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Anti-Atherogenic Effect of 10% Supplementation of Anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus) Waste Protein Hydrolysates in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072137. [PMID: 34206655 PMCID: PMC8308468 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish protein consumption exerts beneficial metabolic effects on human health, also correlating with a decreased risk for cardiovascular disease. Fish waste contains high amount of proteins and utilization may offer the opportunity for generating compounds advantageous for human health. Especially, fish waste protein hydrolysates beneficially influence pathways involved in body composition, exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, making their potential supplementation in human disorders of increased interest. This study assessed the effect of a 10% (w/w) anchovy waste protein hydrolysate (APH) diet for 12 weeks in reducing atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice, through histological and immunohistochemical methods. In addition, monitoring of plaque development was performed, using high-frequency ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Overall, the APH diet attenuated atherosclerotic plaque development, producing a regression of arterial lesions over time (p < 0.05). Twelve weeks on an APH diet had an anti-obesity effect, improving lipid metabolism and reducing hepatic enzyme activity. A significant reduction in plaque size and lipid content was observed in the aortic sinus of APH-fed mice, compared to the control (p < 0.001), whereas no differences in the extracellular matrix and macrophage recruitment were observed. Supplementation of APH significantly attenuates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice, exerting a lipid-lowering activity. The opportunity to use fish waste protein hydrolysates as a nutraceutical in atherosclerosis is worthy of future investigations, representing a low cost, sustainable, and nutritional strategy with minimal environmental impact.
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Herrmann J, Gummi MR, Xia M, van der Giet M, Tölle M, Schuchardt M. Vascular Calcification in Rodent Models-Keeping Track with an Extented Method Assortment. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060459. [PMID: 34067504 PMCID: PMC8224561 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Arterial vessel diseases are the leading cause of death in the elderly and their accelerated pathogenesis is responsible for premature death in patients with chronic renal failure. Since no functioning therapy concepts exist so far, the identification of the main signaling pathways is of current research interest. To develop therapeutic concepts, different experimental rodent models are needed, which should be subject to the 3R principle of Russel and Burch: “Replace, Reduce and Refine”. This review aims to summarize the current available experimental rodent models for studying vascular calcification and their quantification methods. Abstract Vascular calcification is a multifaceted disease and a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The calcification deposits in the vessel wall can vary in size and localization. Various pathophysiological pathways may be involved in disease progression. With respect to the calcification diversity, a great number of research models and detection methods have been established in basic research, relying mostly on rodent models. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the currently available rodent models and quantification methods for vascular calcification, emphasizing animal burden and assessing prospects to use available methods in a way to address the 3R principles of Russel and Burch: “Replace, Reduce and Refine”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Herrmann
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manasa Reddy Gummi
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mengdi Xia
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Markus van der Giet
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Markus Tölle
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-514-690
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Addisu KD, Hailemeskel BZ, Mekuria SL, Andrgie AT, Lin YC, Tsai HC. Bioinspired, Manganese-Chelated Alginate-Polydopamine Nanomaterials for Efficient in Vivo T 1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5147-5160. [PMID: 29277987 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese-based nanomaterials are an emerging new class of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) that provide impressive contrast abilities. MRI CAs that can respond to pathophysiological parameters such as pH or redox potential are also highly in demand for MRI-guided tumor diagnosis. Until now, synthesizing nanomaterials with good biocompatibility, physiochemical stability, and good contrast effects remains a challenge. This study investigated two new systems of calcium/manganese cations complexed with either alginate-polydopamine or alginate-dopamine nanogels [AlgPDA(Ca/Mn) NG or AlgDA(Ca/Mn) NG]. Under such systems, Ca cations form ionic interactions via carboxylic acids of the Alg backbone to enhance the stability of the synthetic nanogels (NGs). Likewise, complexation of Mn cations also increased the colloidal stability of the synthetic NGs. The magnetic property of the prepared CAs was confirmed with superconducting quantum interference device measurements, proving the potential paramagnetic property. Hence, the T1 relaxivity measurement showed that PDA-complexed synthetic NGs reveal a strong positive contrast enhancement with r1 = 12.54 mM-1·s-1 in 7.0 T MRI images, whereas DA-complexed synthetic NGs showed a relatively lower T1 relaxivity effect with r1 = 10.13 mM-1·s-1. In addition, both the synthetic NGs exhibit negligible cytotoxicity with >92% cell viability up to 0.25 mM concentration, when incubated with the mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) and HeLa cells, and high biocompatibility under in vivo analysis. The in vivo MRI test indicates that the synthetic NG exhibits a high signal-to-noise ratio for longer hours, which provides a longer image acquisition time for tumor and anatomical imaging. Furthermore, T1-weighted MRI results revealed that PEGylated AlgPDA(Ca/Mn) NGs significantly enhanced the signals from liver and tumor tissues. Therefore, owing to the enhanced permeability and retention effect, significantly enhanced in vitro and in vivo imagings, low cost, and one-pot synthesis method, the Mn-based biomimetic approach used in this study provides a promising and competitive alternative for noninvasive tumor detection and comprehensive anatomical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefyalew Dagnew Addisu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Balkew Zewge Hailemeskel
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shewaye Lakew Mekuria
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Abegaz Tizazu Andrgie
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital , Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Gotschy A, Bauer WR, Winter P, Nordbeck P, Rommel E, Jakob PM, Herold V. Local versus global aortic pulse wave velocity in early atherosclerosis: An animal study in ApoE-/--mice using ultrahigh field MRI. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171603. [PMID: 28207773 PMCID: PMC5313136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased aortic stiffness is known to be associated with atherosclerosis and has a predictive value for cardiovascular events. This study aims to investigate the local distribution of early arterial stiffening due to initial atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, global and local pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured in ApoE-/- and wild type (WT) mice using ultrahigh field MRI. For quantification of global aortic stiffness, a new multi-point transit-time (TT) method was implemented and validated to determine the global PWV in the murine aorta. Local aortic stiffness was measured by assessing the local PWV in the upper abdominal aorta, using the flow/area (QA) method. Significant differences between age matched ApoE-/- and WT mice were determined for global and local PWV measurements (global PWV: ApoE-/-: 2.7±0.2m/s vs WT: 2.1±0.2m/s, P<0.03; local PWV: ApoE-/-: 2.9±0.2m/s vs WT: 2.2±0.2m/s, P<0.03). Within the WT mouse group, the global PWV correlated well with the local PWV in the upper abdominal aorta (R2 = 0.75, P<0.01), implying a widely uniform arterial elasticity. In ApoE-/- animals, however, no significant correlation between individual local and global PWV was present (R2 = 0.07, P = 0.53), implying a heterogeneous distribution of vascular stiffening in early atherosclerosis. The assessment of global PWV using the new multi-point TT measurement technique was validated against a pressure wire measurement in a vessel phantom and showed excellent agreement. The experimental results demonstrate that vascular stiffening caused by early atherosclerosis is unequally distributed over the length of large vessels. This finding implies that assessing heterogeneity of arterial stiffness by multiple local measurements of PWV might be more sensitive than global PWV to identify early atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gotschy
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang R. Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center / Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Winter
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nordbeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center / Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Rommel
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter M. Jakob
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center / Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Herold
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Pelisek J, Wendorff H, Wendorff C, Kuehnl A, Eckstein HH. Age-associated changes in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Ann Med 2016; 48:541-551. [PMID: 27595161 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1204468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about changes in carotid plaque morphology during aging and the possible impact on cardiovascular events. Only few studies addressed so far age-related modifications within atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, in this work we endeavored to summarize the current knowledge about changing of plaque composition in elderly. The data from hitherto existing studies confirm that atherosclerotic plaques undergo distinct alternations with advanced age. However, the results are often ambiguous and the changes do not seem to be as disastrous as expected. Interestingly, none of the studies could definitely evidence increased plaque vulnerability with advanced age. Nevertheless, based on the previous work showing decrease in elastin fibers, fibroatheroma, SMCs, overall cellularity and increase in the area of lipid core, hemorrhage, and calcification, the plaque morphology appears to transform toward unstable plaques. Otherwise, even if inflammatory cells often accumulate in plaques of younger patients, their amount is reduced in the older age and so far no clear association has been observed between thin fibrous cap and aging. Thus, the accurate contribution of age-related changes in plaque morphology to cardiovascular events has yet to be elucidated. KEY MESSAGES Composition of carotid atherosclerotic lesions changes during aging. These alternations are however, just moderate and depend upon additional variables, such as life style, accompanying disease, genetics, and other factors that have yet to be determined. Based on the current data, the age-associated plaque morphology seems to transform toward vulnerable plaques. However, the changes do not seem to be as disastrous as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pelisek
- a Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen , Munich , Germany
| | - Heiko Wendorff
- a Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen , Munich , Germany
| | - Carina Wendorff
- a Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen , Munich , Germany
| | - Andreas Kuehnl
- a Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen , Munich , Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- a Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen , Munich , Germany
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Fisher EA. Regression of Atherosclerosis: The Journey From the Liver to the Plaque and Back. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:226-35. [PMID: 26681754 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.301926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardinal events in atherogenesis are the retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the arterial wall and the reaction of macrophages to these particles. My laboratory has been interested in both the cell biological events producing apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, as well as in the reversal of the damage they cause in the plaques formed in the arterial wall. In the 2013 George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture, as summarized in this review, I covered 3 areas of my past, present, and future interests, namely, the regulation of hepatic very low density lipoprotein production by the degradation of apolipoprotein B100, the dynamic changes in macrophages in the regression of atherosclerosis, and the application of nanoparticles to both image and treat atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Fisher
- From the Department of Medicine (Cardiology), the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology and the Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York University School of Medicine.
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Pham TA, Hua N, Phinikaridou A, Killiany R, Hamilton J. Early in vivo discrimination of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques that disrupt: A serial MRI study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 244:101-7. [PMID: 26606442 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS MRI has been validated as a suitable imaging modality for in vivo, non-invasive detection of atherosclerosis and has provided quantitative predictors of high-risk plaque. Here, we apply serial MRI to monitor the natural progression of plaques over a 3-month period in a rabbit model of atherothrombosis to determine differences over time between plaques that ultimately disrupt to form a luminal mural thrombus and plaques that remain stable. METHODS Atherosclerotic plaques were induced in 12 male New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits by aortic endothelial injury and a 1% cholesterol diet. The rabbits were imaged 5 times: at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months, and 48hr after pharmacological triggering for plaque disruption. RESULTS Starting at 2 months, plaques that disrupted after triggering exhibited a higher remodeling ratio (RR, 1.05 ± 0.11 vs 0.97 ± 0.10, p = 0.0002) and a larger vessel wall area (VWA, 6.99 ± 1.54 mm(2) vs 6.30 ± 1.37 mm(2), p = 0.0072) than the stable non-disrupted plaques. The same trends were observed at 3 months: plaques that disrupted had a higher RR (1.04 ± 0.02 vs 0.99 ± 0.01, p = 0.0209), VWA (8.19 ± 2.69 mm(2) vs 6.81 ± 1.60 mm(2), p = 0.0001), and increased gadolinium uptake (75.51 ± 13.77% for disrupted vs 31.02 ± 6.45% for non-disrupted, p = 0.0022). CONCLUSIONS MR images of plaques that disrupted revealed larger VWAs, RRs, and increased gadolinium uptake at 2 months and continued progression of these vulnerable features between 2 and 3 months. Non-disrupted plaques had an independent history without these hallmarks of vulnerability. Our results show that MRI can provide early detection of plaques at a higher-risk for luminal thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan A Pham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ning Hua
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alkystis Phinikaridou
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Hamilton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Santos A, Fernández-Friera L, Villalba M, López-Melgar B, España S, Mateo J, Mota RA, Jiménez-Borreguero J, Ruiz-Cabello J. Cardiovascular imaging: what have we learned from animal models? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:227. [PMID: 26539113 PMCID: PMC4612690 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular imaging has become an indispensable tool for patient diagnosis and follow up. Probably the wide clinical applications of imaging are due to the possibility of a detailed and high quality description and quantification of cardiovascular system structure and function. Also phenomena that involve complex physiological mechanisms and biochemical pathways, such as inflammation and ischemia, can be visualized in a non-destructive way. The widespread use and evolution of imaging would not have been possible without animal studies. Animal models have allowed for instance, (i) the technical development of different imaging tools, (ii) to test hypothesis generated from human studies and finally, (iii) to evaluate the translational relevance assessment of in vitro and ex-vivo results. In this review, we will critically describe the contribution of animal models to the use of biomedical imaging in cardiovascular medicine. We will discuss the characteristics of the most frequent models used in/for imaging studies. We will cover the major findings of animal studies focused in the cardiovascular use of the repeatedly used imaging techniques in clinical practice and experimental studies. We will also describe the physiological findings and/or learning processes for imaging applications coming from models of the most common cardiovascular diseases. In these diseases, imaging research using animals has allowed the study of aspects such as: ventricular size, shape, global function, and wall thickening, local myocardial function, myocardial perfusion, metabolism and energetic assessment, infarct quantification, vascular lesion characterization, myocardial fiber structure, and myocardial calcium uptake. Finally we will discuss the limitations and future of imaging research with animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldo Santos
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid, Spain ; Madrid-MIT M+Visión Consortium Madrid, Spain ; Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leticia Fernández-Friera
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe Madrid, Spain
| | - María Villalba
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz López-Melgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel España
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid, Spain ; Madrid-MIT M+Visión Consortium Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Mateo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben A Mota
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Charles River Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Borreguero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Cardiac Imaging Department, Hospital de La Princesa Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid, Spain ; Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Melchior JT, Olson JD, Kelley KL, Wilson MD, Sawyer JK, Link KM, Rudel LL. Targeted Knockdown of Hepatic SOAT2 With Antisense Oligonucleotides Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Plaque in ApoB100-only LDLr-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1920-7. [PMID: 26229140 PMCID: PMC4552612 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the attenuation of cholesterol oleate packaging into apoB-containing lipoproteins will arrest progression of pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions. APPROACH AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis was induced in apoB-100 only, LDLr(-/-) mice by feeding a diet enriched in cis-monounsaturated fatty acids for 24 weeks. A subset of mice was then euthanized to quantify the extent of atherosclerosis. The remaining mice were continued on the same diet (controls) or assigned to the following treatments for 16 weeks: (1) a diet enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, (2) the cis-monounsaturated fatty acid diet plus biweekly injections of an antisense oligonucleotide specific to hepatic sterol-O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2); or (3) the cis-monounsaturated fatty acid diet and biweekly injections of a nontargeting hepatic antisense oligonucleotide. Extent of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta was monitored morphometrically in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo histologically and immunochemically. Hepatic knockdown of SOAT2 via antisense oligonucleotide treatment arrested lesion growth and stabilized lesions. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic knockdown of SOAT2 in apoB100-only, LDLr(-/-) mice resulted in remodeling of aortic atherosclerotic lesions into a stable phenotype, suggesting SOAT2 is a viable target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Melchior
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John D Olson
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kathryn L Kelley
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Martha D Wilson
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kerry M Link
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC.
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Bakermans AJ, Abdurrachim D, Moonen RPM, Motaal AG, Prompers JJ, Strijkers GJ, Vandoorne K, Nicolay K. Small animal cardiovascular MR imaging and spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 88-89:1-47. [PMID: 26282195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of MR imaging and spectroscopy for studying cardiovascular disease processes in small animals has increased tremendously over the past decade. This is the result of the remarkable advances in MR technologies and the increased availability of genetically modified mice. MR techniques provide a window on the entire timeline of cardiovascular disease development, ranging from subtle early changes in myocardial metabolism that often mark disease onset to severe myocardial dysfunction associated with end-stage heart failure. MR imaging and spectroscopy techniques play an important role in basic cardiovascular research and in cardiovascular disease diagnosis and therapy follow-up. This is due to the broad range of functional, structural and metabolic parameters that can be quantified by MR under in vivo conditions non-invasively. This review describes the spectrum of MR techniques that are employed in small animal cardiovascular disease research and how the technological challenges resulting from the small dimensions of heart and blood vessels as well as high heart and respiratory rates, particularly in mice, are tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianus J Bakermans
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Desiree Abdurrachim
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rik P M Moonen
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abdallah G Motaal
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Vandoorne
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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11
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Ultra-high-resolution 3D imaging of atherosclerosis in mice with synchrotron differential phase contrast: a proof of concept study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11980. [PMID: 26165698 PMCID: PMC4499839 DOI: 10.1038/srep11980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the performance of 3D synchrotron differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging for the visualization of both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of atherosclerosis in the mouse vasculature ex vivo. The hearts and aortas of 2 atherosclerotic and 2 wild-type control mice were scanned with DPC imaging with an isotropic resolution of 15 μm. The coronary artery vessel walls were segmented in the DPC datasets to assess their thickness, and histological staining was performed at the level of atherosclerotic plaques. The DPC imaging allowed for the visualization of complex structures such as the coronary arteries and their branches, the thin fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaques as well as the chordae tendineae. The coronary vessel wall thickness ranged from 37.4 ± 5.6 μm in proximal coronary arteries to 13.6 ± 3.3 μm in distal branches. No consistent differences in coronary vessel wall thickness were detected between the wild-type and atherosclerotic hearts in this proof-of-concept study, although the standard deviation in the atherosclerotic mice was higher in most segments, consistent with the observation of occasional focal vessel wall thickening. Overall, DPC imaging of the cardiovascular system of the mice allowed for a simultaneous detailed 3D morphological assessment of both large structures and microscopic details.
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12
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Wu M, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Wu L, Liu X, Liu J. Nanocluster of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly (dopamine) for magnetic field-targeting, highly sensitive MRI and photothermal cancer therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:115102. [PMID: 25721867 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/11/115102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a core–shell nanocomposite of clusters of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly(dopamine) (SPION clusters@PDA) is fabricated as a magnetic field-directed theranostic agent that combines the capabilities of highly sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal cancer therapy. The highly concentrated SPION cluster core is suitable for sensitive MRI due to its superparamagnetic properties, and the poly(dopamine) coating layer can induce cancer cell death under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation because of the photothermal conversion ability of PDA. MRI scanning reveals that the nanocomposite has relatively high r2 and r2(*) relaxivities, and the r2(*) values are nearly threefold higher than the r2 values because of the clustering of the SPIONs in the nanocomposite core. Due to the rapid response to magnetic field gradients, enhanced cellular uptake of our nanocomposite mediated by an external magnetic field can be achieved, thus producing significantly enhanced local photothermal killing efficiency against cancer cells under NIR irritation.
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13
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Tang D, Li ZY, Gijsen F, Giddens DP. Cardiovascular diseases and vulnerable plaques: data, modeling, predictions and clinical applications. Biomed Eng Online 2015; 14 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 25602945 PMCID: PMC4306097 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-14-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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14
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Mateo J, Benito M, España S, Sanz J, Jiménez-Borreguero J, Fuster V, Ruiz-Cabello J. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Atherosclerotic Mouse Aorta. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1339:387-394. [PMID: 26445806 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2929-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plaque development has been extensively studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in animal models of rapidly progressing atherosclerosis, such as apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE-KO) mice. Preclinical MRI plays a significant role in the study of experimental atherosclerosis. Currently, MRI is capable of detecting luminal narrowing, plaque size, and morphology with high accuracy and reproducibility, providing reliable measurements of plaque burden. Therefore, MRI offers a noninvasive approach to serially monitor the progression of the disease. Compared with other imaging modalities, MRI appears to have the greatest potential for plaque characterization, through the use of multiple contrast weightings (e.g., T1, T2, and proton density). Here, we illustrate a standard procedure to image the aorta of atherosclerotic mice using noninvasive MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mateo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina Benito
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel España
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sanz
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute/Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Borreguero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentín Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute/Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Quantification of plaque lipids in the aortic root of ApoE-deficient mice by 3D DIXON magnetic resonance imaging in an ex vivo model. Eur Radiol 2014; 25:736-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Millon A, Canet-Soulas E, Boussel L, Fayad Z, Douek P. Animal models of atherosclerosis and magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring plaque progression. Vascular 2014; 22:221-37. [DOI: 10.1177/1708538113478758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the main cause of heart attack and stroke, is the leading cause of death in most modern countries. Preventing clinical events depends on a better understanding of the mechanism of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Our knowledge on the characteristics of vulnerable plaques in humans has grown past decades. Histological studies have provided a precise definition of high-risk lesions and novel imaging methods for human atherosclerotic plaque characterization have made significant progress. However the pathological mechanisms leading from stable lesions to the formation of vulnerable plaques remain uncertain and the related clinical events are unpredictable. An animal model mimicking human plaque destablization is required as well as an in vivo imaging method to assess and monitor atherosclerosis progression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for in vivo assessment of atherosclerotic plaques in the human carotids. MRI provides well-characterized morphological and functional features of human atherosclerotic plaque which can be also assessed in animal models. This review summarizes the most common species used as animal models for experimental atherosclerosis, the techniques to induce atherosclerosis and to obtain vulnerable plaques, together with the role of MRI for monitoring atherosclerotic plaques in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Millon
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- CREATIS, UMR CNRS 5515, INSERM U630, Lyon University, 69000 Lyon, France
| | | | - Loic Boussel
- CREATIS, UMR CNRS 5515, INSERM U630, Lyon University, 69000 Lyon, France
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cardiovasculaire et Pneumologique, Louis Pradel, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Zahi Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Douek
- CREATIS, UMR CNRS 5515, INSERM U630, Lyon University, 69000 Lyon, France
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cardiovasculaire et Pneumologique, Louis Pradel, 69000 Lyon, France
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17
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Teresa Albelda M, Garcia-España E, Frias JC. Visualizing the atherosclerotic plaque: a chemical perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2858-76. [PMID: 24526041 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathologic cause of coronary artery disease. An early detection of the disease can prevent clinical sequellae such as angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The different imaging techniques employed to visualize the atherosclerotic plaque provide information of diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, the use of contrast agents helps to improve signal-to-noise ratio providing better images. For nuclear imaging techniques and optical imaging these agents are absolutely necessary. We report on the different contrast agents that have been used, are used or may be used in future in animals, humans, or excised tissues for the distinct imaging modalities for atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Teresa Albelda
- Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Edificio de Institutos de Paterna, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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Chung JW, Kim BJ, Choi BS, Sohn CH, Bae HJ, Yoon BW, Lee SH. High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Hidden Etiologies of Symptomatic Vertebral Arterial Lesions. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:293-302. [PMID: 23541422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Chung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clinical Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clinical Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Se Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ho Sohn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Clinical Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Woo Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Phinikaridou A, Andia ME, Lacerda S, Lorrio S, Makowski MR, Botnar RM. Molecular MRI of atherosclerosis. Molecules 2013; 18:14042-69. [PMID: 24232739 PMCID: PMC6270261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in prevention, risk assessment and treatment, coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. The lion's share is due to acute coronary syndromes (ACS), which are predominantly triggered by plaque rupture or erosion and subsequent coronary thrombosis. As the majority of vulnerable plaques does not cause a significant stenosis, due to expansive remodeling, and are rather defined by their composition and biological activity, detection of vulnerable plaques with x-ray angiography has shown little success. Non-invasive vulnerable plaque detection by identifying biological features that have been associated with plaque progression, destabilization and rupture may therefore be more appropriate and may allow earlier detection, more aggressive treatment and monitoring of treatment response. MR molecular imaging with target specific molecular probes has shown great promise for the noninvasive in vivo visualization of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level in animals and humans. Compared to other imaging modalities; MRI can provide excellent spatial resolution; high soft tissue contrast and has the ability to simultaneously image anatomy; function as well as biological tissue composition and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkystis Phinikaridou
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Marcelo E. Andia
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
- Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Sara Lacerda
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Silvia Lorrio
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Marcus R. Makowski
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
- Department of Radiology, Charite, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - René M. Botnar
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
- Wellcome Trust and ESPRC Medical Engineering Center, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- BHF Centre of Excellence, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
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20
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Imaging Atherosclerotic Plaques with MRI: Role of Contrast Agents. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-012-9179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Akki A, Gupta A, Weiss RG. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the murine cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H633-48. [PMID: 23292717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00771.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful and reliable tool to noninvasively study the cardiovascular system in clinical practice. Because transgenic mouse models have assumed a critical role in cardiovascular research, technological advances in MRI have been extended to mice over the last decade. These have provided critical insights into cardiac and vascular morphology, function, and physiology/pathophysiology in many murine models of heart disease. Furthermore, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has allowed the nondestructive study of myocardial metabolism in both isolated hearts and in intact mice. This article reviews the current techniques and important pathophysiological insights from the application of MRI/MRS technology to murine models of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Akki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Hyafil F, Feldman L, Le Guludec D, Fayad ZA. Evaluating Efficacy of Pharmaceutical Interventions in Atherosclerosis: Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 79:689-704. [DOI: 10.1002/msj.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Bartoli MA, Kober F, Cozzone P, Thompson RW, Alessi MC, Bernard M. In vivo assessment of murine elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012; 44:475-81. [PMID: 22939881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are, to date, no published non-invasive or longitudinal studies performed in mice to measure aortic diameter and wall thickness in an elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm. This MRI study at 11.75 T aimed at evaluating the reliability of longitudinal in vivo aortic diameter and wall thickness measurements in this particular model. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice underwent transient elastase or heat-inactivated elastase perfusion (controls). Aortic dilatation was measured before, during and immediately after elastase perfusion, and again 14 days after, with a calibrated ocular grid. MRI was performed just before initial surgery and at day 14 before harvest using an 11.75 T MR microscopy imager. RESULTS Aortic diameter was significantly greater in elastase-perfused mice compared to controls as measured by optic grid (1.150 ± 0.153 mm vs 0.939 ± 0.07 mm, P = 0.038) and according to MRI measurement of the outer diameter on spin echo images (1.203 ± 0.105 mm vs 1070 ± 0.048 mm, P = 0.0067). Aortic wall thickness was found to be significantly increased in elastase-perfused mice at day 14. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates in the mouse elastase-induced aneurysm model that characterization of aneurysm development by its inner and outer vessel diameter and vessel wall thickness can be carried out longitudinally using high resolution MRI without significant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bartoli
- Aix-Marseille université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR, Marseille, France.
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24
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Abstract
Comprehensive imaging of the cardiovascular system of murine models of atherosclerosis requires high spatial and temporal resolution as well as a high soft tissue contrast. High-field (≥7 T) experimental magnetic resonance imaging can provide noninvasive, high-resolution images of the murine cardiovascular system. High-field scanners, however, require special equipment and imaging protocols. The aim of this chapter is to provide instructions on how to obtain morphological and functional data on the murine cardiovascular system in animal models of atherosclerotic disease on a very high-field scanner (17.6 T). Equipment requirements are presented, and a comprehensive description of the methods needed to complete a magnetic resonance imaging exam, including the animal preparation, imaging, and image analysis are discussed. In addition, common problems during high-field MRI experiments and methods to validate MRI results are reviewed. The steps can be adopted to other MRI scanners and modification of the imaging parameters might allow for a more individual assessment of cardiovascular diseases in a number of transgenic mouse models.
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25
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Postangioplasty Restenosis Followed with Magnetic Resonance Imaging in an Atherosclerotic Rabbit Model. Int J Biomed Imaging 2012; 2012:747264. [PMID: 23316216 PMCID: PMC3536348 DOI: 10.1155/2012/747264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale and Objectives. Testing a quantitative, noninvasive method to assess postangioplasty vessel wall changes in an animal model. Material and Methods. Six New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to atherosclerotic injury, including cholesterol-enriched diet, deendothelialization, and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in the distal part of abdominal aorta (four weeks after deendothelialization). The animals were examined with a 1.5T MRI scanner at three times as follows: baseline (six weeks after diet start and two days after PTA) and four weeks and 10 weeks after-PTA. Inflow angiosequence (M2DI) and proton-density-weighted sequence (PDW) were performed to examine the aorta with axial slices. To identify the inner and outer vessel wall boundaries, a dynamic contour algorithm (Gradient Vector Flow Snakes) was applied to the images, followed by calculation of the vessel wall dimensions. The results were compared with histopathological analysis. Results. The wall thickness in the lesion was significantly higher than in the control region at 4 and 10 weeks, reflecting induction of experimentally created after-angioplasty lesion. At baseline, no significant difference between the two regions was present. Conclusions. It is possible to follow the development of vessel wall changes after-PTA with MRI in this rabbit model.
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Kim SE, Treiman GS, Roberts JA, Jeong EK, Shi X, Hadley JR, Parker DL. In vivo and ex vivo measurements of the mean ADC values of lipid necrotic core and hemorrhage obtained from diffusion weighted imaging in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34:1167-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized countries. Despite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology, pathogenesis, and new treatment modalities, the absence of an adequate non-invasive imaging tool for early detection limits both the prevention and treatment of patients with various degrees and anatomical localizations of atherothrombotic disease. An ideal clinical imaging modality for atherosclerotic vascular disease should be safe, inexpensive, non-invasive or minimally invasive, accurate, and reproducible, and the results should correlate with the extent of atherosclerotic disease and have high predictive values for future clinical events. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the most promising technique for studying atherothrombotic disease in humans in vivo. Most importantly, MRI allows for the characterization of plaque composition, i.e. the discrimination of lipid core, fibrosis, calcification, and intraplaque haemorrhage deposits. Magnetic resonance imaging also allows for the detection of arterial thrombi and in defining thrombus age. Magnetic resonance imaging has been used to monitor plaque progression and regression in several animal models of atherosclerosis and in humans. Emerging MRI techniques capable of imaging biological processes, including inflammation, neovascularization, and mechanical forces, may aid in advancing our understanding of the atherothrombotic disease. Advances in diagnosis do prosper provided they march hand-in-hand with advances in treatment. We stand at the threshold of accurate non-invasive assessment of atherosclerosis. Thus, MRI opens new strategies ranging from screening of high-risk patients for early detection and treatment as well as monitoring of the target lesions for pharmacological intervention. Identification of subclinical atherosclerosis and early treatment initiation has the potential to surpass conventional risk factor assessment and management in terms of overall impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Such strategy is currently under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Corti
- Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Molecular imaging with targeted contrast agents by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the noninvasive detection and characterization of biological changes on a molecular level. In this article, the principles of molecular MRI and its applications in cardiovascular diseases are reviewed. First, basic properties of positive and negative contrast agents are introduced and their effect on signal generation in a magnetic field is described. In the next part, different types of MRI scanners and the influence of field strength on signal properties of contrast agents for molecular imaging are discussed. Additionally, the assessment, analysis, and quantification of the changes in T1 and T2* relaxation time induced by the different molecular contrast agents are reviewed. Finally, the basic mechanisms of targeting of imaging probes on a molecular level and recent applications of molecular MRI in cardiovascular disease are reviewed.
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van Bochove GS, Paulis LEM, Segers D, Mulder WJM, Krams R, Nicolay K, Strijkers GJ. Contrast enhancement by differently sized paramagnetic MRI contrast agents in mice with two phenotypes of atherosclerotic plaque. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 6:35-45. [PMID: 20882509 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the use of contrast-enhanced MRI to enable in vivo specific characterization of atherosclerotic plaques is increasing. In this study the intrinsic ability of three differently sized gadolinium-based contrast agents to permeate different mouse plaque phenotypes was evaluated with MRI. A tapered cast was implanted around the right carotid artery of apoE(-/-) mice to induce two different plaque phenotypes: a thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) and a non-TCFA lesion. Both plaques were allowed to develop over 6 and 9 weeks, leading to an intermediate and advanced lesion, respectively. Signal enhancement in the carotid artery wall, following intravenous injection of Gd-HP-DO3A as well as paramagnetic micelles and liposomes was evaluated. In vivo T(1) -weighted MRI plaque enhancement characteristics were complemented by fluorescence microscopy and correlated to lesion phenotype. The two smallest contrast agents, i.e. Gd-HP-DO3A and micelles, were found to enhance contrast in T(1) -weighted MR images of all investigated plaque phenotypes. Maximum contrast enhancement ranged between 53 and 70% at 6 min after injection of Gd-HP-DO3A with highest enhancement and longest retention in the non-TCFA lesion. Twenty-four hours after injection of micelles maximum contrast enhancement ranged between 24 and 35% in all plaque phenotypes. Administration of the larger liposomes did not cause significant contrast enhancement in the atherosclerotic plaques. Confocal fluorescence microscopy confirmed the MRI-based differences in plaque permeation between micelles and liposomes. Plaque permeation of contrast agents was strongly dependent on size. Our results implicate that, when equipped with targeting ligands, liposomes are most suitable for the imaging of plaque-associated endothelial markers due to low background enhancement, whereas micelles, which accumulate extravascularly on a long timescale, are suited for imaging of less abundant markers inside plaques. Low molecular weight compounds may be employed for target-specific imaging of highly abundant extravascular plaque-associated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda S van Bochove
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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31
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Accurate assessment of carotid artery stenosis in atherosclerotic mice using accelerated high-resolution 3D magnetic resonance angiography. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 24:9-18. [PMID: 20862514 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-010-0227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT High-resolution magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) enables non-invasive detection and longitudinal monitoring of atherosclerosis in mouse models of human disease. However, MRA is hampered by long acquisition times putting high demands on the physiological stability of the animal. Therefore, we evaluated the feasibility of accelerated MRA using the parallel imaging technique SENSE with regard to both lesion detection and quantification. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRA acquisitions of supra-aortic vessels were performed in ApoE (-/-) mice that have been shown to develop atherosclerotic plaques. Findings obtained from accelerated data sets were compared to fully sampled reference data sets and histology. RESULTS Our results revealed only minor differences in detecting vascular lesions for data collections accelerated by factors of up to 3.3 using a four-element coil array. For vessels with a mean lumen diameter of 500 μm, morphometry of stenotic lesions revealed no substantial deviations from reference (fully sampled) data for all investigated acceleration factors. For the highest acceleration factor of 3.3, an average deviation of the degree of stenosis of 4.9 ± 3.6% was found. Common carotid stenoses assessed by in vivo MRA displayed a good correlation with histological analyses (slope of linear regression = 0.97, R (2) = 0.98). CONCLUSION According to the results of this work, we have demonstrated the feasibility and accuracy of accelerated high-resolution 3D ToF MRA in mice suitable for detailed depiction of mouse supra-aortic vessels and amenable to non-invasive quantification of small atherosclerotic lesions.
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Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:2614-62. [PMID: 20513610 PMCID: PMC3042771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation 2010; 121:2462-508. [PMID: 20479157 PMCID: PMC3034132 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3181d44a8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Choke E, Cockerill GW, Dawson J, Howe F, Wilson WRW, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances angiotensin II-induced aneurysm formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52:159-166.e1. [PMID: 20471768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development is associated with increased angiogenesis and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Inhibition of angiogenesis results in attenuation of experimental aneurysms. This study investigated the effects of recombinant human (rh)VEGF on experimental aneurysms. METHODS Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice were assigned to one of four groups: (1) normal saline infusion (sham), (2) angiotensin-II (AngII) infusion, (3) AngII infusion plus 100 microg daily rhVEGF for 14 days (AngII+14dVEGF), or (4) AngII infusion plus 100 microg daily rhVEGF for 21 days (AngII+21dVEGF). Aortic maximum diameter and cross-sectional area were determined by magnetic resonance imaging and microscopy. All mice were sacrificed at day 28. RESULTS Aneurysms developed in all mice in the AngII+14dVEGF and AngII+21dVEGF groups by day 21 compared with 40% in the AngII group. Treatment with rhVEGF increased maximum aortic diameter (P < .002) and cross-sectional area of aneurysms (P < .005) at day 21. This effect was maintained at day 28 (P < .0005). Decreasing rhVEGF treatment from 21 to 14 days did not attenuate aneurysm formation. Treatment with rhVEGF upregulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene expression within the aortic wall (P < .0009). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with rhVEGF intensified the formation of AngII-induced aneurysms. Further studies are needed to investigate if antiangiogenic therapy may be a valid medical therapy against aneurysm expansion or rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Choke
- St. George's Vascular Institute, London, United Kingdom
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MRI-determined carotid artery flow velocities and wall shear stress in a mouse model of vulnerable and stable atherosclerotic plaque. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 23:77-84. [PMID: 20229088 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-010-0200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report here on the pre-clinical MRI characterization of an apoE-/- mouse model of stable and vulnerable carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques, which were induced by a tapered restriction (cast) around the artery. Specific focus was on the quantification of the wall shear stress, which is considered a key player in the development of the plaque phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo MRI was performed at 9.4 T. The protocol consisted of time-of-flight angiography, high-resolution T1- and T2-weighted black-blood imaging and phase-contrast flow velocity imaging as function of time in the cardiac cycle. Wall shear stress was determined by fitting the flow profile to a quadratic polynomial. RESULTS Time-of-flight angiography confirmed preservation of blood flow through the carotid arteries in all cases. T1- and T2-weighted MRI resulted in high-resolution images in which the position of the cast, luminal narrowing introduced by cast and plaque, as well as the arterial wall could be well identified. Laminar flow with low wall shear stress (11.2+/- 5.2 Pa) was measured upstream to the cast at the position of the vulnerable plaque. Downstream to the cast at the position of the stable plaque, the apparent velocities were low, which is consistent with vortices and an oscillatory nature of the flow. CONCLUSIONS Flow velocities and wall shear stress were successfully measured in this mouse model of stable and unstable plaque. The presented tools can be used to provide valuable insights in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Recent developments and new perspectives on imaging of atherosclerotic plaque: role of anatomical, cellular and molecular MRI Part I and II. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26:433-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kim SE, Jeong EK, Shi XF, Morrell G, Treiman GS, Parker DL. Diffusion-weighted imaging of human carotid artery using 2D single-shot interleaved multislice inner volume diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging (2D ss-IMIV-DWEPI) at 3T: diffusion measurement in atherosclerotic plaque. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 30:1068-77. [PMID: 19856440 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if 2D single-shot interleaved multislice inner volume diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging (ss-IMIV-DWEPI) can be used to obtain quantitative diffusion measurements that can assist in the identification of plaque components in the cervical carotid artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 2D ss-DWEPI sequence was combined with interleaved multislice inner volume region localization to obtain diffusion weighted images with 1 mm in-plane resolution and 2 mm slice thickness. Eleven subjects, six of whom have carotid plaque, were studied with this technique. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images were calculated using DW images with b = 10 s/mm(2) and b = 300 s/mm(2). RESULTS The mean ADC measurement in normal vessel wall of the 11 subjects was 1.28 +/- 0.09 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s. Six of the 11 subjects had carotid plaque and ADC measurements in plaque ranged from 0.29 to 0.87 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s. Of the 11 common carotid artery walls studied (33 images), at least partial visualization of the wall was obtained in all ADC images, more than 50% visualization in 82% (27/33 images), and full visualization in 18% (6/33 images). CONCLUSION 2D ss-IMIV-DWEPI can perform diffusion-weighted carotid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in vivo with reasonably high spatial resolution (1 x 1 x 2 mm(3)). ADC values of the carotid wall and plaque are consistent with similar values obtained from ex vivo endarterectomy specimens. The spread in ADC values obtained from plaque indicate that this technique could form a basis for plaque component identification in conjunction with other MRI/MRA techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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Dietrich T, Hucko T, Bourayou R, Jahnke C, Paetsch I, Atrott K, Stawowy P, Gräfe M, Klein C, Schnackenburg B, Fleck E, Graf K. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging in atherosclerotic mice treated with ezetimibe. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 25:827-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cormode DP, Frias JC, Ma Y, Chen W, Skajaa T, Briley-Saebo K, Barazza A, Williams KJ, Mulder WJ, Fayad ZA, Fisher EA. HDL as a contrast agent for medical imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:493-500. [PMID: 20352038 DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced MRI of atherosclerosis can provide valuable additional information on a patient's disease state. As a result of the interactions of HDL with atherosclerotic plaque and the flexibility of its reconstitution, it is a versatile candidate for the delivery of contrast-generating materials to this pathogenic lesion. We herein discuss the reports of HDL modified with gadolinium to act as an MRI contrast agent for atherosclerosis. Furthermore, HDL has been modified with fluorophores and nanocrystals, allowing it to act as a contrast agent for fluorescent imaging techniques and for computed tomography. Such modified HDL has been found to be macrophage specific, and, therefore, can provide macrophage density information via noninvasive MRI. As such, modified HDL is currently a valuable contrast agent for probing preclinical atherosclerosis. Future developments may allow the application of this particle to further diseases and pathological or physiological processes in both preclinical models as well as in patients.
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Amirbekian V, Aguinaldo JGS, Amirbekian S, Hyafil F, Vucic E, Sirol M, Weinreb DB, Le Greneur S, Lancelot E, Corot C, Fisher EA, Galis ZS, Fayad ZA. Atherosclerosis and matrix metalloproteinases: experimental molecular MR imaging in vivo. Radiology 2009; 251:429-38. [PMID: 19224894 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2511080539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the capability of P947, a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agent that molecularly targets matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), to aid detection and imaging of MMPs in atherosclerotic lesions in vivo; its specificity compared with that of P1135; expression and distribution of MMPs in atherosclerotic vessels; and in vivo distribution and molecular localization of fluorescent europium (Eu) P947. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Animal Care and Use Committee approved all experiments. P947 was synthesized by attaching a gadolinium chelate (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid) to a peptide that specifically binds MMPs. Scrambled form of P947 (P1135) was synthesized by replacing the targeting moiety of P947 with a scrambled peptide lacking the ability to bind MMPs. P947, P1135, and gadoterate meglumine were injected into atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient and wild-type mice. The aortic MR imaging enhancement produced by the contrast agents was measured at different times and was compared by using one-way analysis of variance. MMP expression was investigated in the aortas by using MMP immunostaining and in situ MMP zymography. A fluorescent form of P947 (Eu-P947) was synthesized to compare the in vivo distribution of the contrast agent (Eu-P947) with specific MMP immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS MMP-targeted P947 facilitated a 93% increase (P < .001) in MR image signal intensity (contrast-to-noise ratio [CNR], 17.7 compared with 7.7; P < .001) of atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. Nontargeted P1135 (scrambled P947) provided 33% MR image enhancement (CNR, 10.8), whereas gadoterate meglumine provided 5% (CNR, 6.9). Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated colocalization between fluorescent Eu-P947 and MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques. Eu-P947 was particularly present in the fibrous cap region of plaques. CONCLUSION P947 improved MR imaging for atherosclerosis through MMP-specific targeting. The results were validated and provide support for further assessment of P947 as a potential tool for the identification of unstable atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardan Amirbekian
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Schoolof Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Herold V, Parczyk M, Mörchel P, Ziener CH, Klug G, Bauer WR, Rommel E, Jakob PM. In vivo measurement of local aortic pulse-wave velocity in mice with MR microscopy at 17.6 tesla. Magn Reson Med 2009; 61:1293-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Herold V, Wellen J, Ziener CH, Weber T, Hiller KH, Nordbeck P, Rommel E, Haase A, Bauer WR, Jakob PM, Sarkar SK. In vivo comparison of atherosclerotic plaque progression with vessel wall strain and blood flow velocity in apoE(-/-) mice with MR microscopy at 17.6 T. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 22:159-66. [PMID: 19153787 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-008-0160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT At present, in vivo plaque characterization in mice by MRI is typically limited to the visualization of vascular lesions with no accompanying analysis of vessel wall function. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of atherosclerotic plaque development on the morphological and mechanical characteristics of the aortic vessel wall in a pre-clinical murine model of atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups of apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) and C57BL/6J control mice fed a high-fat diet were monitored over a 12-week time period by high-field MRI. Multi-Slice-Multi-Spin-Echo and Phase-Contrast MRI sequences were employed to track changes to aortic vessel wall area, blood flow velocity and distensibility. RESULTS After 6- and 12-weeks, significant changes in vessel wall area and circumferential strain were detected in the apoE(-/-) mice relative to the control animals. Blood flow velocity and intravascular lumen remained unchanged in both groups, findings that are in agreement with the theory of positive remodeling of the ascending aorta during plaque progression. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated the application of high-field MRI for characterizing the temporal progression of morphological and mechanical changes to murine aortic vasculature associated with atherosclerotic lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Herold
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik 5, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.
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Jacoby C, Böring YC, Beck A, Zernecke A, Aurich V, Weber C, Schrader J, Flögel U. Dynamic changes in murine vessel geometry assessed by high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography: a 9.4T study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28:637-45. [PMID: 18777558 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) protocols to monitor and quantify dynamic changes of vascular remodeling in pathologic mouse models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Time-of-flight (TOF) MRA of murine vessels was performed at 9.4T to monitor temporal alterations in the vessel structure in two frequently used injury models (wire denudation of carotid artery and femoral artery occlusion). Quantification of vessel morphology was performed with the use of in-house-developed software and validated by estimation of inter- and intraobserver variabilities and reproducibility, and by correlation with histological data. RESULTS MRA-based volume determination exhibited low intra- and interobserver variabilities and high reproducibility. Furthermore, good correlations with histological data were found four weeks after injury (R2=0.970). Two high-resolution image series are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the technique: 1) the time course of a vessel stenosis that reopens by thrombus recanalization, and 2) the continuous restoration of blood flow by collateral vessel formation during arteriogenesis after induction of hindlimb ischemia. CONCLUSION We describe high-resolution MRA imaging protocols that are suitable for sensitively measuring the extent and time course of changes in vessel morphology in mice in a repetitive manner without any contrast agent. This methodology provides a reliable tool for noninvasive monitoring of vascular lesion development or neovascularization in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jacoby
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Grönros J, Wikström J, Brandt-Eliasson U, Forsberg GB, Behrendt M, Hansson GI, Gan LM. Effects of rosuvastatin on cardiovascular morphology and function in an ApoE-knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H2046-53. [PMID: 18790840 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00133.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of rosuvastatin on plaque progression and in vivo coronary artery function in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-KO) mice, using noninvasive high-resolution ultrasound techniques. Eight-week-old male ApoE-KO mice (n = 20) were fed a high-fat diet with or without rosuvastatin (10 micromol.kg(-1).day(-1)) for 16 wk. When compared with control, rosuvastatin reduced total cholesterol levels (P < 0.05) and caused significant retardation of lesion progression in the brachiocephalic artery, as visualized in vivo using an ultrasound biomicroscope (P < 0.05). Histological analysis confirmed the reduction of brachiocephalic atherosclerosis and also revealed an increase in collagen content in the statin-treated group (P < 0.05). Coronary volumetric flow was measured by simultaneous recording of Doppler velocity signals and left coronary artery morphology before and during adenosine infusion. The hyperemic flow in response to adenosine was significantly greater in left coronary artery following 16 wk of rosuvastatin treatment (P < 0.001), whereas the baseline flow was similar in both groups. In conclusion, rosuvastatin reduced brachiocephalic artery atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-KO mice. Coronary artery function assessed using recently developed in vivo ultrasound-based protocols, also improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grönros
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Cormode DP, Briley-Saebo KC, Mulder WJM, Aguinaldo JGS, Barazza A, Ma Y, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. An ApoA-I mimetic peptide high-density-lipoprotein-based MRI contrast agent for atherosclerotic plaque composition detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1437-44. [PMID: 18712752 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the prime causes of mortality throughout the world and there is a need for targeted and effective contrast agents to allow noninvasive imaging of the cholesterol-rich atherosclerotic plaques in arteries. A new, fully synthetic, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mimicking MRI contrast agent is developed, which enhances macrophage-rich areas of plaque in a mouse model of atherosclerosis by 94%. Confirmation of the targeting of this nanoparticulate agent is achieved using confocal microscopy by tracking a fluorescent lipid incorporated into the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Mulder WJM, Strijkers GJ, Briley-Saboe KC, Frias JC, Aguinaldo JGS, Vucic E, Amirbekian V, Tang C, Chin PTK, Nicolay K, Fayad ZA. Molecular imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques using bimodal PEG-micelles. Magn Reson Med 2008; 58:1164-70. [PMID: 18046703 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated, fluorescent, and paramagnetic micelles were developed. The micelles were conjugated with macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)-specific antibodies. The abdominal aortas of atherosclerotic apoE-KO mice were imaged with T(1)-weighted high-resolution MRI before and 24 h after intravenous administration of the contrast agent (CA). Pronounced signal enhancement (SE) (up to 200%) was observed for apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-KO) mice that were injected with MSR-targeted micelles, while the aortic vessel wall of mice injected with nontargeted micelles showed little SE. To allow fluorescence microscopy and optical imaging of the excised aorta, the micelles were made fluorescent by incorporating either a quantum dot (QD) in the micelle corona or rhodamine lipids in the micelle. Ultraviolet (UV) illumination of the aorta allowed the identification of regions with high macrophage content, while MSR-targeted rhodamine micelles could be detected with fluorescence microscopy and were found to be associated with macrophages. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that macrophages in apoE-KO mice can be effectively and specifically detected by molecular MRI and optical methods upon administration of a pegylated micellar CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J M Mulder
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Kips JG, Segers P, Van Bortel LM. Identifying the vulnerable plaque: A review of invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities. Artery Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Hiller KH, Waller C, Haase A, Jakob PM. Magnetic resonance of mouse models of cardiac disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:245-57. [PMID: 18626605 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-77496-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the noninvasive standard for the quantitative evaluation of cardiac function, masses, and infarct size. Wall motion analysis is used to display myocardial dysfunction and microcirculatory deficits can be displayed by perfusion imaging and quantification of the myocardial regional blood volume. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) also provides quantitative information on cardiac energetics and, in combination with MRI, insights into cardiac structure and function. The use of both techniques permits complementary data collection within the same experimental setup.Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that MR does not directly visualize genes or gene product expression but morphological or bioenergetical outcomes of gene expression instead. In conclusion, cardiac MR is a valuable tool applicable to mouse phenotyping and, also, can be applied to assess the effects of therapeutic agents. Thus, MR of mouse models of cardiac disease has great potential to substantially contribute to the understanding of the underlying pathomechanisms and can help to evaluate new therapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Hiller
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Kober F, Canault M, Peiretti F, Mueller C, Kopp F, Alessi MC, Cozzone PJ, Nalbone G, Bernard M. MRI follow-up of TNF-dependent differential progression of atherosclerotic wall-thickening in mouse aortic arch from early to advanced stages. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:e93-9. [PMID: 17662986 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An optimized, longitudinal in vivo magnetic resonance vessel wall-imaging protocol was evaluated regarding its capability of detecting differences in the time-dependent atherosclerotic lesion progression in the aortic arch between ApoE(-/-) and double-deficient ApoE(-/-)/TNF(-/-) mice at comparatively early plaque development stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven ApoE(-/-) and seven ApoE(-/-)/TNF(-/-) female mice underwent MRI at 11.75 teslas at four stages up to 26 weeks of age. A double-gated spin-echo MRI sequence was used with careful perpendicular slice positioning to visualize the vessel wall of the ascending aortic arch. RESULTS Wall-thickness progression measured with MRI was significant at 11 weeks of age in ApoE(-/-) mice, but only at 26 weeks in ApoE(-/-)/TNF(-/-) mice. A significant correlation was found between MRI wall-thickness and lesion area determined on histology. CONCLUSION MRI was shown to be sensitive enough to reveal subtle genetically-induced differences in lesion progression at ages earlier than 25 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kober
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, CNRS UMR n 6612, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Boulevard J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Cademartiri F, La Grutta L, Palumbo A, Malagutti P, Pugliese F, Meijboom WB, Baks T, Mollet NR, Bruining N, Hamers R, de Feyter PJ. Non-invasive visualization of coronary atherosclerosis: state-of-art. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2007; 8:129-37. [PMID: 17312429 DOI: 10.2459/01.jcm.0000260820.40145.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death in the Western world. Non-invasive coronary artery imaging challenges any diagnostic modality because the coronary arteries are small and tortuous, whereas cardiac contraction and respiration cause motion artifacts. Therefore, non-invasive coronary imaging requires high spatial and temporal resolution. This review discusses the feasible applications in coronary imaging of magnetic resonance imaging and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT), which are currently the only non-invasive diagnostic modalities for direct coronary atherosclerosis imaging. Particular attention and focus is devoted to the potential indications and clinical impact of MSCT due to its fast development and the robust results recently reported. MSCT of the coronary arteries is a promising imaging modality for the assessment of the coronary lumen and wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cademartiri
- Department of Radiology and Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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