1
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Wei P, Liu L, Wang X, Zong B, Liu X, Zhang M, Fu Q, Wang L, Cao B. Expression of soluble ST2 in patients with essential hypertension and its relationship with left ventricular hypertrophy. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 10:303-310. [PMID: 36210061 PMCID: PMC9871704 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Identification and intervention of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in essential hypertension (EH) are important for the prevention of adverse cardiovascular events. However, effective methods for diagnosing LVH are still lacking. This study aimed to explore the relationship between soluble ST2 (sST2) and LVH in EH patients to identify a potential specific biomarker for hypertensive LVH. METHODS AND RESULTS This study included 97 EH patients. Based on the criteria for LVH, participants were divided into the LVH group (n = 52) and the non-LVH group (n = 45). The level of serum sST2 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pearson correlation analysis, logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to investigate the potential of sST2 as a biomarker of LVH in EH patients. Compared with the non-LVH group, the sST2 level was elevated in EH patients with LVH (P < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the sST2 level was positively correlated with the left ventricular mass index in EH patients (r = 0.454, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) value of LVH was 2.990, suggesting that sST2 is an independent risk factor for LVH in EH patients [OR = 2.990, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.650-5.419; P < 0.001]. The area under the ROC curve was 0.767 (95% CI, 0.669-0.866; P < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 0.808 and specificity of 0.689, indicating the possibility of considering sST2 as a biomarker for diagnosing LVH. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulation of sST2 is strongly related to LVH in EH patients, is an independent risk factor for hypertensive LVH, and can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai200233China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai200233China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai200233China
| | - Bin Zong
- Department of Cardiology, The Xuzhou School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xuekui Liu
- Experimental CenterXuzhou Central HospitalXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Laboratory of CardiologyXuzhou Central HospitalXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Xuzhou School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNo. 300 Guangzhou RoadNanjing210029JiangsuChina
| | - Bangming Cao
- Department of CardiologyYantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical UniversityNo. 717 Jinbu Road, Mouping DistrictYantai264100ShandongChina
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2
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Garbincius JF, Luongo TS, Jadiya P, Hildebrand AN, Kolmetzky DW, Mangold AS, Roy R, Ibetti J, Nwokedi M, Koch WJ, Elrod JW. Enhanced NCLX-dependent mitochondrial Ca 2+ efflux attenuates pathological remodeling in heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 167:52-66. [PMID: 35358843 PMCID: PMC9107512 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium (mCa2+) uptake couples changes in cardiomyocyte energetic demand to mitochondrial ATP production. However, excessive mCa2+ uptake triggers permeability transition and necrosis. Despite these established roles during acute stress, the involvement of mCa2+ signaling in cardiac adaptations to chronic stress remains poorly defined. Changes in NCLX expression are reported in heart failure (HF) patients and models of cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, we hypothesized that altered mCa2+ homeostasis contributes to the hypertrophic remodeling of the myocardium that occurs upon a sustained increase in cardiac workload. The impact of mCa2+ flux on cardiac function and remodeling was examined by subjecting mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression (OE) of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), the primary mediator of mCa2+ efflux, to several well-established models of hypertrophic and non-ischemic HF. Cardiomyocyte NCLX-OE preserved contractile function, prevented hypertrophy and fibrosis, and attenuated maladaptive gene programs in mice subjected to chronic pressure overload. Hypertrophy was attenuated in NCLX-OE mice, prior to any decline in cardiac contractility. NCLX-OE similarly attenuated deleterious cardiac remodeling in mice subjected to chronic neurohormonal stimulation. However, cardiomyocyte NCLX-OE unexpectedly reduced overall survival in mice subjected to severe neurohormonal stress with angiotensin II + phenylephrine. Adenoviral NCLX expression limited mCa2+ accumulation, oxidative metabolism, and de novo protein synthesis during hypertrophic stimulation of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Our findings provide genetic evidence for the contribution of mCa2+ to early pathological remodeling in non-ischemic heart disease, but also highlight a deleterious consequence of increasing mCa2+ efflux when the heart is subjected to extreme, sustained neurohormonal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F Garbincius
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy S Luongo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Jadiya
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alycia N Hildebrand
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devin W Kolmetzky
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam S Mangold
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rajika Roy
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Nwokedi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Mishra S, Kass DA. Cellular and molecular pathobiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:400-423. [PMID: 33432192 PMCID: PMC8574228 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects half of all patients with heart failure worldwide, is increasing in prevalence, confers substantial morbidity and mortality, and has very few effective treatments. HFpEF is arguably the greatest unmet medical need in cardiovascular disease. Although HFpEF was initially considered to be a haemodynamic disorder characterized by hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, the pandemics of obesity and diabetes mellitus have modified the HFpEF syndrome, which is now recognized to be a multisystem disorder involving the heart, lungs, kidneys, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, vascular system, and immune and inflammatory signalling. This multiorgan involvement makes HFpEF difficult to model in experimental animals because the condition is not simply cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension with abnormal myocardial relaxation. However, new animal models involving both haemodynamic and metabolic disease, and increasing efforts to examine human pathophysiology, are revealing new signalling pathways and potential therapeutic targets. In this Review, we discuss the cellular and molecular pathobiology of HFpEF, with the major focus being on mechanisms relevant to the heart, because most research has focused on this organ. We also highlight the involvement of other important organ systems, including the lungs, kidneys and skeletal muscle, efforts to characterize patients with the use of systemic biomarkers, and ongoing therapeutic efforts. Our objective is to provide a roadmap of the signalling pathways and mechanisms of HFpEF that are being characterized and which might lead to more patient-specific therapies and improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A. Kass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,
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4
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Garbincius JF, Luongo TS, Elrod JW. The debate continues - What is the role of MCU and mitochondrial calcium uptake in the heart? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 143:163-174. [PMID: 32353353 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in 2011, several studies utilizing genetic models have attempted to decipher the role of mitochondrial calcium uptake in cardiac physiology. Confounding results in various mutant mouse models have led to an ongoing debate regarding the function of MCU in the heart. In this review, we evaluate and discuss the totality of evidence for mitochondrial calcium uptake in the cardiac stress response and highlight recent reports that implicate MCU in the control of homeostatic cardiac metabolism and function. This review concludes with a discussion of current gaps in knowledge and remaining experiments to define how MCU contributes to contractile function, cell death, metabolic regulation, and heart failure progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F Garbincius
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Timothy S Luongo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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5
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Mühlfeld C, Rajces A, Manninger M, Alogna A, Wierich MC, Scherr D, Post H, Schipke J. A transmural gradient of myocardial remodeling in early-stage heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the pig. J Anat 2019; 236:531-539. [PMID: 31749243 PMCID: PMC7018631 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction. This study aimed to analyze whether early HFpEF is already associated with ultrastructural alterations and whether they differ quantitatively among the layers of the left ventricular wall. HFpEF was induced in pigs by deoxy-corticosterone acetate (DOCA) treatment along with a high-salt/high lipid diet over 3 months and compared with weight-matched normal pigs (n = 5 each). Samples of the left ventricle were taken and processed for light and electron microscopy. Interstitial fibrosis, subcellular composition of cardiomyocytes and mean cardiomyocyte diameter were evaluated by stereology in subendocardial, midmyocardial and subepicardial regions. DOCA enhanced the mean cardiomyocyte diameter in all locations of the ventricle wall to the same degree. The subcellular composition did not differ between the locations and was not altered by DOCA. The volume fraction of interstitium was smaller in the subendocardium of DOCA group than of control group. Within the interstitium, the volume fraction of collagen fibrils (between cardiomyocytes) was increased in the subendocardial and midmyocardial wall layers of the DOCA group but not in the subepicardial layer. Although the capillary length density and average supply area were not altered in response to DOCA in any of the wall layers, the volume fraction of blood vessels related to the interstitial space was enhanced in the subendocardium of the DOCA group but not in the other wall layers. In conclusion, cardiomyocyte changes due to DOCA were similar in subepicardial, midmyocardial and subendocardial regions but DOCA-induced changes in the interstitium appeared to be more pronounced in the subendocardial ventricular wall layers. This suggests a pivotal role of the subendocardial interstitium in the pathogenesis of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rajces
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Manninger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alessio Alogna
- Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Scherr
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Post
- Department of Cardiology, Contilia Heart and Vessel Centre, St. Marien-Hospital Mülheim, Mülheim, Germany
| | - Julia Schipke
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
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6
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Diakos NA, Passi S, Taleb I, Kfoury AG, Drakos SG. Regional myocardial structural characteristics in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: Left ventricle versus right and apex versus base. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018; 37:166-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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7
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Murai D, Yamada S, Hayashi T, Okada K, Nishino H, Nakabachi M, Yokoyama S, Abe A, Ichikawa A, Ono K, Kaga S, Iwano H, Mikami T, Tsutsui H. Relationships of left ventricular strain and strain rate to wall stress and their afterload dependency. Heart Vessels 2016; 32:574-583. [PMID: 27734145 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-016-0900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Whether and how left ventricular (LV) strain and strain rate correlate with wall stress is not known. Furthermore, it is not determined whether strain or strain rate is less dependent on the afterload. In 41 healthy young adults, LV global peak strain and systolic peak strain rate in the longitudinal direction (LS and LSR, respectively) and circumferential direction (CS and CSR, respectively) were measured layer-specifically using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) before and during a handgrip exercise. Among all the points before and during the exercise, all the STE parameters significantly correlated linearly with wall stress (LS: r = -0.53, p < 0.01, LSR: r = -0.28, p < 0.05, CS in the inner layer: r = -0.72, p < 0.01, CSR in the inner layer: r = -0.47, p < 0.01). Strain more strongly correlated with wall stress than strain rate (r = -0.53 for LS vs. r = -0.28 for LSR, p < 0.05; r = -0.72 for CS vs. r = -0.47 for CSR in the inner layer, p < 0.05), whereas the interobserver variability was similar between strain and strain rate (longitudinal 6.2 vs. 5.2 %, inner circumferential 4.8 vs. 4.7 %, mid-circumferential 7.9 vs. 6.9 %, outer circumferential 10.4 vs. 9.7 %), indicating that the differences in correlation coefficients reflect those in afterload dependency. It was thus concluded that LV strain and strain rate linearly and inversely correlated with wall stress in the longitudinal and circumferential directions, and strain more strongly depended on afterload than did strain rate. Myocardial shortening should be evaluated based on the relationships between these parameters and wall stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Murai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Taichi Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishino
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakabachi
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yokoyama
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayumu Abe
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayako Ichikawa
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kota Ono
- Clinical Research and Medical Innovation Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sanae Kaga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Taisei Mikami
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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8
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Qian LY, Tu JF, Ding YH, Pang J, Che XD, Zou H, Huang DS. Association of blood pressure level with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonhypertensive population: Normal is not the new normal. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4293. [PMID: 27442673 PMCID: PMC5265790 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional crosstalk between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypertension has been reported by some literatures; however, in nonhypertensive individuals, there is no article describes the characteristic of NAFLD. In this study, we aimed to determine the strength of the association between NAFLD with normal blood pressure (BP) in nonhypertensive individuals. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, from October 2007 to December 2011. In brief, 24,200 subjects were enrolled to participate in the survey. Among those subjects, there were 5305 enrolled subjects, those with filling the diagnostic criteria for NAFLD (21.9%; 4803 males and 502 females). Nonhypertension was identified in 17,403 (71.9%; 8179 males and 9224 females). The PR% of NAFLD for the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in quartiles 1 to 4 was 10.83, 12.55, 20.38, and 19.97. SBP, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), sex, age, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, fasting plasma glucose, uric acid, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are closely associated with the risk for NAFLD. SBP (odds ratio [OR]: 1.092, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.030-1.158; P < 0.05) and DBP (OR: 1.157, 95%CI: 1.094-1.223; P < 0.05) were found to be independent risk factors for NAFLD. Our analysis indicates that BP is significantly associated with NAFLD in nonhypertensive individuals; SBP and DBP are found to be independent risk factors for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou
| | - Jian-Fei Tu
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang Province
| | - Ya-Hui Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou
| | - Jie Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou
| | - Xian-Da Che
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou
| | - Hai Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou
- Correspondence: Hai Zou, Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China (e-mail: ); Dong-Sheng Huang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China (e-mail: )
| | - Dong-Sheng Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence: Hai Zou, Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China (e-mail: ); Dong-Sheng Huang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China (e-mail: )
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9
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Fotbolcu H, Zorlu E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a multi-systemic disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:4079-4090. [PMID: 27122660 PMCID: PMC4837427 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i16.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease. NAFLD includes a wide spectrum of liver conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced hepatic fibrosis. NAFLD has been recognized as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome linked with insulin resistance. NAFLD should be considered not only a liver specific disease but also an early mediator of systemic diseases. Therefore, NAFLD is usually associated with cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia. NAFLD is highly prevalent in the general population and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The underlying mechanisms and pathogenesis of NAFLD with regard to other medical disorders are not yet fully understood. This review focuses on pathogenesis of NAFLD and its relation with other systemic diseases.
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10
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Stehlin E, Malpas SC, Budgett DM, Barrett CJ, McCormick D, Whalley G, Fu F, Beil M, Rigel DF, Guild SJ. Chronic measurement of left ventricular pressure in freely moving rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1672-82. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00683.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of left ventricular pressure (LVP) in conscious freely moving animals are uncommon, yet could offer considerable opportunity for understanding cardiovascular disease progression and treatment. The aim of this study was to develop surgical methods and validate the measurements of a new high-fidelity, solid-state pressure-sensor telemetry device for chronically measuring LVP and dP/d t in rats. The pressure-sensor catheter tip (2-Fr) was inserted into the left ventricular chamber through the apex of the heart, and the telemeter body was implanted in the abdomen. Data were measured up to 85 days after implant. The average daytime dP/d t max was 9,444 ± 363 mmHg/s, ranging from 7,870 to 10,558 mmHg/s ( n = 7). A circadian variation in dP/d t max and heart rate (HR) was observed with an average increase during the night phase in dP/d t max of 918 ± 84 mmHg/s, and in HR of 38 ± 3 bpm. The β-adrenergic-agonist isoproterenol, β1-adrenergic agonist dobutamine, Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil, and the calcium sensitizer levosimendan were administered throughout the implant period, inducing dose-dependent time course changes and absolute changes in dP/d t max of −6,000 to +13,000 mmHg/s. The surgical methods and new technologies demonstrated long-term stability, sensitivity to circadian variation, and the ability to measure large drug-induced changes, validating this new solution for chronic measurement of LVP in conscious rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyce Stehlin
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon C. Malpas
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
- Millar Inc, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David M. Budgett
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Millar Inc, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn J. Barrett
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Daniel McCormick
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Millar Inc, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gillian Whalley
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Unitec, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Fumin Fu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Michael Beil
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Dean F. Rigel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Sarah-Jane Guild
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
- Millar Inc, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Ebrahimi B, Crane JA, Knudsen BE, Macura SI, Grande JP, Lerman LO. Evolution of cardiac and renal impairment detected by high-field cardiovascular magnetic resonance in mice with renal artery stenosis. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:98. [PMID: 24160179 PMCID: PMC3874758 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal artery stenosis (RAS) promotes hypertension and cardiac dysfunction. The 2-kidney, 1-clip mouse model in many ways resembles RAS in humans and is amenable for genetic manipulation, but difficult to evaluate noninvasively. We hypothesized that cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is capable of detecting progressive cardiac and renal dysfunction in mice with RAS and monitoring the progression of the disease longitudinally. METHODS RAS was induced at baseline in eighteen mice by constricting the renal artery. Nine additional animals served as normal controls. CMR scans (16.4 T) were performed in all mice one week before and 2 and 4 weeks after baseline. Renal volumes and hemodynamics were assessed using 3D fast imaging with steady-state precession and arterial spin labelling, and cardiac function using CMR cine. Renal hypoxia was investigated using blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) MR. RESULTS Two weeks after surgery, mean arterial pressure was elevated in RAS mice. The stenotic kidney (STK) showed atrophy, while the contra-lateral kidney (CLK) showed hypertrophy. Renal blood flow (RBF) and cortical oxygenation level declined in the STK but remained unchanged in CLK. Moreover, cardiac end-diastolic and stroke volumes decreased and myocardial mass increased. At 4 weeks, STK RBF remained declined and the STK cortex and medulla showed development of hypoxia. Additionally, BOLD detected a mild hypoxia in CLK cortex. Cardiac end-diastolic and stroke volumes remained reduced and left ventricular hypertrophy worsened. Left ventricular filling velocities (E/A) indicated progression of cardiac dysfunction towards restrictive filling. CONCLUSIONS CMR detected longitudinal progression of cardiac and renal dysfunction in 2K, 1C mice. These observations support the use of high-field CMR to obtain useful information regarding chronic cardiac and renal dysfunction in small animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arterial Pressure
- Atrophy
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/diagnosis
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/etiology
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Heart Rate
- Hypertension, Renovascular/diagnosis
- Hypertension, Renovascular/etiology
- Hypertension, Renovascular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/diagnosis
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Kidney/blood supply
- Kidney/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Renal Artery Obstruction/complications
- Renal Artery Obstruction/diagnosis
- Renal Artery Obstruction/physiopathology
- Renal Circulation
- Time Factors
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnosis
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Ebrahimi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John A Crane
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce E Knudsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Slobodan I Macura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joseph P Grande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Cortés R, Roselló-Lletí E, Portolés M, Almenar L, Martínez-Dolz L, Grigorian L, García de Burgos F, Carpena N, Salvador A, Bertomeu V, Rivera M. [Relationship between myocardial modelling and diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension]. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 139:325-30. [PMID: 22036455 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To analyze the relationship between sFas and soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNF-R1) with type iii (PIIINP) and i (PINP) amino-terminal propeptide procollagens, and diastole in hypertension (HT). PATIENTS AND METHODS A group of 253 Caucasian asymptomatic hypertensive patients (age 60±13 years, 139 males) were studied, in whom a physical examination, laboratory analyses (determination of serum PIIINP, PINP, sFas and by radioimmunoassay and ELISA, respectively), and echo-Doppler study were performed. RESULTS Serum PINP and PIIINP were increased in left ventricular hypertrophy compared to non-hypertrophy [41 (31-52) vs. 35 (28-47) μg/l, P=.010; and 4.33 (3.71-5.29) vs. 3.98 (3.49-4.58) μg/l, P=.005, respectively]. Furthermore, sFas and sTNF-R1 were also elevated [1.47 (1.2-1.77) vs. 1.37 (1.1-1.59), P=.012; and 466 (331-657) vs. 317 (260-427) μg/l, P<.0001, respectively]. Moreover, serum PIIINP was associated with sFas (r=.386, P<.0001) and sTNF-R1 (r=.298, P<.001); PINP was also associated with these cytokines (r=0.158, P=.011 and r=.241, P<.0001, respectively). Multivariable analyses included sFas (P<.0001) and sTNF-R1 (P<.0001) as independent factors related with serum PIIINP. Finally, marker concentrations were significantly related with left ventricular diastolic function parameters. CONCLUSION Procollagen and anti-apoptotic cytokine levels were increased in our hypertrophic patients. Furthermore, sFas and sTNF-R1 are independent related factors of serum PIIINP. Diastolic parameters were associated with myocardial fibrosis and anti-apoptotic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cortés
- Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
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14
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Distinct mechanisms for diastolic dysfunction in diabetes mellitus and chronic pressure-overload. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:801-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Anversa P, Olivetti G. Cellular Basis of Physiological and Pathological Myocardial Growth. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Jian B, Yang S, Chen D, Zou L, Chatham JC, Chaudry I, Raju R. Aging influences cardiac mitochondrial gene expression and cardiovascular function following hemorrhage injury. Mol Med 2010; 17:542-9. [PMID: 21193900 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction and mortality associated with trauma and sepsis increase with age. Mitochondria play a critical role in the energy demand of cardiac muscles, and thereby on the function of the heart. Specific molecular pathways responsible for mitochondrial functional alterations after injury in relation to aging are largely unknown. To further investigate this, 6- and 22-month-old rats were subjected to trauma-hemorrhage (T-H) or sham operation and euthanized following resuscitation. Left ventricular tissue was profiled using our custom rodent mitochondrial gene chip (RoMitochip). Our experiments demonstrated a declined left ventricular performance and decreased alteration in mitochondrial gene expression with age following T-H and we have identified c-Myc, a pleotropic transcription factor, to be the most upregulated gene in 6- and 22-month-old rats after T-H. Following T-H, while 142 probe sets were altered significantly (39 up and 103 down) in 6-month-old rats, only 66 were altered (30 up and 36 down) in 22-month-old rats; 36 probe sets (11 up and 25 down) showed the same trend in both groups. The expression of c-Myc and cardiac death promoting gene Bnip3 were increased, and Pgc1-α and Ppar-α a decreased following T-H. Eleven tRNA transcripts on mtDNA were upregulated following T-H in the aged animals, compared with the sham group. Our observations suggest a c-myc-regulated mitochondrial dysfunction following T-H injury and marked decrease in age-dependent changes in the transcriptional profile of mitochondrial genes following T-H, possibly indicating cellular senescence. To our knowledge, this is the first report on mitochondrial gene expression profile following T-H in relation to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixi Jian
- Center for Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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17
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Grossman RC. Experimental models of renal disease and the cardiovascular system. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:257-64. [PMID: 21258578 PMCID: PMC3024648 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death among patients with end stage renal failure. Animal models have played a crucial role in teasing apart the complex pathological processes involved. This review discusses the principles of using animal models, the history of their use in the study of renal hypertension, the controversies arising from experimental models of non-hypertensive uraemic cardiomyopathy and the lessons learned from these models, and highlights important areas of future research in this field, including de novo cardiomyopathy secondary to renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Grossman
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, London, United Kingdom
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Impairment of ultrastructure and cytoskeleton during progression of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. J Transl Med 2010; 90:520-30. [PMID: 20157292 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies at the morphological and molecular level have found that transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress myotrophin in the heart develop hypertrophy at the early age of 4 weeks; this condition worsens to heart failure (HF) at approximately 36 weeks. However, how the sustained effects of alteration in cytoarchitecture of the contractile machinery lead to malfunction of the normal heart remains unclear. Our data have shown that at 4 weeks, the cytoarchitecture observed in left ventricular (LV) tissue samples of Tg mice is similar to that of wild-type (WT) mice. However, as the disease progresses, cardiomyocytes show deterioration in some mitochondrial as well as myofibril features, evidenced by swelling of mitochondria, misalignment of myofibril structure, and blurring as well as breakage of Z-lines. At 36 weeks of age, Tg mice (the group in transition from hypertrophy to HF) show significant degenerative changes in cardiomyocytes, including swelling of mitochondria, disruption of the nuclear membrane, and absence of myofibril structure. Besides these, formation of myelin bodies was also observed, a feature typically found in human hearts with HF. Changes in Z-line architecture were further confirmed by alteration in the gene expression profile of desmin and tubulin, the two main cytoskeletal proteins. We thus conclude that Tg mice overexpressing myotrophin show no visible changes in the initiation phase (4 weeks); however, as the disease progresses, alterations in the cytoskeleton are found during the transition phase from hypertrophy to HF (36 weeks onward). Our data suggest that treatment for prevention/reversal of hypertrophy should start at the early stage of hypertrophy to prevent its transition to HF.
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Frimm C de C, de Moraes AV, Medeiros CC, Esteves Filho A, Marino JC. Normalization of left ventricular dysfunction in systemic hypertension. Clin Cardiol 2009; 23:443-8. [PMID: 10875036 PMCID: PMC6654809 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960230614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In hypertensive heart disease, it is uncertain whether the impairment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function might be reverted by antihypertensive treatment. HYPOTHESIS This study was undertaken to address the likelihood of recovery of LV dysfunction and to identify factors potentially related. METHODS Twenty-six patients with primary (n = 16) and renovascular (n = 10) hypertension participated in the study and were classified into Groups A (n = 12) and B (n = 14) according to normalization or persistent left ventricular dysfunction (fractional shortening < 0.30) after 36 weeks of follow-up. All patients received standard medical therapy and appropriate procedures for renovascular disease correction. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with recovery. RESULTS Patients in Group A compared with those in Group B were younger (41 +/- 14 vs. 52 +/- 10 years; p < 0.05), had a greater frequency of renovascular hypertension (8 vs. 2; p < 0.05), showed shorter LV end-diastolic (54 +/- 5 vs. 61 +/- 8 mm; p < 0.05) and end-systolic dimensions (41 +/- 6 vs. 49 +/- 9 mm; p < 0.05), and lower mass index (215 +/- 64 vs. 261 +/- 47 g.m-2; p < 0.05) before treatment, whereas fractional shortening (0.24 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.20 +/- 0.5; p > 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (116 +/- 12 vs. 122 +/- 19 mmHg; p > 0.05) were similar. On follow-up, Group A patients showed lower diastolic blood pressure (89 +/- 15 vs. 105 +/- 20 mmHg; p < 0.05) and mass index (142 +/- 34 vs. 222 +/- 40 g.m-2; p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified systolic dimension and renovascular hypertension as factors associated with fractional shortening normalization. CONCLUSION The recovery of LV dysfunction is expected to occur most likely in patients with renovascular hypertension and the shortest systolic dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frimm C de
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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20
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Nigri M, Azevedo CF, Rochitte CE, Schraibman V, Tarasoutchi F, Pommerantzeff PM, Brandão CM, Sampaio RO, Parga JR, Avila LF, Spina GS, Grinberg M. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging identifies focal regions of intramyocardial fibrosis in patients with severe aortic valve disease: Correlation with quantitative histopathology. Am Heart J 2009; 157:361-8. [PMID: 19185646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic aortic valve disease (AVD) is characterized by progressive accumulation of interstitial myocardial fibrosis (MF). However, assessment of MF accumulation has only been possible through histologic analyses of endomyocardial biopsies. We sought to evaluate contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ce-MRI) as a noninvasive method to identify the presence of increased MF in patients with severe AVD. METHODS Seventy patients scheduled to undergo aortic valve replacement surgery were examined by cine and ce-MRI in a 1.5-T scanner. Cine images were used for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, and function. Delayed-enhancement images were used to characterize the regions of MF. In addition, histologic analyses of myocardial samples obtained during aortic valve replacement surgery were used for direct quantification of interstitial MF. Ten additional subjects who died of noncardiac causes served as controls for the quantitative histologic analyses. RESULTS Interstitial MF determined by histopathologic analysis was higher in patients with AVD than in controls (2.7% +/- 2.0% vs 0.6% +/- 0.2%, P = .001). When compared with histopathologic results, ce-MRI demonstrated a sensitivity of 74%, a specificity of 81%, and an accuracy of 76% to identify AVD patients with increased interstitial MF. There was a significant inverse correlation between interstitial MF and LV ejection fraction (r = -0.67, P < .0001). Accordingly, patients with identifiable focal regions of MF by ce-MRI exhibited worse LV systolic function than those without MF (45% +/- 14% vs 65% +/- 14%, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Contrast-enhanced MRI allows for the noninvasive detection of focal regions of MF in patients with severe AVD. Moreover, patients with identifiable MF by ce-MRI exhibited worse LV functional parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Nigri
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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21
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Long-term effects of prenatal stress: Changes in adult cardiovascular regulation and sensitivity to stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Independent association of coronary flow reserve with left ventricular relaxation and filling pressure in arterial hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:1040-6. [PMID: 18600214 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been recognized that "cross-talk" occurs between coronary flow and left ventricular (LV) function. This study tested the hypothesis that impairment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) in arterial hypertension is associated with LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction, independent of abnormalities in LV geometry. METHODS We studied 59 newly diagnosed, never-treated hypertensive patients, using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography including pulsed Tissue Doppler of mitral annulus and CFR on left anterior descending artery (low-dose dipyridamole). The study population was divided into two groups on the basis of age-normalized relative wall thickness (RWTn): 36 patients with normal LV geometry (RWTn < or = 0.41) and 23 patients with LV concentric geometry (RWTn > 0.41). RESULTS Patients with LV concentric geometry (RWTn > 0.41) had significantly lower values of midwall shortening (but not of endocardial shortening), longer isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), lower Tissue Doppler-derived early diastolic velocity (Em), higher ratio of transmitral E velocity to Em, and lower CFR as compared to patients with normal LV geometry (RWTn < or = 0.41). In the whole population, a lower CFR was significantly associated with lower values of midwall shortening and Em, longer IVRT, and higher E/Em ratio. After controlling for heart rate, mean blood pressure, and RWTn, only the relation of CFR with IVRT, Em, and E/Em ratio remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Reduced midwall mechanics is associated with lower CFR, a relationship that depends on LV concentric geometry. A reduced CFR is associated with both impaired relaxation and increased filling pressure, a relation that is independent of LV geometry and pressure load.
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Feuerstein GZ, Yue TL. Monthly Update Cardiovascular & Renal: Apoptosis in cardiac health and disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.10.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kirkpantur A, Yilmaz R, Abali G, Arici M, Altun B, Aki T, Erkan I, Bakkaloglu M, Yasavul U, Turgan C. Utility of C2 Monitoring in Prediction of Diastolic Dysfunction in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:171-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Guido MC, de Carvalho Frimm C, Koike MK, Cordeiro FF, Moretti AI, Godoy LC. Low coronary driving pressure is associated with subendocardial remodelling and left ventricular dysfunction in aortocaval fistula. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:1165-72. [PMID: 17880372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The role of haemodynamic changes in left ventricular remodelling has been poorly investigated, especially in the context of volume overload cardiac hypertrophy. Low diastolic blood pressure and high left ventricular filling pressure are expected to affect coronary driving pressure negatively and thereby put in jeopardy subendocardial perfusion in particular. The consequences to global left ventricular remodelling remain undetermined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of coronary driving pressure in the development of subendocardial remodelling and the conceivable effects on cardiac function, using a rat model of aortocaval fistula. 2. Wistar rats, weighing 330-350 g, were submitted to aortocaval fistula (ACF group) or sham (control group) operations. Two haemodynamic measurements were determined following surgery, the initial measurement at week 1 and the final measurement at week 8. Cytokine expression, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, metalloproteinase expression and activity and fibrosis were assessed in two distinct left ventricular myocardial layers: the subendocardium (SE) and the non-subendocardium (non-SE). 3. The ACF group showed lower initial and final coronary driving pressure and lower final +dP/dt and -dP/dt compared with the control group. Multivariate analyses disclosed initial coronary driving pressure as the only haemodynamic parameter independently associated with SE fibrosis (R(2) = 0.76; P < 0.0001) and with +dP/dt (R(2) = 0.55; P = 0.0004) and -dP/dt (R(2) = 0.91; P < 0.0001). Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 expression and activity predominated in the SE of ACF animals, particularly in those with low coronary driving pressure. Increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1beta also predominated in the SE of the ACF group. Otherwise, MPO activity and levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10 were similar in both groups. Final coronary driving pressure correlated with both the expression and activity of MMP-2. 4. Low coronary driving pressure early in the course of ACF determines SE damage and, by this mechanism, interferes negatively in left ventricular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Guido
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-51, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Renna BF, MacDonnell SM, Reger PO, Crabbe DL, Houser SR, Libonati JR. Relative systolic dysfunction in female spontaneously hypertensive rat myocardium. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:353-8. [PMID: 17431084 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01416.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and exercise independently induce left ventricular (LV) remodeling and alter LV function. The purpose of this study was to determine systolic and diastolic LV pressure-volume relationships (LV-PV) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with and without LV hypertrophy, and to determine whether 6 mo of exercise training modified the LV-PV in SHR. Four-month-old female SHR (n = 20), were assigned to a sedentary (SHR-SED) or treadmill-trained (SHR-TRD) group (approximately 60% peak O2 consumption, 5 days/wk, 6 mo), while age-matched female Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY; n = 13) served as normotensive controls. The LV-PV was determined using a Langendorff isolated heart preparation at 4 (no hypertrophy: WKY, n = 5; SHR, n = 5) and 10 mo of age (hypertrophy: WKY, n = 8; SHR-SED, n = 8; SHR-TRD, n = 7). At 4 mo, the LV-PV in SHR was similar to that observed in WKY controls. However, at 10 mo of age, a rightward shift in the LV-PV occurred in SHR. Exercise training did not alter the extent of the shift in the LV-PV relative to SHR-SED. Relative systolic function, i.e., relative systolic elastance, was approximately 50% lower in SHR than WKY at 10 mo of age (P < 0.05). Doppler-derived LV filling parameters [early wave (E), atrial wave (A), and the E/A ratio] were similar between groups. LV capacitance was increased in SHR at 10 mo (P < 0.05), whereas LV diastolic chamber stiffness was similar between groups at 10 mo. Hypertrophic remodeling at 10 mo of age in female SHR is manifest with relative systolic decompensation and normal LV diastolic function. Exercise training did not alter the LV-PV in SHR.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Blood Pressure
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Echocardiography
- Female
- Heart Rate
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertension/pathology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/complications
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocardium/pathology
- Physical Exertion
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Systole
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Pressure
- Ventricular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Renna
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Stilli D, Bocchi L, Berni R, Zaniboni M, Cacciani F, Chaponnier C, Musso E, Gabbiani G, Clément S. Correlation of alpha-skeletal actin expression, ventricular fibrosis and heart function with the degree of pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Exp Physiol 2006; 91:571-80. [PMID: 16452123 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed alterations of alpha-skeletal actin expression and volume fraction of fibrosis in the ventricular myocardium and their functional counterpart in terms of arrhythmogenesis and haemodynamic variables, in rats with different degrees of compensated cardiac hypertrophy induced by infra-renal abdominal aortic coarctation. The following coarctation calibres were used: 1.3 (AC1.3 group), 0.7 (AC0.7) and 0.4 mm (AC0.4); age-matched rats were used as controls (C group). One month after surgery, spontaneous and sympathetic-induced ventricular arrhythmias were telemetrically recorded from conscious freely moving animals, and invasive haemodynamic measurements were performed in anaesthetized animals. After killing, subgroups of AC and C rats were used to evaluate in the left ventricle the expression and spatial distribution of alpha-skeletal actin and the amount of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis. As compared with C, all AC groups exhibited higher values of systolic pressure, ventricular weight and ventricular wall thickness. AC0.7 and AC0.4 rats also showed a larger amount of fibrosis and upregulation of alpha-skeletal actin expression associated with a higher vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias (AC0.7 and AC0.4) and enhanced myocardial contractility (AC0.4). Our results illustrate the progressive changes in the extracellular matrix features accompanying early ventricular remodelling in response to different degrees of pressure overload that may be involved in the development of cardiac electrical instability. We also demonstrate for the first time a linear correlation between an increase in alpha-skeletal actin expression and the degree of compensated cardiac hypertrophy, possibly acting as an early compensatory mechanism to maintain normal mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Stilli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale-Sezione Fisiologia, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43100, Parma, Italy.
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D'Ascia C, Cittadini A, Monti MG, Riccio G, Saccà L. Effects of biventricular pacing on interstitial remodelling, tumor necrosis factor-α expression, and apoptotic death in failing human myocardium. Eur Heart J 2005; 27:201-6. [PMID: 16291773 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent data from the COMPANION trial have documented that cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with biventricular (BiV) pacing reduces mortality and hospitalization in patients with advanced CHF, but little is known regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CRT. Our aim is to evaluate interstitial remodelling, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression, and apoptosis in patients with advanced CHF treated with CRT. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed endomyocardial biopsies in 10 patients, aged 62, with dilated cardiomyopathy before and 6 months after the implantation of a BiV pacing device. Clinical status and left ventricular (LV) architecture and function were assessed as well as myocardial histology, TNF-alpha expression, and apoptotic index. CRT improved clinical status, as shown by a significant reduction of the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLHFQ) score (from 53 to 40) and 6-min walked distance (from 290 to 330 m) (all P<0.05 vs. baseline). This was associated with reverse LV remodelling substantiated by significant reductions of LV volumes and end-systolic circumferential wall stress. Examination of myocardial tissue revealed a significant decrease of collagen volume fraction (CVF) (from 25.16 to 18.0%), TNF-alpha expression (from 9.5 to 3.6 pixel x 10(3)), and apoptotic index (from 2030 to 1408 apoptotic nuclei/10(6)), with increased capillary density (from 1801 to 2011 capillary/mm(2)) after 6 months of CRT (all P<0.05 vs. baseline). Moreover, changes in TNF-alpha expression were positively correlated with both CVF and end-systolic circumferential wall stress (r=0.80 and 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence that CRT reduces interstitial remodelling, TNF-alpha expression, and apoptosis. The data may explain the beneficial effects of CRT on CHF progression and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo D'Ascia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Costoli T, Sgoifo A, Stilli D, Flugge G, Adriani W, Laviola G, Fuchs E, Pedrazzini T, Musso E. Behavioural, neural and cardiovascular adaptations in mice lacking the NPY Y1 receptor. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:113-23. [PMID: 15652259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is primarily synthesised and released by neurones, it is co-localised with noradrenaline and is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function. In a mouse model lacking NPY Y1 receptor (KO), the ability of NPY to potentiate noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction is abolished during stress but normal in baseline conditions, locomotor activity and metabolic rate are lowered, blood insulin levels and glucose storage activity are increased. The present study was aimed at further characterising NPY Y1 mutants, with special emphasis on: behavioural responses to novelty seeking and open-field with objects tests, heart rate responsiveness during acute social defeat, alpha2-adrenoceptor (alpha2-ARs) function in brain areas involved in cardiovascular regulation, and cardiac structure. As compared to wild-type controls (n=9), NPY Y1 KOs (n=9) showed: reduced somatomotor activation during non-social challenges, lower heart rate in baseline conditions, larger heart rate responsiveness during social defeat, increased number of alpha2-ARs in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (nX) and the locus coeruleus (LC), moderately larger volume fraction of myocardial fibrosis. The remarkable increment of alpha2-adrenoceptor density in the nX and LC allows to view KO mice behavioural and anatomo-physiological peripheral characteristics as 'adaptations' to central adrenergic rearrangement due to NPY Y1 receptor deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Costoli
- Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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30
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Philipp S, Pagel I, Höhnel K, Lutz J, Buttgereit J, Langenickel T, Hamet P, Dietz R, Willenbrock R. Regulation of caspase 3 and Fas in pressure overload-induced left ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6:845-51. [PMID: 15556045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of apoptotic cell death in cardiac myocytes is now well established and the contribution of apoptosis for the development of heart failure has been suggested. However, the mechanism responsible for the induction of apoptosis remains unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of Fas and caspase 3 in the transition from pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). METHODS Pressure overload induced LVH (10 days) and LVD (30 days) were induced by thoracic aortic banding. Changes in apoptosis-related genes were studied in rats with thoracic aortic banding. After 10 and 30 days, cardiac Fas mRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of caspase 3 was detected by RNase protection assay. The activity of caspase 3 was measured by fluorometric assay. Protein levels of caspase 3 were measured by Western blot. RESULTS Rats with aortic banding had increased heart/body weight ratios after 10 and 30 days, compared to controls. Central venous pressure and lung weights were increased, left ventricular contractility was significantly impaired only in rats after 30 days of aortic banding, indicating LVD. Caspase 3 mRNA expression (7.1+/-0.1 vs. 2.8+/-0.4, P<0.05), caspase 3 activity (1418+/-181 vs. 849+/-154 AU, P<0.05) as well as caspase 3 protein levels were increased in rats with LVD but not with LVH. Similarly, Fas mRNA was increased in rats with LVD. CONCLUSIONS The activation of Fas and caspase 3 only after 30 days of aortic banding suggests that induction of these pathways may be involved in pressure overload-induced LVD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Male
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Myocardial Contraction
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stroke Volume
- Up-Regulation
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/enzymology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Philipp
- Franz-Volhard-Clinic at the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Helios-Kliniken Berlin, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Costoli T, Bartolomucci A, Graiani G, Stilli D, Laviola G, Sgoifo A. Effects of chronic psychosocial stress on cardiac autonomic responsiveness and myocardial structure in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286:H2133-40. [PMID: 14962836 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00869.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Repeated single exposures to social stressors induce robust shifts of cardiac sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic dominance both during and after each agonistic interaction. However, little evidence is available regarding possible persistent pathophysiological changes due to chronic social challenge. In this study, male CD-1 mice (n = 14) were implanted with a radiotelemetry system for electrocardiographic recordings. We assessed the effects of chronic psychosocial stress (15-day sensory contact with a dominant animal and daily 5-min defeat episodes) on 1) sympathovagal responsiveness to each defeat episode, as measured via time-domain indexes of heart rate variability (R-R interval, standard deviation of R-R interval, and root mean square of successive R-R interval differences), 2) circadian rhythmicity of heart rate across the chronic challenge (night phase, day phase, and rhythm amplitude values), and 3) amount of myocardial structural damage (volume fraction, density, and extension of fibrosis). This study indicated that there was habituation of acute cardiac autonomic responsiveness, i.e., the shift of sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic dominance was significantly reduced across repeated defeat episodes. Moreover, animals exhibited significant changes in heart rate rhythmicity, i.e., increments in day and night values and reductions in the rhythm amplitude, but these were limited to the first 5 days of chronic psychosocial stress. The volume fraction of fibrosis was sixfold larger than in control animals, because of the appearance of many microscopic scarrings. In summary, although mice appeared to adapt to chronic psychosocial stress in terms of acute cardiovascular responsiveness and heart rate rhythmicity, structural alterations occurred at the myocardial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Costoli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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32
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Palmer BM, Mokelke EA, Thayer AM, Moore RL. Mild renal hypertension alters run training effects on the frequency response of rat cardiomyocyte mechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:1799-807. [PMID: 12857770 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00978.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of run training on the frequency dependence of cardiomyocyte mechanics and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) dynamics in rats with mild renal hypertension. Male Fischer 344 rats aged 2-3 mo underwent a sham operation or stenosis of the left renal artery, which increased systolic blood pressure 20-30 mmHg. Half of the rats in each group underwent treadmill run training for >16 wk. Isolated cardiomyocytes were paced at 1.0 and 0.2 Hz in 2 mM external Ca2+ concentration at 29 degrees C. Under these conditions, negative frequency responses, i.e., decreased value with increased frequency, were recorded for peak shortening, shortening velocity, and the integral of the [Ca2+]i transient in both groups. Run training amplified the negative frequency response for the integral of the [Ca2+]i transient in both groups, but it amplified the negative frequency response for the shortening dynamics only in the normotensive sham-operated and not in the hypertensive rats. These results, as well as others for relaxation parameters, suggest that renal hypertension altered the effects of run training on the frequency response for cardiomyocyte contractile apparatus and/or passive mechanical properties, which respond to [Ca2+]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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33
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Liao XD, Tang AH, Chen Q, Jin HJ, Wu CH, Chen LY, Wang SQ. Role of Ca2+ signaling in initiation of stretch-induced apoptosis in neonatal heart cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:405-11. [PMID: 14521925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal mechanical load, as seen in hypertension, is found to induce heart cell apoptosis, yet the signaling link between cell stretch and apoptotic pathways is not known. Using an in vitro stretch model mimicking diastolic pressure stress, here we show that Ca(2+) signaling participates essentially in the early stage of stretch-induced apoptosis. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, the moderate 20% stretch resulted in tonic elevation of intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)). Buffering [Ca(2+)](i) by EGTA-AM, suppressing ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+) release, and blocking L-type Ca(2+) channels all prevented the stretch-induced apoptosis as assessed by phosphatidylserine exposure and nuclear fragmentation. Notably, Ca(2+) suppression also prevented known stretch-activated apoptotic events, including caspase-3/-9 activation, mitochondrial membrane potential corruption, and reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that Ca(2+) signaling is the upstream of these events. Since [Ca(2+)](i) did not change without activating mechanosensitive Ca(2+) entry, we conclude that stretch-induced Ca(2+) entry, via the Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release mechanism, plays an important role in initiating apoptotic signaling during mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Dong Liao
- Cardiovascular Institute, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
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34
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Gupta RC, Yang XP, Mishra S, Sabbah HN. Assessment of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-uptake during the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:933-9. [PMID: 12623124 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) sequesters Ca(2+) and plays a crucial role in the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+). Its functional properties are central to the excitation-contraction cycle of cardiac muscle. In this study, we hypothesized that alterations in SR function occur during the development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. LV hypertrophy was produced in Lewis rats by the one-kidney, one-clip (1K1C) procedure. LV tissues were obtained from 1K1C rats 1 week (mild, N=7), 4 weeks (moderate, N=7), and 8 weeks (severe, N=7) post-surgery and from the corresponding age-matched, sham-operated controls (N=7 at each stage). In all of these rats, the ratio of LV weight (g) to body weight (kg) was determined and considered as an index for LV hypertrophy. In addition, the ratio of lung weight (g) to body weight (kg) was determined and considered as an index for pulmonary congestion and heart failure. In each LV specimen, SR Ca(2+)-uptake and tissue Ca(2+)-ATPase (CAA) level were determined. In 1K1C rats, LV hypertrophy increased by 21, 40, and 90% at 1, 4, and 8 weeks post-surgery, respectively, compared to the age-matched, sham-operated rats, whereas pulmonary congestion did not occur at 1 and 4 weeks but increased significantly by about 21% at 8 weeks. Further, both SR Ca(2+)-uptake and immunodetectable CAA level did not change at 1 week, increased (54%) to the same extent at 4 weeks, and decreased (42%) by approximately the same extent at 8 weeks in 1K1C rats compared to the age-matched, sham-operated rats. In summary, as LV hypertrophy evolved, Ca(2+)-uptake and CAA expression did not change in the early, increased in the moderate, and then declined in the later stages of hypertrophy development. The increase in Ca(2+)-uptake and CAA expression suggests, at the cellular level, a compensatory response to LV hypertrophy, while the decline at later stages indicates the transition to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C Gupta
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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35
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Jourdain P, Funck F, Fulla Y, Hagege A, Bellorini M, Guillard N, Loiret J, Thebault B, Desnos M. Myocardial contractile reserve under low doses of dobutamine and improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction with treatment by carvedilol. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4:269-76. [PMID: 12034151 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-9842(01)00239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the ability of myocardial contractile reserve (MCR) assessment to predict the improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction with treatment by carvedilol, a prospective study was undertaken in 85 patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction < 45%. Low dose dobutamine echocardiography (DSE), a 6-min walk test and measured brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were assessed in all the patients. Patients were separated into two groups. Group A were patients without any myocardial reserve and group B patients with a myocardial contractile reserve defined as an increment of more than 20% of the resting left ventricular ejection fraction during dobutamine infusion. The two groups differed for percentage of ischemic cardiomyopathy (67.8 in group A vs. 29.7% in group B P = 0.028), 6-min walk test performance (respectively, 343 vs. 415 meters P < 0.05) and BNP plasma levels (respectively, 184.5 vs. 70.1 P < 0.02) but not for left ventricular ejection fraction or NYHA class. During DSE, MCR and heart rate variation was higher in group B than in group A. At the end of the follow up, LVEF increased and NYHA class decreased in group B but not in group A. In multivariate analysis the existence of MCR could predict the improvement of LVEF with treatment by carvedilol. In our study, studying MCR could help to predict patients who will improve their LVEF with carvedilol prior to the administration of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jourdain
- Service de Cardiologie Hôpital R. Dubos, 6 avenue d'île de France, 95300, Pontoise, France.
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36
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Schillaci G, Vaudo G, Pasqualini L, Reboldi G, Porcellati C, Verdecchia P. Left ventricular mass and systolic dysfunction in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16:117-22. [PMID: 11850769 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2001] [Revised: 08/28/2001] [Accepted: 09/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A relation between left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and depressed midwall systolic function has been described in hypertensive subjects. However, a strong confounding factor in this relation is concentric geometry, which is both a powerful determinant of depressed midwall systolic function and a correlate of LV mass in hypertension. To evaluate the independent contribution of LV mass to depressed systolic function, 1827 patients with never-treated essential hypertension (age 48 +/- 12 years, men 58%) underwent M-mode echocardiography under two-dimensional guidance. Relative wall thickness was the strongest determinant of low midwall fractional shortening (r = -0.63, P < 0.0001). The significant inverse relation observed between LV mass and midwall fractional shortening (r = -0.43, P < 0.0001) persisted after taking into account the effect of relative wall thickness (partial r = -0.27, P < 0.0001). Within each sex-specific quintile of relative wall thickness, prevalence of subnormal afterload-corrected midwall systolic function was greater in subjects with, than in subjects without, LV hypertrophy (P < 0.05 for the first, third, fourth and fifth quintile). In a multiple linear regression analysis, both LV mass (P < 0.0001) and relative wall thickness (P < 0.0001) were independent predictors of a reduced midwall fractional shortening. In conclusion, the inverse association between LV mass and midwall systolic function is partly independent from the effect of relative wall thickness. LV hypertrophy is a determinant of subclinical LV dysfunction independently of the concomitant changes in chamber geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schillaci
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis, University of Perugia, Italy.
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37
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Palmer BM, Lynch JM, Snyder SM, Moore RL. Renal hypertension prevents run training modification of cardiomyocyte diastolic Ca2+ regulation in male rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 90:2063-9. [PMID: 11356766 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined effects of endurance run training and renal hypertension on cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) dynamics and Na+-dependent Ca2+ regulation in rat left ventricular cardiomyocytes were examined. Male Fischer 344 rats underwent stenosis of the left renal artery [hypertensive (Ht), n = 18] or a sham operation [normotensive (Nt), n = 20]. One-half of the rats from each group were treadmill trained for >16 wk. Cardiomyocyte fura 2 fluorescence ratio transients were recorded for 7 min during electrical pacing at 0.5 Hz, 2 mM extracellular Ca2+ concentration, and 29°C. The rate of [Ca2+]c decline was not changed by run training in the Nt group but was reduced in the Ht group. At 7 min, cardiomyocytes were exposed to 10 mM caffeine in the absence of Na+ and Ca2+, which triggered sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ release and suppressed Ca2+efflux via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. External Na+ was then added, and Na+-dependent Ca2+ efflux rate was recorded. Treadmill training significantly enhanced Na+-dependent Ca2+efflux rate under these conditions in the Nt group but not in the Ht group. These data provide evidence that renal hypertension prevents the normal run training-induced modifications in diastolic [Ca2+]c regulation mechanisms, including Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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38
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Stilli D, Berni R, Sgoifo A, Costoli T, Bocchi L, Cacciani F, Manghi M, Olivetti G, Musso E. Social stress, myocardial damage and arrhythmias in rats with cardiac hypertrophy. Physiol Behav 2001; 73:351-8. [PMID: 11438361 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In rat models of cardiac hypertrophy (moderate aortic coarctation: ACm, n=18; severe aortic coarctation: ACs, n=27; aging: OLD, n=25; spontaneous chronic hypertension: SHR, n=18) and properly matched control animals (C(ACm), n=17; C(ACs), n=19; C(OLD), n=24; C(SHR), n=22), we investigated the relative contribution of intense autonomic activity and cardiac structural damage to ventricular arrhythmogenesis. We used an "in vivo" to tissue level approach, by correlating in the same animal: (i) social stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias, telemetrically recorded, and (ii) left ventricular weights (LVW) and amount and geometrical properties of myocardial fibrosis (MF). Arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in ACm (+11%), ACs (+28%) and SHR (+34%) than in controls. LVW were approximately 20% greater in ACm, ACs and OLD and 50% greater in SHR. MF was about twice as great and characterized by more frequent occurrence of microscopic scarring in ACm and ACs, and eight times greater and associated with both a higher number and a larger size of fibrotic foci in OLD and SHR compared to controls. Social stress increased ventricular arrhythmia vulnerability in all models of cardiac hypertrophy, as well as in controls. The arrhythmogenic action of stress was facilitated in ACs, OLD and SHR. A correlation between structural cardiac remodeling and ventricular arrhythmias was found only in SHR and OLD, which exhibited the greatest increase in LVW and/or MF. Social stress proved to be a valuable tool for analyzing the combined effects of autonomic stimulation and altered myocardial substrate on the genesis of potentially life-threatening arrhythmias in social animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stilli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale-Sezione Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11 A, 43100, Parma, Italy.
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Stilli D, Sgoifo A, Macchi E, Zaniboni M, De Iasio S, Cerbai E, Mugelli A, Lagrasta C, Olivetti G, Musso E. Myocardial remodeling and arrhythmogenesis in moderate cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280:H142-50. [PMID: 11123228 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.1.h142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 47 male adult Wistar rats with 4-wk aortic coarctation (AC) and 39 age-matched sham-operated rats (SO) chronically instrumented for telemetry electrocardiogram recording, we investigated the mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis in moderate cardiac hypertrophy, with an approach from "in vivo" toward the cellular level, analyzing 1) stress-induced cardiac arrhythmias in all rats and 2) myocardial fibrosis in 35 animals and action potential duration and density of hyperpolarization-activated current in 19 others at the ventricular level. Aortic banding increased arterial blood pressure, cardiac weight, and ventricular myocyte volume by 11, 25, and 14%, respectively (P < 0.001-0.05). Ventricular arrhythmias occurred at similar rates in AC and SO rats throughout the stress procedure. Action potential duration and hyperpolarization-activated current were about twice as great and myocardial fibrosis about four times greater in AC animals (P < 0.005-0.05). Electrocardiogram data also revealed more supraventricular arrhythmias in AC rats during the baseline period and after stress and fewer atrioventricular block episodes after stress (P < 0.05). Thus stress-induced supraventricular and atrioventricular nodal, but not ventricular, arrhythmias were affected in moderate cardiac hypertrophy when ventricular morphofunctional alterations were evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stilli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale-Sezione Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Thai HM, Van HT, Gaballa MA, Goldman S, Raya TE. Effects of AT1 receptor blockade after myocardial infarct on myocardial fibrosis, stiffness, and contractility. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:H873-80. [PMID: 10070070 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.3.h873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockade attenuates myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI). However, whether inhibition of fibrosis by AT1 receptor blockade influences myocardial stiffness and contractility is unknown. We measured left ventricular (LV) hemodynamics, papillary muscle function, and myocardial stiffness and fibrosis in rats randomized to losartan or placebo 1 day after MI and treated subsequently for 8 wk. Losartan decreased LV and right ventricular weights as well as mean aortic and LV systolic pressures in sham and MI rats. LV end-diastolic pressure increased after MI and was decreased with losartan. Maximal developed tension and peak rate of tension rise and decline were decreased in MI vs. sham rats. Interstitial fibrosis developed after MI and was prevented in losartan-treated MI rats. The development of abnormal myocardial stiffness after MI was prevented by losartan. After MI, AT1 receptor blockade prevents an abnormal increase in myocardial collagen content. This effect was associated with a normalization of passive myocardial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Thai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85723, USA
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Palmer BM, Valent S, Holder EL, Weinberger HD, Bies RD. Microtubules modulate cardiomyocyte beta-adrenergic response in cardiac hypertrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:H1707-16. [PMID: 9815078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.5.h1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of microtubules in modulating cardiomyocyte beta-adrenergic response was investigated in rats with cardiac hypertrophy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent stenosis of the abdominal aorta (hypertensive, HT) or sham operation (normotensive, NT). Echocardiography and isolated left ventricular cardiomyocyte dimensions demonstrated cardiac hypertrophy in the HT rats after 30 wk. Cardiomyocyte microtubule fraction was assayed by high-speed centrifugation and Western blot. In contrast to previous reports of increased microtubules after acute pressure overload, microtubule fraction for HT was significantly lower than that for NT. Cardiomyocytes were exposed to either 1 microM colchicine, 10 microM taxol, or equivalent volume of vehicle. Colchicine decreased microtubules, and taxol increased microtubules in both groups. Cardiomyocyte cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]c) and shortening/relaxation dynamics were assessed during exposure to increasing isoproterenol concentrations. The beta-adrenergic response for these variables in the HT group was blunted compared with NT. However, increased microtubule assembly by taxol partially recovered the normal beta-adrenergic response for time to peak [Ca2+]c, time to peak shortening, and mechanical relaxation variables. Microtubule assembly may play a significant role in determining cardiomyocyte beta-adrenergic response in chronic cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Abstract
The reported prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in human hypertension is much lower than that among animals with experimental hypertension. With current methods of determining left ventricular mass by M-mode echocardiography, the standard error of a single estimate is high and consequently so is the SD of the population distribution. This accounts for the large overlap in individual values of left ventricular mass index (LVMI) between hypertensive and normotensive groups. The high SD is due to the use of the cube algorithm for relating measurements made in a single plane to the whole left ventricle, and to the difference between actual and assumed left ventricular geometries. These are not problems with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, which provides information about the entire left ventricle without assumptions about geometry. M-mode echocardiography is well suited for estimating differences between mean LVMI values for groups of subjects but it underestimates the prevalence of LVH. In most series only about 30% of hypertensives have been reported to have LVH. The estimated prevalence of structural remodelling is increased to 50-60% of the same group of subjects when 'low-SD' measurements such as wall thickness and the wall thickness: internal radius ratio are employed. The estimated prevalence of LVH and remodelling is still greater with multivariate discriminant function analysis, with which it is found in about 70% of hypertensives. Overall, the data suggest that prevalence of LVH in established hypertension is high. The 30% of subjects reported to have LVH on the basis of LVMI measurements that are beyond the limits of the control group probably have the most severe changes. The inability to detect lesser grades of left ventricular remodelling reliably is due to the way LVMI is derived by echocardiography, rather than to intrinsic inaccuracies. It suggests that existing approaches should be supplemented by greater use of 'low-SD' variables and discriminant functions. Detecting the full spectrum of left ventricular structural changes in individuals with hypertension is needed for risk assessment and, increasingly, for management aimed at minimizing irreversible myocardial damage. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging provides 'global' and more accurate information about left chamber structure than does M-mode echocardiography but its cost at present is much greater. Nevertheless, the information provided by echocardiography may be adequate for the above applications, but the high SD of LVMI is a weakness. Greater use of 'low-SD' variables and multivariate discriminant functions may help overcome this problem.
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Abstract
A characteristic feature of heart failure is the progressive worsening of ventricular function over months or years despite the absence of clinically apparent intercurrent adverse events. The mechanism or mechanisms responsible for this hemodynamic deterioration are not known but may be related to progressive intrinsic contractile dysfunction of residual viable cardiac myocytes, or to ongoing degeneration and loss of myocytes, or both. This report will address the concept of ongoing cardiac myocyte loss that may occur during the course of evolving heart failure viewed from the perspective of apoptosis or "programmed cell death" as the potential mediator of cardiac muscle cell loss. In recent years, several studies have shown that constituent myocytes of failed explanted human hearts and hearts of animals with experimentally induced heart failure undergo apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that cardiac myocyte apoptosis also occurs after acute myocardial infarction, as well as in the hypertrophied heart and the aging heart, conditions frequently associated with the development of heart failure. Considerable work has also been conducted and novel concepts advanced to explain potential molecular triggers of cardiac myocyte apoptosis in heart failure. Although available data support the existence of myocyte apoptosis in the failing heart, questions essential to our understanding of the importance of myocyte apoptosis in this disease process remain unanswered. Lacking are studies aimed at identifying physiological factors inherent to heart failure that trigger myocyte apoptosis. Also lacking are studies that address the importance of myocyte apoptosis in the progression of left ventricular dysfunction. If loss of cardiac myocytes through apoptosis can be shown to be an important contributor to the progression of heart failure, and if factors that trigger apoptosis in the heart can be identified, such knowledge can potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic modalities aimed at preventing, or at the very least retarding, the process of progressive ventricular dysfunction and the ultimate transition toward end-stage, intractable heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Sabbah
- Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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44
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Strauer BE, Schwartzkopff B. Hypertension and coronary microvascular disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 432:207-13. [PMID: 9433528 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5385-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B E Strauer
- Med. Klinik, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Funck RC, Wilke A, Rupp H, Brilla CG. Regulation and role of myocardial collagen matrix remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 432:35-44. [PMID: 9433509 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5385-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In hypertensive heart disease, reactive myocardial fibrosis represents as an excessive accumulation of fibrillar collagen within the normal connective tissue structures of the myocardium. The fact, that the myocardium of both ventricles is involved, irrespective of ventricular loading conditions, suggests that circulating factors, and not the hemodynamic load are primary responsible for this adverse response of the myocardial fibrous tissue. In various experimental in vivo models, it has been shown that myocardial fibrosis is always associated with activation of circulating or local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems (RAAS). Cardiac collagen metabolism is regulated by cardiac fibroblasts which express mRNAs for types I and III collagens, the major fibrillar collagens in the heart, and for interstitial collagenase or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 which is the key enzyme for interstitial collagen degradation. In order to elucidate the role of the RAAS effector hormones, angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone (ALDO), in the regulation of collagen synthesis or inhibition of MMP 1 production, adult human cardiac fibroblasts were cultured. Collagen synthesis was determined by 3H-proline incorporation, and MMP 1 activity by degradation of 14C-collagen measured under serum-free conditions in confluent fibroblasts after 24 hour-incubation with either AngII or ALDO over a wide range of concentrations (10(-11)-10(-6)M). In addition, the effects of the mineralocorticoid, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on cardiac fibroblast function were determined. Compared with untreated control fibroblasts, collagen synthesis, normalized per total protein synthesis, showed a significant and dose-dependent increase after incubation with either mineralocorticoid hormone, ALDO or DOC, or after incubation with AngII. In contrast, collagen synthesis of cardiac fibroblasts was significantly decreased by PGE2 treatment. AngII type 1 or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, respectively, were able to completely inhibit the AngII- or mineralocorticoid-mediated increase of collagen synthesis. Furthermore, AngII significantly decreased MMP 1 activity while ALDO or DOC had no effect on cardiac fibroblast-mediated collagen degradation. In contrast, PGE2 significantly increased MMP 1 activity. Thus cardiac fibroblast function is modulated by either effector hormone of the RAAS, AngII and ALDO, via specific receptors that lead to progressive myocardial fibrosis in disease states where circulating or local RAAS is activated, i.e., in hypertensive heart disease. In contrast, PGE2, which would be elevated in myocardial tissue after angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, counteracts the fibrotic effects of the RAAS on myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Funck
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Philipps-University of Marburg, Germany
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46
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Raya TE, Gaballa M, Anderson P, Goldman S. Left ventricular function and remodeling after myocardial infarction in aging rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:H2652-8. [PMID: 9435600 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.6.h2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptations of the aging left ventricle (LV) to hemodynamic overload are functionally and structurally distinct from those of the young organism. This study describes the influence of aging on LV hemodynamics and remodeling late after myocardial infarction (MI) in Fischer 344 Brown Norway rats. In sham rats at 23 mo, LV weight, myocyte cross-sectional area (CSA), and myocardial fibrosis were increased, whereas LV dP/dt, LV relaxation, and maximal LV systolic function declined with respect to younger rats (7, 12, and 18 mo of age). Isometric myocardial function was evaluated in papillary muscles of 12- and 23-mo-old sham rats. Myocardial systolic function was decreased in older rats. To determine how aging affects LV function and remodeling after MI, rats were infarcted at 7 and 18 mo of age and were studied 5 mo later. Infarct size was similar in each group. Right ventricular weight, LV end-diastolic pressure, and volume index were increased, whereas LV dP/dt, peak cardiac index, and peak developed LV pressure declined after MI. However, there were no significant differences between young and older rats in any variable of LV systolic function or remodeling after MI. Myocyte CSA increased in younger rats after MI but was unchanged in 23-mo-old rats. After MI, myocardial fibrosis was significantly increased from baseline only in younger rats. The negative interaction of aging and MI on myocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis was highly significant. The findings indicate that baseline LV and myocradial function decline with age. In the aging rat after MI, despite limited compensatory hypertrophy and more advanced baseline myocardial fibrosis, the long-term functional and structural adaptations to MI are similar to those of the mature adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Raya
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-0019, USA
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47
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Li Q, Li B, Wang X, Leri A, Jana KP, Liu Y, Kajstura J, Baserga R, Anversa P. Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 in mice protects from myocyte death after infarction, attenuating ventricular dilation, wall stress, and cardiac hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1991-9. [PMID: 9329962 PMCID: PMC508388 DOI: 10.1172/jci119730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether IGF-1 opposes the stimulation of myocyte death in the surviving myocardium after infarction, transgenic mice overexpressing human IGF-1B in myocytes (FVB.Igf+/-) and wild-type littermates at 1.5 and 2.5 mo of age were subjected to coronary ligation and killed 7 d later. Myocardial infarction involved an average 50% of the left ventricle, and produced cardiac failure. In the region proximate to infarction, myocyte apoptosis increased 4. 2-fold and 2.1-fold in nontransgenics at 1.5 and 2.5 mo, respectively. Corresponding increases in myocyte necrosis were 1. 8-fold and 1.6-fold. In contrast, apoptotic and necrotic myocyte death did not increase in FVB.Igf+/- mice at either age after infarction. In 2.5-mo-old infarcted nontransgenics, functional impairment was associated with a 29% decrease in wall thickness, 43% increase in chamber diameter, and a 131% expansion in chamber volume. Conversely, the changes in wall thickness, chamber diameter, and cavitary volume were 41, 58, and 48% smaller in infarcted FVB.Igf+/- than in nontransgenics. The differential response to infarction of FVB.Igf+/- mice resulted in an attenuated increase in diastolic wall stress, cardiac weight, and left and right ventricular weight-to-body wt ratios. In conclusion, constitutive overexpression of IGF-1 prevented activation of cell death in the viable myocardium after infarction, limiting ventricular dilation, myocardial loading, and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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48
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Kihara Y, Inoko M, Sasayama S. Changes of myocardial contractile state and the intracellular calcium transients during transitions to heart failure: studies in Dahl rat heart failure model. J Card Fail 1996; 2:S113-20. [PMID: 8951568 DOI: 10.1016/s1071-9164(96)80066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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49
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Teiger E, Than VD, Richard L, Wisnewsky C, Tea BS, Gaboury L, Tremblay J, Schwartz K, Hamet P. Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2891-7. [PMID: 8675703 PMCID: PMC507385 DOI: 10.1172/jci118747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure overload induces cardiac growth in the rat, which implies the hypertrophy of cardiac muscle cells and proliferation of nonmuscle cells. The cardiac cell loss observed in parallel has generally been attributed to necrosis. Using an in situ assay, we demonstrated a phase of apoptosis or programmed cell death during the first 7 d after pressure overload with a peak at day 4 while cardiac growth continued for over 30 d. The increase in apoptosis was confirmed by quantification of 180-1500-bp DNA oligonucleosomes with agarose gel electrophoresis and in situ labeling via 3'-terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay. While some apoptosis was observed in the basal state in nonmuscle cells, pressure overload induced apoptosis mainly in cardiomyocytes. These data suggest that cardiac hypertrophy is initiated by a wave of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Thus, apoptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of heart remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Teiger
- Centre de Recherche Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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50
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Wilke A, Funck R, Rupp H, Brilla CG. Effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on the cardiac interstitium in heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 1996; 91 Suppl 2:79-84. [PMID: 8957549 DOI: 10.1007/bf00795367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and cardiac growth is of great interest in chronic heart failure. The pressure or volume overloaded heart shows a hypertrophic growth of the myocardium, i.e., an enlargement of cardiac myocytes. In addition, cardiac fibroblast activation is responsible for the accumulation of fibrillar type I and type III collagens within the interstitium and adventitia of intramyocardial coronary arteries. This remodeling of the cardiac interstitium represents a major determinant of pathological hypertrophy in that it accounts for abnormal myocardial stiffness, leading to ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction and ultimately the appearance of symptomatic heart failure. The growth of cardiac fibroblasts is not primarily regulated by the hemodynamic load. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest that the effector hormones, angiotensin II and aldosterone, of the RAAS are primarily involved in regulating the structural remodeling of the myocardial collagen matrix. In cultured adult cardiac fibroblasts, angiotensin II and aldosterone has been shown to stimulate collagen synthesis while angiotensin II additionally inhibits matrix metalloproteinase I activity, which is the key enzyme for interstitial collagen degradation in the myocardium. These findings may serve as rationale for a remedial therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition or blockage of the RAAS in congestive heart failure in patients with hypertensive heart disease, post myocardial infarction or with dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilke
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Abteilung Kardiologie, Klinikum der Philipps-Universität, Marburg
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