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Zhong X, Wei X, Xu Y, Zhu X, Huo B, Guo X, Feng G, Zhang Z, Feng X, Fang Z, Luo Y, Yi X, Jiang DS. The lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 facilitates neointimal hyperplasia by regulating the HDAC3-SRF axis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:712-728. [PMID: 38322347 PMCID: PMC10840433 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary restenosis is an important cause of poor long-term prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease. Here, we show that lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 expression in the nucleus is significantly elevated in serum- and PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and in tissues of carotid artery injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Smyd2 overexpression in VSMCs (Smyd2-vTg) facilitates, but treatment with its specific inhibitor LLY-507 or SMYD2 knockdown significantly inhibits VSMC phenotypic switching and carotid artery injury-induced neointima formation in mice. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that SMYD2 knockdown represses the expression of serum response factor (SRF) target genes and that SRF overexpression largely reverses the inhibitory effect of SMYD2 knockdown on VSMC proliferation. HDAC3 directly interacts with and deacetylates SRF, which enhances SRF transcriptional activity in VSMCs. Moreover, SMYD2 promotes HDAC3 expression via tri-methylation of H3K36 at its promoter. RGFP966, a specific inhibitor of HDAC3, not only counteracts the pro-proliferation effect of SMYD2 overexpression on VSMCs, but also inhibits carotid artery injury-induced neointima formation in mice. HDAC3 partially abolishes the inhibitory effect of SMYD2 knockdown on VSMC proliferation in a deacetylase activity-dependent manner. Our results reveal that the SMYD2-HDAC3-SRF axis constitutes a novel and critical epigenetic mechanism that regulates VSMC phenotypic switching and neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhong
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xuehai Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bo Huo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gaoke Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuxuan Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
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Wang J, Tian X, Yan C, Wu H, Bu Y, Li J, Liu D, Han Y. TCF7L1 Accelerates Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Aggravates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:155-170. [PMID: 36908661 PMCID: PMC9998605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells is a central process in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathology. We found that knockdown TCF7L1 (transcription factor 7-like 1), a member of the TCF/LEF (T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor) family of transcription factors, inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. This study hints at potential interventions to maintain a normal, differentiated smooth muscle cell state, thereby eliminating the pathogenesis of AAA. In addition, our study provides insights into the potential use of TCF7L1 as a biomarker for AAA.
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Key Words
- AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- CVF, collagen volume fraction
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SM22α, smooth muscle protein 22-α
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- SRF, serum response factor
- TCF7L1
- TCF7L1, transcription factor 7-like 1
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- abdominal aortic aneurysms
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- phenotypic switching
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- smooth muscle cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tian
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Hanlin Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxin Bu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaling Han
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Liu JX, Huang T, Xie D, Yu Q. Bves maintains vascular smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype and protects against transplant vasculopathy via Dusp1-dependent p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling. Atherosclerosis 2022; 357:20-32. [PMID: 36037759 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) plasticity is tightly associated with the pathological process of vasculopathy. Blood vessel epicardial substance (Bves) has emerged as an important regulator of intracardiac vasculogenesis and organ homeostasis. However, the involvement and role of Bves in VSMC plasticity and neointimal lesion development remain unclear. METHODS We used an in vivo rat model of graft arteriosclerosis and in vitro PDGF-treated VSMCs and identified the novel VSMC contractile phenotype-related gene Bves using a transcriptomic analysis and literature search. In vitro knockdown and overexpression approaches were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying VSMC phenotypic plasticity. In vivo, VSMC-specific Bves overexpression in rat aortic grafts was generated to assess the physiological function of Bves in neointimal lesion development. RESULTS Here, we found that Bves expression was negatively regulated in aortic allografts in vivo and PDGF-treated VSMCs in vitro. The genetic knockdown of Bves dramatically inhibited, whereas Bves overexpression markedly promoted, the VSMC contractile phenotype. Furthermore, RNA sequencing unraveled a positive correlation between Bves and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (Dusp1) expression in VSMCs. We found that Bves knockdown restrained Dusp1 expression, but enhanced p38MAPK and ERK1/2 activation, resulting in the loss of the VSMC contractile phenotype. In vivo, an analysis of a rat graft model confirmed that VSMC-specific Bves and Dusp1 overexpression in aortic allografts significantly attenuated neointimal lesion formation. CONCLUSIONS Bves maintains the VSMC contractile phenotype through Dusp1-dependent p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling, and protects against neointimal formation, underscoring the important role of Bves in preventing transplant vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Huang
- The Eight Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dawei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qihong Yu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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Kitagawa A, Jacob C, Gupte SA. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and MEG3 controls hypoxia-induced expression of serum response factor (SRF) and SRF-dependent genes in pulmonary smooth muscle cell. J Smooth Muscle Res 2022; 58:34-49. [PMID: 35491127 PMCID: PMC9057900 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.58.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hypoxia induces aberrant gene expression and dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), mechanisms that alter dedifferentiation gene expression by hypoxia remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to gain insight into the hypoxia-controlled gene expression in SMCs. We conducted studies using SMCs cultured in 3% oxygen (hypoxia) and the lungs of mice exposed to 10% oxygen (hypoxia). Our results suggest hypoxia upregulated expression of transcription factor CP2-like protein1, krüppel-like factor 4, and E2f transcription factor 1 enriched genes including basonuclin 2 (Bcn2), serum response factor (Srf), polycomb 3 (Cbx8), homeobox D9 (Hoxd9), lysine demethylase 1A (Kdm1a), etc. Additionally, we found that silencing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) expression and inhibiting G6PD activity downregulated Srf transcript and hypomethylation of SMC genes (Myocd, Myh11, and Cnn1) and concomitantly increased their expression in the lungs of hypoxic mice. Furthermore, G6PD inhibition hypomethylated MEG3, a long non-coding RNA, gene and upregulated MEG3 expression in the lungs of hypoxic mice and in hypoxic SMCs. Silencing MEG3 expression in SMC mitigated the hypoxia-induced transcription of SRF. These findings collectively demonstrate that MEG3 and G6PD codependently regulate Srf expression in hypoxic SMCs. Moreover, G6PD inhibition upregulated SRF-MYOCD-driven gene expression, determinant of a differentiated SMC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kitagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, BSB 546, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Christina Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, BSB 546, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Sachin A Gupte
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, BSB 546, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Cao SH, Chen ZH, Ma RY, Yue L, Jiang HM, Dong LH. Dynamics and Functional Interplay of Nonhistone Lysine Crotonylome and Ubiquitylome in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:783739. [PMID: 35369347 PMCID: PMC8964401 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.783739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe crotonylation of histones is discovered of late as one of the post-translational modifications (PTMs) that can regulate gene expression. However, the function of crotonylation on nonhistone proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is unclear. Here, we aim to find the cellular characteristics of crotonylated nonhistone proteins and the cross talk with ubiquitinated proteins in VSMC phenotypic remodeling using the modified omics and proteomic analysis.MethodsWe performed the modified omics and proteomic analysis of VSMCs before and after the stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). The crotonylated and ubiquitinated pan-antibody was used to enrich proteins and then subjected to a high-throughput mass spectrometry analysis. The enrichment analysis was performed within differentially modified proteins in regard to GO terms, KEGG, and protein domains.ResultsAs a result, there were 2,138 crotonylation sites in 534 proteins and 1,359 ubiquitination sites corresponding to 657 proteins. These crotonylated proteins detected after PDGF-BB stimulation might be involved in various vital cellular pathways and carry out important functions in VSMCs. Some of them closely took part in significant physiological processes of VSMC phenotypic remodeling, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed the involvement of ubiquitinated proteins in the physiological processes of VSMC phenotypic remodeling, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, vascular smooth muscle contraction, RAS signaling pathway, or the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. A cross talk analysis showed that there were 199 sites within the 177 proteins modified by crotonylation and ubiquitination simultaneously. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis indicated that crotonylated and ubiquitinated proteins play an important role in cellular bioprocess commonly and possibly have a synergistic effect.ConclusionIn summary, our bioinformatics analysis shows that the crotonylation and ubiquitination of nonhistone proteins play an essential role in VSMC phenotypic transformation induced by PDGF-BB stimulation. The cross talk between crotonylation and ubiquitination in glycolysis is possibly a novel mechanism during VSMC phenotypic remodeling.
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Örd T, Õunap K, Stolze LK, Aherrahrou R, Nurminen V, Toropainen A, Selvarajan I, Lönnberg T, Aavik E, Ylä-Herttuala S, Civelek M, Romanoski CE, Kaikkonen MU. Single-Cell Epigenomics and Functional Fine-Mapping of Atherosclerosis GWAS Loci. Circ Res 2021; 129:240-258. [PMID: 34024118 PMCID: PMC8260472 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Many of these loci are enriched in cisregulatory elements but not linked to cardiometabolic risk factors nor to candidate causal genes, complicating their functional interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Örd
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Kadri Õunap
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Lindsey K. Stolze
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (L.K.S., C.E.R.)
| | - Redouane Aherrahrou
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Valtteri Nurminen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Anu Toropainen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Ilakya Selvarajan
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland (T.L.)
| | - Einari Aavik
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Casey E. Romanoski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (L.K.S., C.E.R.)
| | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (T.Ö., K.Õ., V.N., A.T., I.S., E.A., S.Y.-H., M.U.K.)
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Aberdeen H, Battles K, Taylor A, Garner-Donald J, Davis-Wilson A, Rogers BT, Cavalier C, Williams ED. The Aging Vasculature: Glucose Tolerance, Hypoglycemia and the Role of the Serum Response Factor. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:58. [PMID: 34067715 PMCID: PMC8156687 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fastest growing demographic in the U.S. at the present time is those aged 65 years and older. Accompanying advancing age are a myriad of physiological changes in which reserve capacity is diminished and homeostatic control attenuates. One facet of homeostatic control lost with advancing age is glucose tolerance. Nowhere is this more accentuated than in the high proportion of older Americans who are diabetic. Coupled with advancing age, diabetes predisposes affected subjects to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the treatment of type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemic episodes are a frequent clinical manifestation, which often result in more severe pathological outcomes compared to those observed in cases of insulin resistance, including premature appearance of biomarkers of senescence. Unfortunately, molecular mechanisms of hypoglycemia remain unclear and the subject of much debate. In this review, the molecular basis of the aging vasculature (endothelium) and how glycemic flux drives the appearance of cardiovascular lesions and injury are discussed. Further, we review the potential role of the serum response factor (SRF) in driving glycemic flux-related cellular signaling through its association with various proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Aberdeen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baptist Health Sciences University, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; or
| | - Kaela Battles
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Ariana Taylor
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Jeranae Garner-Donald
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Ana Davis-Wilson
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Bryan T. Rogers
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Candice Cavalier
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Emmanuel D. Williams
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
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Wang Q, Ozer HG, Wang B, Zhang M, Urabe G, Huang Y, Kent KC, Guo LW. A hierarchical and collaborative BRD4/CEBPD partnership governs vascular smooth muscle cell inflammation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:54-66. [PMID: 33768129 PMCID: PMC7966960 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain protein BRD4 reads histone acetylation (H3K27ac), an epigenomic mark of transcription enhancers. CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD) is a transcription factor typically studied in metabolism. While both are potent effectors and potential therapeutic targets, their relationship was previously unknown. Here we investigated their interplay in vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) inflammation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed H3K27ac/BRD4 enrichment at Cebpd in injured rat carotid arteries. While genomic deletion of BRD4-associated enhancer in SMCs in vitro decreased Cebpd transcripts, BRD4 gene silencing also diminished Cebpd mRNA and protein, indicative of a BRD4 control over CEBPD expression. Bromodomain-1, but not bromodomain-2, accounted for this BRD4 function. Moreover, endogenous BRD4 protein co-immunoprecipitated with CEBPD, and both proteins co-immunoprecipitated the Cebpd promoter and enhancer DNA fragments. These co-immunoprecipitations (coIPs) were all abolished by the BRD4-bromodomain blocker JQ1, suggesting a BRD4/CEBPD /promoter/enhancer complex. While BRD4 and CEBPD were both upregulated upon tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulation of SMC inflammation (increased interleukin [IL]-1b, IL-6, and MCP-1), they mediated this stimulation via preferentially elevated expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα, versus PDGFRβ), as indicated by loss- and gain-of-function experiments. Taken together, our study unravels a hierarchical yet collaborative BRD4/CEBPD relationship, a previously unrecognized mechanism that prompts SMC inflammation and may underlie other pathophysiological processes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hatice Gulcin Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Go Urabe
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yitao Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - K Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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9
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Onuh JO, Qiu H. Serum response factor-cofactor interactions and their implications in disease. FEBS J 2020; 288:3120-3134. [PMID: 32885587 PMCID: PMC7925694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF), a member of the Mcm1, Agamous, Deficiens, and SRF (MADS) box transcription factor, is widely expressed in all cell types and plays a crucial role in the physiological function and development of diseases. SRF regulates its downstream genes by binding to their CArG DNA box by interacting with various cofactors. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, therefore attracting increasing research attention due to the importance of this topic. This review's objective is to discuss the new progress in the studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of SRF and its impacts in physiological and pathological conditions. Notably, we summarized the recent studies on the interaction of SRF with its two main types of cofactors belonging to the myocardin families of transcription factors and the members of the ternary complex factors. The knowledge of these mechanisms will create new opportunities for understanding the dynamics of many traits and disease pathogenesis especially, cardiovascular diseases and cancer that could serve as targets for pharmacological control and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oloche Onuh
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Guo S, Zhang R, Liu Q, Wan Q, Wang Y, Yu Y, Liu G, Shen Y, Yu Y, Zhang J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes injury-induced vascular neointima formation in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:10207-10217. [PMID: 31216422 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900546r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental pollutant that causes cardiovascular toxicity. The phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype is a hallmark of vascular response to injury. However, the precise role and molecular mechanism of TCDD in vascular remodeling remains unknown. In the present study, we found that TCDD treatment promoted VSMC phenotypic transition from contractile to synthetic phenotype and exaggerated vascular neointimal hyperplasia after wire injury in mice. TCDD treatment enhanced VSMC entry into cell cycle from G0/G1 phase to S and G2/M phase. The expression of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and its phosphorylation were coordinately increased in response to TCDD treatment. Knocking down of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) inhibited VSMC phenotypic transition induced by TCDD and promoted S/G2 phase cell cycle arrest. TCDD treatment markedly increased oncogenic c-Jun gene expression in VSMCs. ChIP assay revealed the direct binding of AHR on the promoter of c-Jun to up-regulate the mRNA expression of c-Jun. Silencing of c-Jun gene enhanced the expression of p53 and p21, whereas attenuated the expression of CDK4 and cyclin D1 leading to the decrease in the TCDD-stimulated VSMC proliferation and synthetic phenotype transition in vitro. In vivo study showed that genetic ablation of c-Jun in VSMCs restricted injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia in TCDD-treated mice. Thus, TCDD exposure exaggerated injury-induced vascular remodeling by the activation of AHR and up-regulation of the expression of its target gene c-Jun, indicating that inhibition of AHR may be a promising prevention strategy for TCDD-associated cardiovascular diseases.-Guo, S., Zhang, R., Liu, Q., Wan, Q., Wang, Y., Yu, Y., Liu, G., Shen, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang, J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes injury-induced vascular neointima formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiangyou Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Pan S, Lai H, Shen Y, Breeze C, Beck S, Hong T, Wang C, Teschendorff AE. DNA methylome analysis reveals distinct epigenetic patterns of ascending aortic dissection and bicuspid aortic valve. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:692-704. [PMID: 28444195 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Epigenetics may mediate the effects of environmental risk factors on disease, including heart disease. Thus, measuring the DNA methylome offers the opportunity to identify novel disease biomarkers and novel insights into disease mechanisms. The DNA methylation landscape of ascending aortic dissection (AD) and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) with aortic aneurysmal dilatation remain uncharacterized. The present study aimed to explore the genome-wide DNA methylation landscape underpinning these two diseases. Methods and results We used Illumina 450k DNA methylation beadarrays to analyse 21 ascending aorta samples, including 10 cases with AD, 5 with BAV and 6 healthy controls. We adjusted for intra-sample cellular heterogeneity, providing the first unbiased genome-wide exploration of the DNA methylation landscape underpinning these two diseases. We discover that both diseases are characterized by loss of DNA methylation at non-CpG sites. We validate this non-CpG hypomethylation signature with pyrosequencing. In contrast to non-CpGs, AD and BAV exhibit distinct DNA methylation landscapes at CpG sites, with BAV characterized mainly by hypermethylation of EZH2 targets. In the case of AD, integrative DNA methylation gene expression analysis reveals that AD is characterized by a dedifferentiated smooth muscle cell phenotype. Our integrative analysis further reveals hypomethylation associated overexpression of RARA in AD, a pattern which is also seen in cells exposed to smoke toxins. Conclusion Our data supports a model in which increased cellular proliferation in AD and BAV underpins loss of methylation at non-CpG sites. Our data further supports a model, in which AD is associated with an inflammatory vascular remodeling process, possibly mediated by the epigenome and linked to environmental risk factors such as smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Pan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Lai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- CAS Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Charles Breeze
- Medical Genomics, Paul O'Gorman Building, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, Paul O'Gorman Building, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Andrew E Teschendorff
- CAS Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,Statistical Cancer Genomics, Paul O'Gorman Building, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Women's Cancer, University College London, Medical School Building, Room 340, 74 Huntley Street, LondonWC1E 6AU, UK
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12
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Gomez D, Swiatlowska P, Owens GK. Epigenetic Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Identity and Lineage Memory. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2508-16. [PMID: 26449751 PMCID: PMC4662608 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), like all cells, acquire a cell-specific epigenetic signature during development that includes acquisition of a unique repertoire of histone and DNA modifications. These changes are postulated to induce an open chromatin state (referred to as euchromatin) on the repertoire of genes that are expressed in differentiated SMC, including SMC-selective marker genes like Acta2 and Myh11, as well as housekeeping genes expressed by most cell types. In contrast, genes that are silenced in differentiated SMC acquire modifications associated with a closed chromatin state (ie, heterochromatin) and transcriptional silencing. Herein, we review mechanisms that regulate epigenetic control of the differentiated state of SMC. In addition, we identify some of the major limitations in the field and future challenges, including development of innovative new tools and approaches, for performing single-cell epigenetic assays and locus-selective editing of the epigenome that will allow direct studies of the functional role of specific epigenetic controls during development, injury repair, and disease, including major cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and microvascular disease, associated with diabetes mellitus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/drug effects
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/pathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Epigenomics/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gomez
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (D.G., G.K.O.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Pamela Swiatlowska
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (D.G., G.K.O.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Gary K Owens
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (D.G., G.K.O.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
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13
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Chen C, Wang Y, Yang S, Li H, Zhao G, Wang F, Yang L, Wang DW. MiR-320a contributes to atherogenesis by augmenting multiple risk factors and down-regulating SRF. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:970-85. [PMID: 25728840 PMCID: PMC4420600 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis progress is regulated by a variety of factors. Here, we show that miR-320a, an intergenic miRNA, is markedly elevated in the peripheral blood of coronary heart disease patients and high-risk patients. Microarray analysis and qRT-PCR assays showed that circulating miRNA-320a was highly expressed in coronary artery disease patients. In vivo study showed that overexpression of miR-320a resulted in significant increase in levels of plasma lipid (total cholesterol, Triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein) and serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, MCP-1, sICAM, pSelectin, TNF-α and fibrinogen). In ApoE(-/-) mice, miR-320a expression attenuates endothelium cell function and promotes atherogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis identified serum response factor as a potential target for miR-320a, which was validated by luciferase reporter activity assay and western-blot in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, miR-320a expression inhibits human-derived endothelium cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. We also found that SP1 transcriptionally up-regulates hsa-miR-320a expression. Our observations indicate that miR-320a is a key regulator contributing to multiple aspects of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Wanjare M, Kusuma S, Gerecht S. Perivascular cells in blood vessel regeneration. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:434-47. [PMID: 23554249 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular engineering seeks to design and construct functional blood vessels comprising endothelial cells (ECs) and perivascular cells (PCs), with the ultimate goal of clinical translation. While EC behavior has been extensively investigated, PCs play an equally significant role in the development of novel regenerative strategies, providing functionality and stability to vessels. The two major classes of PCs are vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) and pericytes; vSMCs can be further sub-classified as either contractile or synthetic. The inclusion of these cell types is crucial for successful regeneration of blood vessels. Furthermore, understanding distinctions between vSMCs and pericytes will enable improved therapeutics in a tissue-specific manner. Here we focus on the approaches and challenges facing the use of PCs in vascular regeneration, including their characteristics, stem cell sources, and interactions with ECs. Finally, we discuss biochemical and microRNA (miR) regulators of PC behavior and engineering approaches that mimic various cues affecting PC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wanjare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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15
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Bi D, Toyama K, Lemaître V, Takai J, Fan F, Jenkins DP, Wulff H, Gutterman DD, Park F, Miura H. The intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via controlling calcium-dependent signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15843-53. [PMID: 23609438 PMCID: PMC3668741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 contributes to a variety of cell activation processes in pathologies such as inflammation, carcinogenesis, and vascular remodeling. We examined the electrophysiological and transcriptional mechanisms by which KCa3.1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF)-induced proliferation of human coronary artery VSMCs was attenuated by lowering intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and was enhanced by elevating [Ca(2+)]i. KCa3.1 blockade or knockdown inhibited proliferation by suppressing the rise in [Ca(2+)]i and attenuating the expression of phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), c-Fos, and neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1). This antiproliferative effect was abolished by elevating [Ca(2+)]i. KCa3.1 overexpression induced VSMC proliferation, and potentiated PDGF-induced proliferation, by inducing CREB phosphorylation, c-Fos, and NOR-1. Pharmacological stimulation of KCa3.1 unexpectedly suppressed proliferation by abolishing the expression and activity of KCa3.1 and PDGF β-receptors and inhibiting the rise in [Ca(2+)]i. The stimulation also attenuated the levels of phosphorylated CREB, c-Fos, and cyclin expression. After KCa3.1 blockade, the characteristic round shape of VSMCs expressing high l-caldesmon and low calponin-1 (dedifferentiation state) was maintained, whereas KCa3.1 stimulation induced a spindle-shaped cellular appearance, with low l-caldesmon and high calponin-1. In conclusion, KCa3.1 plays an important role in VSMC proliferation via controlling Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways, and its modulation may therefore constitute a new therapeutic target for cell proliferative diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bi
- From the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Kazuyoshi Toyama
- the Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - Vincent Lemaître
- From the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Jun Takai
- From the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Fan Fan
- the Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - David P. Jenkins
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Heike Wulff
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David D. Gutterman
- the Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - Frank Park
- the Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - Hiroto Miura
- From the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557
- the Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
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16
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Cattaruzza M, Nogoy N, Wojtowicz A, Hecker M. Zinc finger motif‐1 antagonizes PDGF‐BB‐induced growth and dediffer‐entiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2012; 26:4864-75. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cattaruzza
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyDivision of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nicole Nogoy
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyDivision of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Agnieszka Wojtowicz
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyDivision of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyDivision of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
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17
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Horita HN, Simpson PA, Ostriker A, Furgeson S, Van Putten V, Weiser-Evans MCM, Nemenoff RA. Serum response factor regulates expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog through a microRNA network in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2909-19. [PMID: 21940949 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.233585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum response factor (SRF) is a critical transcription factor in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) controlling differentiation and proliferation. Our previous work demonstrated that depleting SRF in cultured SMCs decreased expression of SMC markers but increased proliferation and inflammatory mediators. A similar phenotype has been observed in SMCs silenced for phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), suggesting that SRF and PTEN may lie on a common pathway. Our goal was to determine the effect of SRF depletion on PTEN levels and define mechanisms mediating this effect. METHODS AND RESULTS In SRF-silenced SMCs, PTEN protein levels but not mRNA levels were decreased, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation. Reintroduction of PTEN into SRF-depleted SMCs reversed increases in proliferation and cytokine/chemokine production but had no effect on SMC marker expression. SRF-depleted cells showed decreased levels of microRNA (miR)-143 and increased miR-21, which was sufficient to suppress PTEN. Increased miR-21 expression was dependent on induction of Fos related antigen (FRA)-1, which is a direct target of miR-143. Introducing miR-143 into SRF-depleted SMCs reduced FRA-1 expression and miR-21 levels and restored PTEN expression. CONCLUSIONS SRF regulates PTEN expression in SMCs through a miR network involving miR-143, targeting FRA-1, which regulates miR-21. Cross-talk between SRF and PTEN likely represents a critical axis in phenotypic remodeling of SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrick N Horita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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18
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Werth D, Grassi G, Konjer N, Dapas B, Farra R, Giansante C, Kandolf R, Guarnieri G, Nordheim A, Heidenreich O. Proliferation of human primary vascular smooth muscle cells depends on serum response factor. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:216-24. [PMID: 20096952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can switch between a differentiated/contractile and an alternative proliferative phenotype. The transcription factor serum response factor (SRF) has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression profiles determining both phenotypes. Whereas strong evidence exists for a role of SRF in SMC differentiation, the contribution of SRF to SMC proliferation is less well defined. For primary human vascular SMCs in particular, existing data are non-conclusive. To study SRF functions in primary human vascular SMCs, we used an siRNA approach. siRNA-mediated SRF suppression affected the expression of established SRF target genes such as smooth muscle alpha-actin (ACTA2) or SM22alpha (TAGLN) and decreased both F-actin formation and cell migration. Furthermore, SRF knockdown caused a cell-cycle arrest in G1 associated with reduced hyperphosphorylated pRB, cyclin A and SKP2 levels, and increased p27(kip1) (CDKN1B) protein levels. SRF-depleted cells expressed senescence-associated beta-galactosidase indicating an irreversible G1 arrest. siRNA-mediated suppression of SKP2 triggered senescence to a similar extent as SRF depletion, indicating that SRF knockdown-induced senescence may be dependent on a decrease in SKP2. Thus, SRF is an essential regulator of primary human vascular SMC proliferation and senescence. Interfering with SRF function may therefore be a promising strategy for the treatment of hyperproliferative SMC disorders such as atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Werth
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Koegel H, von Tobel L, Schäfer M, Alberti S, Kremmer E, Mauch C, Hohl D, Wang XJ, Beer HD, Bloch W, Nordheim A, Werner S. Loss of serum response factor in keratinocytes results in hyperproliferative skin disease in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:899-910. [PMID: 19307725 DOI: 10.1172/jci37771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor serum response factor (SRF) plays a crucial role in the development of several organs. However, its role in the skin has not been explored. Here, we show that keratinocytes in normal human and mouse skin expressed high levels of SRF but that SRF expression was strongly downregulated in the hyperproliferative epidermis of wounded and psoriatic skin. Keratinocyte-specific deletion within the mouse SRF locus during embryonic development caused edema and skin blistering, and all animals died in utero. Postnatal loss of mouse SRF in keratinocytes resulted in the development of psoriasis-like skin lesions. These lesions were characterized by inflammation, hyperproliferation, and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes as well as by disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Ultrastructural analysis revealed markedly reduced cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts and loss of cell compaction in all epidermal layers. siRNA-mediated knockdown of SRF in primary human keratinocytes revealed that the cytoskeletal abnormalities and adhesion defects were a direct consequence of the loss of SRF. In contrast, the hyperproliferation observed in vivo was an indirect effect that was most likely a consequence of the inflammation. These results reveal that loss of SRF disrupts epidermal homeostasis and strongly suggest its involvement in the pathogenesis of hyperproliferative skin diseases, including psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Koegel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Guo RW, Wang H, Gao P, Li MQ, Zeng CY, Yu Y, Chen JF, Song MB, Shi YK, Huang L. An essential role for stromal interaction molecule 1 in neointima formation following arterial injury. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:660-8. [PMID: 19052075 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is evidence to suggest that stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) functions as a Ca2+ sensor on the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to transduction of signals to the plasma membrane and opening of store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOC). SOC have been detected in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and are thought to have an essential role in the regulation of contraction and cell proliferation. We hypothesized that knockdown of STIM1 inhibits VSMC proliferation and suppresses neointimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effect of the knockdown of STIM1 using a rat balloon injury model and cultured rat aortic VSMCs. Interestingly, knockdown of rat STIM1 by adenovirus delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly suppressed neointimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model at 14 days after injury. The re-expression of human STIM1 to smooth muscle reversed the effect of STIM1 knockdown on neointimal formation. Rat aortic VSMCs were used for the in vitro assays. Knockdown of endogenous STIM1 significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Moreover, STIM1 knockdown induced cell-cycle arrest in G0/G1 and resulted in a marked decrease in SOC. Replenishment with recombinant human STIM1 reversed the effect of siRNA knockdown. These results suggest STIM1 has a critical role in neointimal formation in a rat model of vascular injury. CONCLUSION STIM1 may represent a novel therapeutic target in the prevention of restenosis after vascular interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Wei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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Chen J, Chen H, Sanders KM, Perrino BA. Regulation of SRF/CArG-dependent gene transcription during chronic partial obstruction of murine small intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:829-42. [PMID: 18557893 PMCID: PMC8320440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal obstructions lead to a variety of motility disorders. Small intestine smooth muscles undergo dramatic phenotypic changes in response to obstruction, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Using RT-PCR, ChIP, Re-ChIP, and Western blots, we examined the effect of small bowel mechanical obstruction on smooth muscle gene expression. Obstruction caused a transient hyperplasia, followed by a prolonged hypertrophic response of small intestine smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC), alpha-actin, and gamma-actin expression decreased initially, and then increased as hypertrophy developed. Myocardin expression decreased initially and then increased, while kruppel-like factors (KLF)4 and KLF5 expression increased initially, and then decreased. Serum response factor (SRF) expression decreased initially, and then recovered to sham-operated levels as hypertrophy developed. SRF binding to smooth muscle MHC and alpha-actin promoters decreased initially, but then increased above sham-operated levels as hypertrophy developed. Elk-1 binding to smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and alpha-actin promoters increased initially, and then decreased to sham-operated levels as hypertrophy developed. c-fos expression increased initially, which was associated with increased SRF/Elk-1 binding to the c-fos promoter. The Elk-1 phosphorylation inhibitor U-0126 inhibited the increase in c-fos expression. These findings indicate a dynamic response of small intestine smooth muscles to bowel obstruction involving switching between differentiated, proliferative, and hypertrophic phenotypes. These results suggest that changes in the expression and interactions between SRF, myocardin, Elk-1, and c-fos play key roles in the phenotypic switching of small intestine smooth muscles in response to mechanical obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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22
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Miano JM, Long X, Fujiwara K. Serum response factor: master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C70-81. [PMID: 16928770 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00386.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a highly conserved and widely expressed, single copy transcription factor that theoretically binds up to 1,216 permutations of a 10-base pair cis element known as the CArG box. SRF-binding sites were defined initially in growth-related genes. Gene inactivation or knockdown studies in species ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mice have consistently shown loss of SRF to be incompatible with life. However, rather than being critical for proliferation and growth, these genetic studies point to a crucial role for SRF in cellular migration and normal actin cytoskeleton and contractile biology. In fact, recent genomic studies reveal nearly half of the >200 SRF target genes encoding proteins with functions related to actin dynamics, lamellipodial/filopodial formation, integrin-cytoskeletal coupling, myofibrillogenesis, and muscle contraction. SRF has therefore emerged as a dispensable transcription factor for cellular growth but an absolutely essential orchestrator of actin cytoskeleton and contractile homeostasis. This review summarizes the recent genomic and genetic analyses of CArG-SRF that support its role as an ancient, master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Miano
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Pipes GCT, Creemers EE, Olson EN. The myocardin family of transcriptional coactivators: versatile regulators of cell growth, migration, and myogenesis. Genes Dev 2006; 20:1545-56. [PMID: 16778073 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1428006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The association of transcriptional coactivators with sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins provides versatility and specificity to gene regulation and expands the regulatory potential of individual cis-regulatory DNA sequences. Members of the myocardin family of coactivators activate genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, and myogenesis by associating with serum response factor (SRF). The partnership of myocardin family members and SRF also controls genes encoding components of the actin cytoskeleton and confers responsiveness to extracellular growth signals and intracellular changes in the cytoskeleton, thereby creating a transcriptional-cytoskeletal regulatory circuit. These functions are reflected in defects in smooth muscle differentiation and function in mice with mutations in myocardin family members. This article reviews the functions and mechanisms of action of the myocardin family of coactivators and the physiological significance of transcriptional coactivation in the context of signal-dependent and cell-type-specific gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Teg Pipes
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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