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Kalogirou AS, Oh HJ, Asquith CRM. The Synthesis and Biological Applications of the 1,2,3-Dithiazole Scaffold. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073193. [PMID: 37049953 PMCID: PMC10096614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1,2,3-dithiazole is an underappreciated scaffold in medicinal chemistry despite possessing a wide variety of nascent pharmacological activities. The scaffold has a potential wealth of opportunities within these activities and further afield. The 1,2,3-dithiazole scaffold has already been reported as an antifungal, herbicide, antibacterial, anticancer agent, antiviral, antifibrotic, and is a melanin and Arabidopsis gibberellin 2-oxidase inhibitor. These structure activity relationships are discussed in detail, along with insights and future directions. The review also highlights selected synthetic strategies developed towards the 1,2,3-dithiazole scaffold, how these are integrated to accessibility of chemical space, and to the prism of current and future biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
| | - Hans J Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profiling Reveals PHACTR1 as a Novel Molecular Target of Resveratrol in Endothelial Homeostasis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214518. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14214518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease in which endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Endotheliitis caused by endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the key cause for the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as well as other vascular system diseases. Resveratrol (RES), a multi-functional polyphenol present in edible plants and fruits, prevents cardiovascular disease by regulating a variety of athero-relevant signaling pathways. By transcriptome profiling of RES-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in-depth bioinformatic analysis, we observed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in KEGG pathways of fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, suggesting that the RES may serve as a good template for a shear stress mimetic drug that hold promise in combating atherosclerosis. A heat map and multiple datasets superimposed screening revealed that RES significantly down-regulated phosphatase and actin modulator 1 (PHACTR1), a pivotal coronary artery disease risk gene associated with endothelial inflammation and polyvascular diseases. We further demonstrate that RES down-regulated the gene and protein expression of PHACTR1 and inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to activated endothelial cells via suppressing the expression of PHACTR1. Taken together, our study reveals that PHACTR1 represents a new molecular target for RES to maintain endothelial cell homeostasis and prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Hu C, Yang J, Qi Z, Wu H, Wang B, Zou F, Mei H, Liu J, Wang W, Liu Q. Heat shock proteins: Biological functions, pathological roles, and therapeutic opportunities. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e161. [PMID: 35928554 PMCID: PMC9345296 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and conserved protein families in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and they maintain cellular proteostasis and protect cells from stresses. HSP protein families are classified based on their molecular weights, mainly including large HSPs, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40, and small HSPs. They function as molecular chaperons in cells and work as an integrated network, participating in the folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, refolding metastable proteins, protein complex assembly, dissociating protein aggregate dissociation, and the degradation of misfolded proteins. In addition to their chaperone functions, they also play important roles in cell signaling transduction, cell cycle, and apoptosis regulation. Therefore, malfunction of HSPs is related with many diseases, including cancers, neurodegeneration, and other diseases. In this review, we describe the current understandings about the molecular mechanisms of the major HSP families including HSP90/HSP70/HSP60/HSP110 and small HSPs, how the HSPs keep the protein proteostasis and response to stresses, and we also discuss their roles in diseases and the recent exploration of HSP related therapy and diagnosis to modulate diseases. These research advances offer new prospects of HSPs as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Ziping Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Fengming Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Husheng Mei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province Hefei Anhui P. R. China
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Expression of Collagen (Types I, III, and V), HSP47, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 in Retrobulbar Adipose Tissue of Patients with Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:4929634. [PMID: 32377419 PMCID: PMC7195673 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4929634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of collagen (types I, III, and V), heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the retrobulbar adipose tissues of patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). Materials and Methods The retrobulbar adipose tissues were collected from 4 TAO patients undergoing orbital decompression and 4 ocular enucleation patients with atrophic eyeball caused by ocular trauma between May 2019 and September 2019. Masson staining was performed to analyze the differences in collagen expression and degree of histologic fibrosis in each sample. The protein expressions of collagen (types I, III, and V), HSP47, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 were determined by western blotting. The data of western blotting were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0, with independent t-tests. Results The results of Masson staining showed that the expression of collagen fibers in the TAO group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the fibers were diffuse and irregular in distribution. The expression level of collagen (types I, III, and V), HSP47, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 in the TAO group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The proliferation and fibrosis of retrobulbar adipose tissue in TAO patients might be related to the increased expression of collagen (types I, III, and V) and HSP47 and decreased degradation of extracellular matrix.
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Inoue K, Naito Y, Takagi T, Hayashi N, Hirai Y, Mizushima K, Horie R, Fukumoto K, Yamada S, Harusato A, Hirata I, Omatsu T, Yoshida N, Uchiyama K, Ishikawa T, Handa O, Konishi H, Wakabayashi N, Yagi N, Ichikawa H, Kokura S, Yoshikawa T. Daikenchuto, a Kampo medicine, regulates intestinal fibrosis associated with decreasing expression of heat shock protein 47 and collagen content in a rat colitis model. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 34:1659-65. [PMID: 22040876 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP) 47 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis. Daikenchuto (DKT), a traditional Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicine, has been reported to ameliorate intestinal inflammation. The aims of this study were to determine time-course profiles of several parameters of fibrosis in a rat model, to confirm the HSP47-expressing cells in the colon, and finally to evaluate DKT's effects on intestinal fibrosis. Colitis was induced in male Wistar rats weighing 200 g using an enema of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). HSP47 localization was determined by immunohistochemistry. Colonic inflammation and fibrosis were assessed by macroscopic, histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Colonic mRNA expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), HSP47, and collagen type I were assessed by real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DKT was administered orally once a day from 8 to 14 d after TNBS administration. The colon was removed on the 15th day. HSP47 immunoreactivity was coexpressed with α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells located in the subepithelial space. Intracolonic administration of TNBS resulted in grossly visible ulcers. Colonic inflammation persisted for 6 weeks, and fibrosis persisted for 4 weeks after cessation of TNBS treatment. The expression levels of mRNA and proteins for TGF-β1, HSP47, and collagen I were elevated in colonic mucosa treated with TNBS. These fibrosis markers indicated that DKT treatment significantly inhibited TNBS-induced fibrosis. These findings suggest that DKT reduces intestinal fibrosis associated with decreasing expression of HSP47 and collagen content in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Inoue
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Gelosa P, Sevin G, Pignieri A, Budelli S, Castiglioni L, Blanc-Guillemaud V, Lerond L, Tremoli E, Sironi L. Terutroban, a thromboxane/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist, prevents hypertensive vascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H762-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00880.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thromboxane A2 and other eicosanoids such as isoprostanes contribute to vascular proliferation and atherosclerosis by binding to the thromboxane/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptors. The effects of terutroban, a thromboxane/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist, on aorta remodeling were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSPs), a model of severe hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and cerebrovascular diseases. Male SHRSPs were allocated to three groups receiving a standard diet ( n = 5) or a high-sodium permissive diet plus vehicle ( n = 6) or plus terutroban (30 mg·kg−1·day−1; n = 6). After 6 wk of dietary treatment, all of the animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine and simultaneously euthanized for aorta collection. The aortic media thickness-to-lumen ratio significantly ( P < 0.0001) increased in the salt-loaded rats compared with the rats fed a standard diet, whereas terutroban treatment completely prevented media thickening ( P < 0.001). When compared with vehicle, terutroban was also effective in preventing cell proliferation in the media, as indicated by the reduced number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive ( P < 0.0001) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells ( P < 0.0001). Severe fibrosis characterized by a significant accumulation of collagen and fibronectin in the vascular wall was observed in the vehicle-treated rats ( P < 0.01) but was completely prevented by terutroban ( P < 0.001). The latter also inhibited heat shock protein-47 ( P < 0.01) and TGF-1β expression ( P < 0.001), which were significantly increased by the high-salt diet. In conclusion, terutroban prevents the development of aorta hyperplasia and has beneficial effects on fibrotic processes by affecting TGF-β and heat shock protein-47 expression in SHRSPs. These findings provide mechanistic data supporting the beneficial effects of terutroban in preventing or retarding atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gelosa
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, and
| | - Gulnur Sevin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, and
| | - Alice Pignieri
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, and
| | - Silvia Budelli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, and
| | - Laura Castiglioni
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, and
| | | | - Laurence Lerond
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Courbevoie Cedex, France
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, and
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Luigi Sironi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, and
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and
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Sangle GV, Zhao R, Mizuno TM, Shen GX. Involvement of RAGE, NADPH oxidase, and Ras/Raf-1 pathway in glycated LDL-induced expression of heat shock factor-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4455-66. [PMID: 20630999 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases are the predominant causes of mortality of diabetic patients. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the major physiological inhibitor for fibrinolysis, and it is also implicated in inflammation and tissue remodeling. Increased levels of PAI-1 and glycated low-density lipoprotein (glyLDL) were detected in patients with diabetes. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) is involved in glyLDL-induced PAI-1 overproduction in vascular endothelial cells (EC). The present study investigated transmembrane signaling mechanisms involved in glyLDL-induced HSF1 and PAI-1 up-regulation in cultured human vascular EC and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) antibody prevented glyLDL-induced increase in the abundance of PAI-1 in EC. GlyLDL significantly increased the translocation of V-Ha-Ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (H-Ras) from cytoplasm to membrane compared with LDL. Farnesyltransferase inhibitor-277 or small interference RNA against H-Ras inhibited glyLDL-induced increases in HSF1 and PAI-1 in EC. Treatment with diphenyleneiodonium, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, blocked glyLDL-induced translocation of H-Ras, elevated abundances of HSF1 and PAI-1 in EC, and increased release of hydrogen peroxide from EC. Small interference RNA for p22(phox) prevented glyLDL-induced expression of NOX2, HSF1, and PAI-1 in EC. GlyLDL significantly increased V-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (Raf-1) phosphorylation. Treatment with Raf-1 inhibitor blocked glyLDL-induced increase of PAI-1 mRNA in EC. The levels of RAGE, H-Ras, NOX4, HSF1, and PAI-1 were increased in hearts of streptozotocin-diabetic mice and positively correlated with plasma glucose. The results suggest that RAGE, NOX, and H-Ras/Raf-1 are implicated in the up-regulation of HSF1 or PAI-1 in vascular EC under diabetes-associated metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Sangle
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
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Barillari G, Iovane A, Bonuglia M, Albonici L, Garofano P, Di Campli E, Falchi M, Condò I, Manzari V, Ensoli B. Fibroblast growth factor-2 transiently activates the p53 oncosuppressor protein in human primary vascular smooth muscle cells: Implications for atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210:400-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Chen L, Wang T, Wang X, Sun BB, Li JQ, Liu DS, Zhang SF, Liu L, Xu D, Chen YJ, Wen FQ. Blockade of advanced glycation end product formation attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Respir Res 2009; 10:55. [PMID: 19552800 PMCID: PMC2712463 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been proposed to be involved in pulmonary fibrosis, but its role in this process has not been fully understood. To investigate the role of AGE formation in pulmonary fibrosis, we used a bleomycin (BLM)-stimulated rat model treated with aminoguanidine (AG), a crosslink inhibitor of AGE formation. METHODS Rats were intratracheally instilled with BLM (5 mg/kg) and orally administered with AG (40, 80, 120 mg/kg) once daily for two weeks. AGEs level in lung tissue was determined by ELISA and pulmonary fibrosis was evaluated by Ashcroft score and hydroxyproline assay. The expression of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a collagen specific molecular chaperone, was measured with RT-PCR and Western blot. Moreover, TGFbeta1 and its downstream Smad proteins were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS AGEs level in rat lungs, as well as lung hydroxyproline content and Ashcroft score, was significantly enhanced by BLM stimulation, which was abrogated by AG treatment. BLM significantly increased the expression of HSP47 mRNA and protein in lung tissues, and AG treatment markedly decreased BLM-induced HSP47 expression in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In addition, AG dose-dependently downregulated BLM-stimulated overexpressions of TGFbeta1, phosphorylated (p)-Smad2 and p-Smad3 protein in lung tissues. CONCLUSION These findings suggest AGE formation may participate in the process of BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and blockade of AGE formation by AG treatment attenuates BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats, which is implicated in inhibition of HSP47 expression and TGFbeta/Smads signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Peranteau WH, Zhang L, Muvarak N, Badillo AT, Radu A, Zoltick PW, Liechty KW. IL-10 overexpression decreases inflammatory mediators and promotes regenerative healing in an adult model of scar formation. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1852-60. [PMID: 18200061 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adult wound healing is characterized by an exuberant inflammatory response and scar formation. In contrast, scarless fetal wound healing has diminished inflammation, a lack of fibroplasia, and restoration of normal architecture. We have previously shown that fetal wounds produce less inflammatory cytokines, and the absence of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, results in fetal scar formation. We hypothesized that increased IL-10 would decrease inflammation and create an environment conducive for regenerative healing in the adult. To test this hypothesis, a lentiviral vector expressing IL-10 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Lenti-IL-10) or GFP alone (Lenti-GFP) was injected at the wound site 48 hours before wounding. We found that both Lenti-IL-10 and Lenti-GFP were expressed in the wounds at 1 and 3 days post wounding. At 3 days, Lenti-IL-10-treated wounds demonstrated decreased inflammation and decreased quantities of all proinflammatory mediators analyzed with statistically different levels of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and heat-shock protein 47. At 3 weeks, Lenti-GFP wounds demonstrated scar formation. In contrast, wounds injected with Lenti-IL-10 demonstrated decreased inflammation, a lack of abnormal collagen deposition, and restoration of normal dermal architecture. We conclude that lentivirus-mediated overexpression of IL-10 decreases the inflammatory response to injury, creating an environment conducive for regenerative adult wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Peranteau
- Department of Surgery, The Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4318, USA
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Zhao R, Shen GX. Involvement of heat shock factor-1 in glycated LDL-induced upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Diabetes 2007; 56:1436-44. [PMID: 17259369 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is the predominant cause of death in diabetic patients. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the major physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators. Heat shock protein (Hsp) was upregulated in uncontrolled diabetic patients. Our previous studies demonstrated that glycated LDL stimulated the generation of PAI-1 from vascular endothelial cells. The present study examined the effect of glycated LDL on the expression of heat shock factor-1 (HSF1), a physiological transcription factor of Hsp, and the involvement of HSF-1 in glycated LDL-induced production of PAI-1 in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Treatment with glycated LDL increased the expression of HSF1 and Hsp-70 compared with LDL in subconfluent HCAECs or HUVECs, and that was associated with an increase of PAI-1 expression. The transfection of HSF1 gene enhanced the expression of PAI-1 in endothelial cells. Small interference RNA against HSF1 prevented glycated LDL-induced upregulation of PAI-1 in HCAECs or HUVECs. Glycated LDL increased the binding of a nuclear protein to the PAI-1 promoter. The nuclear protein-DNA complex was supershifted by HSF1 antibody. The presence of an antioxidant, butylated hydroxytulene, during the glycation of LDL prevented glycated LDL-induced increases of the expression of HSF1 or PAI-1 in endothelial cells. The results suggest that HSF-1 is involved in glycated LDL-induced upregulation of PAI-1 in subconfluent vascular endothelial cells through the binding of HSF1 to PAI-1 promoter. Glyco-oxidation may contribute to glycated LDL-induced expression of HSF1 and PAI-1 in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhi Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Higuchi I, Hashiguchi A, Matsuura E, Higashi K, Shiraishi T, Hirata N, Arimura K, Osame M. Different pattern of HSP47 expression in skeletal muscle of patients with neuromuscular diseases. Neuromuscul Disord 2007; 17:221-6. [PMID: 17324572 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP) 47, a collagen-specific molecular chaperone, is involved in the processing and secretion of procollagens, and its expression is increased in various fibrotic diseases. However, its involvement in muscle diseases is unknown. In this study, we analyzed HSP47 expression in muscular dystrophies and other muscle diseases. We found an overexpression of HSP47 in fibrous connective tissue and in the adjacent muscle membrane in various muscular dystrophies. However, in Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD), the overexpression of HSP47 was found only in the connective tissue, and not in the muscle membrane. The overexpression of HSP47 was found only in the muscle membrane in the case of active inflammatory myopathy. In particular, HSP47 was strongly expressed in the membrane of regenerating fibers. We found that HSP47 in the muscle membrane locates in the basement membrane with confocal microscopy. Our findings suggest that HSP47 may be involved in the repair or regeneration of muscle fibers in addition to the fibrotic change in the connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
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Taguchi T, Razzaque MS. The collagen-specific molecular chaperone HSP47: is there a role in fibrosis? Trends Mol Med 2007; 13:45-53. [PMID: 17169614 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is a collagen-specific molecular chaperone that is required for molecular maturation of various types of collagens. Recent studies have shown a close association between increased expression of HSP47 and excessive accumulation of collagens in scar tissues of various human and experimental fibrotic diseases. It is presumed that the increased levels of HSP47 in fibrotic diseases assist in excessive assembly and intracellular processing of procollagen molecules and, thereby, contribute to the formation of fibrotic lesions. Studies have also shown that suppression of HSP47 expression can reduce accumulation of collagens to delay the progression of fibrotic diseases in experimental animal models. Because HSP47 is a specific chaperone for collagen synthesis, it provides a selective target to manipulate collagen production, a phenomenon that might have enormous clinical impact in controlling a wide range of fibrotic diseases. Here, we outline the fibrogenic role of HSP47 and discuss the potential usefulness of HSP47 as an anti-fibrotic therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Taguchi
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1725-1730. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i14.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Brown KE, Broadhurst KA, Mathahs MM, Brunt EM, Schmidt WN. Expression of HSP47, a collagen-specific chaperone, in normal and diseased human liver. J Transl Med 2005; 85:789-97. [PMID: 15806139 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP47 is a collagen-specific chaperone that is required for normal collagen synthesis. In animal models of liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) have been identified as a source of HSP47. Because expression of HSP47 has not been investigated in human liver, the aim of these studies was to characterize expression of HSP47 in human liver and to investigate its regulation in human HSC in vitro. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated staining for HSP47 along the sinusoids of normal and cirrhotic human livers and in fibrous septa. Dual fluorescence confocal microscopy showed colocalization of HSP47 with synaptophysin, a marker for HSC. Levels of immunoreactive HSP47 and its transcript tended to be higher in cirrhotic livers than in normal livers. The abundance of HSP47 protein was unchanged by treatment of cultured human HSC with TGF-beta1, angiotensin II, hypoxia and a number of other treatments intended to increase collagen synthesis. A modest reduction in HSP47 was achieved by transfection with antisense oligonucleotides and was associated with a significant decrease in procollagen synthesis. These observations suggest that HSP47 is constitutively expressed in human HSC and that HSP47 may be a target for antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Brown
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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17
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Thomson CA, Atkinson HM, Ananthanarayanan VS. Identification of small molecule chemical inhibitors of the collagen-specific chaperone Hsp47. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1680-4. [PMID: 15743211 DOI: 10.1021/jm049148+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hsp47 is a collagen-specific molecular chaperone whose activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. Here, we describe the development of an assay for screening libraries of chemical compounds for inhibitors of Hsp47. A preliminary screen of 2080 compounds identified four that demonstrated inhibitory activity against Hsp47 in vitro, with IC(50) values ranging from 3 to 27 muM. Compounds identified through this method may provide the basis for development of novel antifibrotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Thomson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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18
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Mandal K, Jahangiri M, Xu Q. Autoimmunity to heat shock proteins in atherosclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3:31-7. [PMID: 15003185 DOI: 10.1016/s1568-9972(03)00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2003] [Accepted: 06/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence lends increasing support to immunoinflammatory mechanisms as one of the prime pathogenic processes involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. It has been observed that most human beings have cellular and humoral reactions against microbial heat shock protein (HSP). Autoantibody levels against HSPs are significantly increased in patients with atherosclerosis and T lymphocytes specifically responding to HSPs have been demonstrated within atherosclerotic plaques. Most of the known risk factors for atherosclerosis, viz. oxidized low-density lipoprotein, hypertension, infections and oxidative stress, evoke increased expression of HSPs in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages, the main cellular constituents of atherosclerotic plaques. Evolutionary conservation has resulted in a high degree of sequence homology between microbial and human HSPs and hence the immune reactions against microbial HSPs carry a risk of being misdirected towards human HSPs expressed in the stressed cells of the blood vessels. HSPs and anti-HSP antibodies have been shown to elicit production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages and adhesion molecules by endothelial cells in various in vitro and animal model studies. These autoimmune reactions to HSPs expressed in the vascular tissue can contribute to both initiation and perpetuation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mandal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital and Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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19
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Abstract
The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wick
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University of Innsbruck, Medical School, Fritz-Pregl-Str. 3/IV, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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20
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Veach J. Functional dichotomy: glutathione and vitamin E in homeostasis relevant to primary open-angle glaucoma. Br J Nutr 2004; 91:809-29. [PMID: 15182385 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a complex chronic neurological disease that can result in blindness. The goal of understanding the aetiology of POAG is to be able to target effective treatment to individuals who will eventually go blind without it. Epidemiological studies of POAG have not specifically addressed the possibility that nutrition may play a role in the development of POAG. A handful of papers have considered that nutrition may have an impact on POAG patients. POAG is not believed to be a 'vitamin-deficiency disease'. The concept of 'vitamin-deficiency diseases' and the recommended daily allowances have not kept pace with the growing understanding of the cellular and molecular functions of vitamins and other micronutrients. The aetiology of POAG remains a mystery. Discoveries in cell physiology can be assimilated from the literature and applied to known homeostatic mechanisms of the eye. In this way the possible roles of nutritional components involved in the aetiology of POAG can be described. The mechanisms may be subject to many influences in ways that have yet to be defined. Two distinct changes in the trabecular meshwork can be identified: trabecular meshwork changes that cause intra-ocular pressure to increase and trabecular meshwork changes that are directly correlated to optic nerve atrophy. Compelling evidence suggests that collagen trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is correlated to increased intraocular pressure in POAG. Elastin trabecular meshwork ECM remodelling is correlated to POAG optic nerve atrophy. There appear to be two different pathways of ECM remodelling and apoptosis induction in POAG. The pathway for collagen remodelling and apoptosis induction seems to be exogenously influenced by water-soluble antioxidants, for example, glutathione. The pathway for elastin remodelling and apoptosis induction seems to be influenced by endogenous lipid-soluble antioxidants, for example, vitamin E. Roles can be defined for antioxidants in the two different pathways of ECM remodelling and apoptosis induction. This suggests that antioxidants are important in maintaining cellular homeostasis relevant to the aetiology of POAG.
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21
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Berger BJ, Müller TS, Buschmann IR, Peters K, Kirsch M, Christ B, Pröls F. High levels of the molecular chaperone Mdg1/ERdj4 reflect the activation state of endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2003; 290:82-92. [PMID: 14516790 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mdg1/ERdj4, a mammalian chaperone that belongs to the HSP40 protein family, has been reported to be located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is induced by ER stress, and protects ER stressed cells from apoptosis. Here we show that under normal physiological conditions, Mdg1/ERdj4 is expressed at various levels in the vasculature due to different activation states of the endothelium. To elucidate the stimuli that induce ER stress and thus upregulate Mdg1/ERdj4, we investigated the effect of several endothelium specific stressors on its expression. Mdg1/ERdj4 mRNA is induced by activated macrophages, by nitric oxide (NO) and heat shock, and during terminal cell differentiation, whereas shear stress does not affect Mdg1/ERdj4 expression levels. While the mRNA stability of BiP/GRP78 is unaffected in ER stressed cells, the stability of Mdg1/ERdj4 mRNA is prolonged during ER stress resulting in rapid increases and high levels of Mdg1/ERdj4 mRNA. Mdg1/ERdj4 protein is localized in the ER under control conditions. While heat shock induces a rapid translocation of Mdg1/ERdj4 to the nucleoli, no translocation could be observed during ER stress. This indicates that Mdg1/ERdj4 protein has diverse mechanisms to protect stressed cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard J Berger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Albert Ludwigs-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Nagata K. HSP47 as a collagen-specific molecular chaperone: function and expression in normal mouse development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2003; 14:275-82. [PMID: 14986857 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2003.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A large family of molecular chaperones can be divided into two major groups: general chaperone and substrate-specific chaperone. HSP47 is a collagen-specific molecular chaperone residing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recent studies revealed that HSP47 is essential molecular chaperone for mouse development and is essential for collagen molecular maturation in the ER. In the absence of HSP47, collagen microfibril formation and basement membrane formation are impaired in mouse embryos because the failure in the molecular maturation of types I and IV collagens, respectively. The tissue-specific expression of HSP47 is always correlated with that of various types of collagens and closely related with the collagen-related diseases including fibrosis in various organs. The importance of HSP47 in the therapeutic strategy for fibrotic diseases as well as for a marker of collagen-related autoimmune diseases will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nagata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan.
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23
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Bauriedel G, Jabs A, Skowasch D, Hutter R, Badimon JJ, Fuster V, Welsch U, Lüderitz B. Dendritic cells in neointima formation after rat carotid balloon injury: coordinated expression withanti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and HSP47 in arterial repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:930-8. [PMID: 12957445 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate: 1) the contribution of dendritic cells (DCs); and 2) the impact of B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), a central anti-apoptotic protooncogene, and of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), indicating subsequent collagen deposition, in neointima formation after angioplasty. BACKGROUND The origin of neointimal cells and the factors that promote their accumulation are still unclear. Previous studies reported intimal presence of DCs and suggested cells of primarily extravascular origin to contribute to arterial repair. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent carotid balloon angioplasty. At different times after angioplasty, tissue sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using OX-62 and S100 as DC markers and antibodies against Bcl-2 and HSP47, supplemented by electron microscopic analysis of cell type and apoptosis. RESULTS Four days after injury, DCs adhered along the internal elastic lamina and demonstrated intense Bcl-2 and HSP47 expression, consistent with low apoptosis. With ongoing neointima enlargement, luminal DCs remained prevalent and were colocalized with Bcl-2 and HSP47, while signaling decreased to basal regions. Media showed no DCs and only low Bcl-2 and HSP47 immunoreactivity. Adventitia transiently revealed a structural separation between day 4 and 7. Whereas the inner layer demonstrated sparse cellularity, apoptosis and no DC, Bcl-2, and HSP47 labeling, the outer layer was characterized by high myofibroblast density with strong Bcl-2 and HSP47 expression but absence of DCs. CONCLUSIONS We identify DCs as novel components in early neointima formation, promoted by coordinated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and HSP47 expression. Despite intense adventitial remodeling, there is no evidence of adventitial cell transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bauriedel
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that infections or a pathogen burden contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. While the mechanism of infection contributing to the pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, I hypothesize that heat shock proteins may be a link between infections and atherosclerosis. Heat shock proteins are a highly conserved family of proteins expressed in most cell types and have been shown to play a general role in protecting cells in response to stress. It has been demonstrated that Chlamydia and human HSP60 coexist in atherosclerotic lesions. Bacterial and human heat shock proteins have been found in soluble form in the general circulation of patients with atherosclerosis. Both heat shock proteins can stimulate cells to express adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. Certain organisms synthesize heat shock proteins that have close structural homology with human heat shock proteins. Because of the immunologic molecular mimicry between bacterial and human HSP60, it could be an autoantigen involved in eliciting cell-mediated and humoral immune responses that cause vessel injury leading to atherosclerosis. The aim of this review is to provide an update overview on the involvement of heat shock proteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in response to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiological Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
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25
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Metzler B, Abia R, Ahmad M, Wernig F, Pachinger O, Hu Y, Xu Q. Activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 in atherosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1669-76. [PMID: 12707051 PMCID: PMC1851193 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous work established that increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the vessel wall might evoke proinflammatory and autoimmune reactions in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The present study was designed to further scrutinize the molecular mechanisms of HSP expression involving activation of heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) in atherosclerotic lesions in animal models. Severe atherosclerotic lesions developed in the aortas of rabbits 16 weeks after feeding a 0.2% cholesterol diet. When protein extracts from the aortas were subjected to Western blot analysis, the level of HSF1 in proteins from atherosclerotic lesions of hypercholesterolemic rabbits were significantly higher than those of normal vessels. Gel mobility shift assays revealed the formation of protein-heat shock element complexes containing HSF1 in protein extracts from atherosclerotic lesion. Furthermore, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein, oxidized-triglyceride-rich lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein did not activate HSF1 in cultured smooth muscle cells, whereas HSF1 was highly activated in cells treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Interestingly, mechanical stretching of smooth muscle cells resulted in HSF1 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and hyperphosphorylation followed by increased HSP70 expression. Thus, our findings provide the first evidence that HSF1 is activated and highly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and that cytokine stimulation and disturbed mechanical stress to the vessel wall may be responsible for such activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Metzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Mueller TF, Ma C, Lederer JA, Perkins DL. Differentiation of stress, metabolism, communication, and defense responses following transplantation. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73:379-90. [PMID: 12629152 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological complexity of allograft rejection and alloantigen-independent mechanisms is poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed four components of the biological response following transplantation by global gene analysis. A comparative and kinetic approach was used to identify gene expression profiles. Biological processes were assigned to genes displaying the largest alterations in expression. Metabolism, stress response, and cell organization were the predominant, biological processes associated with ischemia and systemic stress. Innate and adaptive immune responses induced a transcriptional shift toward defense and cell communication. The kinetic analysis showed a shift from innate toward adaptive responses in the post-transplant course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Mueller
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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27
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Pan H, Halper J. Regulation of heat shock protein 47 and type I procollagen expression in avian tendon cells. Cell Tissue Res 2003; 311:373-82. [PMID: 12658445 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-003-0699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2002] [Accepted: 01/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) is a collagen-binding stress protein that acts as a collagen-specific molecular chaperone during the biosynthesis and secretion of procollagen. Type I collagen is a major component of tendons. Coexpression of genes for both proteins has been reported in various tissues, where many growth factors likely regulate their expressions in different ways. Here we describe the effects of increased temperature, mechanical stress and growth factors on Hsp47 and type I procollagen expression in embryonic chicken tendon cells. The expression of Hsp47 mRNA at 45 degrees C increased within 60 min and returned to baseline in 4 h after the temperature decreased to 37 degrees C. Our data also show that transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is another regulator of Hsp47 expression as the addition of TGF-beta1 led to a moderate increase in the expression of Hsp47 mRNA. TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 exerted only a small effect; epidermal growth factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) had none. TGF-beta1 increased type I procollagen mRNA expression and TNF-alpha reduced this expression. TGF-beta1 delayed the degradation of Hsp47 mRNA after heat shock likely via post-transcriptional regulation of the Hsp47 gene. We also report that mechanical stress increased Hsp47 mRNA expression and Hsp47 protein synthesis. Induction of Hsp47 protein expression by heat shock, mechanical stress and TGF-beta1 was likely achieved through activation and translocation of heat shock transcription factor 1 into the nucleus. Our data indicate that TGF-beta1 is a major regulator of both procollagen and Hsp47 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Pan
- The Soft Tissue Center, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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28
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Rocnik EF, van der Veer E, Cao H, Hegele RA, Pickering JG. Functional linkage between the endoplasmic reticulum protein Hsp47 and procollagen expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:38571-8. [PMID: 12163502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206689200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp47 is a heat stress protein that interacts with procollagen in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, which is vital for collagen elaboration and embryonic viability. The precise actions of Hsp47 remain unclear, however. To evaluate the effects of Hsp47 on collagen production we infected human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with a retrovirus containing Hsp47 cDNA. SMCs overexpressing Hsp47 secreted type I procollagen faster than SMCs transduced with empty vector, yielding a greater accumulation of pro alpha1(I) collagen in the extracellular milieu. Interestingly, the amount of intracellular pro alpha1(I) collagen was also increased. This was associated with an unexpected increase in the rate of pro alpha1(I) collagen chain synthesis and 2.5-fold increase in pro alpha1(I) collagen mRNA expression, without a change in fibronectin expression. This amplification of procollagen expression, synthesis, and secretion by Hsp47 imparted SMCs with an enhanced capacity to elaborate a fibrillar collagen network. The effects of Hsp47 were qualitatively distinct from, and independent of, those of ascorbate and the combination of both factors yielded an even more intricate fibril network. Given the in vitro impact of altered Hsp47 expression on procollagen production, we sought evidence for interindividual variability in Hsp47 expression and identified a common, single nucleotide polymorphism in the Hsp47 gene promoter among African Americans that significantly reduced promoter activity. Together, these findings indicate a novel means by which type I collagen production is regulated by the endoplasmic reticulum constituent, Hsp47, and suggest a potential basis for inherent differences in collagen production within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Rocnik
- Robarts Research Institute, Vascular Biology Group, London Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5K8, Canada
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29
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Bobryshev YV, Lord RSA. Expression of heat shock protein-70 by dendritic cells in the arterial intima and its potential significance in atherogenesis. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35:368-75. [PMID: 11854737 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.121067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is an important means of cell protection during physiologic stress such as occurs during atherogenesis. Immune responses are early events in atherosclerosis, with recent studies indicating that both humoral and cellular autoimmune processes in atherogenesis are directed toward HSPs. Dendritic cells are the key cells in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. This study examined whether HSP70 is overexpressed by dendritic cells in atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS Twenty-six carotid artery and 16 aortic specimens obtained at endarterectomy and aortic reconstruction were examined with immunohistochemical techniques. The nature of cells that overexpressed HSP70 was studied in consecutive sections that were double stained with antibodies to HSP70 and cell type-specific markers, including CD1a and fascin (to identify dendritic cells), CD14 (monocytes), CD68 (macrophages), CD3 (T cells), CD15 (mast cells), von Willibrand factor (endothelial cells), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (smooth muscle cells). Staining with HLA-DR and CD1d was used to identify cells involved in antigen presentation. RESULTS In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, several cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and smooth muscle cells, overexpressed HSP70. In contrast, in early atherosclerotic lesions, only dendritic cells overexpressed HSP70. Dendritic cells that overexpressed HSP70 frequently contacted T cells and also expressed HLA-DR. Furthermore, dendritic cells that clustered with T cells expressed CD1d, a unique molecule responsible for presenting lipid antigens. CONCLUSION The results suggest that direct contacts between activated dendritic cells that overexpress HSP70 and T cells might be responsible for T cell activation and might facilitate the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells directly within the arterial wall. In early intimal lesions, HSP70 is overexpressed exclusively by dendritic cells, which suggests that dendritic cells might be involved in the early phases of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- Surgical Professorial Unit, University of New South Wales, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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30
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Dafforn TR, Della M, Miller AD. The molecular interactions of heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) and their implications for collagen biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:49310-9. [PMID: 11592970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108896200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) is a procollagen/collagen-specific molecular chaperone protein derived from the serpin family of proteins and essential for the early stages of collagen biosynthesis. In this paper, the results of an extensive biophysical analysis of mature recombinant mouse Hsp47 show the existence of both a structurally mesostable monomer with a 5-strand A-sheet and/or a hyperstable trimer; both states have biological activity. It is also demonstrated that Hsp47 is able to bind to a monomeric and partially folded conformation collagen mimic peptide (PPG)(10). Upon peptide binding Hsp47 has the capacity to induce the peptide backbone to fold into a polyproline type II conformation. Induction of this conformation results in (PPG)(10) peptides associating into higher order assemblies with increased stability compared with the monomeric peptide alone. These assemblies are similar to those observed by others (Go, N., and Suezaki, Y. (1973) Biopolymers 12, 1927-1930; Engel, J., Chen, H. T., Prockop, D. J., and Klump, H. (1977) Biopolymers 16, 601-622) when the peptide is dissolved at high concentration and are proposed to be long chains of peptides in a collagen-like configuration. Examination of the biophysical characteristics of both monomeric and trimeric Hsp47-(PPG)(10) complexes is also used to determine that the peptide-binding site does not reside in strand 4 position of sheet A, as observed for other serpins (Skinner, R., Chang, W. S. W., Jin, L., Pei, X., Huntington, J. A., Abrahams, J. P., Carrell, R. W., and Lomas, D. A. (1998) J. Mol. Biol. 283, 9-14), leaving earlier proposals of a binding site near helix A viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Dafforn
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, the Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
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31
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Lefèvre F, Garnotel R, Georges N, Gillery P. Modulation of collagen metabolism by the nucleolar protein fibrillarin. Exp Cell Res 2001; 271:84-93. [PMID: 11697885 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic functions of fibroblasts are tightly regulated by the extracellular environment. When cultivated in tridimensional collagen lattices, fibroblasts exhibit a lowered activity of protein synthesis, especially concerning extracellular matrix proteins. We have previously shown that extracellular collagen impaired the processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in nucleoli by generating changes in the expression of nucleolar proteins and a premature degradation of neosynthesized rRNA. In this study, we have investigated whether inhibiting the synthesis of fibrillarin, a major nucleolar protein with decreased expression in collagen lattices, could mimic the effects of extracellular matrix. Monolayer-cultured fibroblasts were transfected with anti-fibrillarin antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, which significantly decreased fibrillarin content. Downregulation of fibrillarin expression inhibited procollagen secretion into the extracellular medium, without altering total collagen production. No changes of pro1(I)collagen mRNA expression or proline hydroxylation were found. A concomitant intracellular retention of collagen and its chaperone protein HSP47 was found, but no effect on the production of other extracellular matrix macromolecules or remodelling enzymes was observed. These data show that collagen processing depends on unknown mechanisms, involving proteins primarily located in the nucleolar compartment with other demonstrated functions, and suggest specific links between nucleolar machinery and extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lefèvre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CNRS FRE 2260, Faculty of Medicine, IFR-53 Biomolécules, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, Reims cedex, 51095, France
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32
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Thomson CA, Ananthanarayanan VS. A method for expression and purification of soluble, active Hsp47, a collagen-specific molecular chaperone. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 23:8-13. [PMID: 11570840 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hsp47 is regarded as a collagen-specific chaperone with several suggested roles in collagen biosynthesis under normal and disease conditions. We describe here a procedure for the expression and purification of Hsp47 in Escherichia coli using the IMPACT expression system (New England Biolabs) where the guest gene is fused to the adduct, intein, with a chitin-binding domain. Use of this system resulted in relatively high levels of soluble Hsp47 compared to other available protocols, especially when the bacterial cells were induced at 14 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C. The cell lysate was passed through a chitin-Sepharose affinity column and Hsp47 was cleaved from intein using beta-mercaptoethanol. Minor degradation products were subsequently removed using a hydroxylapatite column to yield milligram amounts of pure and active protein suitable for structural studies. Gel electrophoretic analysis of the purified protein indicated the presence of a small proportion of trimeric species when non-reducing conditions were used. The ability to form a trimer may be important for its role as a chaperone. The IMPACT system allows for radiolabelling of purified Hsp47 with (35)S for use in binding experiments. Illustrative data on collagen binding by (35)S-Hsp47 are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Thomson
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
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