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Iatan I, Choi HY, Ruel I, Reddy MVPL, Kil H, Lee J, Odeh MA, Salah Z, Abu-Remaileh M, Weissglas-Volkov D, Nikkola E, Civelek M, Awan Z, Croce CM, Aqeilan RI, Pajukanta P, Aldaz CM, Genest J. The WWOX gene modulates high-density lipoprotein and lipid metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:491-504. [PMID: 24871327 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol constitutes a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Recent studies from our group reported a genetic association between the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene and HDL cholesterol levels. Here, through next-generation resequencing, in vivo functional studies and gene microarray analyses, we investigated the role of WWOX in HDL and lipid metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Using next-generation resequencing of the WWOX region, we first identified 8 variants significantly associated and perfectly segregating with the low-HDL trait in 2 multigenerational French Canadian dyslipidemic families. To understand in vivo functions of WWOX, we used liver-specific Wwox(hep-/-) and total Wwox(-/-) mice models, where we found decreased ApoA-I and Abca1 levels in hepatic tissues. Analyses of lipoprotein profiles in Wwox(-/-), but not Wwox(hep-/-) littermates, also showed marked reductions in serum HDL cholesterol concentrations, concordant with the low-HDL findings observed in families. We next obtained evidence of a sex-specific effect in female Wwox(hep-/-) mice, where microarray analyses revealed an increase in plasma triglycerides and altered lipid metabolic pathways. We further identified a significant reduction in ApoA-I and Lpl and an upregulation in Fas, Angptl4, and Lipg, suggesting that the effects of Wwox involve multiple pathways, including cholesterol homeostasis, ApoA-I/ABCA1 pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis/triglyceride metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that WWOX disruption alters HDL and lipoprotein metabolism through several mechanisms and may account for the low-HDL phenotype observed in families expressing the WWOX variants. These findings thus describe a novel gene involved in cellular lipid homeostasis, which effects may impact atherosclerotic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Iatan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Hong Y Choi
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Isabelle Ruel
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - M V Prasad Linga Reddy
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Hyunsuk Kil
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Jaeho Lee
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Mohammad Abu Odeh
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Zaidoun Salah
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Muhannad Abu-Remaileh
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Daphna Weissglas-Volkov
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Elina Nikkola
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Mete Civelek
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Zuhier Awan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Carlo M Croce
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - C Marcelo Aldaz
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.)
| | - Jacques Genest
- From the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.I., H.Y.C., I.R., Z.A., J.G.); Department of Human Genetics (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (M.V.P.L.R., D.W.-V., E.N., P.P.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville (H.K., J.L., C.M.A.); The Lautenberg Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (M.A.O., M.A.-R., R.I.A.); The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel and Al-Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem-Abu Dis, Palestine (Z.S.); and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.C., C.M.C., R.I.A.).
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