst-like spermatic granulomas occur in virtually all species where the epididymis or vas deferens ruptures with escape of spermatozoa. The sites and timing of granuloma formation may depend on the mechanical properties of the tract in different species, and they are probably important in the immune response to vasectomy. Postvasectomy sera in Lewis rats recognize a consensus repertoire of dominant autoantigens that closely resembles the antigens bound by sera from rats immunized with isologous spermatozoa. There are multiple routes for disposal of the sperm that continue to be produced after vasectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Flickinger
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
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Spray BJ, Morgan TM, Clarkson TB. Genetic estimates for plasma lipids and lipoproteins in cynomolgus monkeys under assortative mating. J Med Primatol 1994; 23:450-7. [PMID: 7602581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1994.tb00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Data obtained from cynomolgus monkeys selected for total plasma cholesterol (TPC) response to dietary cholesterol and nonselected controls were used to estimate heritability of TPC and lipoprotein concentrations. A total of 345 observations were collected on 57 progeny from 18 sires. Heritability estimates obtained by a paternal half-sib analysis and by regression of offspring on mid-parent values were 0.45 +/- 0.24 and 0.69 +/- 0.18 for TPC, 0.63 +/- 0.30 and 0.64 +/- 0.17 for LDLC, and 0.80 +/- 0.36 and 0.59 +/- 0.14 for HDLC, respectively. These results suggest that TPC and lipoprotein concentrations are influenced by additive genetic effects in cynomolgus monkeys, establishing their importance as an animal model for studying the genetics of lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Spray
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Woollett LA, Spady DK, Dietschy JM. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids independently regulate low density lipoprotein receptor activity and production rate. J Lipid Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Flickinger CJ, Herr JC, Howards SS, Sisak JR, Gleavy JM, Fusia TJ, Vailes LD, Handley HH. Early testicular changes after vasectomy and vasovasostomy in Lewis rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1990; 227:37-46. [PMID: 2368925 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092270106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The testes of Lewis rats were studied at intervals from 2 weeks to 3 months after bilateral vasectomy, vasectomy followed 1 month later by vasovasostomy, or sham operations. Aims were to determine the nature of early alterations after vasectomy, and to determine whether vasovasostomy after 1 month would result in reversal of vasectomy-induced changes. Approximately one-fourth of the testes in the vasectomy and vasovasostomy groups displayed histological changes, which consisted mainly of depletion of germ cells. The extent of the depletion varied greatly in different seminiferous tubules. In testes altered in this way, no abnormal infiltrations of lymphocytes, macrophages, or other cells were observed in the seminiferous epithelium or in the interstitium. The rete testis and straight tubules were normal in testes with altered seminiferous epithelium. A few testes in the vasectomy and vasovasostomy groups had necrotic centers. The results suggest that depletion of germ cells occurred as a result of shedding from the seminiferous epithelium into the lumen of the tubules. A cellular immune response, such as occurs in experimental allergic orchitis in other species, did not appear to be responsible for the observed loss of germ cells. This suggests a possible role for humoral antibody in this model, since there is an association between testicular changes and serum antisperm antibodies at longer intervals after vasectomy. Testicular alterations were not reversed by performance of a vasovasostomy 1 month after vasectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Flickinger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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