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Coenen CS, Hidalgo TN, Lynn T, Jones DM, Salmon JE, Chamley LW, Abrahams VM. Antiphospholipid-exposed trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles express elevated levels of TLR7/8-activating microRNAs and induce endometrial endothelial activation, in part, through TLR7. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 164:104255. [PMID: 38797133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are at high risk for miscarriage and preeclampsia. Unlike pro-thrombotic systemic APS, obstetric APS is associated with insufficient placentation, as well as inflammation and vascular dysfunction at the maternal-fetal interface. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) can target the placental trophoblast and induce inflammation. We reported that aPL trigger trophoblast cells to produce elevated levels of IL-8 through activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Downstream of TLR4, we found this IL-8 response is mediated by a TLR8-activating microRNA (miR), miR-146a-3p, which is also released by the trophoblast via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Since endothelial dysfunction is a feature of obstetric APS, we sought to determine if other miRs that can activate the RNA sensors, TLR7 and/or TLR8, are released by the trophoblast via EVs after exposure to aPL, and if these EVs can activate human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs). Using a human first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line we found that aPL elevated their release of small EVs (<150 nm). These extracellular vesicles released from trophoblast cells exposed to aPL expressed elevated levels of TLR7/8-activating miR-21a and miR-29a, in addition to the previously reported miR-146a-3p. Extracellular vesicles from aPL-exposed human trophoblast cells triggered human endometrial endothelial cells to generate an inflammatory IL-8 response, in part through TLR7. This study highlights EVs as a mode of communication between the placenta and the maternal vasculature, as well as a potential role for TLR7/8-activating miRs in contributing to inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface in obstetric APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin S Coenen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tiffany N Hidalgo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Tatyana Lynn
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Deidre M Jones
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Department of Rheumatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, USA.
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2
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Zhang Y, Tang Y, Chen X, Sun X, Zhao M, Chen Q. Therapeutic potential of miRNAs in placental extracellular vesicles in ovarian and endometrial cancer. Hum Cell 2024; 37:285-296. [PMID: 37801261 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a cross-link between the placenta and cancer development, as the placenta is grown as a highly invasive tumour-like organ. However, placental development is strictly controlled. Although the underlying mechanism of this control is largely unknown, it is now well-recognised that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from the placenta play an important role in controlling placenta proliferation and invasion, as placental EVs have shown their effect on regulating maternal adaptation. Better understanding the tumour-like mechanism of the placenta could help to develop a therapeutic potential in cancers. In this study, by RNA sequencing of placental EVs, 20 highly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in placental EVs were selected and analysed for their functions on ovarian and endometrial cancer. There were up to seven enriched miRNAs, including miRNA-199a-3p, miRNA-143-3p, and miRNA-519a-5p in placental EVs showing effects on the inhibition of ovarian and endometrial cancer cell proliferation and migration, and promotion of cancer cell death, reported in the literature. Most of these miRNAs have been reported to be downregulated in ovarian and endometrial cancer. Transfection of ovarian and endometrial cancer cells with mimics of miRNA-199a-3p, miRNA-143-3p, and miRNA-519a-5p significantly reduced the cell viability. Our findings could provide strategies for using these naturally occurring miRNAs to develop a novel method to treat ovarian and endometrial cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yunhui Tang
- Department of Family Planning, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xinyi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Gynaecological Cancer, Wuxi School of Medicine, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Kang M, Blenkiron C, Chamley L. The biodistribution of placental and fetal extracellular vesicles during pregnancy following placentation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:385-399. [PMID: 36920079 PMCID: PMC10017278 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Human pregnancy is a highly orchestrated process requiring extensive cross-talk between the mother and the fetus. Extracellular vesicles released by the fetal tissue, particularly the placenta, are recognized as important mediators of this process. More recently, the importance of placental extracellular vesicle biodistribution studies in animal models has received increasing attention as identifying the organs to which extracellular vesicles are targeted to helps us understand more about this communication system. Placental extracellular vesicles are categorized based on their size into macro-, large-, and small-extracellular vesicles, and their biodistribution is dependent on the extracellular vesicle's particle size, the direction of blood flow, the recirculation of blood, as well as the retention capacity in organs. Macro-extracellular vesicles are exclusively localized to the lungs, while large- and small-extracellular vesicles show high levels of distribution to the lungs and liver, while there is inconsistency in the reporting of distribution to the spleen and kidneys. This inconsistency may be due to the differences in the methodologies employed between studies and their limitations. Future studies should incorporate analysis of placental extracellular vesicle biodistribution at the macroscopic level on whole animals and organs/tissues, as well as the microscopic cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Correspondence: Matt Kang ()
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations (HEVI), University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center (ACSRC), University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations (HEVI), University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
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Woolston E, Tang Y, Azizi S, Kando I, Chamley L, Stone P, Chen Q. Comparison of the effects on maternal endothelial cell activation: an in vitro study of anti-hypertensive drugs clinically used in pre-eclampsia. J Hum Hypertens 2022; 36:192-200. [PMID: 33686209 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction in pregnancy, which can be induced by placental factors, is the fundamental component of the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. The dysfunctional vascular endothelium disrupts the balance of vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive factors, resulting in increasing blood pressure. There is currently no effective treatment for pre-eclampsia and effective control of hypertension may reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality by prolonging gestation, especially in cases of early onset disease. To date methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine and metoprolol are recommended for controlling blood pressure in pre-eclampsia. All of these drugs have different mechanisms of action. In this in vitro study we investigated whether different types of anti-hypertensive drugs could have different effects on improving maternal endothelial cell dysfunction. Endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were exposed to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or pre-eclamptic sera or extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from pre-eclamptic placentae, in the presence of each of the studied anti-hypertensive drugs (methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine and metoprolol) or placebo for 24 h. Endothelial cell-surface adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and monocyte adhesion were measured. The expression of cell-face ICAM-1 by HMEC-1 cells and THP-1 monocyte adherent to HMEC-1 that were exposed to three separate well-known activators of endothelial cells in the presence of four anti-hypertensive drugs was significantly reduced regardless of the dose. However, the effect on the reduction of ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion was not significantly different between the four medications. Our data suggest that the beneficial effect on improving endothelial cell function by these commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs is seemingly independent of the anti-hypertensive mechanisms of the medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Woolston
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yunhui Tang
- The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sonia Azizi
- National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian Kando
- National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Larry Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Su C, Tang Y, Shen F, Kang M, Groom K, Wise M, Chamley L, Chen Q. Placental extracellular vesicles retain biological activity after short-term storage (14 days) at 4 °C or room temperature. Placenta 2021; 115:115-120. [PMID: 34600275 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the role of placental extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially in pathological pregnancy, the use of freshly isolated EVs is often limited due to the sporadic and unpredictable availability of placental samples. Therefore, it is important to understand and use optimised storage conditions for placental EVs. In this study, we investigated different conditions for the short-term storage of placental micro- and nano-EVs and examined their biological activity. METHODS Placental EVs were collected from first trimester placentae. EVs were suspended in PBS and aliquoted, and then stored for up to 14 days at room temperature, 4 °C or -20 °C. Total protein and DNA levels were measured at various time points. The ability of stored placental EVs to alter endothelial cell activation was quantified by monocyte adhesion assays. RESULTS There was no difference in the concentration of placental micro- or nano-EVs between each time point, when stored at either room temperature or 4 °C. However, there was a significant loss of placental EVs after storage at -20 °C. There was no difference in protein or DNA levels of placental EVs when stored at either room temperature or 4 °C. Biological activity of placental EVs was retained for up to 14 days at either room temperature or 4 °C measured by monocyte adhesion assays. DISCUSSION We have shown that placental micro- and nano-EVs are stable and retain biological activities following storage in PBS or media for 14 days at either room temperature or 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Su
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yunhui Tang
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Fanghua Shen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matt Kang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katie Groom
- Liggins Institution, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Wise
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Larry Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Tang Y, Groom K, Chamley L, Chen Q. Melatonin, a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Preeclampsia, Reduces the Extrusion of Toxic Extracellular Vesicles from Preeclamptic Placentae. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081904. [PMID: 34440672 PMCID: PMC8393242 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia, characterised by maternal endothelial cell activation, is triggered by toxic factors, such as placental extracellular vesicles (EVs) from a dysfunctional placenta. The increased oxidative stress seen in the preeclamptic placenta links to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ER regulates protein folding and trafficking. When the ER is stressed, proteins are misfolded, and misfolded proteins are toxic. Misfolded proteins can be exported from cells, via EVs which target to other cells where the misfolded proteins may also be toxic. Melatonin is a hormone and antioxidant produced by the pineal gland and placenta. Levels of melatonin are reduced in preeclampsia. In this study we investigated whether melatonin treatment can change the nature of placental EVs that are released from a preeclamptic placenta. EVs were collected from preeclamptic (n = 6) and normotensive (n = 6) placental explants cultured in the presence or absence of melatonin for 18 h. Misfolded proteins were measured using a fluorescent compound, Thioflavin-T (ThT). Endothelial cells were exposed to placental EVs overnight. Endothelial cell activation was measured by the quantification of cell-surface ICAM-1 using a cell-based ELISA. EVs from preeclamptic placentae carried significantly (p < 0.001) more misfolded proteins than normotensive controls. Incubating preeclamptic placental explants in the presence of melatonin (1 µM and 10 µM) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the misfolded proteins carried by EVs. Culturing endothelial cells in the presence of preeclamptic EVs significantly increased the expression of ICAM-1. This increased ICAM-1 expression was significantly reduced when the endothelial cells were exposed to preeclamptic EVs cultured in the presence of melatonin. This study demonstrates that melatonin reduces the amount of misfolded proteins carried by EVs from preeclamptic placentae and reduces the ability of these EVs to activate endothelial cells. Our study provides further preclinical support for the use of melatonin as a treatment for preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Tang
- Department of Family Planning, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200081, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katie Groom
- National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Larry Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, The University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, The University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
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Gao J, Tang Y, Sun X, Chen Q, Peng Y, Tsai CJY, Chen Q. Downregulation of Ribosomal Contents and Kinase Activities Is Associated with the Inhibitive Effect on the Growth of Group B Streptococcus Induced by Placental Extracellular Vesicles. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:664. [PMID: 34356519 PMCID: PMC8301483 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like many other cell types, the human placenta produces large amounts of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Increasing evidence has shown that placental EVs contribute to the regulation of maternal immune and vascular systems during pregnancy via the transfer of their cargos. In this study, we investigated the effect of placental EVs on the growth of opportunistic pathogens that commonly colonise the female reproductive tract. METHODS Gram-positive bacterium Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) were treated with placental EVs that were collected from placental explant cultures, and the growth, susceptibility, and resistance to antibiotics of the bacteria were measured. In addition, comparative proteomics analysis was also performed for the GBS with or without exposure to placental EVs. RESULTS When treated with placental micro-EVs or nano-EVs, the GBS growth curve entered the stationary phase earlier, compared to untreated GBS. Treatment with placental EVs also inhibited the growth of GBS on solid medium, compared to untreated GBS. However, these biological activities were not seen in E. coli. This attenuative effect required interaction of placental EVs with GBS but not phagocytosis. In addition, the susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics of GBS or E. coli was not directly affected by treatment with placental EVs. The proteomic and Western blotting analysis of GBS that had been treated with placental EVs suggested that the downregulation of cellular components and proteins associated with phosphorylation and cell energy in GBS may contribute to these attenuative effects. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the attenuative effect of the growth of GBS treated with placental EVs. Downregulation of cellular components and proteins associated with phosphorylation and cell energy may contribute to the physiological changes in GBS treated with placental EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200081, China; (J.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yunhui Tang
- Department of Family Planning, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Xinyi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (X.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qiujing Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijing Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200081, China;
| | - Yiqian Peng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200081, China; (J.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Catherine Jia-Yun Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (X.S.); (Q.C.)
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8
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Tang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Feng H, Gao J, Liu H, Guo F, Chen Q. Senescent Changes and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress May Be Involved in the Pathogenesis of Missed Miscarriage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656549. [PMID: 34222231 PMCID: PMC8247570 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Senescence is involved in many complications of pregnancy. However, whether senescent changes are also associated with missed miscarriage has not been fully investigated. Methods The levels of p16, p21, and γH2AX, markers of senescence, were measured in placentas collected from women with missed miscarriage by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Levels of misfolded proteins in missed miscarriage placentas or normal first-trimester placenta that had been treated with H2O2 (100 μM) or extracellular vesicles (EVs) collected from missed miscarriage placental explant culture were measured by fluorescent compound, thioflavin-T. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by missed miscarriage placentas was measured by CellROX® Deep Red. Results Increased levels of p16, p21, and γH2AX were presented in missed miscarriage placentas compared to controls. Increased levels of misfolded proteins were shown in missed miscarriage placentas, but not in EVs that were collected from missed miscarriage placentas. The ROS production was significantly increased in missed miscarriage placental explant cultures. Increased levels of misfolded proteins were seen in the normal first-trimester placenta that had been treated with H2O2 compared to untreated. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that there are increases in senescence and endoplasmic reticulum stress and ROS production in missed miscarriage placenta. Oxidative stress and an accumulation of misfolded proteins in missed miscarriage placentas may contribute to the changes of senescence and endoplasmic reticulum stress seen in missed miscarriage placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Tang
- Department of Family Planning, The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- The Institution of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Cervical Disease, The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs in association with the extrusion of toxic extracellular vesicles from human placentae treated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:459-472. [PMID: 32068238 PMCID: PMC7056451 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid autoantibodies (aPLs), a major maternal risk factor for preeclampsia, are taken into the syncytiotrophoblast where they bind intracellular vesicles and mitochondria. Subsequently, large quantities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) extruded from syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation are altered such that they cause maternal endothelial cell activation. However, the mechanism driving this change is unknown. First trimester placental explants were treated with aPL for 18 h. The EVs were then collected by different centrifugation. The levels of HSP 70, misfolded proteins, caspase 8 activity, and Mixed Lineage Kinase domain-Like (MLKL) were measured in placental explants and EVs. In addition, the levels of TNF-α and CD95 in conditioned medium were also measured. Treating placental explants with aPL caused an increase in levels of HSP 70, misfolded proteins and MLKL in placental explants and EVs. Increased activity of caspase 8 was also seen in placental explants. Higher levels of TNF-α were seen conditioned medium from aPL-treated placental explant cultures. aPLs appear to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in the syncytiotrophoblast in a manner that involved caspase 8 and TNF-α. To avoid accumulation of the associated misfolded proteins and MLKL, the syncytiotrophoblast exports these potentially dangerous proteins in EVs. It is likely that the dangerous proteins that are loaded into placental EVs in preeclampsia contribute to dysfunction of the maternal cells.
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10
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Li N, He F, Gao H, Ge Y, Fan X, Zhang J, Qi H, Ren L. Elevated cell-free fetal DNA contributes to placental inflammation and antiangiogenesis via AIM2 and IFI16 during pre-eclampsia. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9577-9588. [PMID: 32383175 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has shown that pre-eclampsia (PE) is related to both maternal and utero-placental antiangiogenesis and inflammation. Remarkably, an elevated cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) level has been found in maternal circulation; however, it remains unclear whether this DNA can induce activation of cytosolic DNA sensor signaling pathways and lead to the development of PE. In this study, we found that trophoblast cells constitutively expressed the cytosolic DNA sensors, absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). The cffDNA and pro-inflammatory and antiangiogenic factors were present at higher concentrations in PE compared with the control group and correlated with the severity of PE. DNA stimulation significantly increased the AIM2 and IFI16 levels, consistent with the elevated AIM2 and IFI16 expression in women with PE, and elicited increased production of AIM2-mediated interleukin IL-8 (IL-8), IL-6 and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and IFI16-mediated sEndoglin, sFlt-1 and CXCL10. Furthermore, enhancement of the inflammatory response was found to be induced by DNA exposure, but DNA exposure did not induce PE-like symptoms in pregnant mice. It is possible that elevated cffDNA could reflect the degree of placental damage and trigger cytosolic DNA sensor activation, which disrupts the immunity balance and, consequently, contributes to inflammatory and antiangiogenic responses. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that circulating cffDNA levels are increased in preeclamptic women and act through AIM2 and IFI16 activation to promote the production of pro-inflammatory and antiangiogenic factors, which correlate with the severity of the disease, and may offer insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei He
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hang Gao
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Jilin Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Xiujun Fan
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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Xiao X, Tang Y, Wooff Y, Su C, Kang M, O'Carroll SJ, Chen Q, Chamley L. Upregulation of pannexin-1 hemichannels explains the apparent death of the syncytiotrophoblast during human placental explant culture. Placenta 2020; 94:1-12. [PMID: 32217265 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that during the culture of human placental explants, the syncytiotrophoblast dies between 3 and 24 h and is then replaced within 48 h by a new syncytiotrophoblast layer formed by the fusion of underlying cytotrophoblasts. Most frequently the death of the syncytiotrophoblast is indicated by the uptake of nuclear stains such as propidium iodide (PI). This process is reportedly similar in both early and late gestation placental explants. METHODS We cultured first trimester placental explants for up to 48 h and tested membrane intactness by exposure to PI. Connexin and pannexin mRNAs were quantified by RT-PCR and protein levels determined by immunofluorescence. The syncytiotrophoblast membrane leak was determined by culturing explants in the presence of hemichannel blockers. Extrusion of extracellular vesicles from the syncytiotrophoblast was quantified. RESULTS Nuclei of the syncytiotrophoblast were stained with PI following approximately 4 h of culture and this was prevented by culturing the explants with pannexin-1 blockers. Expression of pannexin-1 hemichannels increased during explant culture (p = 0.0027). Extracellular vesicles were most abundantly extruded from the explants during the first 3 h of culture and the temporal pattern of extrusion was unaltered by blocking hemichannels. DISCUSSION We show the mechanism of uptake of nuclear non-viability stains into the syncytiotrophoblast during explant culture is via upregulation of pannexin 1 hemichannels. Contrary to suggestions by some, the production of extracellular vesicles from cultured placental explants is not an in vitro artefact resulting from the apparent death of the syncytiotrophoblast in explant cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Xiao
- The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yunhui Tang
- The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yvette Wooff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chunlin Su
- The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matt Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Larry Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Westman J, Grinstein S, Marques PE. Phagocytosis of Necrotic Debris at Sites of Injury and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3030. [PMID: 31998312 PMCID: PMC6962235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of cellular debris is required to maintain the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. It is intrinsic to processes such as tissue growth and remodeling, regeneration and resolution of injury and inflammation. Most of the removal of effete and damaged cells is performed by macrophages and neutrophils through phagocytosis, a complex phenomenon involving ingestion and degradation of the disposable particles. The study of the clearance of cellular debris has been strongly biased toward the removal of apoptotic bodies; as a result, the mechanisms underlying the removal of necrotic cells have remained relatively unexplored. Here, we will review the incipient but growing knowledge of the phagocytosis of necrotic debris, from their recognition and engagement to their internalization and disposal. Critical insights into these events were gained recently through the development of new in vitro and in vivo models, along with advances in live-cell and intravital microscopy. This review addresses the classes of "find-me" and "eat-me" signals presented by necrotic cells and their cognate receptors in phagocytes, which in most cases differ from the extensively characterized counterparts in apoptotic cell engulfment. The roles of damage-associated molecular patterns, chemokines, lipid mediators, and complement components in recruiting and activating phagocytes are reviewed. Lastly, the physiological importance of necrotic cell removal is emphasized, highlighting the key role of impaired debris clearance in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pedro Elias Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Shirasuna K, Karasawa T, Takahashi M. Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Preeclampsia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:80. [PMID: 32161574 PMCID: PMC7053284 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction involves tightly regulated series of events and the immune system is involved in an array of reproductive processes. Disruption of well-controlled immune functions leads to infertility, placental inflammation, and numerous pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia (PE). Inflammasomes are involved in the process of pathogen clearance and sterile inflammation. They are large multi-protein complexes that are located in the cytosol and play key roles in the production of the pivotal inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and pyroptosis. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key mediator of sterile inflammation induced by various types of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recent evidence indicates that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in pregnancy dysfunction, including PE. Many DAMPs (uric acid, palmitic acid, high-mobility group box 1, advanced glycation end products, extracellular vesicles, cell-free DNA, and free fatty acids) are increased and associated with pregnancy complications, especially PE. This review focuses on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiology of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koumei Shirasuna
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Koumei Shirasuna
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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14
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Han C, Han L, Huang P, Chen Y, Wang Y, Xue F. Syncytiotrophoblast-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1236. [PMID: 31632289 PMCID: PMC6779799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a common obstetric complication associated with pregnancy and it endangers lives of the mother and the infant. The histopathological changes associated with preeclampsia include systemic endothelial dysfunction, persistent inflammatory state, and coagulation and fibrinolysis dysregulations. Preeclampsia is considered to be caused by the systemic vasoconstriction of small arteries and disruption of the endothelial integrity, resulting in hypertension, proteinuria, and multiple organ dysfunction. However, mediators that trigger or propagate the pathology of preeclampsia remain poorly defined. Syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles (SDEVs) are increasingly recognized as a key mediator for the development of preeclampsia, but the underlying mechanisms through which these SDEVs are released and induce systemic responses are not fully understood. This review focuses on multiple roles of SDEVs in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengzhu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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15
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Sheng YR, Hu WT, Wei CY, Tang LL, Liu YK, Liu YY, Qiu JP, Li DJ, Zhu XY. Insights of efferocytosis in normal and pathological pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13088. [PMID: 30614132 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, which is known as the phagocytic clearance of dying cells by professional as well as non-professional phagocytes, including a great number of intracellular/extracellular factors and signals, is interrelated with the immune system, contributing to local and systemic homeostasis, especially in tissues with high constitutive rates of apoptosis. Accumulating studies have indicated that immune dysregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of the female reproductive system, which causes preeclampsia (PE), recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), ruptured ectopic pregnancy, and so on. And some studies have revealed the pleiotropic and essential role of efferocytosis in these obstetrical disorders. More specifically, the occurrence and development of these diseases were in connection with some efferocytosis-related factors and signals, such as C1q, MBL, and IL-33/ST2. In this review, we systematically review the diverse impacts of efferocytosis in immune system and discuss its relevance to normal and pathological pregnancy. These findings may instruct future basic researches as well as clinical applications of efferocytosis-related factors and signals as latent predictors or therapeutic targets on the obstetrical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ran Sheng
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Ting Hu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wei
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Li Tang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Kai Liu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Yin Liu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qiu
- Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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16
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Phagocytosis of Extracellular Vesicles Extruded From the Placenta by Ovarian Cancer Cells Inhibits Growth of the Cancer Cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019; 28:545-552. [PMID: 29040188 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is a common gynecological cancer, and parity is negatively associated with the incidence of this disease. This negative association is hypothesized to be due in part to shifting the balance of estrogen and progesterone toward more progesterone and reduced ovulation during pregnancy. However, studies suggested that parity is also associated with estrogen-independent gynecological cancers suggesting balance of hormones may not be the only protective factor. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. During pregnancy, large amounts of EVs are extruded from the placenta, and they seem to be involved in the remarkable adaptation of a woman's body to normal pregnancy. We hypothesized that EVs extruded from the placenta play a role in this protective effect. METHODS Placental EVs were collected from first-trimester placentae, and cancer cell EVs were isolated from ovarian cancer cells. The EVs were exposed to ovarian cancer cells for 48 hours. The proliferation of cancer cells and the cell cycle were measured. In addition, phagocytosis of deported placental EVs by cancer cells was also measured. RESULTS The proliferation of cancer cells was significantly reduced by treatment with placental EVs (P = 0.001, analysis of variance), but not EVs from monocytes (P = 0.195), compared with untreated cancer cells. Furthermore, placental EVs also prevented the proliferation of cancer cells induced by cancer cell-derived EVs (P = 0.001). This inhibition of proliferation of ovarian cancer cells was partially due to phagocytosis of placental EVs by cancer cells. Phagocytosis of placental EVs delayed progression through the cell cycle. Calreticulin, a phagocytic "eat me" signal carried by placental EVs significantly inhibited ovarian cancer growth (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that EVs extruded from the placenta prevented ovarian cancer cell growth by a mechanism that involved delaying progression of the cell cycle after phagocytosis of the EVs.
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17
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Cumming BM, Goldring JPD. Monocyte phagocytosis of malaria β-haematin in the presence of artemisinin, amodiaquine, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine, pyrimethamine and quinine. Exp Parasitol 2018; 197:93-102. [PMID: 30562480 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic malaria parasite digests haemoglobin to provide amino acids for metabolism and releases toxic haem that is sequestered into haemozoin, a non-toxic, insoluble, crystalline pigment. Following erythrocyte rupture, haemozoin is released into circulation and phagocytosed by monocytes. Phagocytosed haemozoin and antimalarial drugs have both been reported to modulate monocyte functions. This study determined the effects of therapeutic concentrations of seven antimalarial drugs; amodiaquine, artemisinin, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine, pyrimethamine and quinine, on the phagocytosis of β-haematin (synthetic haemozoin) by two monocytic cell lines, J774A.1 and U937, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel spectrophotometric method based on the absorbance (O.D 400 nm) of alkali/SDS treated monocytes containing β-haematin was developed to complement counting phagocytosis with microscopy. The method has potential use for the large scale screening of monocyte phagocytic activity. Artemisinin, quinine, primaquine and pyrimethamine activated β-haematin phagocytosis by 12% or more, whereas amodiaquine, chloroquine and doxycyline inhibited β-haematin phagocytosis. In contrast, antimalarial drugs had minimal inhibitory effects on the phagocytosis of latex beads with only quinine resulting in more than 20% inhibition. Antimalarial drugs appear to alter monocyte phagocytic activity which has implications for the treatment, pathogenicity and adjunct therapies for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette M Cumming
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - J P Dean Goldring
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
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18
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Liu H, Kang M, Wang J, Blenkiron C, Lee A, Wise M, Chamley L, Chen Q. Estimation of the burden of human placental micro- and nano-vesicles extruded into the maternal blood from 8 to 12 weeks of gestation. Placenta 2018; 72-73:41-47. [PMID: 30501880 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human placenta extrudes a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the maternal blood daily. These vesicles may be crucial to the adaptation of the maternal cardiovascular and immune systems to pregnancy. Quantifying the EVs that are released in early gestation is important to our understanding of how placental EVs may contribute to the regulation of maternal physiology. METHODS EVs were isolated from first trimester placental explants and separated into micro- and nano-vesicles by differential centrifugation. The numbers of each type of EVs extruded from each milligram of placentae between gestational weeks 8 and 12 was determined by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. The total protein or DNA content of the vesicles was determined by BCA assay or Qubit® 2.0. RESULTS Neither the number of micro- nor nano-EVs/mg explant (n = 49), nor the total protein (n = 19) and DNA content (n = 29) of these EVs changed significantly between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation. When the increasing placental weight with gestation was accounted for, the daily number of placental EVs extruded into the maternal blood increased by more than 100 fold between 8 and 12 weeks (micro-EVs 6.23 X 1014 and nano-EVs 1.84 X 1014 at 12 weeks, p = 0.0003). DISCUSSION Constant production of micro- and nano-EVs per-milligram placenta, regardless of gestational age, and the increased daily burden of EVs across gestational age indicate these EVs have the potential to regulate maternal physiology from early pregnancy. Since total EV protein content, like EV numbers was, constant, this is a potentially reliable surrogate for quantifying EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matt Kang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julie Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arier Lee
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Wise
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Larry Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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19
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Afkham A, Eghbal-Fard S, Heydarlou H, Azizi R, Aghebati-Maleki L, Yousefi M. Toll-like receptors signaling network in pre-eclampsia: An updated review. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2229-2240. [PMID: 30221394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune cells receptors. They are expressed on leukocytes, epithelial cells, and more particularly on placental immune cells and chorion trophoblast. Upregulation of innate immune response occurs during normal pregnancy, but its excessive activity is involved in the pathology of pregnancy complications including pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia (PE). The recent studies about the overmuch inflammatory responses and aberrant placentation are associated with increased expression of TLRs in PE patients. This review has tried to focus on the relationship between some activities of TLRs and the risk of preeclampsia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Afkham
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shadi Eghbal-Fard
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Heydarlou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramyar Azizi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Pantham P, Chamley LW. Harvesting and Characterization of Syncytial Nuclear Aggregates Following Culture of First Trimester Human Placental Explants. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1710:155-163. [PMID: 29197001 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7498-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no effective method to study multinucleated trophoblast debris extruded from the syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation. In Chapter 9 , an in vitro placental explant culture model to generate trophoblast debris was described. Here, we detail the method utilized to isolate individual large multinucleated syncytial nuclear aggregates (SNAs) that are extruded from the syncytiotrophoblast following the culture of first trimester human placental explants. Syncytial nuclear aggregates have been observed in the peripheral maternal circulation as early as 6 weeks' gestation and may play a role in tolerating the maternal immune system during pregnancy. Conversely, aberrant cell death processes in the syncytiotrophoblast due to various maternal factors leading to the extrusion of SNAs that are altered in nature have been implicated in the development of preeclampsia. The methods described herein allow for the isolation and harvest of SNAs without other types of extruded trophoblast debris and can be used to investigate the effect of various maternal factors on the nature of SNAs extruded from the placenta in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Pantham
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Tong M, Johansson C, Xiao F, Stone PR, James JL, Chen Q, Cree LM, Chamley LW. Antiphospholipid antibodies increase the levels of mitochondrial DNA in placental extracellular vesicles: Alarmin-g for preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16556. [PMID: 29185455 PMCID: PMC5707355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains unclear but placental factors are known to play a crucial role causing maternal endothelial cell dysfunction. One potential factor is placental micro- and nano- vesicles. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) increase the risk of preeclampsia ten-fold, in part by damaging the mitochondria in the syncytiotrophoblast. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a danger- associated molecular pattern (DAMP/alarmin) that may activate endothelial cells, the aims of the current study were to investigate whether aPL affect the number of placental vesicles extruded, their mtDNA content and their ability to activate endothelial cells. Exposure of first trimester human placental explants to aPL affected neither the number nor size of extruded micro- and nano- vesicles (n = 5), however their levels of mtDNA were increased (n = 6). These vesicles significantly activated endothelial cells (n = 5), which was prevented by blocking toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9), a receptor for extracellular DNA. Thus, aPL may increase the risk of preeclampsia in part by increasing the amount of mtDNA associated with placental vesicles. That mitochondrial DNA is recognised as a DAMP by TLR-9 to cause endothelial cell activation, raises the possibility that placental vesicles or TLR-9 might be a target for pharmaceutical intervention to reduce the consequences of aPL in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Caroline Johansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Fengyi Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lynsey M Cree
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
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22
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Wei J, Blenkiron C, Tsai P, James JL, Chen Q, Stone PR, Chamley LW. Placental trophoblast debris mediated feto-maternal signalling via small RNA delivery: implications for preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14681. [PMID: 29089639 PMCID: PMC5665858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To profile the small RNA cargo carried by trophoblast debris derived from the placenta during normal and preeclamptic pregnancies and to determine whether trophoblast debris can deliver its small RNAs to endothelial cells with functional consequences. We confirmed that trophoblast debris can deliver its small RNAs contents to recipient endothelial cells during the co-culture. Next generation sequencing was employed to profile the small RNA contents in both normotensive and preeclamptic trophoblast debris. We identified 1278 mature miRNAs and 2646 non-miRNA small RNA fragments contained. Differential expression analysis identified 16 miRNAs (including miR-145), 5 tRNA fragments from 3 different tRNAs, 13 snRNA fragments and 85 rRNA fragments that were present in different levels between preeclamptic and normotensive trophoblast debris. We loaded a miR-145 mimic into normotensive trophoblast debris via transfection of placental explants from which the debris was derived and found the miR-145 loaded debris induced transcriptomic changes in endothelial cells similar to those induced by preeclamptic trophoblast debris. Trophoblast debris deported into maternal circulation can deliver its small RNA contents to maternal cells thereby contributing to feto-maternal communication. Small RNAs that are dysregulated in preeclamptic trophoblast debris might contribute to the endothelial cell activation which is a hallmark of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Zhao M, Li Y, Xu L, Hickey A, Groom K, Stone PR, Chamley LW, Chen Q. Melatonin prevents preeclamptic sera and antiphospholipid antibodies inducing the production of reactive nitrogen species and extrusion of toxic trophoblastic debris from first trimester placentae. Placenta 2017; 58:17-24. [PMID: 28962691 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown. However a "toxin" from the placenta triggers the condition via activation of the maternal endothelium. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the syncytiotrophoblast, may be an endothelial-activating toxin. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and preeclamptic sera both induce the production of endothelial cell-activating EVs by mechanisms which may produce excess free-radicals in the placenta. Melatonin is produced by the human placenta and has both direct and indirect anti-free-radical properties and may therefore counter the effects of aPL and preeclamptic sera. METHODS First trimester placental explants were exposed to preeclamptic sera or aPL in the presence or absence of melatonin. Nitrosylative damage was assessed in the explants by immunohistochemistry and the effect of EVs from these explants on endothelial cell activation determined by ICAM-1. Release of nitrosylated proteins from the explants was also measured. RESULTS Placental explants showed reduced secretion of melatonin after treatment with preeclamptic sera. Nitrosylated proteins were more abundant in placentae that had been treated with aPL or preeclamptic sera and EVs from such placentae induced endothelial cell activation. Adding melatonin to the aPL or preeclamptic sera reversed the protein nitrosylation and production of endothelial-activating EVs. DISCUSSION Our data are consistent with reports that the levels of circulating melatonin are reduced in preeclampsia and suggest that aPL and factors in preeclamptic sera induce free-radical-mediated damage in the placenta leading to the production of endothelial-activating EVs. Melatonin reversing production of endothelial-activating EVs indicates that melatonin may have therapeutic benefits in women with preeclampsia and/or aPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Zhao
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yanyun Li
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lance Xu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Hickey
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katie Groom
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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Göhner C, Plösch T, Faas MM. Immune-modulatory effects of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Placenta 2017. [PMID: 28647398 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unique immunologic adaptations exist to successfully establish and maintain pregnancy and to avoid an immune attack against the semi allogenic fetus. These adaptations occur both locally at the maternofetal interface and in the peripheral circulation and affect the innate as well as the adaptive immune system. Pregnancy is characterized by a general inflammatory state with activation of monocytes and granulocytes, but also with suppressive lymphocytes (regulatory T cells), and skewing towards T helper 2 immunity. The pregnancy complication preeclampsia is associated with an exaggerated inflammatory state and predominance of T helper 1 and 17 immunity. The syncytiotrophoblast has been found to secrete extracellular vesicles as communication factors into the maternal circulation. Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles from normal pregnancy have been shown to interact with monocytes, granulocytes, T cells and natural killer cells and influence the function of these cells. In doing so, they may support the inflammatory state of normal pregnancy as well as the suppressive lymphocyte phenotype. During preeclampsia, syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles are not only increased in numbers but also showed an altered molecular load. Based on data from in vitro studies, it can be suggested that syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles from preeclamptic pregnancies may support the exaggerated inflammatory state during preeclampsia. In this review, we discuss the immunological functions of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles and their involvement in adapting the maternal peripheral immunological adaptations to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Göhner
- Placenta-Labor, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Bachstraße 18, 07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Xiao X, Xiao F, Zhao M, Tong M, Wise MR, Stone PR, Chamley LW, Chen Q. Treating normal early gestation placentae with preeclamptic sera produces extracellular micro and nano vesicles that activate endothelial cells. J Reprod Immunol 2017; 120:34-41. [PMID: 28441551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preeclampsia is characterised by systemic endothelial cell dysfunction thought to be triggered by toxic/dangerous factors from the placenta, including placental extracellular vesicles (EVs). Why placental EVs become toxic is unknown. We previously reported that preeclamptic sera produced toxic/dangerous placental macrovesicles but whether small EVs are also toxic/dangerous in preeclampsia is unknown. STUDY DESIGN First trimester placental explants were treated with 10% preeclamptic or control sera (n=10) for 24h. Micro- and nano-vesicles were harvested by sequential centrifugation. Micro- or nano-vesicles were also exposed to monolayers of endothelial cells in the presence or absence of nifedipine (50μg/ml) or labetalol (0.5μg/ml) which are well-known anti-hypertensives in clinical practices. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES The number and size of micro- and nano-vesicles were counted. Endothelial cell-surface intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels in micro- or nano-vesicles were measured by immunoassays. RESULTS Neither the amount nor size of both micro- and nano-vesicles was different after treating placental explants with preeclamptic or control sera. The levels of HMGB1 were significantly increased in both micro- and nano-vesicles from preeclamptic sera treated placental explants (p<0.03). Exposing endothelial cells to micro- or nano-vesicles from preeclamptic sera-treated placental explants induced endothelial activation, but it was reversed by co-incubation with nifedipine (p=0.004) or labetalol (p=0.002). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that preeclamptic sera produce toxic/dangerous micro- and nano-placental EVs which activated endothelial cells. This effect was reversed by antihypertensives. The increased levels of HMGB1 in EVs may contribute to endothelial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Xiao
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fengyi Xiao
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mingzhi Zhao
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle R Wise
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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26
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Ogunleye O, Campo B, Herrera D, Post Uiterweer ED, Conrad KP. Relaxin confers cytotrophoblast protection from hypoxia-reoxygenation injury through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt/protein kinase B cell survival pathway. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R559-R568. [PMID: 28122716 PMCID: PMC5407077 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00306.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive syndrome that manifests after 20 wk of gestation. Contemporary understanding of the maternal-fetal interface in preeclampsia suggests a major role for placental oxidative stress resulting from ischemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that the pregnancy hormone relaxin would reduce cytotrophoblast apoptosis and necrosis (aponecrosis) and, hence, the export of placental debris into the maternal circulation. If so, then relaxin might be employed as a therapeutic intervention to diminish the activation of the maternal systemic inflammatory response central to the development of clinical disease. HTR-8/SVneo cells, a model for first trimester extravillous trophoblast, were subjected to serum deprivation and hypoxia or hypoxia-reoxygenation. The cells were treated with recombinant human relaxin or vehicle and apoptosis and/or necrosis evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), CellEvent Caspase-3/7 and SYTOX AADvanced kit, and propidium iodide staining as determined by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. To interrogate mechanisms of relaxin cytoprotection, HTR-8/SVneo cells were pretreated with pharmacological inhibitors of PI3-kinase LY294004, Akt/PKB MK-2206, or DMSO vehicle. HTR-8/SVneo cell identity was first confirmed by RT-PCR. The cells expressed placental alkaline phosphatase, aromatase, and human leukocyte antigen G. In addition, the cells expressed the relaxin receptor RXFP1 as well as H1 and H2 relaxins. Serum deprivation and hypoxia increased apoptotic cell death in HTR-8/SVneo cells, which was significantly ameliorated by concurrent treatment with relaxin. Serum deprivation and hypoxia-reoxygenation increased necrotic cell death in HTR-8/SVneo cells, which was also significantly rescued by concurrent treatment with relaxin. Pretreatment with LY294002 or MK-2206, to inhibit the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt/protein kinase B cell survival pathway, significantly blunted the cytoprotective effect of relaxin. We demonstrated trophoblast cytoprotection by intervention with supraphysiological concentrations of relaxin, a process in part mediated through the PI3-kinase-Akt/PKB cell survival pathway. These results provide further rationale for clinical investigation of relaxin as a potential therapeutic in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluseyi Ogunleye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Bertha Campo
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Diana Herrera
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emiel D Post Uiterweer
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kirk P Conrad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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27
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Tong M, Chen Q, James JL, Wise MR, Stone PR, Chamley LW. In vivo targets of human placental micro-vesicles vary with exposure time and pregnancy. Reproduction 2017; 153:835-845. [PMID: 28356498 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout human gestation, the placenta extrudes vast quantities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different sizes into the maternal circulation. Although multinucleated macro-vesicles are known to become trapped in the maternal lungs and do not enter the peripheral circulation, the maternal organs and cells that smaller placental micro-vesicles interact with in vivo remain unknown. This study aimed to characterise the interaction between placental micro-vesicles and endothelial cells in vitro and to elucidate which organs placental micro-vesicles localise to in vivo Placental macro- and micro-vesicles were isolated from cultured human first trimester placental explants by sequential centrifugation and exposed to human microvascular endothelial cells for up to 72 h. In vivo, placental macro- and micro-vesicles were administered to both non-pregnant and pregnant CD1 mice, and after two or 30 min or 24 h, organs were imaged on an IVIS Kinetic Imager. Placental EVs rapidly interacted with endothelial cells via phagocytic and clathrin-mediated endocytic processes in vitro, with over 60% of maximal interaction being achieved by 30 min of exposure. In vivo, placental macro-vesicles were localised exclusively to the lungs regardless of time of exposure, whereas micro-vesicles were localised to the lungs, liver and kidneys, with different distribution patterns depending on the length of exposure and whether the mouse was pregnant or not. The fact that placental EVs can rapidly interact with endothelial cells and localise to different organs in vivo supports that different size fractions of placental EVs are likely to have different downstream effects on foeto-maternal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle R Wise
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maternal Fetal MedicineAuckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maternal Fetal MedicineAuckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Tong M, Chen Q, James JL, Stone PR, Chamley LW. Micro- and Nano-vesicles from First Trimester Human Placentae Carry Flt-1 and Levels Are Increased in Severe Preeclampsia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:174. [PMID: 28790977 PMCID: PMC5522845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Preeclampsia is a life-threatening hypertensive disease affecting 3-5% of pregnancies. While the pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains unclear, it is known that placenta-derived factors trigger the disease by activating maternal endothelial cells prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different sizes extruded by the placenta may be one factor. The truncated/secreted form of Flt-1 (sFlt-1) has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. We investigated whether placental EV production is altered in preeclampsia such that they induce endothelial cell activation, and whether (s)Flt-1 is involved. METHODS Macro-, micro-, and nano-vesicles were collected from normal and preeclamptic (PE) placental explants, and separated by differential centrifugation. The number and size of micro- and nano-vesicles was measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis and their ability to activate endothelial cells was quantified by endothelial cell intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression and monocyte adhesion. The levels of Flt-1 were measured by western blots and ELISA. RESULTS PE placentae extruded significantly more micro- and nano-vesicles than control placentae and the extruded micro-vesicles were larger than those from control placentae. Micro- and nano-vesicles from both first trimester and term human placentae carried Flt-1 and levels were significantly increased in EVs from severe, but not mild, PE compared to normotensive placentae. All fractions of EVs from PE placentae activated endothelial cells, and for micro- and nano-vesicles, activation was reduced in the presence of exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a Flt-1 neutralizing antibody, or by pre-treatment with VEGF. While EV-bound VEGF constituted over 20% of the total detected VEGF secreted by PE and normotensive placentae, EV-bound Flt-1 did not significantly contribute to the total level of sFlt-1/Flt-1 released by human third trimester placentae. DISCUSSION Micro- and nano-vesicles extruded by human placentae carry Flt-1 across gestation and in severe preeclampsia, the levels of vesicle-bound Flt-1 are upregulated. All fractions of PE placental EVs activated endothelial cells and for micro- and nano-vesicles, this was in part due to the ability of EV-bound Flt-1 to sequester VEGF. That placental EVs can activate endothelial cells supports the contention that EVs are one placental toxin contributing to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Mancy Tong,
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L. James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R. Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Nadeau-Vallée M, Obari D, Palacios J, Brien MÈ, Duval C, Chemtob S, Girard S. Sterile inflammation and pregnancy complications: a review. Reproduction 2016; 152:R277-R292. [PMID: 27679863 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is essential for successful embryo implantation, pregnancy maintenance and delivery. In the last decade, important advances have been made in regard to endogenous, and therefore non-infectious, initiators of inflammation, which can act through the same receptors as pathogens. These molecules are referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and their involvement in reproduction has only recently been unraveled. Even though inflammation is necessary for successful reproduction, untimely activation of inflammatory processes can have devastating effect on pregnancy outcomes. Many DAMPs, such as uric acid, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), interleukin (IL)-1 and cell-free fetal DNA, have been associated with pregnancy complications, such as miscarriages, preeclampsia and preterm birth in preclinical models and in humans. However, the specific contribution of alarmins to these conditions is still under debate, as currently there is lack of information on their mechanism of action. In this review, we discuss the role of sterile inflammation in reproduction, including early implantation and pregnancy complications. Particularly, we focus on major alarmins vastly implicated in numerous sterile inflammatory processes, such as uric acid, HMGB1, IL-1α and cell-free DNA (especially that of fetal origin) while giving an overview of the potential role of other candidate alarmins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nadeau-Vallée
- Departments of PediatricsOphthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of PharmacologyUniversité de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dima Obari
- Department of PharmacologyUniversité de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Palacios
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyCHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Brien
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyCHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of MicrobiologyVirology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cyntia Duval
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyCHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Departments of PediatricsOphthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Department of PharmacologyUniversité de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Girard
- Department of PharmacologyUniversité de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyCHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of MicrobiologyVirology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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30
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Shao J, Zhao M, Tong M, Wei J, Wise MR, Stone P, Chamley L, Chen Q. Increased levels of HMGB1 in trophoblastic debris may contribute to preeclampsia. Reproduction 2016; 152:775-784. [PMID: 27658754 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is triggered by an as yet unknown toxin from the placenta. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), a strong risk factor for preeclampsia, have been shown to induce the production of toxic trophoblastic debris from the placenta. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a proinflammatory danger signal, and the expression of it has been reported to be increased in preeclampsia. This study examined whether aPL or preeclamptic sera increase the expression of HMGB1 in the syncytiotrophoblast or trophoblastic debris. Trophoblastic debris from normal placental explants that had been cultured with aPL or preeclamptic sera was exposed to endothelial cells. Endothelial cell activation was quantified by cell-surface ICAM-1 expression and U937 monocyte adhesion. The expression of HMGB1 in placental explants and trophoblastic debris that had been treated with aPL or preeclamptic sera was measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in endothelial cells was quantified by western blotting. Compared with controls, the expression of HMGB1 in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast and trophoblastic debris was increased by treating placental explants with aPL or preeclamptic sera. The increased levels of HMGB1 contributed to endothelial cell activation, mediated in part by the RAGE. Preeclamptic sera and aPL both induced an increase in the cytoplasmic levels of the danger signal HMGB1 in trophoblastic debris. This increased HMGB1 in trophoblastic debris may be one of the toxic factors released from the placenta in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shao
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & GynaecologyFudan University, China.,Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mingzhi Zhao
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & GynaecologyFudan University, China .,Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle R Wise
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Stone
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & GynaecologyFudan University, China .,Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, New Zealand
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31
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Tannetta D, Masliukaite I, Vatish M, Redman C, Sargent I. Update of syncytiotrophoblast derived extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 119:98-106. [PMID: 27613663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EV) by the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) may be an important mechanism by which the placenta signals to the mother. STB derived EV (STBEV) are comprised predominantly of exosomes (50-150nm) and microvesicles (100-1000nm) that contain bioactive mediators such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. They, along with larger syncytial nuclear aggregates are released by the STB into the maternal circulation throughout gestation in normal pregnancy where they appear to have an immunoregulatory role, inhibiting T cell and NK cell responses. In pre-eclampsia (PE) STBEV are released in significantly increased numbers and have pro-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and procoagulant activity, implicating them in the maternal systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the clotting system which typifies the disorder. Research has focused on understanding the biological significance of STBEV by measuring their size and repertoire of molecules carried and how they differ in normal pregnancy and PE, using techniques such as Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, flow cytometry and mass spectrometry. We have also found alterations in STBEV surface glycans associated with PE. The goal is to better understand the role STBEV play in normal pregnancy and PE and whether they are potential biomarkers of placental pathology and therapeutic targets in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Tannetta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Ieva Masliukaite
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, TKsO-266, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Christopher Redman
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Ian Sargent
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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32
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Liu X, Hu Y, Liu X, Zheng Y, Luo M, Liu W, Zhao Y, Zou L. EPHB4, a down stream target of IFN-γ/STAT1 signal pathway, regulates endothelial activation possibly contributing to the development of preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:307-17. [PMID: 27553867 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Preeclampsia is characterized by endothelial activation and excessive inflammation, of which interferon (IFN)-γ is a potent inducer. Eph receptor B4 (EPHB4) also involved in endothelial activation in inflammation. Their role and relationship in preeclampsia remain unclear. METHOD OF STUDY Intercellular adhesion molecular (ICAM)-1 was employed as the hallmark of endothelial activation. The serum levels of IFN-γ and the expression of EPHB4 and ICAM-1 were assessed by ELISA, qRT-PCR and WB, respectively. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with IFN-γ of different concentration or for different times to determine the effect of IFN-γ on EPHB4 and ICAM-1 expression. Overexpression and shRNA constructs, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays were conducted to clarify the regulation mechanism of IFN-γ/STAT1 on EPHB4 resulting in HUVECs activation. Endothelial-trophoblast co-culture model was used to illustrate the role of EPHB4 in the process of activated endothelial cells resisting trophoblast invasion. RESULTS IFN-γ, EPHB4 and ICAM-1 expression were elevated in preeclampsia. IFN-γ induced HUVECs activation through EPHB4 expression. ChIP and luciferase assays revealed that IFN-γ promoted EPHB4 transcription by STAT-1 binding to EPHB4 promoter. EPHB4 probably involved in resisting trophoblasts displacement by IFN-γ-activated HUVECs. CONCLUSION This study uncovered the character of EPHB4-regulating endothelial activation in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfang Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minglian Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weifang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Trophoblastic debris modifies endothelial cell transcriptome in vitro: a mechanism by which fetal cells might control maternal responses to pregnancy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30632. [PMID: 27468655 PMCID: PMC4965770 DOI: 10.1038/srep30632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the fetus induces maternal physiological adaptations to pregnancy are unclear. Cellular debris, shed from the placental syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal blood and phagocytosed by maternal endothelial and immune cells, may be one of these mechanisms. Here we show that trophoblastic debris from normal first trimester placentae induces changes in the transcriptome and proteome of endothelial cells in vitro, which might contribute to the adaptation of the maternal cardiovascular system to pregnancy. Trophoblastic debris also induced endothelial cells to transcribe placenta-specific genes, including the vasodilator hormone CSH1, thereby expanding the effective functional size of the placenta. Our data suggest that the deportation of trophoblastic debris is an important part of the complex network of feto-maternal communication.
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Zhao M, Yin Y, Wei J, Wu M, Yang C, Chen Q. Trophoblastic debris extruded from hydatidiform molar placentae activates endothelial cells: Possible relevance to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Placenta 2016; 45:42-9. [PMID: 27577709 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia is currently thought to be induced by a placental factor that triggers maternal endothelial activation. It is now well known that trophoblastic debris shed from the placenta into the maternal blood is associated with this disease. Hydatidiform mole is a pathological pregnancy characterised by hyperplastic trophoblast with little or no fetal development. Women with molar pregnancies may exhibit symptoms resembling preeclampsia. Deportation of trophoblastic debris occurs in molar pregnancies but, whether trophoblastic debris from molar pregnancies expresses pathogenic signals or activates endothelial cells is unknown. METHODS Trophoblastic debris were collected from either hydatidiform molar or normal first trimester placental explants and then exposed to monolayers of endothelial cell for 24 h. Endothelial cell activation was measured by quantifying cell-surface ICAM-1using ELISA. In addition, the expressions of High mobility group box 1(HMGB1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) on molar placenta were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Circulating levels of sEndoglin in molar pregnancy was also measured. RESULTS Exposing trophoblastic debris from molar placentae increased endothelial cell surface ICAM-1 expression compared to endothelial cells exposed to trophoblastic debris from controls. Expression of HSP70 but not HMGB1 was significantly increased in hydatidiform molar placentae. The circulating levels of sEndoglin in hydatidiform molar pregnancy were not increased compared to controls. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that trophoblastic debris from molar pregnancies induces endothelial cell activation. HSP70 but not HMGB1 expressed on hydatidiform molar placenta may be a pathogenic signal to endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Wuxi Maternity and Children Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yongxiang Yin
- Wuxi Maternity and Children Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Man Wu
- Wuxi Maternity and Children Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Chaokuan Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Medical College, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China.
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Chen Q, Sousa JD, Snowise S, Chamley L, Stone P. Reduction in the severity of early onset severe preeclampsia during gestation may be associated with changes in endothelial cell activation: A pathological case report. Hypertens Pregnancy 2016; 35:32-41. [PMID: 26852788 DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2015.1100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Early severe preeclampsia with changes consistent with the Hemolysis elevated liver enzymes low platelet count (HELLP) variant and severe fetal growth restriction rarely resolves prior to delivery. Established clinical disease is preceded by endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Endothelial activation is reported in vitro to be raised in the presence of necrotic trophoblastic debris which is deported into the maternal circulation in preeclampsia. We report on an early severe preeclamptic patient admitted at 24 weeks gestation. Maternal serum was taken at day 2, 16, 30 of admission and 45 days postpartum. 20% maternal serum or trophoblastic debris from first trimester placental explants that had been cultured with 10% maternal serum was exposed to endothelial cells. Endothelial cell activation was quantified by the cell surface ICAM-1 expression and U937 monocyte adhesion assay. The clinical condition of this patient improved including the blood pressure, liver function, and platelet count by the 3rd day after antihypertensive treatment and remained normal until delivery at 37 weeks. ICAM-1 expression and U937 moncyte adhesion assay of endothelial cells was significantly increased following exposure of the endothelial cells to the maternal serum or trophoblastic debris from placentae treated with maternal serum drawn on day 2. However, ICAM-1 expression and the monocyte adhesion assay were significantly reduced following exposure of endothelial cells to maternal serum or trophoblastic debris from placenta treated with maternal serum drawn on day 16 or 30. Our data suggest unknown factor(s) in the maternal serum triggered endothelial cell activation when the clinical symptoms were present. The improvement in the clinical condition occurred along with the changes in endothelial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- a Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,b The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - J De Sousa
- c Maternal Fetal Medicine, Auckland City Hospital , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - S Snowise
- c Maternal Fetal Medicine, Auckland City Hospital , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - L Chamley
- a Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - P Stone
- a Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,c Maternal Fetal Medicine, Auckland City Hospital , Auckland , New Zealand
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Tong M, Kleffmann T, Pradhan S, Johansson CL, DeSousa J, Stone PR, James JL, Chen Q, Chamley LW. Proteomic characterization of macro-, micro- and nano-extracellular vesicles derived from the same first trimester placenta: relevance for feto-maternal communication. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:687-99. [PMID: 26839151 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What proteins are carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from normal first trimester placentae? SUMMARY ANSWER One thousand five hundred and eighty-five, 1656 and 1476 proteins were characterized in macro-, micro- and nano-vesicles, respectively, from first trimester placentae, with all EV fractions being enriched for proteins involved in vesicle transport and inflammation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Placental EVs are being increasingly recognized as important mediators of both healthy and pathological pregnancies. However, current research has focused on detecting changes in specific proteins in particular fractions of vesicles during disease. This is the first study to investigate the full proteome of different-sized fractions of EVs from the same first trimester placenta and highlights the differences/similarities between the vesicle fractions. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A well-established ex vivo placental explant culture model was used to generate macro-, micro- and nano-vesicles from 56 first trimester placentae. Vesicle fractions were collected by differential ultracentrifugation, quantified and characterized. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Placental macro-, micro- and nano-vesicles were characterized by microscopy, dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The proteome of each EV fraction was interrogated using liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Results were validated by semi-quantitative western blotting. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 1585, 1656 and 1476 proteins were identified in macro-, micro- and nano-vesicles, respectively. One thousand one hundred and twenty-five proteins were shared between all three fractions while up to 223 proteins were unique to each fraction. Gene Ontology pathway analysis showed an enrichment of proteins involved in vesicle transport and inflammation in all three fractions of EVs. The expression levels of proteins involved in internalization of vesicles (annexin V, calreticulin, CD31, CD47), the complement pathway [C3, decay-accelerating factor (DAF), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), protectin] and minor histocompatibility antigens [ATP-dependent RNA helicase (DDX3), ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4)] were different between different-sized EVs. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study is largely hypothesis-generating in nature. It is important to validate these findings using EVs isolated from maternal plasma and the function of the different EV fractions would need further investigation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results support the concept that various EV factions can interact with different maternal cells and have unique effects to mediate feto-maternal communication during early pregnancy. This study also provides a list of candidate proteins, which may inform the identification of robust markers that can be used to isolate placental vesicles from the maternal blood in the future. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS M.T. is a recipient of the University of Auckland Health Research Doctoral Scholarship and the Freemasons Postgraduate Scholarship. This project was supported by a School of Medicine Performance-based research fund (PBRF) grant awarded to L.W.C. No authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Torsten Kleffmann
- Centre for Protein Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Caroline L Johansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Joana DeSousa
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand Maternal Fetal Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Larry W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Pantham P, Viall CA, Chen Q, Kleffmann T, Print CG, Chamley LW. Antiphospholipid antibodies bind syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria and alter the proteome of extruded syncytial nuclear aggregates. Placenta 2015; 36:1463-73. [PMID: 26506561 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are autoantibodies that increase the risk of women developing the hypertensive disorder pre-eclampsia. aPL are internalised by the syncytiotrophoblast and increase extrusion of necrotic multinucleated syncytial nuclear aggregates (SNAs), which may trigger endothelial dysfunction in pre-eclampsia. The mechanisms by which aPL alter death processes in the syncytiotrophoblast leading to extrusion of SNAs are unknown. METHODS First trimester human placentae (n = 10) were dissected into explants and cultured either with aPL (50 μg/mL), isotype-matched control antibody (50 μg/mL), or media for 24 h. Harvested SNAs underwent iTRAQ proteomic analysis. Mitochondria in syncytiotrophoblast treated with aPL labelled with FluoroNanogold were visualised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS aPL altered the expression of 72 proteins in SNAs. Thirteen proteins were involved in mitochondrial function. TEM demonstrated that aPL bind to mitochondria in the syncytiotrophoblast and may cause mitochondrial swelling. DISCUSSION aPL disrupt mitochondria increasing the extrusion of SNAs with an altered proteome from the syncytiotrophoblast. These altered SNAs may trigger endothelial dysfunction and pre-eclampsia in these pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Pantham
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Chez A Viall
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Torsten Kleffmann
- Centre for Protein Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cristin G Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Bioinformatics Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wei J, Chen Q, James JL, Stone PR, Chamley LW. IL-1 beta but not the NALP3 inflammasome is an important determinant of endothelial cell responses to necrotic/dangerous trophoblastic debris. Placenta 2015; 36:1385-92. [PMID: 26515928 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Necrotic but not apoptotic trophoblastic debris can induce endothelial cell activation but the mechanism by which endothelial cells distinguish apoptotic from necrotic debris is unclear. The NALP3 inflammasome is a pattern recognition receptor that macrophages employ to recognise "danger signals" in necrotic cell corpses. In this study, we hypothesized that endothelial cells can identify and respond to necrotic trophoblastic debris via the NALP3 inflammasome. METHODS The effect of trophoblastic debris on endothelial expression of NALP3 inflammasome components was investigated using qRT-PCR, immunoassays and fluorescent caspase 1 activity assay. IL-1β in was quantified by ELISA. Endothelial cell activation was measured by cell surface ICAM expression and monocytes adhesion assay. RESULTS The NALP3 inflammasome was expressed in resting vascular endothelial cells and is involved in endothelial response to danger signals. However, exposure to necrotic trophoblastic debris did not significantly alter the expression of any of the three components of the NALP3 inflammasome at the mRNA level, nor was caspase-1 activation increased. Conditioned media from endothelial cells exposed to necrotic trophoblastic debris contained elevated levels of IL-1β which was derived from the necrotic debris and which contributed to endothelial cell activation. DISCUSSION Necrotic trophoblastic debris induced endothelial cell activation through the IL-1β/IL-1R pathway. However, the NALP3 inflammasome in endothelial cells was not involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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DeSousa J, Tong M, Wei J, Chamley L, Stone P, Chen Q. The anti-inflammatory effect of calcium for preventing endothelial cell activation in preeclampsia. J Hum Hypertens 2015; 30:303-8. [PMID: 26155993 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by endothelial activation. It is believed to be a response to a 'toxin(s)' from the placenta including trophoblastic debris and inflammatory cytokines. Calcium is known to reduce the risk of preeclampsia but the mechanism of its protective effect remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism(s) of calcium supplementation for preventing endothelial activation induced by trophoblastic debris. Trophoblastic debris was harvested from preeclamptic placentae and also from first-trimester placentae, which had been treated with preeclamptic sera. Endothelial cells were then cultured with trophoblastic debris in the presence of calcium. Endothelial activation was measured by quantifying endothelial cell-surface intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and by U937 monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. The expression of ICAM-1 and U937 adhesion to endothelial cells were significantly reduced following exposure of endothelial cells to trophoblastic debris from preeclamptic placenta or from first-trimester placentae treated with preeclamptic sera in the presence of calcium compared with treatment without calcium. The expression of ICAM-1 was also significantly reduced following exposure of endothelial cells to trophoblastic debris with the nitric oxide donor or following treatment of endothelial cells with interleukin (IL)-1β in the presence of calcium. Our study demonstrated that calcium supplementation prevented endothelial cell activation induced by trophoblastic debris from preeclamptic placentae. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway and anti-inflammatory effects are involved in the action of calcium on endothelial cell activation. These findings may suggest, at least in part, the protective mechanism of calcium supplementation on preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J DeSousa
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Stone
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The reduction of circulating levels of IL-6 in pregnant women with preeclampsia by magnesium sulphate and nifedipine: In vitro evidence for potential mechanisms. Placenta 2015; 36:661-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pantham P, Heazell AE, Mullard G, Begley P, Chen Q, Brown M, Dunn WB, Chamley LW. Antiphospholipid Antibodies Alter Cell-Death-Regulating Lipid Metabolites in First and Third Trimester Human Placentae. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:181-99. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Pantham
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Section of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora CO USA
| | - Alexander E.P. Heazell
- The Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre; St. Mary's Hospital; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Graham Mullard
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Paul Begley
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Maria Brown
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Warwick B. Dunn
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes; Institute of Human Development; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- School of Biosciences; The University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham UK
| | - Lawrence W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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Tong M, Chamley LW. Placental extracellular vesicles and feto-maternal communication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a023028. [PMID: 25635060 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human placenta is an anatomically unique structure that extrudes a variety of extracellular vesicles into the maternal blood (including syncytial nuclear aggregates, microvesicles, and nanovesicles). Large quantities of extracellular vesicles are produced by the placenta in both healthy and diseased pregnancies. Since their first description more than 120 years ago, placental extracellular vesicles are only now being recognized as important carriers for proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which may play a crucial role in feto-maternal communication. Here, we summarize the current literature on the cargos of placental extracellular vesicles and the known effects of such vesicles on maternal cells/systems, especially those of the maternal immune and vascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - L W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Pinheiro MB, Gomes KB, Ronda CRSC, Guimarães GG, Freitas LG, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Dusse LM. Severe preeclampsia: association of genes polymorphisms and maternal cytokines production in Brazilian population. Cytokine 2014; 71:232-7. [PMID: 25461403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia (PE) is a multi-system disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Healthy pregnancy is associated with a controlled inflammatory process, which is exacerbated in PE in response to excessive placental stimuli. Gene expression levels can affect inflammation and immune regulation. It is known that differences in cytokine allele frequencies amongst populations may contribute to difference in the incidence of several diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes polymorphisms and their relationship with the cytokines plasma levels in PE. METHODS A total of 281 women were included in this study; 116 with severe PE, 107 normotensive pregnant and 58 non-pregnant women. Cytokine genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction. The analyzed polymorphisms were: TNF-α (-308 G→A), IL-10 (-1082 G→A), IL-6 (-174 G→C), and IFN-γ (+874 A→T). Cytokine plasma levels were measured by Cytometric Bead Array method. RESULTS A higher frequency of the IFN-γ (+874) T/T genotype in severe PE comparing to normotensive pregnant women was found (P<0.001). TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ plasma levels were higher in PE women compared to non-pregnant women (P<0.001; P<0.001; P=0.004). IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were also higher in PE women compared to normotensive pregnant (P<0.001; P=0.010). IL-10 levels were higher in normotensive pregnant women compared to PE (P<0.001). IFN-γ and IL-6 genes polymorphisms influenced the genic expression in PE and normotensive pregnant women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IFN-γ seems to play a role in PE occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina B Pinheiro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carla R S C Ronda
- Simile Instituto de Imunologia Aplicada, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia G Freitas
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração - Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração - Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luci M Dusse
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Trophoblast debris extruded from preeclamptic placentae activates endothelial cells: a mechanism by which the placenta communicates with the maternal endothelium. Placenta 2014; 35:839-47. [PMID: 25096950 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia is characterized by maternal endothelial dysfunction. While the mechanisms leading to preeclampsia are unclear, a factor(s) from the placenta is responsible for triggering the disease. One placental factor implicated in triggering preeclampsia is trophoblast debris which may transmit pathogenic signals from the placenta to endothelial cells. In this study, we investigated whether trophoblast debris from preeclamptic placentae triggered endothelial cell activation. METHODS Trophoblast debris from preeclamptic or normotensive placentae, or trophoblast debris from normal placental explants that had been cultured with preeclamptic (n = 14) or normotensive sera (n = 14) was exposed to endothelial cells. Activation of the endothelial cells was quantified by cell surface ICAM-1 and U937 adhesion to endothelial cells. The levels of IL-1β, pro-caspase-1 and active caspase-1 in the trophoblast debris were measured. RESULTS Compared to controls, the levels of ICAM-1 and U937 adhesion to endothelial cells were significantly increased following exposure of the endothelial cells to trophoblast debris from preeclamptic placentae or placentae treated with preeclamptic sera. The levels IL-1β, pro-caspase-1 and active caspase-1 were significantly increased in both trophoblast debris from preeclamptic placentae and placentae treated with preeclamptic sera. DISCUSSION These results provide the first direct evidence that trophoblast debris produced from preeclamptic placentae or placentae treated with preeclamptic sera can activate the endothelium. CONCLUSIONS Trophoblast debris from preeclamptic but not normotensive placentae can induce endothelial cell activation. This may be one mechanism by which the preeclamptic placenta communicates with the maternal endothelium to induce activation of the endothelium.
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Calcium supplementation prevents endothelial cell activation: possible relevance to preeclampsia. J Hypertens 2014; 31:1828-36. [PMID: 23822977 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328362ba1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. A hallmark of preeclampsia is endothelial cell dysfunction/activation in response to 'toxins' from the placenta. Necrotic trophoblastic debris (NTD) is one possible placental toxin and other activators of endothelial cells include inflammatory cytokines. Calcium supplementation appears to protect 'at-risk' women from developing preeclampsia but how is unclear. METHODS Placental explants were cultured with interleukin-6 (IL-6) in varied concentrations of calcium. The resultant trophoblastic debris was exposed to endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were exposed to activators including NTD, IL-6, and preeclamptic sera in the presence of varied concentrations of calcium and activation monitored by quantifying cell surface markers by ELISA. RESULTS Raising the levels of calcium did not prevent the IL-6-induced shedding of NTD from placental explants but did prevent the activation of endothelial cells in response to IL-6, preeclamptic sera, or NTD. Reducing the level of calcium directly induced the activation of endothelial cells. Inhibiting nitric oxide synthetase ablated the ability of high calcium levels to protect endothelial cell activation. The activity of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthetase was blocked with L-N-nitroarginine methyl ester. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate calcium levels do not affect the shedding of trophoblastic debris but are important to endothelial cell activation and supplemental calcium may reverse the activation of the endothelium in preeclamptic women. These results may in part explain the benefits of calcium supplementation in the reduction of risk for developing preeclampsia and provide in-vitro mechanistic support for the use of calcium supplementation in at-risk women.
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Wang X, Zachman AL, Chun YW, Shen FW, Hwang YS, Sung HJ. Polymeric stent materials dysregulate macrophage and endothelial cell functions: implications for coronary artery stent. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:688-95. [PMID: 24820736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodegradable polymers have been applied as bulk or coating materials for coronary artery stents. The degradation of polymers, however, could induce endothelial dysfunction and aggravate neointimal formation. Here we use polymeric microparticles to simulate and demonstrate the effects of degraded stent materials on phagocytic activity, cell death and dysfunction of macrophages and endothelial cells. METHODS Microparticles made of low molecular weight polyesters were incubated with human macrophages and coronary artery endothelial cells (ECs). Microparticle-induced phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cytokine release and surface marker expression were determined by immunostaining or ELISA. Elastase expression was analyzed by ELISA and the elastase-mediated polymer degradation was assessed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS We demonstrated that poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles induced cytotoxicity in macrophages and ECs, partially through cell apoptosis. The particle treatment alleviated EC phagocytosis, as opposed to macrophages, but enhanced the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 along with decreased nitric oxide production, indicating that ECs were activated and lost their capacity to maintain homeostasis. The activation of both cell types induced the release of elastase or elastase-like protease, which further accelerated polymer degradation. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that low molecule weight PLLA and PCL microparticles increased cytotoxicity and dysregulated endothelial cell function, which in turn enhanced elastase release and polymer degradation. These indicate that polymer or polymer-coated stents impose a risk of endothelial dysfunction after deployment which can potentially lead to delayed endothelialization, neointimal hyperplasia and late thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Angela L Zachman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Young Wook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Fang-Wen Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Yu-Shik Hwang
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Review: Where is the maternofetal interface? Placenta 2014; 35 Suppl:S74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pre-treatment with calcium prevents endothelial cell activation induced by multiple activators, necrotic trophoblastic debris or IL-6 or preeclamptic sera: Possible relevance to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Placenta 2013; 34:1196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Antiphospholipid antibodies internalised by human syncytiotrophoblast cause aberrant cell death and the release of necrotic trophoblast debris. J Autoimmun 2013; 47:45-57. [PMID: 24035196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are the strongest maternal risk factor for pre-eclampsia, a hypertensive disease of human pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is triggered by a toxic factor released from the placenta that activates the maternal endothelium. Antiphospholipid antibodies cause the release of necrotic trophoblast debris from the placental syncytiotrophoblast and this debris can activate endothelial cells. In this study, we investigated how aPL affects syncytiotrophoblast death and production of necrotic trophoblast debris by examining the interaction between aPL and human first trimester placental explants. Human polyclonal and murine monoclonal aPL, but not control antibodies, were rapidly internalised by the syncytiotrophoblast. Inhibitors of endocytosis or the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, but not toll-like receptors, decreased the internalisation of aPL and prevented the release of necrotic trophoblast debris from the syncytiotrophoblast. Once internalised, aPL increased inner mitochondrial membrane leak and Cytochrome c release while depressing oxidative flux through Complex IV of the electron transport system in syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria. These data suggest that the human syncytiotrophoblast internalises aPL by antigen-dependent endocytosis involving LDLR family members. Once internalised by the syncytiotrophoblast, aPL affects the death-regulating mitochondria, causing extrusion of necrotic trophoblast debris which can activate maternal endothelial cells thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.
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Lau SY, Guild SJ, Barrett CJ, Chen Q, McCowan L, Jordan V, Chamley LW. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 levels are altered in preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:412-27. [PMID: 23790133 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Published reports testing the association between cytokine levels and preeclampsia are conflicting. This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at testing the association between preeclampsia and maternal circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10. METHOD OF STUDY A systematic literature search of studies reporting maternal circulating TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in women with preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant women was conducted yielding 41, 28, and 12 eligible reports, respectively. RESULTS Both mild preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia were associated with elevated TNF-α [mean difference (MD) = 7.34 pg/mL, 95% CI 5.02-9.66 and MD = 7.91 pg/mL, 95% CI 4.72-11.10, respectively] and IL-6 (MD = 61.01 pg/mL, 95% CI 14.24-107.77 and MD = 28.54 pg/mL, 95% CI 15.90-41.17, respectively) in the third trimester. Preeclampsia was also associated with elevated levels of IL-10 (MD = 5.54, 95% CI 0.69-10.38). The systematic review of studies reporting median data was in consensus with the parametric data. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis with accompanying summary of non-parametric data shows elevated maternal circulating TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien Yee Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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