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Cheng YW, Anzell AR, Morosky SA, Schwartze TA, Hinck CS, Hinck AP, Roman BL, Davidson LA. Shear Stress and Sub-Femtomolar Levels of Ligand Synergize to Activate ALK1 Signaling in Endothelial Cells. Cells 2024; 13:285. [PMID: 38334677 PMCID: PMC10854672 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) respond to concurrent stimulation by biochemical factors and wall shear stress (SS) exerted by blood flow. Disruptions in flow-induced responses can result in remodeling issues and cardiovascular diseases, but the detailed mechanisms linking flow-mechanical cues and biochemical signaling remain unclear. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) integrates SS and ALK1-ligand cues in ECs; ALK1 mutations cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), marked by arteriovenous malformation (AVM) development. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of ALK1 signaling modulation by fluid flow and the link to AVMs remain uncertain. We recorded EC responses under varying SS magnitudes and ALK1 ligand concentrations by assaying pSMAD1/5/9 nuclear localization using a custom multi-SS microfluidic device and a custom image analysis pipeline. We extended the previously reported synergy between SS and BMP9 to include BMP10 and BMP9/10. Moreover, we demonstrated that this synergy is effective even at extremely low SS magnitudes (0.4 dyn/cm2) and ALK1 ligand range (femtogram/mL). The synergistic response to ALK1 ligands and SS requires the kinase activity of ALK1. Moreover, ALK1's basal activity and response to minimal ligand levels depend on endocytosis, distinct from cell-cell junctions, cytoskeleton-mediated mechanosensing, or cholesterol-enriched microdomains. However, an in-depth analysis of ALK1 receptor trafficking's molecular mechanisms requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Anthony R. Anzell
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Stefanie A. Morosky
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tristin A. Schwartze
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cynthia S. Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andrew P. Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Beth L. Roman
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lance A. Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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2
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Johnson BM, Johnson AM, Heim M, Buckley M, Mortimer B, Berry JL, Sewell-Loftin MK. Biomechanical stimulation promotes blood vessel growth despite VEGFR-2 inhibition. BMC Biol 2023; 21:290. [PMID: 38072992 PMCID: PMC10712065 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis, or the growth of new vasculature from existing blood vessels, is widely considered a primary hallmark of cancer progression. When a tumor is small, diffusion is sufficient to receive essential nutrients; however, as the tumor grows, a vascular supply is needed to deliver oxygen and nutrients into the increasing mass. Several anti-angiogenic cancer therapies target VEGF and the receptor VEGFR-2, which are major promoters of blood vessel development. Unfortunately, many of these cancer treatments fail to completely stop angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Since these therapies focus on the biochemical activation of VEGFR-2 via VEGF ligand binding, we propose that mechanical cues, particularly those found in the TME, may be a source of VEGFR-2 activation that promotes growth of blood vessel networks even in the presence of VEGF and VEGFR-2 inhibitors. RESULTS In this paper, we analyzed phosphorylation patterns of VEGFR-2, particularly at Y1054/Y1059 and Y1214, stimulated via either VEGF or biomechanical stimulation in the form of tensile strains. Our results show prolonged and enhanced activation at both Y1054/Y1059 and Y1214 residues when endothelial cells were stimulated with strain, VEGF, or a combination of both. We also analyzed Src expression, which is downstream of VEGFR-2 and can be activated through strain or the presence of VEGF. Finally, we used fibrin gels and microfluidic devices as 3D microtissue models to simulate the TME. We determined that regions of mechanical strain promoted increased vessel growth, even with VEGFR-2 inhibition through SU5416. CONCLUSIONS Overall, understanding both the effects that biomechanical and biochemical stimuli have on VEGFR-2 activation and angiogenesis is an important factor in developing effective anti-angiogenic therapies. This paper shows that VEGFR-2 can be mechanically activated through strain, which likely contributes to increased angiogenesis in the TME. These proof-of-concept studies show that small molecular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 do not fully prevent angiogenesis in 3D TME models when mechanical strains are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte Miller Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Allison McKenzie Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Heim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Molly Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Bryan Mortimer
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Joel L Berry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Mary Kathryn Sewell-Loftin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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3
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Yamamoto K, Shimogonya Y, Maeno R, Kawabe K, Ando J. Endothelial cells differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows by altering the lipid order of their plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1532-C1544. [PMID: 37927239 PMCID: PMC10861177 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00393.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) experience two different blood flow patterns: laminar and disturbed flow. Their responses to laminar flow contribute to vascular homeostasis, whereas their responses to disturbed flow result in EC dysfunction and vascular diseases. However, it remains unclear how ECs differentially sense laminar and disturbed flow and trigger signaling that elicits different responses. Here, we showed that ECs differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows by altering the lipid order of their plasma and mitochondrial membranes in opposite directions. This results in distinct changes in mitochondrial function, namely, increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production for laminar flow and increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release for disturbed flow, leading to ATP- and H2O2-mediated signaling, respectively. When cultured human aortic ECs were subjected to laminar or disturbed flow in flow-loading devices, the lipid order of their plasma membranes immediately decreased in response to laminar flow and increased in response to disturbed flow. Laminar flow also decreased the lipid order of mitochondrial membranes and increased mitochondrial ATP production. In contrast, disturbed flow increased the lipid order of mitochondrial membranes and increased the release of H2O2 from the mitochondria. The addition of cholesterol to the cells increased the lipid order of both membranes and abrogated laminar flow-induced ATP production, while treatment of the cells with a cholesterol-depleting reagent, methyl-β cyclodextrin, decreased the lipid order of both membranes and abolished disturbed flow-induced H2O2 release, indicating that changes in the membrane lipid order and/or cholesterol content are closely linked to flow-induced changes in mitochondrial functions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY How vascular endothelial cells (ECs) differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows and trigger intracellular signaling remains unclear. Here, we show that EC plasma membranes act as mechanosensors to discriminate between laminar and disturbed flows by undergoing opposite changes in their lipid order. Similar lipid order changes occur simultaneously in the mitochondrial membranes, which are linked to changes in mitochondrial function, that is, increased ATP production for laminar flow and increased H2O2 release for disturbed flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimogonya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Ryohei Maeno
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenshiroh Kawabe
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joji Ando
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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4
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Zhou HL, Jiang XZ, Ventikos Y. Role of blood flow in endothelial functionality: a review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1259280. [PMID: 37905167 PMCID: PMC10613523 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1259280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells, located on the surface of blood vessel walls, are constantly stimulated by mechanical forces from the blood flow. The mechanical forces, i.e., fluid shear stress, induced by the blood flow play a pivotal role in controlling multiple physiological processes at the endothelium and in regulating various pathways that maintain homeostasis and vascular function. In this review, research looking at different blood fluid patterns and fluid shear stress in the circulation system is summarized, together with the interactions between the blood flow and the endothelial cells. This review also highlights the flow profile as a response to the configurational changes of the endothelial glycocalyx, which is less revisited in previous reviews. The role of endothelial glycocalyx in maintaining endothelium health and the strategies for the restoration of damaged endothelial glycocalyx are discussed from the perspective of the fluid shear stress. This review provides a new perspective regarding our understanding of the role that blood flow plays in regulating endothelial functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Zhuo Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Kwak E, Ahmed T, Flores PC, Ortiz HR, Langlais PR, Mythreye K, Lee NY. Beta IV spectrin inhibits the metastatic growth of melanoma by suppressing VEGFR2-driven tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Med 2023; 12:18981-18987. [PMID: 37680049 PMCID: PMC10557856 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated angiogenesis mediates the growth and metastasis of most solid cancers. Targeted therapies of the VEGF pathways can effectively block these processes but often fail to provide lasting benefits due to acquired resistance and complications. RESULTS Recently, we discovered βIV -spectrin as a powerful regulator of angiogenesis and potential new target. We previously reported that βIV -spectrin is dynamically expressed in endothelial cells (EC) to induce VEGFR2 protein turnover during development. Here, we explored how βIV -spectrin influences the tumor vasculature using the murine B16 melanoma model and determined that loss of EC-specific βIV -spectrin dramatically promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Intraperitoneally injected B16 cells formed larger tumors with increased tumor vessel density and greater propensity for metastatic spread particularly to the chest cavity and lung compared to control mice. These results support βIV -spectrin as a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis and a viable vascular target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐A. Kwak
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Tasmia Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Paola Cruz Flores
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Hannah R. Ortiz
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | | | | | - Nam Y. Lee
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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6
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Nivoit P, Mathivet T, Wu J, Salemkour Y, Sankar DS, Baudrie V, Bourreau J, Guihot AL, Vessieres E, Lemitre M, Bocca C, Teillon J, Le Gall M, Chipont A, Robidel E, Dhaun N, Camerer E, Reynier P, Roux E, Couffinhal T, Hadoke PWF, Silvestre JS, Guillonneau X, Bonnin P, Henrion D, Dengjel J, Tharaux PL, Lenoir O. Autophagy protein 5 controls flow-dependent endothelial functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:210. [PMID: 37460898 PMCID: PMC10352428 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated autophagy is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, where impaired flow-mediated endothelial cell responses promote cardiovascular risk. The mechanism by which the autophagy machinery regulates endothelial functions is complex. We applied multi-omics approaches and in vitro and in vivo functional assays to decipher the diverse roles of autophagy in endothelial cells. We demonstrate that autophagy regulates VEGF-dependent VEGFR signaling and VEGFR-mediated and flow-mediated eNOS activation. Endothelial ATG5 deficiency in vivo results in selective loss of flow-induced vasodilation in mesenteric arteries and kidneys and increased cerebral and renal vascular resistance in vivo. We found a crucial pathophysiological role for autophagy in endothelial cells in flow-mediated outward arterial remodeling, prevention of neointima formation following wire injury, and recovery after myocardial infarction. Together, these findings unravel a fundamental role of autophagy in endothelial function, linking cell proteostasis to mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nivoit
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Junxi Wu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONW, UK
| | - Yann Salemkour
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Véronique Baudrie
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Bourreau
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Lemitre
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Cinzia Bocca
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
- Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Jérémie Teillon
- CNRS, Inserm, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Morgane Le Gall
- Plateforme Protéomique 3P5-Proteom'IC, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Anna Chipont
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Robidel
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Eric Camerer
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Reynier
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
- Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Etienne Roux
- Inserm, Biologie Des Maladies Cardiovasculaires, U1034, Université de Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Thierry Couffinhal
- Inserm, Biologie Des Maladies Cardiovasculaires, U1034, Université de Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Institut de La Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie Clinique - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hypertension Unit, Université Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Joern Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivia Lenoir
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.
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7
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Wang X, Yin D, Tang Y, Xiao F, Wang S. Psychiatric adverse reactions to non-selective RET multi-kinase inhibitors: a large-scale pharmacovigilance analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1209933. [PMID: 37465525 PMCID: PMC10351039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1209933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The development of non-selective multi-kinase inhibitors (MKIs) has improved the. survival outcomes of patients with cancers. Psychiatric disorders represent an MKIs related AE of particular concern, as they are often ignored and may harm the patient's personal and social functioning. Therefore, we use the public database to describe and evaluate psychiatric adverse events related to various non-selective RET MKIs. Provide evidence for optimizing drug administration in the clinic. Methods: We analyzed spontaneous reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System FDA Adverse Event Reporting System in an observational and retrospective manner. Selecting psychiatric AEs to non-selective RET multikinase inhibitors (sorafenib, lenvatinib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, and sunitinib). We used Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN), and multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms to analyze suspected adverse reactions of psychiatric related induced by non-selective RET MKIs between January 2004 and September 2022. Results: As of September 2022, 1,108 non-selective RET MKIs ICSRs were related to psychiatric AEs. 706 were ADR ICSRs, and 402 were non-ADR ICSRs. There were more ADR cases in males (69.5%), and 71.8% of the cases were submitted from North America. The age group most frequently affected by psychiatric ADRs was individuals aged 50-64 years for sorafenib, whereas 65-74 years for sunitinib, cabozantinib, and lenvatinib. In all psychiatric ADRs ICSRs, excluding missing data (n = 329), the most common adverse outcome was hospitalization (260/377, 69.0%), and the most serious was death (100/377, 26.5%). What calls for special attention is that the percentage of death rate for sunitinib was highest (24/54, 44.4%) in sunitinib-related psychiatric ADRs ICSRs, (excluding missing data, n = 44), followed by lenvatinib (4/14, 28.6%). Based on ROR, PRR, BCPNN, and MGPS methods, sorafenib, sunitinib, cabozantinib, and lenvatinib are significantly associated with all ADRs, the strongest association was the association between cabozantinib and feeding disorder. Conclusion: Despite the limitations, our study found that, except for vandetanib, other four drugs have been reported to have significant psychiatric side effects. Clinicians need to recognize and monitor these potentially fatal adverse events. If it is suitable for treatment with vandetanib, doctors should choose vandetanib for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Donghong Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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8
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Lin WH, Cooper LM, Anastasiadis PZ. Cadherins and catenins in cancer: connecting cancer pathways and tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1137013. [PMID: 37255594 PMCID: PMC10225604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1137013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin complexes are integral components of the adherens junctions crucial for cell-cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these complexes is linked to cancer development via alteration of cell-autonomous oncogenic signaling pathways and extrinsic tumor microenvironment. Advances in multiomics have uncovered key signaling events in multiple cancer types, creating a need for a better understanding of the crosstalk between cadherin-catenin complexes and oncogenic pathways. In this review, we focus on the biological functions of classical cadherins and associated catenins, describe how their dysregulation influences major cancer pathways, and discuss feedback regulation mechanisms between cadherin complexes and cellular signaling. We discuss evidence of cross regulation in the following contexts: Hippo-Yap/Taz and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, key pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth; Wnt, Notch, and hedgehog signaling, key developmental pathways involved in human cancer; as well as TGFβ and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program, an important process for cancer cell plasticity. Moreover, we briefly explore the role of cadherins and catenins in mechanotransduction and the immune tumor microenvironment.
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9
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Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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10
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Thengchaisri N, Kuo L, Hein TW. H 2O 2 Mediates VEGF- and Flow-Induced Dilations of Coronary Arterioles in Early Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Vascular Arginase and PI3K-Linked eNOS Uncoupling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010489. [PMID: 36613929 PMCID: PMC9820654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetes, the enzyme arginase is upregulated, which may compete with endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) for their common substrate L-arginine and compromise NO-mediated vasodilation. However, this eNOS uncoupling can lead to superoxide production and possibly vasodilator hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation to compensate for NO deficiency. This hypothesis was tested in coronary arterioles isolated from pigs with 2-week diabetes after streptozocin injection. The NO-mediated vasodilation induced by flow and VEGF was abolished by NOS inhibitor L-NAME and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin but was not affected by arginase inhibitor Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) or H2O2 scavenger catalase in control pigs. With diabetes, this vasodilation was partially blunted, and the remaining vasodilation was abolished by catalase and wortmannin. Administration of L-arginine or nor-NOHA restored flow-induced vasodilation in an L-NAME sensitive manner. Diabetes did not alter vascular superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase mRNA levels. This study demonstrates that endothelium-dependent NO-mediated coronary arteriolar dilation is partially compromised in early type 1 diabetes by reducing eNOS substrate L-arginine via arginase activation. It appears that upregulated arginase contributes to endothelial NO deficiency in early diabetes, but production of H2O2 during PI3K-linked eNOS uncoupling likely compensates for and masks this disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (T.W.H.)
| | - Travis W. Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (T.W.H.)
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11
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. The Importance of the Plasma Membrane in Atherogenesis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1036. [PMID: 36363591 PMCID: PMC9698587 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are an important medical problem due to their high prevalence, impact on quality of life and prognosis. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is an urgent medical and social problem, the solution of which may improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment of patients. Atherosclerosis is a complex chain of events, which proceeds over many years and in which many cells in the bloodstream and the vascular wall are involved. A growing body of evidence suggests that there are complex, closely linked molecular mechanisms that occur in the plasma membranes of cells involved in atherogenesis. Lipid transport, innate immune system receptor function, and hemodynamic regulation are linked to plasma membranes and their biophysical properties. A better understanding of these interrelationships will improve diagnostic quality and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacy Management and Economics, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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12
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Physiological levels of fluid shear stress modulate vascular function through TRPV4 sparklets. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1268-1277. [PMID: 36082933 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial calcium (Ca 2+) signaling plays a major role in regulating vasodilation in response to fluid shear stress (FSS) generated by blood flow. Local Ca 2+ influx through single transient receptor potential channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) (termed "sparklets") activated by low concentrations of chemical and biological stimuli has been revealed to modulate vascular function. However, the range in which FSS can initiate TRPV4 sparklets to induce vasodilation is unknown. Here, we assess the activity of TPRV4 sparklets induced by various physiological levels of FSS and investigate the mechanisms involving these Ca 2+ signals in FSS-induced vasodilation. Intact small mesenteric arteries are used for Ca 2+ imaging with a GCaMP2(TRPV4-KO) mouse model and high-speed confocal systems. Markedly increased local Ca 2+ signals are observed in the endothelium under 4-8 dyne/cm 2 FSS, whereas FSS >8 dyne/cm 2 causes global Ca 2+ influx. Further analysis shows that TRPV4 channels form a four-channel group to mediate Ca 2+ sparklets under certain levels of FSS. The large Ca 2+ influx hyperpolarizes endothelial cells by stimulating intermediate (IK)- and small (SK)-conductance Ca 2+-sensitive potassium channels, leading to hyperpolarization of the surrounding smooth muscle cells and ultimately causing endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In conclusion, Ca 2+ influx transits through a small number of endothelial TRPV4 channels opened by certain levels of FSS, which activates the Ca 2+-sensitive IK and SK channels to cause vasodilation.
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13
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Weaver SRC, Rendeiro C, Lucas RAI, Cable NT, Nightingale TE, McGettrick HM, Lucas SJE. Non-pharmacological interventions for vascular health and the role of the endothelium. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2493-2514. [PMID: 36149520 PMCID: PMC9613570 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The most common non-pharmacological intervention for both peripheral and cerebral vascular health is regular physical activity (e.g., exercise training), which improves function across a range of exercise intensities and modalities. Numerous non-exercising approaches have also been suggested to improved vascular function, including repeated ischemic preconditioning (IPC); heat therapy such as hot water bathing and sauna; and pneumatic compression. Chronic adaptive responses have been observed across a number of these approaches, yet the precise mechanisms that underlie these effects in humans are not fully understood. Acute increases in blood flow and circulating signalling factors that induce responses in endothelial function are likely to be key moderators driving these adaptations. While the impact on circulating factors and environmental mechanisms for adaptation may vary between approaches, in essence, they all centre around acutely elevating blood flow throughout the circulation and stimulating improved endothelium-dependent vascular function and ultimately vascular health. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms driving endothelial adaptation to repeated exposure to elevated blood flow, and the interplay between this response and changes in circulating factors. In addition, we will consider the limitations in our current knowledge base and how these may be best addressed through the selection of more physiologically relevant experimental models and research. Ultimately, improving our understanding of the unique impact that non-pharmacological interventions have on the vasculature will allow us to develop superior strategies to tackle declining vascular function across the lifespan, prevent avoidable vascular-related disease, and alleviate dependency on drug-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R C Weaver
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebekah A I Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Timothy Cable
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Tom E Nightingale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors promotes renal cancer progression through MCPIP1 tumor-suppressor downregulation and c-Met activation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:814. [PMID: 36138026 PMCID: PMC9500022 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the most commonly used targeted therapeutics in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, drug resistance limits their utility and can lead to tumor "flare-up" and progression. In this study, we show that RCC resistance to sunitinib and sorafenib involves different mechanisms and leads to increased malignancy. Sunitinib decreased tumor growth and cell motility along with increased E-cadherin expression and secretion of the proangiogenic cytokines IL6 and IL8, which activated senescence in ccRCC cells and led to VE-cadherin phosphorylation, enhancing tumor angiogenesis. Sorafenib resistance increased the levels of mesenchymal markers and the secretion of MMP9, which cleaved VE-cadherin and disrupted endothelial cell integrity. Both sunitinib resistance and sorafenib resistance led to activation of the c-Met receptor IRAK1 and downregulation of the tumor suppressor MCPIP1, resulting in an increase in the metastasis of resistant cells, possibly due in part to enhanced vascularization of ccRCC. MCPIP1 overexpression partially overcame resistance to these drugs by decreasing micrometastasis and decreasing the expression of factors involved in tumorigenesis. In tumor samples from ccRCC patients, we observed a significant increase in the level of the c-Met receptor, IRAK1 and a decrease in MCPIP1 with respect to normal kidney tissue. Our results indicate separate novel mechanisms for sunitinib and sorafenib resistance, which both lead to MCPIP1 inhibition and ccRCC progression. The presented study suggests caution in the treatment of RCC with TKIs, which may lead to the unintended outcome of tumor progression.
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15
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Ma C, Du T, Niu X, Fan Y. Biomechanics and mechanobiology of the bone matrix. Bone Res 2022; 10:59. [PMID: 36042209 PMCID: PMC9427992 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone matrix plays an indispensable role in the human body, and its unique biomechanical and mechanobiological properties have received much attention. The bone matrix has unique mechanical anisotropy and exhibits both strong toughness and high strength. These mechanical properties are closely associated with human life activities and correspond to the function of bone in the human body. None of the mechanical properties exhibited by the bone matrix is independent of its composition and structure. Studies on the biomechanics of the bone matrix can provide a reference for the preparation of more applicable bone substitute implants, bone biomimetic materials and scaffolds for bone tissue repair in humans, as well as for biomimetic applications in other fields. In providing mechanical support to the human body, bone is constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli. Through the study of the mechanobiology of the bone matrix, the response mechanism of the bone matrix to its surrounding mechanical environment can be elucidated and used for the health maintenance of bone tissue and defect regeneration. This paper summarizes the biomechanical properties of the bone matrix and their biological significance, discusses the compositional and structural basis by which the bone matrix is capable of exhibiting these mechanical properties, and studies the effects of mechanical stimuli, especially fluid shear stress, on the components of the bone matrix, cells and their interactions. The problems that occur with regard to the biomechanics and mechanobiology of the bone matrix and the corresponding challenges that may need to be faced in the future are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tianming Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xufeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,Research Institute of Beihang University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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16
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The spectrin cytoskeleton integrates endothelial mechanoresponses. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1226-1238. [PMID: 35817960 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physiological blood flow induces the secretion of vasoactive compounds, notably nitric oxide, and promotes endothelial cell elongation and reorientation parallel to the direction of applied shear. How shear is sensed and relayed to intracellular effectors is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that an apical spectrin network is essential to convey the force imposed by shear to endothelial mechanosensors. By anchoring CD44, spectrins modulate the cell surface density of hyaluronan and sense and translate shear into changes in plasma membrane tension. Spectrins also regulate the stability of apical caveolae, where the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channels are thought to reside. Accordingly, shear-induced PIEZO1 activation and the associated calcium influx were absent in spectrin-deficient cells. As a result, cell realignment and flow-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase stimulation were similarly dependent on spectrin. We conclude that the apical spectrin network is not only required for shear sensing but also transmits and distributes the resulting tensile forces to mechanosensors that elicit protective and vasoactive responses.
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17
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Polk T, Schmitt S, Aldrich JL, Long DS. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cell morphological response to fluid shear stress. Microvasc Res 2022; 143:104377. [PMID: 35561754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As the cells that line the vasculature, endothelial cells are continually exposed to fluid shear stress by blood flow. Recent studies suggest that the morphological response of endothelial cells to fluid shear stress depends on the endothelial cell type. Thus, the present study characterizes the morphological response of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and nuclei to steady, laminar, and unidirectional fluid shear stress. Cultured HMEC-1 monolayers were exposed to shear stress of 0.3 dyn/cm2, 16 dyn/cm2, or 32 dyn/cm2 for 72 h with hourly live-cell imaging capturing both the nuclear and cellular morphology. Despite changes in elongation and alignment occurring with increasing fluid shear stress, there was a lack of elongation and alignment over time under each fluid shear stress condition. Conversely, changes in cellular and nuclear area exhibited dependence on both time and fluid shear stress magnitude. The trends in cellular morphology differed at shear stress levels above and below 16 dyn/cm2, whereas the nuclear orientation was independent of fluid shear stress magnitude. These findings show the complex morphological response of HMEC-1 to fluid shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabatha Polk
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Jessica L Aldrich
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - David S Long
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA.
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18
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Corti F, Ristori E, Rivera-Molina F, Toomre D, Zhang J, Mihailovic J, Zhuang ZW, Simons M. Syndecan-2 selectively regulates VEGF-induced vascular permeability. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:518-528. [PMID: 36212522 PMCID: PMC9544384 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- driven increase in vascular permeability is a key feature of many disease states associated with inflammation and ischemic injury, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality in these settings. Despite its importance, no specific regulators that preferentially control VEGF-dependent increase in permeability versus its other biological activities, have been identified. Here we report that a proteoglycan Syndecan-2 (Sdc2) regulates the interaction between a transmembrane phosphatase DEP1 and VEGFR2 by controlling cell surface levels of DEP1. In the absence of Sdc2 or the presence of an antibody that blocks Sdc2-DEP1 interaction, increased plasma membrane DEP1 levels promote selective dephosphorylation of the VEGFR2 Y951 site that is involved in permeability control. Either an endothelial-specific Sdc2 deletion or a treatment with an anti-Sdc2 antibody result in a highly significant reduction in stroke size due to a decrease in intracerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Corti
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - E Ristori
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - F Rivera-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - D Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J Mihailovic
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Z W Zhuang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - M Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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19
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βIV-spectrin as a stalk cell-intrinsic regulator of VEGF signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1326. [PMID: 35288568 PMCID: PMC8921520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective angiogenesis underlies over 50 malignant, ischemic and inflammatory disorders yet long-term therapeutic applications inevitably fail, thus highlighting the need for greater understanding of the vast crosstalk and compensatory mechanisms. Based on proteomic profiling of angiogenic endothelial components, here we report βIV-spectrin, a non-erythrocytic cytoskeletal protein, as a critical regulator of sprouting angiogenesis. Early loss of endothelial-specific βIV-spectrin promotes embryonic lethality in mice due to hypervascularization and hemorrhagic defects whereas neonatal depletion yields higher vascular density and tip cell populations in developing retina. During sprouting, βIV-spectrin expresses in stalk cells to inhibit their tip cell potential by enhancing VEGFR2 turnover in a manner independent of most cell-fate determining mechanisms. Rather, βIV-spectrin recruits CaMKII to the plasma membrane to directly phosphorylate VEGFR2 at Ser984, a previously undefined phosphoregulatory site that strongly induces VEGFR2 internalization and degradation. These findings support a distinct spectrin-based mechanism of tip-stalk cell specification during vascular development. Defective angiogenesis remains a high source of morbidity in multiple disorders. Here they show that βIV-spectrin, a membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein, is essential for regulation of endothelial tip cell populations and VEGF signaling during sprouting angiogenesis.
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20
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Li H, Zhou WY, Xia YY, Zhang JX. Endothelial Mechanosensors for Atheroprone and Atheroprotective Shear Stress Signals. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1771-1783. [PMID: 35300215 PMCID: PMC8923682 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s355158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs), derived from the mesoderm, form a single layer of squamous cells that covers the inner surface of blood vessels. In addition to being regulated by chemical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) and blood, ECs are directly confronted to complex hemodynamic environment. These physical inputs are translated into biochemical signals, dictating multiple aspects of cell behaviour and destination, including growth, differentiation, migration, adhesion, death and survival. Mechanosensors are initial responders to changes in mechanical environments, and the overwhelming majority of them are located on the plasma membrane. Physical forces affect plasma membrane fluidity and change of protein complexes on plasma membrane, accompanied by altering intercellular connections, cell-ECM adhesion, deformation of the cytoskeleton, and consequently, transcriptional responses in shaping specific phenotypes. Among the diverse forces exerted on ECs, shear stress (SS), defined as tangential friction force exerted by blood flow, has been extensively studied, from mechanosensing to mechanotransduction, as well as corresponding phenotypes. However, the precise mechanosensors and signalling pathways that determine atheroprone and atheroprotective phenotypes of arteries remain unclear. Moreover, it is worth to mention that some established mechanosensors of atheroprotective SS, endothelial glycocalyx, for example, might be dismantled by atheroprone SS. Therefore, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on mechanosensors in ECs for SS signals. We emphasize how these ECs coordinate or differentially participate in phenotype regulation induced by atheroprone and atheroprotective SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yuan Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210006, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jun-Xia Zhang, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210006, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15366155682, Email
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21
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Ando J, Yamamoto K. Hemodynamic Forces, Endothelial Mechanotransduction, and Vascular Diseases. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21:258-266. [PMID: 34024868 PMCID: PMC9680547 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in the tissues and organs of a living body are subjected to mechanical forces, such as pressure, friction, and tension from their surrounding environment. Cells are equipped with a mechanotransduction mechanism by which they perceive mechanical forces and transmit information into the cell interior, thereby causing physiological or pathogenetic mechano-responses. Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the inner surface of blood vessels are constantly exposed to shear stress caused by blood flow and a cyclic strain caused by intravascular pressure. A number of studies have shown that ECs are sensitive to changes in these hemodynamic forces and alter their morphology and function, sometimes by modifying gene expression. The mechanism of endothelial mechanotransduction has been elucidated, and the plasma membrane has recently been shown to act as a mechanosensor. The lipid order and cholesterol content of plasma membranes change immediately upon the exposure of ECs to hemodynamic forces, resulting in a change in membrane fluidity. These changes in a plasma membrane's physical properties affect the conformation and function of various ion channels, receptors, and microdomains (such as caveolae and primary cilia), thereby activating a wide variety of downstream signaling pathways. Such endothelial mechanotransduction works to maintain circulatory homeostasis; however, errors in endothelial mechanotransduction can cause abnormalities in vascular physiological function, leading to the initiation and progression of various vascular diseases, such as hypertension, thrombosis, aneurysms, and atherosclerosis. Recent advances in detailed imaging technology and computational fluid dynamics analysis have enabled us to evaluate the hemodynamic forces acting on vascular tissue accurately, contributing greatly to our understanding of vascular mechanotransduction and the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, as well as the development of new therapies for vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Ando
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Miller B, Sewell-Loftin MK. Mechanoregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 in Angiogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:804934. [PMID: 35087885 PMCID: PMC8787114 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.804934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cells that compose the vascular system in the body display a wide range of mechanotransductive behaviors and responses to biomechanical stimuli, which act in concert to control overall blood vessel structure and function. Such mechanosensitive activities allow blood vessels to constrict, dilate, grow, or remodel as needed during development as well as normal physiological functions, and the same processes can be dysregulated in various disease states. Mechanotransduction represents cellular responses to mechanical forces, translating such factors into chemical or electrical signals which alter the activation of various cell signaling pathways. Understanding how biomechanical forces drive vascular growth in healthy and diseased tissues could create new therapeutic strategies that would either enhance or halt these processes to assist with treatments of different diseases. In the cardiovascular system, new blood vessel formation from preexisting vasculature, in a process known as angiogenesis, is driven by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) which promotes blood vessel development. However, physical forces such as shear stress, matrix stiffness, and interstitial flow are also major drivers and effectors of angiogenesis, and new research suggests that mechanical forces may regulate VEGFR-2 phosphorylation. In fact, VEGFR-2 activation has been linked to known mechanobiological agents including ERK/MAPK, c-Src, Rho/ROCK, and YAP/TAZ. In vascular disease states, endothelial cells can be subjected to altered mechanical stimuli which affect the pathways that control angiogenesis. Both normalizing and arresting angiogenesis associated with tumor growth have been strategies for anti-cancer treatments. In the field of regenerative medicine, harnessing biomechanical regulation of angiogenesis could enhance vascularization strategies for treating a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including ischemia or permit development of novel tissue engineering scaffolds. This review will focus on the impact of VEGFR-2 mechanosignaling in endothelial cells (ECs) and its interaction with other mechanotransductive pathways, as well as presenting a discussion on the relationship between VEGFR-2 activation and biomechanical forces in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that can help treat diseases with dysfunctional vascular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mary Kathryn Sewell-Loftin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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23
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Leal BH, Velasco B, Cambón A, Pardo A, Fernandez-Vega J, Arellano L, Al-Modlej A, Mosquera VX, Bouzas A, Prieto G, Barbosa S, Taboada P. Combined Therapeutics for Atherosclerosis Treatment Using Polymeric Nanovectors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020258. [PMID: 35213991 PMCID: PMC8879452 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an underlying risk factor in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The combination of drugs with microRNAs (miRNA) inside a single nanocarrier has emerged as a promising anti-atherosclerosis strategy to achieve the exploitation of their complementary mechanisms of action to achieve synergistic therapeutic effects while avoiding some of the drawbacks associated with current systemic statin therapies. We report the development of nanometer-sized polymeric PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) capable of simultaneously encapsulating and delivering miRNA-124a and the statin atorvastatin (ATOR). The polymeric NPs were functionalized with an antibody able to bind to the vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) overexpressed in the inflamed arterial endothelium. The dual-loaded NPs were non-toxic to cells in a large range of concentrations, successfully attached overexpressed VCAM receptors and released the cargoes in a sustainable manner inside cells. The combination of both ATOR and miRNA drastically reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α and of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-activated macrophages and vessel endothelial cells. In addition, dual-loaded NPs precluded the accumulation of low-density lipoproteins (LdL) inside macrophages as well as morphology changes to a greater extent than in single-loaded NPs. The reported findings validate the present NPs as suitable delivery vectors capable of simultaneously targeting inflamed cells in atherosclerosis and providing an efficient approach to combination nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Hiram Leal
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
| | - Brenda Velasco
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Adriana Cambón
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (S.B.); (P.T.); Tel.: +34-881814056 (A.C.); +34-881814115 (S.B.); +34-881814111 (P.T.)
| | - Alberto Pardo
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Javier Fernandez-Vega
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Lilia Arellano
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Abeer Al-Modlej
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Víctor X. Mosquera
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital of A Coruña, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (V.X.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Bouzas
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital of A Coruña, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (V.X.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Gerardo Prieto
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Biophysics and Interfaces Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (S.B.); (P.T.); Tel.: +34-881814056 (A.C.); +34-881814115 (S.B.); +34-881814111 (P.T.)
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (S.B.); (P.T.); Tel.: +34-881814056 (A.C.); +34-881814115 (S.B.); +34-881814111 (P.T.)
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Brandt MM, Cheng C, Merkus D, Duncker DJ, Sorop O. Mechanobiology of Microvascular Function and Structure in Health and Disease: Focus on the Coronary Circulation. Front Physiol 2022; 12:771960. [PMID: 35002759 PMCID: PMC8733629 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronary microvasculature plays a key role in regulating the tight coupling between myocardial perfusion and myocardial oxygen demand across a wide range of cardiac activity. Short-term regulation of coronary blood flow in response to metabolic stimuli is achieved via adjustment of vascular diameter in different segments of the microvasculature in conjunction with mechanical forces eliciting myogenic and flow-mediated vasodilation. In contrast, chronic adjustments in flow regulation also involve microvascular structural modifications, termed remodeling. Vascular remodeling encompasses changes in microvascular diameter and/or density being largely modulated by mechanical forces acting on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. Whereas in recent years, substantial knowledge has been gathered regarding the molecular mechanisms controlling microvascular tone and how these are altered in various diseases, the structural adaptations in response to pathologic situations are less well understood. In this article, we review the factors involved in coronary microvascular functional and structural alterations in obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease and the molecular mechanisms involved therein with a focus on mechanobiology. Cardiovascular risk factors including metabolic dysregulation, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and aging have been shown to induce microvascular (endothelial) dysfunction and vascular remodeling. Additionally, alterations in biomechanical forces produced by a coronary artery stenosis are associated with microvascular functional and structural alterations. Future studies should be directed at further unraveling the mechanisms underlying the coronary microvascular functional and structural alterations in disease; a deeper understanding of these mechanisms is critical for the identification of potential new targets for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten M Brandt
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oana Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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25
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Vascular Pathobiology: Atherosclerosis and Large Vessel Disease. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822224-9.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Arpino JM, Yin H, Prescott EK, Staples SCR, Nong Z, Li F, Chevalier J, Balint B, O’Neil C, Mortuza R, Milkovich S, Lee JJ, Lorusso D, Sandig M, Hamilton DW, Holdsworth DW, Poepping TL, Ellis CG, Pickering JG. Low-flow intussusception and metastable VEGFR2 signaling launch angiogenesis in ischemic muscle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg9509. [PMID: 34826235 PMCID: PMC8626079 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to promote sprouting angiogenesis in skeletal muscles of individuals with peripheral artery disease have not been clinically successful. We discovered that, contrary to the prevailing view, angiogenesis following ischemic muscle injury in mice was not driven by endothelial sprouting. Instead, real-time imaging revealed the emergence of wide-caliber, primordial conduits with ultralow flow that rapidly transformed into a hierarchical neocirculation by transluminal bridging and intussusception. This process was accelerated by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). We probed this response by developing the first live-cell model of transluminal endothelial bridging using microfluidics. Endothelial cells subjected to ultralow shear stress could reposition inside the flowing lumen as pillars. Moreover, the low-flow lumen proved to be a privileged location for endothelial cells with reduced VEGFR2 signaling capacity, as VEGFR2 mechanosignals were boosted. These findings redefine regenerative angiogenesis in muscle as an intussusceptive process and uncover a basis for its launch.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Michael Arpino
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Hao Yin
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Emma K. Prescott
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sabrina C. R. Staples
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Zengxuan Nong
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Fuyan Li
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Chevalier
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Brittany Balint
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Caroline O’Neil
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie Milkovich
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jason J. Lee
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Daniel Lorusso
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Martin Sandig
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - David W. Holdsworth
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Tamie L. Poepping
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Christopher G. Ellis
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - J. Geoffrey Pickering
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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27
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Kumar S. SWI/SNF (BAF) complexes: From framework to a functional role in endothelial mechanotransduction. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2021; 87:171-198. [PMID: 34696885 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly subjected to an array of mechanical cues, especially shear stress, due to their luminal placement in the blood vessels. Blood flow can regulate various aspects of endothelial biology and pathophysiology by regulating the endothelial processes at the transcriptomic, proteomic, miRNomic, metabolomics, and epigenomic levels. ECs sense, respond, and adapt to altered blood flow patterns and shear profiles by specialized mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, resulting in qualitative and quantitative differences in their gene expression. Chromatin-regulatory proteins can regulate transcriptional activation by modifying the organization of nucleosomes at promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions. Recent research efforts have illustrated that SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) or BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF) complex regulates DNA accessibility and chromatin structure. Since the discovery, the gene-regulatory mechanisms of the BAF complex associated with chromatin remodeling have been intensively studied to investigate its role in diverse disease phenotypes. Thus far, it is evident that (1) the SWI/SNF complex broadly regulates the activity of transcriptional enhancers to control lineage-specific differentiation and (2) mutations in the BAF complex proteins lead to developmental disorders and cancers. It is unclear if blood flow can modulate the activity of SWI/SNF complex to regulate EC differentiation and reprogramming. This review emphasizes the integrative role of SWI/SNF complex from a structural and functional standpoint with a special reference to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The review also highlights how regulation of this complex by blood flow can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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28
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Kotlyarov S. Diversity of Lipid Function in Atherogenesis: A Focus on Endothelial Mechanobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11545. [PMID: 34768974 PMCID: PMC8584259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems in modern medicine. Its high prevalence and social significance determine the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of the disease's development and progression. Lipid metabolism and its disorders are one of the key links in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lipids are involved in many processes, including those related to the mechanoreception of endothelial cells. The multifaceted role of lipids in endothelial mechanobiology and mechanisms of atherogenesis are discussed in this review. Endothelium is involved in ensuring adequate vascular hemodynamics, and changes in blood flow characteristics are detected by endothelial cells and affect their structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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29
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Lee HW, Xu Y, He L, Choi W, Gonzalez D, Jin SW, Simons M. Role of Venous Endothelial Cells in Developmental and Pathologic Angiogenesis. Circulation 2021; 144:1308-1322. [PMID: 34474596 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.054071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is a dynamic process that involves expansion of a preexisting vascular network that can occur in a number of physiological and pathological settings. Despite its importance, the origin of the new angiogenic vasculature is poorly defined. In particular, the primary subtype of endothelial cells (capillary, venous, arterial) driving this process remains undefined. METHODS Endothelial cells were fate-mapped with the use of genetic markers specific to arterial and capillary cells. In addition, we identified a novel venous endothelial marker gene (Gm5127) and used it to generate inducible venous endothelium-specific Cre and Dre driver mouse lines. Contributions of these various types of endothelial cells to angiogenesis were examined during normal postnatal development and in disease-specific setting. RESULTS Using a comprehensive set of endothelial subtype-specific inducible reporter mice, including tip, arterial, and venous endothelial reporter lines, we showed that venous endothelial cells are the primary endothelial subtype responsible for the expansion of an angiogenic vascular network. During physiological angiogenesis, venous endothelial cells proliferate, migrating against the blood flow and differentiating into tip, capillary, and arterial endothelial cells of the new vasculature. Using intravital 2-photon imaging, we observed venous endothelial cells migrating against the blood flow to form new blood vessels. Venous endothelial cell migration also plays a key role in pathological angiogenesis. This was observed both in formation of arteriovenous malformations in mice with inducible endothelium-specific Smad4 deletion mice and in pathological vessel growth seen in oxygen-induced retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Our studies establish that venous endothelial cells are the primary endothelial subtype responsible for normal expansion of vascular networks, formation of arteriovenous malformations, and pathological angiogenesis. These observations highlight the central role of the venous endothelium in normal development and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Woo Lee
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-W.L., Y.X., S.-W.J., M.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yanying Xu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-W.L., Y.X., S.-W.J., M.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Y.X.)
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (L.H.)
| | - Woosoung Choi
- School of Life Sciences and Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (W.C., S.-W.J.)
| | - David Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics (D.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-W.L., Y.X., S.-W.J., M.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,School of Life Sciences and Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (W.C., S.-W.J.)
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-W.L., Y.X., S.-W.J., M.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Cell Biology (M.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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30
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Wälchli T, Bisschop J, Miettinen A, Ulmann-Schuler A, Hintermüller C, Meyer EP, Krucker T, Wälchli R, Monnier PP, Carmeliet P, Vogel J, Stampanoni M. Hierarchical imaging and computational analysis of three-dimensional vascular network architecture in the entire postnatal and adult mouse brain. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4564-4610. [PMID: 34480130 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels and the establishment of vascular networks are crucial during brain development, in the adult healthy brain, as well as in various diseases of the central nervous system. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for our recently developed method that enables hierarchical imaging and computational analysis of vascular networks in postnatal and adult mouse brains. The different stages of the procedure include resin-based vascular corrosion casting, scanning electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation and desktop microcomputed tomography imaging, and computational network analysis. Combining these methods enables detailed visualization and quantification of the 3D brain vasculature. Network features such as vascular volume fraction, branch point density, vessel diameter, length, tortuosity and directionality as well as extravascular distance can be obtained at any developmental stage from the early postnatal to the adult brain. This approach can be used to provide a detailed morphological atlas of the entire mouse brain vasculature at both the postnatal and the adult stage of development. Our protocol allows the characterization of brain vascular networks separately for capillaries and noncapillaries. The entire protocol, from mouse perfusion to vessel network analysis, takes ~10 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wälchli
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Group Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jeroen Bisschop
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Group Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arttu Miettinen
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | | - Eric P Meyer
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Krucker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Regula Wälchli
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Skin Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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da Rocha-Azevedo B, Lee S, Dasgupta A, Vega AR, de Oliveira LR, Kim T, Kittisopikul M, Malik ZA, Jaqaman K. Heterogeneity in VEGF Receptor-2 Mobility and Organization on the Endothelial Cell Surface Leads to Diverse Models of Activation by VEGF. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108187. [PMID: 32997988 PMCID: PMC7541195 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic nanoscale organization of cell surface receptors plays an important role in signaling. We determine this organization and its relation to activation of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a critical receptor tyrosine kinase in endothelial cells (ECs), by combining single-molecule imaging of endogenous VEGFR-2 in live ECs with multiscale computational analysis. We find that surface VEGFR-2 can be mobile or exhibit restricted mobility and be monomeric or non-monomeric, with a complex interplay between the two. This basal heterogeneity results in heterogeneity in the sequence of steps leading to VEGFR-2 activation by VEGF. Specifically, we find that VEGF can bind to monomeric and non-monomeric VEGFR-2 and that, when binding to monomeric VEGFR-2, its effect on dimerization depends on the mobility of VEGFR-2. Our study highlights the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of cell surface receptor organization and the need for multiscale, single-molecule-based analysis to determine its relationship to receptor activation and signaling. da Rocha-Azevedo et al. show that VEGFR-2 exhibits mobility and interaction heterogeneity on the endothelial cell surface. The sequence of steps leading to VEGFR-2 activation by VEGF depends on the basal state of VEGFR-2. Thus, there is not one model but multiple co-existing models of VEGFR-2 activation by VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sungsoo Lee
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aparajita Dasgupta
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anthony R Vega
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mark Kittisopikul
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zachariah A Malik
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Khuloud Jaqaman
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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32
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Antitumor Effect of Saikosaponin A on Human Neuroblastoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5845554. [PMID: 34513994 PMCID: PMC8429005 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5845554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neuroblastoma (NB) is a highly metastatic tumor in children that develops in the sympathetic nervous system and has a low curative rate. Saikosaponin A (SSA), an active ingredient isolated from the root of Radix Bupleuri, is a natural compound with various pharmacological activities and shows good application prospects in antitumors. This study investigated the antihuman NB activity of SSA and underlying mechanisms associated with its actions. Materials and Methods The MTT method was used to detect the activity of SSA in inhibiting human NB cell SK-N-AS proliferation. Cell morphology was observed. The flow cytometry technology was used in analyzing the cell apoptosis rate. The Transwell assay evaluated cell migration and invasion following SSA treatment, apoptosis-related protein expression, and angiogenesis-related protein expression, and EMT-related proteins were detected by western blot analysis. Results SSA showed an inhibitory effect on SK-N-AS cells with the IC50 values of 14.14 μM at 24 h and 12.41 μM at 48 h. Results indicated that SSA has proapoptotic activity, and its proapoptotic activity is positively correlated with the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-9/caspase-7/PARP pathway. Furthermore, SSA inhibited the invasion and migration of SK-N-AS cells via regulating the angiogenesis-related VEGFR2/Src/Akt pathway and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition- (EMT-) related protein expression. Conclusion SSA exerts an antihuman NB effect and thus provides foundations for NB treatment.
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33
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Li H, Luo Q, Shan W, Cai S, Tie R, Xu Y, Lin Y, Qian P, Huang H. Biomechanical cues as master regulators of hematopoietic stem cell fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5881-5902. [PMID: 34232331 PMCID: PMC8316214 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) perceive both soluble signals and biomechanical inputs from their microenvironment and cells themselves. Emerging as critical regulators of the blood program, biomechanical cues such as extracellular matrix stiffness, fluid mechanical stress, confined adhesiveness, and cell-intrinsic forces modulate multiple capacities of HSCs through mechanotransduction. In recent years, research has furthered the scientific community's perception of mechano-based signaling networks in the regulation of several cellular processes. However, the underlying molecular details of the biomechanical regulatory paradigm in HSCs remain poorly elucidated and researchers are still lacking in the ability to produce bona fide HSCs ex vivo for clinical use. This review presents an overview of the mechanical control of both embryonic and adult HSCs, discusses some recent insights into the mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, and highlights the application of mechanical cues aiming at HSC expansion or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyang Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruxiu Tie
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lin
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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Monaghan RM, Page DJ, Ostergaard P, Keavney BD. The physiological and pathological functions of VEGFR3 in cardiac and lymphatic development and related diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1877-1890. [PMID: 33067626 PMCID: PMC8262640 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) are part of the evolutionarily conserved VEGF signalling pathways that regulate the development and maintenance of the body's cardiovascular and lymphovascular systems. VEGFR3, encoded by the FLT4 gene, has an indispensable and well-characterized function in development and establishment of the lymphatic system. Autosomal dominant VEGFR3 mutations, that prevent the receptor functioning as a homodimer, cause one of the major forms of hereditary primary lymphoedema; Milroy disease. Recently, we and others have shown that FLT4 variants, distinct to those observed in Milroy disease cases, predispose individuals to Tetralogy of Fallot, the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease, demonstrating a novel function for VEGFR3 in early cardiac development. Here, we examine the familiar and emerging roles of VEGFR3 in the development of both lymphovascular and cardiovascular systems, respectively, compare how distinct genetic variants in FLT4 lead to two disparate human conditions, and highlight the research still required to fully understand this multifaceted receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Monaghan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Donna J Page
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Bernard D Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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35
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Walther BK, Rajeeva Pandian NK, Gold KA, Kiliç ES, Sama V, Gu J, Gaharwar AK, Guiseppi-Elie A, Cooke JP, Jain A. Mechanotransduction-on-chip: vessel-chip model of endothelial YAP mechanobiology reveals matrix stiffness impedes shear response. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1738-1751. [PMID: 33949409 PMCID: PMC9761985 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial mechanobiology is a key consideration in the progression of vascular dysfunction, including atherosclerosis. However mechanistic connections between the clinically associated physical stimuli, vessel stiffness and shear stress, and how they interact to modulate plaque progression remain incompletely characterized. Vessel-chip systems are excellent candidates for modeling vascular mechanobiology as they may be engineered from the ground up, guided by the mechanical parameters present in human arteries and veins, to recapitulate key features of the vasculature. Here, we report extensive validation of a vessel-chip model of endothelial yes-associated protein (YAP) mechanobiology, a protein sensitive to both matrix stiffness and shearing forces and, importantly, implicated in atherosclerotic progression. Our model captures the established endothelial mechanoresponse, with endothelial alignment, elongation, reduction of adhesion molecules, and YAP cytoplasmic retention under high laminar shear. Conversely, we observed disturbed morphology, inflammation, and nuclear partitioning under low, high, and high oscillatory shear. Examining targets of YAP transcriptional co-activation, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is strongly downregulated by high laminar shear, whereas it is strongly upregulated by low shear or oscillatory flow. Ankyrin repeat domain 1 (ANKRD1) is only upregulated by high oscillatory shear. Verteporfin inhibition of YAP reduced the expression of CTGF but did not affect ANKRD1. Lastly, substrate stiffness modulated the endothelial shear mechanoresponse. Under high shear, softer substrates showed the lowest nuclear localization of YAP whereas stiffer substrates increased nuclear localization. Low shear strongly increased nuclear localization of YAP across stiffnesses. Together, we have validated a model of endothelial mechanobiology and describe a clinically relevant biological connection between matrix stiffness, shear stress, and endothelial activation via YAP mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Walther
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | - Karli A Gold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| | - Ecem S Kiliç
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| | - Vineeth Sama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
| | - Jianhua Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | - Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. and Department of Materials Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030, USA. and ABTECH Scientific, Inc., Biotechnology Research Park, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anderson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29621, USA.
| | - John P Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030, USA. and Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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Lopez‐Ramirez MA, McCurdy S, Li W, Haynes MK, Hale P, Francisco K, Oukoloff K, Bautista M, Choi CH, Sun H, Gongol B, Shyy JY, Ballatore C, Sklar LA, Gingras AR. Inhibition of the HEG1-KRIT1 interaction increases KLF4 and KLF2 expression in endothelial cells. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:334-355. [PMID: 33977234 PMCID: PMC8103725 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein heart of glass1 (HEG1) directly binds to and recruits Krev interaction trapped protein 1 (KRIT1) to endothelial junctions to form the HEG1-KRIT1 protein complex that establishes and maintains junctional integrity. Genetic inactivation or knockdown of endothelial HEG1 or KRIT1 leads to the upregulation of transcription factors Krüppel-like factors 4 and 2 (KLF4 and KLF2), which are implicated in endothelial vascular homeostasis; however, the effect of acute inhibition of the HEG1-KRIT1 interaction remains incompletely understood. Here, we report a high-throughput screening assay and molecular design of a small-molecule HEG1-KRIT1 inhibitor to uncover acute changes in signaling pathways downstream of the HEG1-KRIT1 protein complex disruption. The small-molecule HEG1-KRIT1 inhibitor 2 (HKi2) was demonstrated to be a bona fide inhibitor of the interaction between HEG1 and KRIT1 proteins, by competing orthosterically with HEG1 through covalent reversible interactions with the FERM (4.1, ezrin, radixin, and moesin) domain of KRIT1. The crystal structure of HKi2 bound to KRIT1 FERM revealed that it occupies the same binding pocket on KRIT1 as the HEG1 cytoplasmic tail. In human endothelial cells (ECs), acute inhibition of the HEG1-KRIT1 interaction by HKi2 increased KLF4 and KLF2 mRNA and protein levels, whereas a structurally similar inactive compound failed to do so. In zebrafish, HKi2 induced expression of klf2a in arterial and venous endothelium. Furthermore, genome-wide RNA transcriptome analysis of HKi2-treated ECs under static conditions revealed that, in addition to elevating KLF4 and KLF2 expression, inhibition of the HEG1-KRIT1 interaction mimics many of the transcriptional effects of laminar blood flow. Furthermore, HKi2-treated ECs also triggered Akt signaling in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent manner, as blocking PI3K activity blunted the Akt phosphorylation induced by HKi2. Finally, using an in vitro colocalization assay, we show that HKi6, an improved derivative of HKi2 with higher affinity for KRIT1, significantly impedes recruitment of KRIT1 to mitochondria-localized HEG1 in CHO cells, indicating a direct inhibition of the HEG1-KRIT1 interaction. Thus, our results demonstrate that early events of the acute inhibition of HEG1-KRIT1 interaction with HKi small-molecule inhibitors lead to: (i) elevated KLF4 and KLF2 gene expression; and (ii) increased Akt phosphorylation. Thus, HKi's provide new pharmacologic tools to study acute inhibition of the HEG1-KRIT1 protein complex and may provide insights to dissect early signaling events that regulate vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alejandro Lopez‐Ramirez
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Sara McCurdy
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Wenqing Li
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Mark K. Haynes
- Department of PathologyCenter for Molecular DiscoveryUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Preston Hale
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Karol Francisco
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Killian Oukoloff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Matthew Bautista
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Chelsea H.J. Choi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Brendan Gongol
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - John Y. Shyy
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Larry A. Sklar
- Department of PathologyCenter for Molecular DiscoveryUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNMUSA
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Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Act as Important Regulators of Lymphatic Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083955. [PMID: 33921229 PMCID: PMC8070425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the function and development of the lymphatic system is expanding rapidly due to the identification of specific molecular markers and the availability of novel genetic approaches. In connection, it has been demonstrated that mechanical forces contribute to the endothelial cell fate commitment and play a critical role in influencing lymphatic endothelial cell shape and alignment by promoting sprouting, development, maturation of the lymphatic network, and coordinating lymphatic valve morphogenesis and the stabilization of lymphatic valves. However, the mechanosignaling and mechanotransduction pathways involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of mechanical forces on lymphatics and summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanosensation and mechanotransduction by lymphatic endothelial cells. We also discuss how these mechanosensitive pathways affect endothelial cell fate and regulate lymphatic development and function. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases associated with impaired lymphatic function, such as lymphedema and may eventually lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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38
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Brunt VE, Minson CT. Heat therapy: mechanistic underpinnings and applications to cardiovascular health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1684-1704. [PMID: 33792402 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00141.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, and novel therapies are drastically needed to prevent or delay the onset of CVD to reduce the societal and healthcare burdens associated with these chronic diseases. One such therapy is "heat therapy," or chronic, repeated use of hot baths or saunas. Although using heat exposure to improve health is not a new concept, it has received renewed attention in recent years as a growing number of studies have demonstrated robust and widespread beneficial effects of heat therapy on cardiovascular health. Here, we review the existing literature, with particular focus on the molecular mechanisms that underscore the cardiovascular benefits of this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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39
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Cediranib Induces Apoptosis, G1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, and Autophagy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell A549 In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5582648. [PMID: 33860036 PMCID: PMC8024085 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5582648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Late diagnosis, chemoresistance, and metastasis are the main reasons for the high mortality rate of lung cancer. Therefore, the development of other treatments is urgent. Cediranib (CED), a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) kinase inhibitor, shows promising antitumour activities in various cancers including lung cancer. Here, we explored the effects and the underlying molecular mechanism of CED on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549 cells in vitro. Our results show that CED could inhibit A549 cell proliferation and cloning formation. Meanwhile, G1 phase cell cycle arrest was also found, as featured by the increased proportion of G1 phase cells as well as the reduction of G1 phase relative proteins CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin E. Moreover, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was elevated significantly in CED-treated groups compared with the controls. Furthermore, the expression of p-Akt, p-P38, p-Erk1/2, and p-mTOR proteins was decreased obviously in the treatment groups. These results suggest that CED could induce apoptosis and G1 phase cell cycle arrest in A549 cells. Meanwhile, CED may induce autophagy through MAPK/Erk1/2 and Akt/mTOR signal pathway in A549 cells.
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40
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Shin HY, Fukuda S, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Fluid shear stress-mediated mechanotransduction in circulating leukocytes and its defect in microvascular dysfunction. J Biomech 2021; 120:110394. [PMID: 33784517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes) in the active circulation exhibit multiple phenotypic indicators for a low level of cellular activity, like lack of pseudopods and minimal amounts of activated, cell-adhesive integrins on their surfaces. In contrast, before these cells enter the circulation in the bone marrow or when they recross the endothelium into extravascular tissues of peripheral organs they are fully activated. We review here a multifaceted mechanism mediated by fluid shear stress that can serve to deactivate leukocytes in the circulation. The fluid shear stress controls pseudopod formation via the FPR receptor, the same receptor responsible for pseudopod projection by localized actin polymerization. The bioactivity of macromolecular factors in the blood plasma that interfere with receptor stimulation by fluid flow, such as proteolytic cleavage in the extracellular domain of the receptor or the membrane actions of cholesterol, leads to a defective ability to respond to fluid shear stress by actin depolymerization. The cell reaction to fluid shear involves CD18 integrins, nitric oxide, cGMP and Rho GTPases, is attenuated in the presence of inflammatory mediators and modified by glucocorticoids. The mechanism is abolished in disease models (genetic hypertension and hypercholesterolemia) leading to an increased number of activated leukocytes in the circulation with enhanced microvascular resistance and cell entrapment. In addition to their role in binding to biochemical agonists/antagonists, membrane receptors appear to play a second role: to monitor local fluid shear stress levels. The fluid shear stress control of many circulating cell types such as lymphocytes, stem cells, tumor cells remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainsworth Y Shin
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories Center for Devices and Radiological Health, The Food & Drive Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shunichi Fukuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
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Vion AC, Perovic T, Petit C, Hollfinger I, Bartels-Klein E, Frampton E, Gordon E, Claesson-Welsh L, Gerhardt H. Endothelial Cell Orientation and Polarity Are Controlled by Shear Stress and VEGF Through Distinct Signaling Pathways. Front Physiol 2021; 11:623769. [PMID: 33737879 PMCID: PMC7960671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.623769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular networks form, remodel and mature under the influence of multiple signals of mechanical or chemical nature. How endothelial cells read and interpret these signals, and how they integrate information when they are exposed to both simultaneously is poorly understood. Here, we show using flow-induced shear stress and VEGF-A treatment on endothelial cells in vitro, that the response to the magnitude of a mechanical stimulus is influenced by the concentration of a chemical stimulus, and vice versa. By combining different flow levels and different VEGF-A concentrations, front-rear polarity of endothelial cells against the flow direction was established in a flow and VEGF-A dose-response while their alignment with the flow displayed a biphasic response depending on the VEGF-A dose (perpendicular at physiological dose, aligned at no or pathological dose of VEGF-A). The effect of pharmaceutical inhibitors demonstrated that while VEGFR2 is essential for both polarity and orientation establishment in response to flow with and without VEGF-A, different downstream effectors were engaged depending on the presence of VEGF-A. Thus, Src family inhibition (c-Src, Yes, Fyn together) impaired alignment and polarity without VEGF-A while FAK inhibition modified polarity and alignment only when endothelial cells were exposed to VEGF-A. Studying endothelial cells in the aortas of VEGFR2Y949F mutant mice and SRC iEC-KO mice confirmed the role of VEGFR2 and specified the role of c-SRC in vivo. Endothelial cells of VEGFR2Y949F mutant mice lost their polarity and alignment while endothelial cells from SRC iEC-KO mice only showed reduced polarity. We propose here that VEGFR2 is a sensor able to integrate chemical and mechanical information simultaneously and that the underlying pathways and mechanisms activated will depend on the co-stimulation. Flow alone shifts VEGFR2 signaling toward a Src family pathway activation and a junctional effect (both in vitro and in vivo) while flow and VEGF-A together shift VEGFR2 signaling toward focal adhesion activation (in vitro) both modifying cell responses that govern orientation and polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Clémence Vion
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Tijana Perovic
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlie Petit
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Hollfinger
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eireen Bartels-Klein
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Frampton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Gordon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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42
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Erkens R, Totzeck M, Brum A, Duse D, Bøtker HE, Rassaf T, Kelm M. Endothelium-dependent remote signaling in ischemia and reperfusion: Alterations in the cardiometabolic continuum. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:265-281. [PMID: 33497796 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intact endothelial function plays a fundamental role for the maintenance of cardiovascular (CV) health. The endothelium is also involved in remote signaling pathway-mediated protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the transfer of these protective signals into clinical practice has been hampered by the complex metabolic alterations frequently observed in the cardiometabolic continuum, which affect redox balance and inflammatory pathways. Despite recent advances in determining the distinct roles of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (InR), hyperinsulinemia, and ultimately diabetes mellitus (DM), which define the cardiometabolic continuum, our understanding of how these conditions modulate endothelial signaling remains challenging. It is widely accepted that endothelial cells (ECs) undergo functional changes within the cardiometabolic continuum. Beyond vascular tone and platelet-endothelium interaction, endothelial dysfunction may have profound negative effects on outcome during I/R. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the influence of hyperglycemia, InR, hyperinsulinemia, and DM on endothelial function and redox balance, their influence on remote protective signaling pathways, and their impact on potential therapeutic strategies to optimize protective heterocellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Erkens
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Amanda Brum
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dragos Duse
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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43
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Gifre-Renom L, Jones EAV. Vessel Enlargement in Development and Pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2021; 12:639645. [PMID: 33716786 PMCID: PMC7947306 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.639645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From developmental stages until adulthood, the circulatory system remodels in response to changes in blood flow in order to maintain vascular homeostasis. Remodeling processes can be driven by de novo formation of vessels or angiogenesis, and by the restructuration of already existing vessels, such as vessel enlargement and regression. Notably, vessel enlargement can occur as fast as in few hours in response to changes in flow and pressure. The high plasticity and responsiveness of blood vessels rely on endothelial cells. Changes within the bloodstream, such as increasing shear stress in a narrowing vessel or lowering blood flow in redundant vessels, are sensed by endothelial cells and activate downstream signaling cascades, promoting behavioral changes in the involved cells. This way, endothelial cells can reorganize themselves to restore normal circulation levels within the vessel. However, the dysregulation of such processes can entail severe pathological circumstances with disturbances affecting diverse organs, such as human hereditary telangiectasias. There are different pathways through which endothelial cells react to promote vessel enlargement and mechanisms may differ depending on whether remodeling occurs in the adult or in developmental models. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the fast-adapting processes governing vessel enlargement can open the door to a new set of therapeutical approaches to be applied in occlusive vascular diseases. Therefore, we have outlined here the latest advances in the study of vessel enlargement in physiology and pathology, with a special insight in the pathways involved in its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre-Renom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Zhang Q, Cao Y, Liu Y, Huang W, Ren J, Wang P, Song C, Fan K, Ba L, Wang L, Sun H. Shear stress inhibits cardiac microvascular endothelial cells apoptosis to protect against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury via YAP/miR-206/PDCD4 signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114466. [PMID: 33610591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs), derived from coronary circulation microvessel, are the main barrier for the exchange of energy and nutrients between myocardium and blood. However, microvascular I/R injury is a severely neglected topic, and few strategies can reverse this pathology. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of shear stress in microvascular I/R injury, and try to elucidate the downstream signaling pathways that inhibit CMECs apoptosis to reduce I/R injury. Our results demonstrated that shear stress inhibited the apoptosis protein, increased PECAM-1 expression and eNOS phosphorylation in hypoxia reoxygenated (H/R) CMECs. The mechanism of shear stress was related to up-regulated expression of YAP, the increased number of YAP entering the nucleus by dephosphorylation, the reduced number of TUNEL positive cells, increased miR-206 and inhibited protein level of PDCD4 in CMECs. However, siRNA-mediated knockdown of YAP abolished the protective effects of shear stress on CMECs apoptosis, similar results obtained from administration with AMO-miR-206, and also prevented PDCD4 (target gene of miR-206) increasing when treatment with both AMO-miR-206 and mimics-miR-206. In vivo, restoring the blood fluid with nitroglycerin (NTG) to mimic in vitro shear stress levels, which subsequently improved cardiac function, reduced infarcted area, lowered microvascular perfusion defects. Functional investigations clearly illustrated that increased the protein expression of PECAM-1 and eNOS phosphorylation, activated YAP, strengthened miR-206 expression, and suppressed PDCD4 expression. In summary, this study confirmed that shear stress reversed CMECs apoptosis, relieved microvascular I/R injury, the mechanism of which involving through YAP/miR-206/PDCD4 signaling pathway to finally suppress myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yonggang Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lina Ba
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hongli Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China.
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Singh B, Kosuru R, Lakshmikanthan S, Sorci-Thomas M, Zhang D, Sparapani R, Vasquez-Vivar J, Chrzanowska M. Endothelial Rap1 (Ras-Association Proximate 1) Restricts Inflammatory Signaling to Protect From the Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:638-650. [PMID: 33267664 PMCID: PMC8105264 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small GTPase Rap1 (Ras-association proximate 1) is a novel, positive regulator of NO release and endothelial function with a potentially key role in mechanosensing of atheroprotective, laminar flow. Our objective was to delineate the role of Rap1 in the progression of atherosclerosis and its specific functions in the presence and absence of laminar flow, to better define its role in endothelial mechanisms contributing to plaque formation and atherogenesis. Approach and Results: In a mouse atherosclerosis model, endothelial Rap1B deletion exacerbates atherosclerotic plaque formation. In the thoracic aorta, where laminar shear stress-induced NO is otherwise atheroprotective, plaque area is increased in Athero-Rap1BiΔEC (atherogenic endothelial cell-specific, tamoxifen-inducible Rap1A+Rap1B knockout) mice. Endothelial Rap1 deficiency also leads to increased plaque size, leukocyte accumulation, and increased CAM (cell adhesion molecule) expression in atheroprone areas, whereas vascular permeability is unchanged. In endothelial cells, in the absence of protective laminar flow, Rap1 deficiency leads to an increased proinflammatory TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) signaling and increased NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation and elevated inflammatory receptor expression. Interestingly, this increased signaling to NF-κB activation is corrected by AKTVIII-an inhibitor of Akt (protein kinase B) translocation to the membrane. Together, these data implicate Rap1 in restricting Akt-dependent signaling, preventing excessive cytokine receptor signaling and proinflammatory NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS Via 2 distinct mechanisms, endothelial Rap1 protects from the atherosclerosis progression in the presence and absence of laminar flow; Rap1-stimulated NO release predominates in laminar flow, and restriction of proinflammatory signaling predominates in the absence of laminar flow. Our studies provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying endothelial homeostasis and reveal the importance of Rap1 signaling in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Singh
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ramoji Kosuru
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Mary Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rodney Sparapani
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics and Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Magdalena Chrzanowska
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Wolpe AG, Ruddiman CA, Hall PJ, Isakson BE. Polarized Proteins in Endothelium and Their Contribution to Function. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:65-91. [PMID: 33503620 DOI: 10.1159/000512618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein localization in endothelial cells is tightly regulated to create distinct signaling domains within their tight spatial restrictions including luminal membranes, abluminal membranes, and interendothelial junctions, as well as caveolae and calcium signaling domains. Protein localization in endothelial cells is also determined in part by the vascular bed, with differences between arteries and veins and between large and small arteries. Specific protein polarity and localization is essential for endothelial cells in responding to various extracellular stimuli. In this review, we examine protein localization in the endothelium of resistance arteries, with occasional references to other vessels for contrast, and how that polarization contributes to endothelial function and ultimately whole organism physiology. We highlight the protein localization on the luminal surface, discussing important physiological receptors and the glycocalyx. The protein polarization to the abluminal membrane is especially unique in small resistance arteries with the presence of the myoendothelial junction, a signaling microdomain that regulates vasodilation, feedback to smooth muscle cells, and ultimately total peripheral resistance. We also discuss the interendothelial junction, where tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions all convene and regulate endothelial function. Finally, we address planar cell polarity, or axial polarity, and how this is regulated by mechanosensory signals like blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Wolpe
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire A Ruddiman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Phillip J Hall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
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Ricard N, Bailly S, Guignabert C, Simons M. The quiescent endothelium: signalling pathways regulating organ-specific endothelial normalcy. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:565-580. [PMID: 33627876 PMCID: PMC7903932 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are at the interface between circulating blood and tissues. This position confers on them a crucial role in controlling oxygen and nutrient exchange and cellular trafficking between blood and the perfused organs. The endothelium adopts a structure that is specific to the needs and function of each tissue and organ and is subject to tissue-specific signalling input. In adults, endothelial cells are quiescent, meaning that they are not proliferating. Quiescence was considered to be a state in which endothelial cells are not stimulated but are instead slumbering and awaiting activating signals. However, new evidence shows that quiescent endothelium is fully awake, that it constantly receives and initiates functionally important signalling inputs and that this state is actively regulated. Signalling pathways involved in the maintenance of functionally quiescent endothelia are starting to be identified and are a combination of endocrine, autocrine, paracrine and mechanical inputs. The paracrine pathways confer a microenvironment on the endothelial cells that is specific to the perfused organs and tissues. In this Review, we present the current knowledge of organ-specific signalling pathways involved in the maintenance of endothelial quiescence and the pathologies associated with their disruption. Linking organ-specific pathways and human vascular pathologies will pave the way towards the development of innovative preventive strategies and the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ricard
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Sabine Bailly
- grid.457348.9Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, BIG-Biologie du Cancer et de l’Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- grid.414221.0INSERM UMR_S 999, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Michael Simons
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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FN-EDA mediates angiogenesis of hepatic fibrosis via integrin-VEGFR2 in a CD63 synergetic manner. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:140. [PMID: 33293521 PMCID: PMC7722740 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis is an important component of hepatic fibrosis along with fibrous deposition, but its role is not well understood. Here, we demonstrated that fibronectin containing extra domain A(FN-EDA), a fibronectin splice variant highly expressed in hepatic fibrosis, mediated angiogenesis in disease progression. FN-EDA was positively correlated with pathological angiogenesis in hepatic fibrosis, and a reduction in FN-EDA expression was associated with diminished intrahepatic angiogenesis and fibrosis. FN-EDA mostly colocalized with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and interference or blockage of FN-EDA attenuated migration and tube formation in co-cultured endothelial cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that FN-EDA was secreted to promote phosphorylation of VEGFR2 with the assistance of integrin and CD63. Targeting FN-EDA-integrin combination postponed the progression of hepatic angiogenesis and fibrosis in vivo. These results indicated that FN-EDA plays an emerging role in angiogenesis in hepatic fibrosis and could be a potential therapeutic intervention for the disease.
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Harnessing Mechanosensation in Next Generation Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101419. [PMID: 33036467 PMCID: PMC7599461 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the cells to sense mechanical cues is an integral component of ”social” cell behavior inside tissues with a complex architecture. Through ”mechanosensation” cells are in fact able to decrypt motion, geometries and physical information of surrounding cells and extracellular matrices by activating intracellular pathways converging onto gene expression circuitries controlling cell and tissue homeostasis. Additionally, only recently cell mechanosensation has been integrated systematically as a crucial element in tissue pathophysiology. In the present review, we highlight some of the current efforts to assess the relevance of mechanical sensing into pathology modeling and manufacturing criteria for a next generation of cardiovascular tissue implants.
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Fiorenza M, Gliemann L, Brandt N, Bangsbo J. Hormetic modulation of angiogenic factors by exercise-induced mechanical and metabolic stress in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H824-H834. [PMID: 32822216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00432.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study used an integrative experimental model in humans to investigate whether muscle angiogenic factors are differentially modulated by exercise stimuli eliciting different degrees of mechanical and metabolic stress. In a randomized crossover design, 12 men performed two low-volume high-intensity exercise regimens, including short sprint intervals (SSI) or long sprint intervals (LSI) inducing pronounced mechanical/metabolic stress, and a high-volume moderate-intensity continuous exercise protocol (MIC) inducing mild but prolonged mechanical/metabolic stress. Gene and protein expression of angiogenic factors was determined in vastus lateralis muscle samples obtained before and after exercise. Exercise upregulated muscle VEGF mRNA to a greater extent in LSI and MIC compared with SSI. Analysis of angiogenic factors sensitive to shear stress revealed more marked exercise-induced VEGF receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) mRNA responses in MIC than SSI, as well as greater platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA responses in LSI than SSI. No apparent exercise-induced phosphorylation of shear stress-sensory proteins VEGF-R2Tyr1175, PECAM-1Tyr713, and eNOSSer1177 was observed despite robust elevations in femoral artery shear stress. Exercise evoked greater mRNA responses of the mechanical stretch sensor matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in SSI than MIC. Exercise-induced mRNA responses of the metabolic stress sensor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were more profound in LSI than SSI. These results suggest that low-volume high-intensity exercise transcriptionally activates angiogenic factors in a mechanical/metabolic stress-dependent manner. Furthermore, the angiogenic potency of low-volume high-intensity exercise appears similar to that of high-volume moderate-intensity exercise, but only on condition of eliciting severe mechanical/metabolic stress. We conclude that the angiogenic stimulus produced by exercise depends on both magnitude and protraction of myocellular homeostatic perturbations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skeletal muscle capillary growth is orchestrated by angiogenic factors sensitive to mechanical and metabolic signals. In this study, we employed an integrative exercise model to synergistically target, yet to different extents and for different durations, the mechanical and metabolic components of muscle activity that promote angiogenesis. Our results suggest that the magnitude of the myocellular perturbations incurred during exercise determines the amplitude of the angiogenic molecular signals, implying hormetic modulation of skeletal muscle angiogenesis by exercise-induced mechanical and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiorenza
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Gliemann
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Brandt
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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