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Wolder LD, Graff C, Baadsgaard KH, Langgaard ML, Polcwiartek C, Ji-Young Lee C, Skov MW, Torp-Pedersen C, Friedman DJ, Atwater B, Overvad TF, Nielsen JB, Hansen SM, Sogaard P, Kragholm KH. Electrocardiographic P terminal force in lead V1, its components, and the association with stroke and atrial fibrillation or flutter. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:354-362. [PMID: 36435351 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electrocardiographic (ECG) marker P terminal force V1 (PTFV1) is generally perceived as a marker of left atrial pathology and has been associated with atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the association between PTFV1 components (duration and amplitude) and incident AF and stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS The study included patients with an ECG recorded at the Copenhagen General Practitioners Laboratory in 2001 to 2011. PTFV1 ≥4 mV·ms was considered abnormal. Patients with abnormal PTFV1 were stratified into tertiles based on duration (PTDV1) and amplitude (PTAV1) values. Cox regressions adjusted for age, sex, and relevant comorbidities were used to investigate associations between abnormal PTFV1 components and AF and stroke/TIA. RESULTS Of 267,636 patients, 5803 had AF and 18,176 had stroke/TIA (follow-up 6.5 years). Abnormal PTFV1 was present in 44,549 subjects (16.7%) and was associated with an increased risk of AF and stroke/TIA. Among patients with abnormal PTFV1, the highest tertile of PTDV1 (78-97 ms) was associated with the highest risk of AF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-1.52) and highest risk of stroke/TIA (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.05 -1.20). For PTAV1, the highest tertile (78-126 μV) conferred the highest risk of AF and stroke/TIA (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.09-1.32; and HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.14-1.25, respectively). CONCLUSION Abnormal PTFV1 was associated with an increased risk of AF and stroke/TIA. Increasing PTDV1 showed a dose-response relationship with the development of AF and stroke/TIA, whereas the association between PTAV1 and AF was less apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lecia Dixen Wolder
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Claus Graff
- Heart Centre and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Christoffer Polcwiartek
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Wagner Skov
- Department of Cardiology, Sjaelland University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Brett Atwater
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thure Filskov Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bille Nielsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Peter Sogaard
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Heart Centre and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian H Kragholm
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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2
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High-frequency stimulation of the atria increases early recurrence following pulmonary vein isolation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9:1386-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The following article is a personal reflection on my study of a subject which has long interested me. The subject is the T wave, and especially the T wave changes occurring as a marker of cardiac memory. My interest evolved over coffees that Mauricio Rosenbaum and I used to share at the Hotel Algonquin during his frequent trips from Buenos Aires to New York. There is something about the Algonquin, whose scarred wooden tabletops carry the imprints of Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, and the 1920's New York literati, and there was something about Mauricio-clinician-scientist, friend, and raconteur extraordinaire-that made his repeated challenges to me to "look at cardiac memory before you begin losing your own" irresistible. So began my personal voyage into trying to understand the T wave. My guideposts were the experiments of Wilson and Finch,(1) the astute observations of a host of investigators who followed, and Mauricio's iconoclastic insights. The story is far from over...I doubt I'll see the end of it in my lifetime. But if the beauty of discovery is in the voyage, then it has been - for me - a memorable trip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Rosen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Therapeutics, and Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Cardiac memory is a form of electrophysiological remodeling generally considered benign, although it shares transduction pathways with factors that may be pathological, such as angiotensin II and reactive oxygen species. When induced by electrical pacing, memory provides a window into the mechanisms engaged during cardiac device therapy. Emphasis is placed on the complexity of signaling processes occurring downstream to the simple intervention of cardiac pacing and the relationship of resultant ion channel changes to their expression in action potentials and body surface recordings.
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Kezerashvili A, Krumerman AK, Fisher JD. Sinus Node Dysfunction in Atrial Fibrillation: Cause or Effect? J Atr Fibrillation 2008; 1:30. [PMID: 28496586 DOI: 10.4022/jafib.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kezerashvili
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Arrhythmia Service, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Andrew K Krumerman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Arrhythmia Service, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - John D Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Arrhythmia Service, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
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Mechanoelectric Feedback as a Trigger Mechanism for Cardiac Electrical Remodeling: A Model Study. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:1816-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Transient T wave Changes Concerning Arrhythmia. J Arrhythm 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1880-4276(07)80022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Patberg KW, Shvilkin A, Plotnikov AN, Chandra P, Josephson ME, Rosen MR. Cardiac memory: mechanisms and clinical implications. Heart Rhythm 2006; 2:1376-82. [PMID: 16360096 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac memory (CM) is identified as an altered T wave on electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram that is seen when sinus rhythm resumes after a period of abnormal myocardial activation. Specifically, the sinus rhythm T wave tracks the QRS vector of the abnormal impulse. CM frequently is induced by ventricular pacing or arrhythmias and historically has been considered of minor relevance to medical practice. Although it has long been known that CM can mimic the T-wave inversions of myocardial ischemia, we learned more recently that CM can alter the actions of antiarrhythmic drugs. Furthermore, it provides a template for investigating the mechanisms whereby ventricular pacing affects myocardial physiology. In this article we review the mechanisms believed responsible for induction of CM and some of its more recently recognized clinical manifestations. We also discuss the controversies regarding atrial memory and its potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelis W Patberg
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Nam GB, Choi KJ, Kim J, Rhee KS, Kim YH, Lee JM. Correlation of Electrotonic Monophasic Action Potential Shortening with Short-Term Memory in Human Atrium. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28:1215-20. [PMID: 16359289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.50152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine the presence of memory in human atria, we recorded monophasic action potential (MAP) at the high right atrium (HRA) in 21 patients. After reaching a steady state at 600 ms, HRA pacing was switched to the coronary sinus (CS) pacing to alter the activation sequence. After 20 minutes of CS pacing, pacing was continued at HRA to record the memory effect of CS pacing. Atrial memory was defined as the change in HRA MAP duration (MAPd) after 20 minutes of altered activation sequence. Baseline MAPd was 229 +/- 31 ms, which was shortened to 226 +/- 24 ms immediately after CS pacing. After 20 minutes of CS pacing, HRA MAPd during HRA pacing was 220 +/- 28 ms, which was significantly shorter than the baseline MAPd (P = 0.003). The degree of atrial memory was associated with the degree of initial electrotonic MAPd changes caused by the altered activation sequence. These results suggest that memory phenomenon exists in human atria, and it can be expressed as a change in MAPd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Byoung Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chandra P, Rosen TS, Herweg B, Plotnikov AN, Danilo P, Rosen MR. Atrial gradient as a potential predictor of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2:404-10. [PMID: 15851344 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2004.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested the utility and comparability of the atrial gradient and atrial ERP as early markers of electrical remodeling and a propensity to atrial fibrillation (AF). BACKGROUND Pacing at physiologic rates from the left atrium alters the atrial gradient and is associated with atrial tachyarrhythmias. At these physiologic rates, there is no change in the atrial effective refractory period (ERP). METHODS Sixty-one chronically instrumented mongrel dogs in complete heart block were paced from the left or right atrium at 400 to 900 bpm for 46 +/- 3 days. Dogs were monitored weekly and electrophysiologic studies conducted to determine changes in the atrial gradient, ERP, and rhythm. RESULTS Rapid atrial pacing was associated with concordant decreases in atrial gradient, ERP, and occurrence of AF. Incidence of AF increased with increasing pacing rate. Although there ultimately was an equal incidence of AF with left atrial and right atrial pacing, the onset of AF occurred earlier with left atrial pacing. As expected, ERP decreased in both atria. Animals with long control ERP did not fibrillate. CONCLUSIONS Rapid pacing induces changes in atrial gradient, which can be used as a noninvasive marker of electrical remodeling. AF is accompanied by decreases in atrial gradient and ERP, and the incidence is highest in dogs with short control ERP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Vollmann D, Blaauw Y, Neuberger HR, Schotten U, Allessie M. Long-term changes in sequence of atrial activation and refractory periods: no evidence for "atrial memory". Heart Rhythm 2005; 2:155-61. [PMID: 15851289 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test whether the spatial distribution of the atrial refractory period (AERP) and the vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF) are altered by long-term changes in the sequence of atrial activation. BACKGROUND The spatial distribution of the AERP plays an important role in AF. Changes in the activation sequence have been postulated to modulate atrial repolarization ("atrial memory"). METHODS Six goats were chronically instrumented with epicardial atrial electrodes to determine activation time and AERP at 11 different areas of the right (RA) and left (LA) atrium and the Bachmann bundle. Activation time and AERP were measured during sinus rhythm and during prolonged RA and LA pacing (1 week RA pacing, 2 weeks LA pacing, 1 week RA pacing; 150 bpm). Inducibility of AF was determined by the number of atrial sites where single premature stimuli induced AF paroxysms >1 second. RESULTS During sinus rhythm (106 +/- 4 bpm), AERP was longest at the Bachmann bundle and shortest at the LA free wall (185 +/- 6 ms and 141 +/- 5 ms, P < .001). In five of six goats, an inverse correlation between local activation time and AERP was found during sinus rhythm (r = -0.53 +/- 0.05; P < .05). The increase in atrial rate during RA and LA pacing caused an overall shortening of AERP from 167 +/- 6 ms to 140 +/- 6 ms (P < .001). However, a switch between long-term RA and LA pacing did not significantly change AERP at any of the 11 atrial regions and had no significant effect on AF inducibility. CONCLUSIONS During sinus rhythm, an inverse relationship exists between the sequence of atrial activation and the local refractory period. However, long-term changes in the sequence of atrial activation do not alter the spatial distribution of AERP or the inducibility of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Vollmann
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Opthof T. Prediction of atrial fibrillation: Role of the atrial gradient. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2:411-2. [PMID: 15851345 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Opthof
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Groups, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Li Z, Hertervig E, Kongstad O, Holm M, Grins E, Olsson SB, Yuan S. Global repolarization sequence of the right atrium: monphasic action potential mapping in health pigs. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003; 26:1803-8. [PMID: 12930493 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.t01-1-00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the global sequence of atrial repolarization and its correlation to that of activation. Endocardial monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were sequentially recorded from 51 +/- 14 sites in the right atrium of ten healthy pigs using the CARTO electroanatomic mapping system. Local activation time (AT), MAP duration, and 90% repolarization time (RT) were obtained, and from these data, color coded three-dimensional maps of AT and RT sequences and spatial distribution of MAP duration were reconstructed. The results of the study were: (1) An activation sequence was recognizable in all maps, starting from the posterosuperior wall and ending in the posteroinferior wall near the tricuspid annulus. (2) The repolarization sequence was also recognizable in all maps, and mainly followed the sequence of activation. (3) A significant positive correlation between the RT and AT was observed in all maps with an average r value being 0.571 +/- 0.159 (P < 0.01 - 0.0001), suggesting that progressively later AT associates with progressively longer RT. (4) No consistent correlation between the MAP duration and AT was found. In conclusion, repolarization gradients exist over the atrial endocardium in healthy pigs. The repolarization sequence follows the same sequence as the activation, suggesting that the spatiotemporal pattern of activation is an important determinant of the characteristics of the repolarization sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Abstract
Cardiac memory is an altered T wave during sinus rhythm that is induced by a period of ventricular pacing or arrhythmia. The T wave is characterized by a vector that tracks that of the previously paced or arrhythmic QRS complex. Although initially considered a clinical oddity, cardiac memory is of interest both as an example of the general biological property of memory - as studied most extensively in neural tissues - and because of its implications regarding the control of cardiac rhythm. Signal transduction of cardiac memory appears to involve an angiotensin II-regulated pathway initiated by altered stress/strain patterns in the myocardium. The end result is altered density and kinetics of the transient outward current and perhaps other ion currents as well, and an altered transmural gradient for repolarization. The altered repolarization pattern is accompanied by altered responses to specific antiarrhythmic drugs that may be anti- or proarrhythmic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Therapeutics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, PH7W-321, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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