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Guan X, Liu Y, An Y, Wang X, Wei L, Qi X. FAK Family Kinases: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:3151-3161. [PMID: 39220801 PMCID: PMC11363942 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s465755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the vascular wall and the primary pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), two highly homologous members of the FAK family kinases, play critical roles in integrin signaling. They also serve as scaffolding proteins that contribute to the assembly of cellular signaling complexes that regulate cell survival, cell cycle progression, and cell motility. Research indicates that the FAK family kinases is involved in the gene regulation of vascular cells and that aberrant expression of this family is associated with pathological changes in vascular disease. These findings establish the FAK family kinases as a critical signaling mediator in atherosclerotic lesions and inhibition of its activity has the potential to attenuate the pathological progression of AS. This review highlights the indispensable role of the FAK family kinases in abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial cell dysfunction, inflammation, and lipid metabolism associated with AS. We also summarize therapeutic targets against the FAK family kinases, providing valuable insights into therapeutic strategies for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Guan
- School of Graduate Studies, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajuan An
- School of Graduate Studies, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinshuang Wang
- School of Graduate Studies, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Liu H, Wang C, Wang R, Zhang Y, Jian B, Zhou Z, Wu Z, Liang M. HnRNPA1 Prevents Endothelial-to-mesenchymal Transition-induced VSMC Activation and Neointimal Hyperplasia in Vein Grafts. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s12265-024-10545-3. [PMID: 39046653 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-024-10545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is associated with neointimal hyperplasia and vein graft failure, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) has emerged as a major modulator of EMT. We aimed to investigate the functional consequence of EndoMT in neointimal hyperplasia and the precise role of hnRNPA1 in the regulation of EndoMT and neointimal hyperplasia. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of EndoMT cells in a mouse model of vein graft transplantation. In vitro, we studied the interaction between EndoMT cells and VSMCs, and the underlying mechanism was investigated by cytokine antibody assays. In cultured HUVECs, we studied the effect of hnRNPA1 on EndoMT and the cellular interactions by using siRNA-mediated knockdown and adenovirus-mediated overexpression. We further investigated the role of hnRNPA1 in EndoMT and neointimal hyperplasia in vivo with an AAV-mediated EC-specific hnRNPA1 overexpression murine model. We demonstrated the presence of EndoMT cells during the initial stage of neointimal formation, and that EndoMT cells promoted the proliferation and migration of VSMCs in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that EndoMT cells express and secrete a higher level of PDGF-B. Furthermore, we found a regulatory role for hnRNPA1 in EndoMT in vitro and in vivo. Similarly, we found that hnRNPA1 overexpression in ECs reduced the expression and secretion of PDGF-B during EndoMT, effectively inhibiting EndoMT cell-mediated activation of VSMCs in vitro and neointimal formation in vivo. Taken together, these findings indicate that EndoMT cells can activate VSMCs through a paracrine mechanism mediated by hnRNPA1 and lead to neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and West Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Bohao Jian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuoming Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mengya Liang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Xu Q, Guo D, Shi M, Wang Y, Yang P, Jia Y, Sun L, Liu Y, Chang X, He Y, Hui L, Zhang Y, Zhu Z. Genetically Determined Plasma Hepatocyte Growth Factor Levels Are Associated With the Risk and Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2024; 55:1535-1542. [PMID: 38572663 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.045430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies suggest that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is associated with the risk and prognosis of ischemic stroke, but the causality of these associations remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to explore the associations of genetically determined plasma HGF levels with the risk and prognosis of ischemic stroke. METHODS A total of 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma HGF were selected as genetic instruments based on the data from a genome-wide association study with 21 758 European participants. Summary data about the risk of ischemic stroke were obtained from the MEGASTROKE (Multiancestry Genome-Wide Association Study of Stroke) Consortium with 34 217 ischemic stroke cases and 406 111 controls of European ancestry, and summary data about the prognosis of ischemic stroke were obtained from the GISCOME study (Genetics of Ischaemic Stroke Functional Outcome) with 6165 European patients with ischemic stroke. We conducted an inverse-variance weighted Mendelian randomization analysis followed by a series of sensitivity analyses to evaluate the associations of genetically determined plasma HGF with the risk and prognosis of ischemic stroke. RESULTS The primary analyses showed that genetically determined high HGF was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio per SD increase, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.04-1.19]; P=1.10×10-3) and poor prognosis of ischemic stroke (odds ratio per SD increase, 2.43 [95% CI, 1.76-3.52]; P=6.35×10-8). In the secondary analysis, genetically determined plasma HGF was associated with a high risk of large atherosclerotic stroke (odds ratio per SD increase, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.18-1.63]; P=5.08×10-5) but not small vessel stroke and cardioembolic stroke. Mendelian randomization-Egger regression showed no directional pleiotropy for all associations, and the sensitivity analyses with different Mendelian randomization methods further confirmed these findings. CONCLUSIONS We found positive associations of genetically determined plasma HGF with the risk and prognosis of ischemic stroke, suggesting that HGF might be implicated in the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Daoxia Guo
- School of Nursing (D.G.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Pinni Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Yiming Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Xinyue Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Li Hui
- School of Nursing (D.G.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
| | - Zhengbao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology (Q.X., M.S., Y.W., P.Y., Y.J., L.S., Y.L., X.C., Y.H., Y.Z., Z.Z.), Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
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Jiang H, Liu M, Qin Y, Zhang H. miR-9 promotes canine endothelial-like cell migration by targeting COL15A1. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1339. [PMID: 38109263 PMCID: PMC10766037 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cell migration is the initial stage of angiogenesis. In previous studies, miR-9 has been found to regulate angiogenesis and cell migration in human medicine. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to reveal the regulatory effect of miR-9 on canine endothelial cell migration. METHODS Embryonic canine ventricle myocardium tissues were collected and induced to differentiate into endothelial-like cells (ELCs). A transwell and invasion assay were used to evaluate the impact of miR-9 on the migration capacity of ELCs, after which a luciferase reporter assay, western blotting, RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were conducted to explore the regulatory mechanism. RESULTS Our results showed that we successfully induced the primary cells derived from canine cardiac embryo tissues into ELCs. MiR-9 also promoted the migration and invasion of canine ELCs, and inhibited the expression of collagen XV, an angiogenic inhibitor, at the translational level by targeting the 3' untranslated region of COL15A1 gene. Furthermore, RNA sequencing showed that overexpression of miR-9 impacted several signalling pathways and eight genes involved in angiogenesis and cell migration in canine ELCs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that miR-9 enhances the migration of canine ELCs and may serve as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for canine diseases involved in endothelial cells migration and angiogenesis, but more further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and ForestryHainan UniversityHainanPR China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and ForestryHainan UniversityHainanPR China
- One Health InstituteHainan UniversityHainanPR China
| | - Yao Qin
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and ForestryHainan UniversityHainanPR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and ForestryHainan UniversityHainanPR China
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Slobodkina E, Boldyreva M, Karagyaur M, Eremichev R, Alexandrushkina N, Balabanyan V, Akopyan Z, Parfyonova Y, Tkachuk V, Makarevich P. Therapeutic Angiogenesis by a "Dynamic Duo": Simultaneous Expression of HGF and VEGF165 by Novel Bicistronic Plasmid Restores Blood Flow in Ischemic Skeletal Muscle. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1231. [PMID: 33353116 PMCID: PMC7766676 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis is a promising strategy for relief of ischemic conditions, and gene delivery was used to stimulate blood vessels' formation and growth. We have previously shown that intramuscular injection of a mixture containing plasmids encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) leads to restoration of blood flow in mouse ischemic limb, and efficacy of combined delivery was superior to each plasmid administered alone. In this work, we evaluated different approaches for co-expression of HGF and VEGF165 genes in a panel of candidate plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) with internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), a bidirectional promoter or two independent promoters for each gene of interest. Studies in HEK293T culture showed that all plasmids provided synthesis of HGF and VEGF165 proteins and stimulated capillary formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), indicating the biological potency of expressed factors. Tests in skeletal muscle explants showed a dramatic difference and most plasmids failed to express HGF and VEGF165 in a significant quantity. However, a bicistronic plasmid with two independent promoters (cytomegalovirus (CMV) for HGF and chicken b-actin (CAG) for VEGF165) provided expression of both grow factors in skeletal muscle at an equimolar ratio. Efficacy tests of bicistronic plasmid were performed in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia. Intramuscular administration of plasmid induced significant restoration of perfusion compared to an empty vector and saline. These findings were supported by increased CD31+ capillary density in animals that received pHGF/VEGF. Overall, our study reports a first-in-class candidate gene therapy drug to deliver two pivotal angiogenic growth factors (HGF and VEGF165) with properties that provide basis for future development of treatment for an unmet medical need-peripheral artery disease and associated limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Slobodkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Boldyreva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), 109028 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Eremichev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia Alexandrushkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vadim Balabanyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Zhanna Akopyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel Makarevich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (N.A.); (V.B.); (Z.A.); (Y.P.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
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West-Livingston L, Ju YM, Lee H, Geary RL, Atala A, Lee SJ. Antibody-Conjugated Electrospun Vascular Scaffolds to Enhance In Situ Endothelialization. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4486-4494. [PMID: 35025447 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are promising alternatives to small-diameter prosthetic grafts. Previous methods of seeding tubular scaffolds with autologous vascular cells have been successful; however, these methods require significant preparation time. Endothelial cell (EC) growth on the luminal surface of vascular scaffolds may be critical for the integration of a TEVG to the host environment. An alternative approach for TEVGs includes the in situ endothelialization of acellular scaffolds by capturing circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and ECs from the bloodstream through the biofunctionalization of the vascular scaffolds. In this study, fibrous scaffolds were electrospun with a 1:1 poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/collagen blend solution. The electrospun fibrous scaffolds were surface-modified by immobilizing EC-specific antibodies: CD31, vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-CAD), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Antibodies most efficacious at capturing ECs were then paired to examine their potential synergistic cell-capturing capabilities. The study demonstrated that vascular scaffolds bioconjugated with dual antibodies demonstrated synergistic capture efficacy compared to bioconjugation with a single antibody. The capture of circulating EPCs and ECs can be optimized with bioconjugation of one or more antibodies on the luminal surface of TEVGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren West-Livingston
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Young Min Ju
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Hyeongjin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Randolph L Geary
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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Zheng X, Jia Y, Qiu L, Zeng X, Xu L, Wei M, Huang C, Liu C, Chen L, Han J. A potential target for liver cancer management, lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6), is transcriptionally up-regulated by the NCOA3 coactivator. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1474-1488. [PMID: 31914406 PMCID: PMC7008366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays critical roles in cellular morphology and hair growth. Although LPAR6 overexpression is also critical for cancer cell proliferation, its role in liver cancer tumorigenesis and the underlying mechanism are poorly understood. Here, using liver cancer and matched paracancerous tissues, as well as functional assays including cell proliferation, quantitative real-time PCR, RNA-Seq, and ChIP assays, we report that LPAR6 expression is controlled by a mechanism whereby hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) suppresses liver cancer growth. We show that high LPAR6 expression promotes cell proliferation in liver cancer. More importantly, we find that LPAR6 is transcriptionally down-regulated by HGF treatment and that its transcriptional suppression depends on nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCOA3). We note that enrichment of NCOA3, which has histone acetyltransferase activity, is associated with histone 3 Lys-27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at the LPAR6 locus in response to HGF treatment, indicating that NCOA3 transcriptionally regulates LPAR6 through the HGF signaling cascade. Moreover, depletion of either LPAR6 or NCOA3 significantly inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo (in mouse tumor xenograft assays), similar to the effect of the HGF treatment. Collectively, our findings indicate an epigenetic link between LPAR6 and HGF signaling in liver cancer cells, and suggest that LPAR6 can serve as a biomarker and new strategy for therapeutic interventions for managing liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Abdominal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yinghui Jia
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyi Zeng
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Department of liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingtian Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Junhong Han
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Huhtinen A, Hongisto V, Laiho A, Löyttyniemi E, Pijnenburg D, Scheinin M. Gene expression profiles and signaling mechanisms in α 2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:65. [PMID: 28659168 PMCID: PMC5490158 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-adrenoceptors are important regulators of vascular tone and blood pressure. Regulation of cell proliferation is a less well investigated consequence of α2-adrenoceptor activation. We have previously shown that α2B-adrenoceptor activation stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This may be important for blood vessel development and plasticity and for the pathology and therapeutics of cardiovascular disorders. The underlying cellular mechanisms have remained mostly unknown. This study explored pathways of regulation of gene expression and intracellular signaling related to α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation. RESULTS The cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways of α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of VSMCs are complex and include redundancy. Functional enrichment analysis and pathway analysis identified differentially expressed genes associated with α2B-adrenoceptor-regulated VSMC proliferation. They included the upregulated genes Egr1, F3, Ptgs2 and Serpine1 and the downregulated genes Cx3cl1, Cav1, Rhoa, Nppb and Prrx1. The most highly upregulated gene, Lypd8, represents a novel finding in the VSMC context. Inhibitor library screening and kinase activity profiling were applied to identify kinases in the involved signaling pathways. Putative upstream kinases identified by two different screens included PKC, Raf-1, Src, the MAP kinases p38 and JNK and the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and HGF/HGFR. As a novel finding, the Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. CONCLUSIONS α2B-adrenoceptors may mediate their pro-proliferative effects in VSMCs by promoting the activity of bFGF and PDGF and the growth factor receptors EGFR, HGFR and VEGFR-1/2. The Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. Lyn is known to be expressed in VSMCs and has been identified as an important regulator of GPCR trafficking and GPCR effects on cell proliferation. Identified Ser/Thr kinases included several PKC isoforms and the β-adrenoceptor kinases 1 and 2. Cross-talk between the signaling mechanisms involved in α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation thus appears to involve PKC activation, subsequent changes in gene expression, transactivation of EGFR, and modulation of kinase activities and growth factor-mediated signaling. While many of the identified individual signals were relatively small in terms of effect size, many of them were validated by combining pathway analysis and our integrated screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Huhtinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Hongisto
- Toxicology Division, Misvik Biology Oy, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International BV, Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH s’Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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9
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Liu P, Feng J, Kong F, Lu Q, Xu H, Meng J, Jiang Y. Gax inhibits perivascular preadipocyte biofunction mediated by IGF-1 induced FAK/Pyk2 and ERK2 cooperative pathways. Cell Signal 2014; 26:3036-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Heerkens EHJ, Quinn L, Withers SB, Heagerty AM. β Integrins mediate FAK Y397 autophosphorylation of resistance arteries during eutrophic inward remodeling in hypertension. J Vasc Res 2014; 51:305-14. [PMID: 25300309 PMCID: PMC4224252 DOI: 10.1159/000365479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human essential hypertension is characterized by eutrophic inward remodeling of the resistance arteries with little evidence of hypertrophy. Upregulation of αVβ3 integrin is crucial during this process. In order to investigate the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation in this process, the level of FAK Y397 autophosphorylation was studied in small blood vessels from young TGR(mRen2)27 animals as blood pressure rose and eutrophic inward remodeling took place. Between weeks 4 and 5, this process was completed and accompanied by a significant increase in FAK phosphorylation compared with normotensive control animals. Phosphorylated (p)FAK Y397 was coimmunoprecipitated with both β1- and β3-integrin-specific antibodies. In contrast, only a fraction (<10-fold) was coprecipitated with the β3 integrin subunit in control vessels. Inhibition of eutrophic remodeling by cRGDfV treatment of TGR(mRen2)27 rats resulted in the development of smooth-muscle-cell hypertrophy and a significant further enhancement of FAK Y397 phosphorylation, but this time with exclusive coassociation of pFAK Y397 with integrin β1. We established that phosphorylation of FAK Y397 with association with β1 and β3 integrins occurs with pressure-induced eutrophic remodeling. Inhibiting this process leads to an adaptive hypertrophic vascular response induced by a distinct β1-mediated FAK phosphorylation pattern.
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Chan KC, Ho HH, Lin MC, Yen CH, Huang CN, Huang HP, Wang CJ. Mulberry water extracts inhibit atherosclerosis through suppression of the integrin-β₃/focal adhesion kinase complex and downregulation of nuclear factor κB signaling in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9463-9471. [PMID: 25197764 DOI: 10.1021/jf502942r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mulberry water extracts (MWEs), which contain polyphenolic compounds, have an antiatherosclerotic effect in vivo and in vitro through stimulating apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Histological analysis was performed on atherosclerotic lesions from high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed rabbits after treatment with 0.5-1% MWEs for 10 weeks. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of SMA, Ras, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the VSMCs were dose-dependently inhibited after MWE treatment. The antimigratory effects of MWEs on A7r5 VSMCs were assessed by western blot analysis of migration-related proteins, visualization of F-actin cytoskeleton, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that MWEs inhibited VSMC migration through reducing interactions of the integrin-β3/focal adhesion kinase complex, alterations of the cytoskeleton, and downregulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β/nuclear factor κB signaling. Taken together, MWEs inhibited HCD-induced rabbit atherogenesis through blocking VSMC migration via reducing interactions of integrin-β3 and focal adhesion kinase and downregulating migration-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chuan Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, ∥Department of Family and Community Medicine, and ⊥Department of Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital , Number 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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12
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Tumor angiogenesis: pericytes and maturation are not to be ignored. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:261750. [PMID: 22007214 PMCID: PMC3191787 DOI: 10.1155/2012/261750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, an essential component of tumor growth and survival, is regulated by complex interactions between several cell types and soluble mediators. Heterogeneous tumor vasculature originates from the collective effect of the nature of carcinoma and the complexity of the angiogenic network. Although the application of angiogenesis inhibitors in some types of cancers has shown clinical benefits, predictive markers to assess treatment effects have yet to be established. In this review, we focus on tumor vessel maturity as a potential marker for evaluating treatment response.
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Induction of EPC homing on biofunctionalized vascular grafts for rapid in vivo self-endothelialization — A review of current strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:119-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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VEGF-A/HGF induce Prox-1 expression in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane lymphatic vasculature. Clin Exp Med 2009; 10:169-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Yamamoto Y, Matsuura T, Narazaki G, Sugitani M, Tanaka K, Maeda A, Shiota G, Sato K, Yoshida A, Hisatome I. Synergistic effects of autologous cell and hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy for neovascularization in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1329-36. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00321.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autologous cell implantation and angiogenic gene therapy have been evaluated in critical limb ischemic patients. Here, we compared the features of these strategies individually and in combination. C57BL/6J mice with ischemic hindlimbs were injected with adherent mononuclear cells (aMNCs) from bone marrow or adenovirus encoding the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene (Ad-HGF). Under comparable angiogenic conditions, 10 × 105 aMNCs produced significantly higher amounts of VEGF and FGF-2 and stimulated the number of arterioles in ischemic muscle compared with 1 × 108 plaque-forming units (pfu) of Ad-HGF. Ad-HGF produced 10 times more HGF in ischemic muscle compared with aMNCs. Injection of 0.3 × 105 aMNCs previously transfected with Ad-HGF (aMNC/Ad-HGF) increased blood flow and elevated the numbers of capillaries and arterioles to levels comparable with that seen with 10 × 105 aMNCs or 1 × 108 pfu of Ad-HGF. Hypoxic conditions induced the apoptotic death of aMNCs. However, coincubation with HGF or aMNC/Ad-HGF protected cells against apoptosis. HGF stimulated the migration of aMNCs, and the migration capacity of the aMNC/Ad-HGF group was significantly higher than that in the aMNC/Ad-LacZ group. In conclusion, cell-based HGF gene therapy decreased the number of cells required for neovascularization. This strategy can be an effective angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Yamamoto
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
| | - Takashi Matsuura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
| | - Genta Narazaki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
| | - Miyoko Sugitani
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
| | - Kohei Tanaka
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
| | - Akihiro Maeda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Goshi Shiota
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kenzo Sato
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Akio Yoshida
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
| | - Ichiro Hisatome
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
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16
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Zhu G, Huang L, Song M, Yu Z, Wu X, Zhao X, Jin J, Zhao G, Chen J, Yu S. Over-expression of hepatocyte growth factor in smooth muscle cells regulates endothelial progenitor cells differentiation, migration and proliferation. Int J Cardiol 2008; 138:70-80. [PMID: 19095317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial repair is one of key events after vascular injury. The mechanisms by which hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may be responsible for re-endothelialization of injured blood vessel wall are poorly understood. METHODS Primary culture SMCs were transfected with pcDNA3.0-HGF followed by G418 selection, one of G418-resistant colonies in well was picked, propagated and used as donor cells for further experiments. HGF and VEGF expression in SMCs were detected with western blot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Rat EPCs were cultured in untreated, pcDNA3.0 and pcDNA3.0-HGF transfected SMCs conditioned medium with or without anti-VEGF or exogenous recombinant HGF addition. eNOS, KDR and CD31 expression in EPCs was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or flow cytometry; EPCs migration and proliferation were measured by using a modified Boyden chambers and MTT assay respectively. RESULTS Abundant and stable expression of HGF was found in G418-resistant colony-derived SMCs. VEGF expression significantly increased in HGF transfected SMCs. Exogenous recombinant HGF (rHGF) markedly up-regulated eNOS mRNA expression in EPCs and promoted EPCs migration and proliferation, but no significant changes were found in KDR and CD31 mRNA expression. HGF transfection in SMCs was more effective than exogenous HGF for EPCs differentiation, proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS Over-expression of HGF in SMCs can be helpful for promoting EPCs differentiation, increasing EPCs migration and proliferation. It may be responsible for angiogenesis of arteriosclerosis lesions and useful for blood vessel tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Zhu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chong Qing 400037, PR China
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17
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18
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Avci-Adali M, Paul A, Ziemer G, Wendel HP. New strategies for in vivo tissue engineering by mimicry of homing factors for self-endothelialisation of blood contacting materials. Biomaterials 2008; 29:3936-45. [PMID: 18640715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For years intensive research has been done to endothelialise vascular prostheses with autologous endothelial cells before implantation in patients. However, this procedure is extremely time-, labor- and cost-intensive and can be realized only in very few clinical cases. The discovery of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in 1997 brought new perspectives for the endothelialisation of blood contacting materials. Coating of synthetic graft surfaces with capture molecules for circulating EPCs mimics a pro-homing substrate for fishing out EPCs directly from the bloodstream after implantation. These cells with high proliferation potential can cover the graft with non-thrombogenic endothelium which maintains optimal haemostasis and minimize the risk of restenosis. In this review, different concepts are discussed to capture circulating EPCs on synthetic vascular grafts after implantation. We hypothesize that in vivo self-endothelialisation of blood contacting materials by homing factor-mimetic capture molecules for EPCs may bring revolutionary new perspectives towards future clinical application of stem cell and tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Avci-Adali
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7/1, Tuebingen, Germany
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19
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Waldo SW, Li Y, Buono C, Zhao B, Billings EM, Chang J, Kruth HS. Heterogeneity of human macrophages in culture and in atherosclerotic plaques. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1112-26. [PMID: 18321997 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that monocytes differentiate into unique lineage-determined macrophage subpopulations in response to the local cytokine environment. The present study evaluated the atherogenic potential of two divergent lineage-determined human monocyte-derived macrophage subpopulations. Monocytes were differentiated for 7 days in the presence of alternative macrophage development cytokines: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to produce granulocyte-macrophage-CSF macrophages (GM-Mac), or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to produce M-Mac. Gene chip analyses of three monocyte donors demonstrated differential expression of inflammatory and cholesterol homeostasis genes in the macrophage subpopulations. Quantitative PCR confirmed a fivefold elevation in the expression of genes that promote reverse cholesterol transport (PPAR-gamma, LXR-alpha, and ABCG1) and macrophage emigration from lesions (CCR7) in GM-Mac compared to that in M-Mac. Immunocytochemistry confirmed enhanced expression of the proinflammatory marker CD14 in M-Mac relative to GM-Mac. M-Mac spontaneously accumulated cholesterol when incubated with unmodified low-density lipoprotein whereas GM-Mac only accumulated similar levels of cholesterol after protein kinase C activation. Immunostained human coronary arteries showed that macrophages with similar antigen expression to that of M-Mac (CD68(+)/CD14(+)) were predominant within atherosclerotic lesions whereas macrophages with antigen expression similar to GM-Mac (CD68(+)/CD14(-)) were predominant in areas devoid of disease. The identification of macrophage subpopulations with different gene expression patterns and, thus, different potentials for promoting atherosclerosis has important experimental and clinical implications and could prove to be a valuable finding in developing therapeutic interventions in diseases dependent on macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Waldo
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1422, USA
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20
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Lee YH, Kayyali US, Sousa AM, Rajan T, Lechleider RJ, Day RM. Transforming growth factor-beta1 effects on endothelial monolayer permeability involve focal adhesion kinase/Src. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:485-93. [PMID: 17585111 PMCID: PMC2176121 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0439oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 activity has been shown to increase vascular endothelial barrier permeability, which is believed to precede several pathologic conditions, including pulmonary edema and vessel inflammation. In endothelial monolayers, TGF-beta1 increases permeability, and a number of studies have demonstrated the alteration of cell-cell contacts by TGF-beta1. We hypothesized that focal adhesion complexes also likely contribute to alterations in endothelial permeability. We examined early signal transduction events associated with rapid changes in monolayer permeability and the focal adhesion complex of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Western blotting revealed rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src kinase in response to TGF-beta1; inhibition of both of these kinases using pp2 (4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine), ameliorates TGF-beta1-induced monolayer permeability. Activation of FAK/Src requires activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor downstream of the TGF-beta receptors, and is blocked by the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor AG1478. Immunohistochemistry showed that actin and the focal adhesion proteins paxillin, vinculin, and hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) are rearranged in response to TGF-beta1; these proteins are released from focal adhesion complexes. Rearrangement of paxillin and vinculin by TGF-beta1 is not blocked by the FAK/Src inhibitor, pp2, or by SB431542 inhibition of the TGF-beta type I receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase 5; however, pp1 (4-Amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine), which inhibits both type I and type II TGF-beta receptors, does block paxillin and vinculin rearrangement. Hic-5 protein rearrangement requires FAK/Src activity. Together, these results suggest that TGF-beta1-induced monolayer permeability involves focal adhesion and cytoskeletal rearrangement through both FAK/Src-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
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21
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Liu Y, Wilkinson FL, Kirton JP, Jeziorska M, Iizasa H, Sai Y, Nakashima E, Heagerty AM, Canfield AE, Alexander MY. Hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met expression in pericytes: implications for atherosclerotic plaque development. J Pathol 2007; 212:12-9. [PMID: 17405187 DOI: 10.1002/path.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intraplaque neovascularization contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis. Our aim is to understand the mobilization of cells and factors involved in this process. We investigated the localization of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, in human atherosclerotic plaques, together with the effects of HGF on pericyte migration in vitro. Atherosclerotic femoral arterial segments were collected and analysed from 13 subjects who were undergoing lower limb amputation. Pericytes were identified in human lesions using a 3G5 antibody. Immunohistochemical analysis localized HGF mainly around microvessels, in association with some, but not all, CD31-positive endothelial cells. c-Met expression was mainly associated with smooth muscle cells and pericytes, around some, but not all, microvessels within the atherosclerotic lesions; no detection was apparent in normal internal mammary arteries. Using RT-PCR, we demonstrated expression of HGF and c-Met in a rat pericyte cell-line, TR-PCT1, and in primary pericytes. HGF treatment of TR-PCT1 cells induced their migration, but not their proliferation, in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 ng/ml, p<0.01), an effect mediated by activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt, shown by western blot analysis. Treating the cells with the PI3K inhibitors Wortmannin (0.1 microM) or LY294002 (10 microM) abolished these effects. This work demonstrates the expression of c-Met and HGF in human atherosclerotic arteries, in association with SM-actin-positive cells and CD-31-positive cells, respectively. HGF induces pericyte migration via PI3-kinase and Akt activation in vitro. HGF and c-Met may be involved in neovascularization during plaque development, and may recruit pericytes to neovessels. Since pericytes are thought to mechanically stabilize new blood vessels, these factors may function to protect against haemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular and Endocrine Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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22
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Ohkawara N, Ueda H, Shinozaki S, Kitajima T, Ito Y, Asaoka H, Kawakami A, Kaneko E, Shimokado K. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Fusion Protein Having Collagen-Binding Activity (CBD-HGF) Accelerates Re-endothelialization and Intimal Hyperplasia in Balloon-injured Rat Carotid Artery. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007; 14:185-91. [PMID: 17726293 DOI: 10.5551/jat.e503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. However, re-endothelialization is not enhanced when the native protein is administered to the injured artery, probably due to the short half-life of HGF at the site of injury. Therefore, the effects of an HGF fusion protein having collagen-binding activity (CBD-HGF) on re-endothelialization and neointimal formation was studied in the balloon-injured rat carotid artery. METHODS The left common carotid artery of male Sprague-Dawley rats was injured with an inflated balloon catheter, and then treated with CBD-HGF 10 microg/mL), HGF (10 micro g/mL) or saline (control) for 15 min. After 14 days, the rats were injected with Evans blue and sacrificed. RESULTS The re-endothelialized area was significantly greater in the CBD-HGF- treated rats than in the control or HGF -treated rats. Neointimal formation was significantly more pronounced in the CBD-HGF treated rats than in other rat groups. Both HGF and CBD-HGF stimulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells as well as endothelial cells in vitro. Consistent with this, cultured smooth muscle cells were shown to express the HGF receptor (c-Met). CONCLUSION CBD-HGF accelerates re-endothelialization and neointimal formation in vivo. CBD fusion protein is a useful vehicle to deliver vascular growth factors to injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ohkawara
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Japan
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Rush S, Khan G, Bamisaiye A, Bidwell P, Leaver HA, Rizzo MT. c-jun amino-terminal kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase 1/2 mediate hepatocyte growth factor-induced migration of brain endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2006; 313:121-32. [PMID: 17055484 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) influences several components of the angiogenic response, including endothelial cell migration. While recent studies indicate a crucial role of HGF in brain angiogenesis, the signaling pathways that regulate brain endothelial cell migration by HGF remain uncharacterized. Herein, we report that HGF stimulated human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Challenge of HBMECs with HGF activated the c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), increased phosphorylation of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk-2) at Tyr(402) and activated c-Src. Inhibition of JNK by SP600125 or expression of a dominant negative JNK1 construct abrogated the migratory response of HBMECs to HGF. Treatment of HBMECs with the Src inhibitor PP2 markedly decreased HGF-stimulated JNK activation and migration to HGF. Moreover, expression of a mutant Pyk-2 construct prevented HGF-induced Pyk-2 phosphorylation at Tyr(402) and stimulation of HBMEC migration. Next, we examined activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Stimulation of HBMECs by HGF led to rapid activation of ERK1/2, phosphorylation of Raf-1 at Ser(338) and Tyr(340/341) and MEK1/2 at Ser(222). Moreover, inhibition of ERK activation by UO126 and PD98059 markedly decreased HGF-stimulated HBMEC migration. HGF also activated AKT, while inhibition of AKT by LY294002 induced a modest decrease of HGF-induced HBMEC migration. These results highlight a model whereby JNK and ERK play a critical role in regulation of brain endothelial cell migration by HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rush
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Li S, Tanaka H, Wang HH, Yoshiyama S, Kumagai H, Nakamura A, Brown DL, Thatcher SE, Wright GL, Kohama K. Intracellular signal transduction for migration and actin remodeling in vascular smooth muscle cells after sphingosylphosphorylcholine stimulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H1262-72. [PMID: 16899767 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00901.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) toward sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) were analyzed in light of the hypothesis that remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton should be involved. After SPC stimulation, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38 MAPK (p38) and p42/44 MAPK (p42/44), were found to be phosphorylated. Migration of cells toward SPC was reduced in the presence of SB-203580, an inhibitor of p38, but not PD-98059, an inhibitor of p42/44. Pertussis toxin (PTX), a Giprotein inhibitor, induced an inhibitory effect on p38 phosphorylation and VSMC migration. Myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation occurred after SPC stimulation with or without pretreatment with SB-203580 or PTX. The MLC kinase inhibitor ML-7 and the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 inhibited MLC phosphorylation but only partially inhibited SPC-directed migration. Complete inhibition was achieved with the addition of SB-203580. After SPC stimulation, the actin cytoskeleton formed thick bundles of actin filaments around the periphery of cells, and the cells were surrounded by elongated filopodia, i.e., magunapodia. The peripheral actin bundles consisted of α- and β-actin, but magunapodia consisted exclusively of β-actin. Such a remodeling of actin was reversed by addition of SB-203580 and PTX, but not ML-7 or Y-27632. Taken together, our biochemical and morphological data confirmed the regulation of actin remodeling and suggest that VSMCs migrate toward SPC, not only by an MLC phosphorylation-dependent pathway, but also by an MLC phosphorylation-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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25
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Liu HJ, Wu CT, Duan HF, Wu B, Lu ZZ, Wang L. Adenoviral-mediated gene expression of hepatocyte growth factor prevents postoperative peritoneal adhesion in a rat model. Surgery 2006; 140:441-7. [PMID: 16934607 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesothelial cell proliferation and migration play important roles in reducing formation of postoperative peritoneal adhesions. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional cytokine that stimulates proliferation and migration of various cell types, including mesothelial cells. METHODS We investigated the effect of adenovirus-mediated HGF gene expression on the proliferation and migration of mesothelial cells and evaluated its preventive effects on postoperative formation of peritoneal adhesions. Rat mesothelial cells were isolated and characterized by expression of cytokeratin and vimentin. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining showed that these cells expressed c-Met, the receptor for HGF. Adenoviral-mediated HGF gene transfer into mesothelial cells resulted in high expression of HGF and enhanced migration. To evaluate the preventive effects of adenoviral-mediated HGF gene transfer on the formation of postoperative peritoneal adhesion, we employed a rat model of cecum abrasion-induced adhesion formation in which 80% of the rats developed postoperative peritoneal adhesions. Local application of recombinant adenovirus carrying the HGF gene reduced adhesion formation in 16 of 20 control rats compared with 7 of 20 treated rats in this model. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that adenoviral-mediated HGF gene transfer may be a novel strategy for preventing postoperative peritoneal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Liu
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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26
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Tate A, Isotani S, Bradley MJ, Sikes RA, Davis R, Chung LWK, Edlund M. Met-Independent Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated regulation of cell adhesion in human prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:197. [PMID: 16869958 PMCID: PMC1559714 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer cells communicate reciprocally with the stromal cells surrounding them, inside the prostate, and after metastasis, within the bone. Each tissue secretes factors for interpretation by the other. One stromally-derived factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), was found twenty years ago to regulate invasion and growth of carcinoma cells. Working with the LNCaP prostate cancer progression model, we found that these cells could respond to HGF stimulation, even in the absence of Met, the only known HGF receptor. The new HGF binding partner we find on the cell surface may help to clarify conflicts in the past literature about Met expression and HGF response in cancer cells. METHODS We searched for Met or any HGF binding partner on the cells of the PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell models, using HGF immobilized on agarose beads. By using mass spectrometry analyses and sequencing we have identified nucleolin protein as a novel HGF binding partner. Antibodies against nucleolin (or HGF) were able to ameliorate the stimulatory effects of HGF on met-negative prostate cancer cells. Western blots, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess nucleolin levels during prostate cancer progression in both LNCaP and PC3 models. RESULTS We have identified HGF as a major signaling component of prostate stromal-conditioned media (SCM) and have implicated the protein nucleolin in HGF signal reception by the LNCaP model prostate cancer cells. Antibodies that silence either HGF (in SCM) or nucleolin (on the cell surfaces) eliminate the adhesion-stimulatory effects of the SCM. Likewise, addition of purified HGF to control media mimics the action of SCM. C4-2, an LNCaP lineage-derived, androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell line, responds to HGF in a concentration-dependent manner by increasing its adhesion and reducing its migration on laminin substratum. These HGF effects are not due to shifts in the expression levels of laminin-binding integrins, nor can they be linked to expression of the known HGF receptor Met, as neither LNCaP nor clonally-derived C4-2 sub-line contain any detectable Met protein. Even in the absence of Met, small GTPases are activated, linking HGF stimulation to membrane protrusion and integrin activation. Membrane-localized nucelolin levels increase during cancer progression, as modeled by both the PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer progression cell lines. CONCLUSION We propose that cell surface localized nucleolin protein may function in these cells as a novel HGF receptor. Membrane localized nucleolin binds heparin-bound growth factors (including HGF) and appears upregulated during prostate cancer progression. Antibodies against nucleolin are able to ameliorate the stimulatory effects of HGF on met-negative prostate cancer cells. HGF-nucleolin interactions could be partially responsible for the complexity of HGF responses and met expression reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Tate
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuji Isotani
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Bradley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Robert A Sikes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Rodney Davis
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Magnus Edlund
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration plays a key role in tissue repair after arterial wall injury. VSMC migration requires integration of chemical and mechanical signaling mechanisms. Recently, we showed that epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) proteins are expressed in VSMCs and that ENaC inhibition abolishes pressure-induced constriction in isolated artery segments. However, whether ENaC proteins play a role in VSMC migration is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine whether ENaC molecules are required for VSMC migration. Using RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunolabeling, we detected expression of alpha-, beta-, and gammaENaC transcripts and proteins in cultured VSMCs (SV40-LT and A10 cells). Of the three proteins, betaENaC was the most readily detected in both cell lines by immunolocalization and Western blotting. Inhibition of ENaC activity with 1 microM benzamil blunted VSMC migration associated with wound healing (40.3% at 8 h and 26.2% at 24 h) and in response to the chemotactic stimulant platelet-derived growth factor-BB (38.1%). Furthermore, silencing ENaC gene expression with small interfering RNA blunted VSMC migration. These data indicate that expression of ENaC proteins is required for normal VSMC migration and suggest a potential new role for ENaC proteins in vascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira C Grifoni
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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28
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Kang HS, Kim SK, Cho BK, Kim YY, Hwang YS, Wang KC. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase Genes in Familial Moyamoya Disease. Neurosurgery 2006; 58:1074-80; discussion 1074-80. [PMID: 16723886 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000215854.66011.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The genes encoding tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 4 and TIMP2 span chromosomes 3p24.2-p26 and 17q25, respectively, which are the locations of familial moyamoya disease (FMMD) genes. We investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TIMP2 and TIMP4 genes in FMMD patients to determine genetic predispositions. METHODS Eleven blood samples from FMMD patients were recruited. Controls included 50 blood samples from patients with nonfamilial moyamoya disease (MMD) and another 50 blood samples from non-MMD persons. We evaluated the promoter regions, exon-intron junctions, and the exons of the TIMP2 and TIMP4 genes by direct sequencing, and compared single nucleotide polymorphisms frequencies among the study groups. RESULTS A significantly higher frequency of a heterozygous genotype was found in the TIMP2 promoter region at position -418 in FMMD; that is, the G/C heterozygous genotype at position -418 was observed in nine of 11 patients with FMMD, in 16 out of 50 nonfamilial MMD control participants, and in 14 out of 50 non-MMD control participants (FMMD versus nonfamilial MMD: odds ratio, 9.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.85-49.48; P = 0.005; and FMMD versus non-MMD: odds ratio, 10.50; 95% confidence interval, 2.02-54.55; P = 0.001). This base at position -418 corresponds to the third base of the GAGGCTGGG sequence, an Sp1 binding site. Thus, changes in this position may influence Sp1 binding and subsequent transcription of the gene. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the presence of a G/C heterozygous genotype at position -418 in TIMP2 promoter could be a genetic predisposing factor for FMMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seung Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Kobayashi H, DeBusk LM, Babichev YO, Dumont DJ, Lin PC. Hepatocyte growth factor mediates angiopoietin-induced smooth muscle cell recruitment. Blood 2006; 108:1260-6. [PMID: 16638932 PMCID: PMC1895873 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-012807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between endothelial cells (ECs) and mural cells is critical in vascular maturation. Genetic studies suggest that angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling may play a role in the recruitment of pericytes or smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during vascular maturation. However, the molecular mechanism is unclear. We used microarray technology to analyze genes regulated by angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), an agonist ligand for Tie2, in endothelial cells (ECs). We observed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a mediator of mural cell motility, was up-regulated by Ang1 stimulation. We confirmed this finding by Northern blot and Western blot analyses in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, stimulation of ECs with Ang1 increased SMC migration toward endothelial cells in a coculture assay. Addition of a neutralizing anti-HGF antibody inhibited Ang1-induced SMC recruitment, indicating that the induction of SMC migration by Ang1 was caused by the increase of HGF. Interestingly, Ang2, an antagonist ligand of Tie2, inhibited Ang1-induced HGF production and Ang1-induced SMC migration. Finally, we showed that deletion of Tie2 in transgenic mouse reduced HGF production. Collectively, our data reveal a novel mechanism of Ang/Tie2 signaling in regulating vascular maturation and suggest that a delicate balance between Ang1 and Ang2 is critical in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Kobayashi
- Deprtment of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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30
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McKinnon H, Gherardi E, Reidy M, Bowyer D. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and MET are involved in arterial repair and atherogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:340-8. [PMID: 16400035 PMCID: PMC1592681 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that in the arterial wall hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is expressed by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) but acts on endothelial cells, not SMCs. Other studies, however, have indicated that SMCs can respond to HGF/SF. We have reinvestigated expression and activity of HGF/SF and its receptor MET in arterial SMC and endothelial cell cultures and in whole arteries after superficial or deep injury or atherogenesis. High-density cultures of SMCs produced HGF/SF but did not express MET, whereas SMCs, at the leading edge of injured cultures, expressed both ligand and receptor and showed a dramatic motility and growth response to HGF/SF. In line with these results, HGF/SF and MET expression was undetectable in the media of uninjured carotid arteries but was induced after deep arterial injury in areas of SMC migration in the neointima. Strong MET expression was also observed in the SMCs of the atherosclerotic lesions of homozygous apoE(-/-) mice, whereas HGF/SF was expressed by macrophage-derived foam cells. These results demonstrate that MET is induced in migrating and proliferating SMCs and that HGF/SF and MET are key mediators of the SMC response in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather McKinnon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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31
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Haug C, Lenz C, Bachem MG. Oxidized LDL inhibit hepatocyte growth factor synthesis in coronary smooth muscle cells. Int J Cardiol 2005; 103:298-306. [PMID: 16098393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent regeneration factor for endothelial and epithelial cells, and has also been shown to modulate extracellular matrix synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in renal epithelial cells and tumor cells. Controversial results have been published concerning the possible role of HGF in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis. In this study, we have investigated the effect of oxidized low density lipoproteins (LDL) and elevated glucose concentrations on HGF synthesis in cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. In addition, we have studied whether HGF modulates the release of extracellular matrix, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) by coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Oxidized LDL (1-10 microg/ml) induced a significant dose-dependent decrease of HGF release and a concomitant decrease of HGF mRNA expression, whereas native LDL and elevated glucose concentrations induced no significant changes of HGF synthesis. Incubation of cultured human coronary smooth muscle cells with human HGF (1-100 ng/ml) did not significantly alter cell migration and collagen I, fibronectin, EMMPRIN, MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 release. In summary, our results provide evidence that HGF does not promote coronary plaque growth or plaque destabilization. Regarding the fact that HGF is a potent endothelial cell regeneration factor, the observed downregulation of HGF synthesis by oxidized LDL supports the concept that HGF might be a protective factor in coronary atherosclerosis and that a decrease rather than an increase of HGF synthesis might promote coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Haug
- Central Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, D-89070 Ulm, Germany.
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32
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Rotmans JI, Heyligers JMM, Verhagen HJM, Velema E, Nagtegaal MM, de Kleijn DPV, de Groot FG, Stroes ESG, Pasterkamp G. In Vivo Cell Seeding With Anti-CD34 Antibodies Successfully Accelerates Endothelialization but Stimulates Intimal Hyperplasia in Porcine Arteriovenous Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts. Circulation 2005; 112:12-8. [PMID: 15983250 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.504407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
The patency of AV expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts for hemodialysis is impaired by intimal hyperplasia (IH) at the venous outflow tract. The absence of a functional endothelial monolayer on the prosthetic grafts is an important stimulus for IH. In the present study, we evaluated the feasibility of capturing endothelial progenitor cells in vivo using anti-CD34 antibodies on ePTFE grafts to inhibit IH in porcine AV ePTFE grafts.
Methods and Results—
In 11 pigs, anti-CD34–coated ePTFE grafts were implanted between the carotid artery and internal jugular vein. Bare ePTFE grafts were implanted at the contralateral side. After 3 (n=2) or 28 (n=9) days, the pigs were terminated, and the AV grafts were excised for histological analysis and SEM. At 3 and 28 days after implantation, 95% and 85% of the coated graft surface was covered by endothelial cells. In contrast, no cell coverage was observed in the bare graft at 3 days, whereas at 28 days, bare grafts were partly covered with endothelial cells (32%;
P
=0.04). Twenty-eight days after implantation, IH at the venous anastomosis was strongly increased in anti-CD34–coated grafts (5.96±1.9 mm
2
) compared with bare grafts (1.70±0.4 mm
2
;
P
=0.03). This increase in IH coincided with enhanced cellular proliferation at the venous anastomosis.
Conclusions—
Autoseeding with anti-CD34 antibodies results in rapid endothelialization within 72 hours. Despite persistent endothelial graft coverage, IH at the outflow tract is increased profoundly at 4 weeks after implantation. Further modifications are required to stimulate the protective effects of trapped endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris I Rotmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Kanematsu A, Yamamoto S, Iwai-Kanai E, Kanatani I, Imamura M, Adam RM, Tabata Y, Ogawa O. Induction of smooth muscle cell-like phenotype in marrow-derived cells among regenerating urinary bladder smooth muscle cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:565-73. [PMID: 15681839 PMCID: PMC1602323 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration on acellular matrix grafts has great potential for therapeutic organ reconstruction. However, hollow organs such as the bladder require smooth muscle cell regeneration, the mechanisms of which are not well defined. We investigated the mechanisms by which bone marrow cells participate in smooth muscle formation during urinary bladder regeneration, using in vivo and in vitro model systems. In vivo bone marrow cells expressing green fluorescent protein were transplanted into lethally irradiated rats. Eight weeks following transplantation, bladder domes of the rats were replaced with bladder acellular matrix grafts. Two weeks after operation transplanted marrow cells repopulated the graft, as evidenced by detection of fluorescent staining. By 12 weeks they reconstituted the smooth muscle layer, with native smooth muscle cells (SMC) infiltrating the graft. In vitro, the differential effects of distinct growth factor environments created by either bladder urothelial cells or bladder SMC on phenotypic changes of marrow cells were examined. First, supernatants of cultured bladder cells were used as conditioned media for marrow cells. Second, these conditions were reconstituted with exogenous growth factors. In each case, a growth factor milieu characteristic of SMC induced an SMC-like phenotype in marrow cells, whereas that of urothelial cells failed. These findings suggest that marrow cells differentiate into smooth muscle on acellular matrix grafts in response to the environment created by SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kanematsu
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawaracho, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan 606-8507
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34
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Rahman S, Patel Y, Murray J, Patel KV, Sumathipala R, Sobel M, Wijelath ES. Novel hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binding domains on fibronectin and vitronectin coordinate a distinct and amplified Met-integrin induced signalling pathway in endothelial cells. BMC Cell Biol 2005; 6:8. [PMID: 15717924 PMCID: PMC553973 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growth of new blood vessels in adult life requires the initiation of endothelial cell migration and proliferation from pre-existing vessels in addition to the recruitment and differentiation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Signals emanating from growth factors and the extracellular matrix are important in regulating these processes. Results Here we report that fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) modulate the responses of endothelial cells to HGF (Scatter Factor), an important pro-angiogenic mediator. Novel binding sites for HGF were identified on both FN and VN that generate molecular complexes with enhanced biological activity and these were identified in the supernatants of degranulated platelet suspensions implicating their release and formation in vivo. In the absence of co-stimulation with an ECM glycoprotein, HGF could not promote endothelial cell migration but retained the capacity to induce a proliferative response utilising the Map kinase pathway. Through promoting Met-Integrin association, HGF-FN and HGF-VN complexes coordinated and enhanced endothelial cell migration through activation of the PI-3 kinase pathway involving a Ras-dependent mechanism whereas a Ras-independent and attenuated migratory response was promoted by co-stimulation of cells with HGF and a non-binding partner ECM glycoprotein such as collagen-1. Conclusions These studies identify a novel mechanism and pathway of HGF signalling in endothelial cells involving cooperation between Met and integrins in a Ras dependent manner. These findings have implications for the regulation of neovascularization in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Rahman
- Coagulation Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yatin Patel
- Coagulation Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Murray
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine and VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Kirti V Patel
- Coagulation Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rushika Sumathipala
- Coagulation Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael Sobel
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine and VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Errol S Wijelath
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine and VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle WA, USA
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35
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Date I, Takagi N, Takagi K, Kago T, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Takeo S. Hepatocyte growth factor improved learning and memory dysfunction of microsphere-embolized rats. J Neurosci Res 2005; 78:442-53. [PMID: 15389834 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an organotropic factor for regeneration and protection in various organs, has the ability to attenuate cerebral ischemia-induced cell death. The effect of HGF on learning and memory function after cerebral ischemia, however, remains unknown. We have demonstrated that administration of human recombinant HGF (hrHGF) into the ventricle reduced prolongation of the escape latency in acquisition and retention tests of the water maze task on Days 12-28 after microsphere embolism-induced cerebral ischemia. Treatment with hrHGF also attenuated the decrease in viable area and the density and number of perfused cerebral vessels, particularly those with a diameter smaller than 10 microm, of the ipsilateral hemisphere on Day 28 after the cerebral ischemia. We observed that treatment with hrHGF reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cerebral endothelial cells at the early stage after the ischemia. These results suggest that hrHGF prevents learning and memory dysfunction seen after sustained cerebral ischemia by protecting against injury to the endothelial cells. HGF treatment may be a potent therapeutic strategy for cerebrovascular diseases, including cerebral infarct and vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Date
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392 Tokyo, Japan
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