1
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McCracken IR, Smart N. Control of coronary vascular cell fate in development and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:50-61. [PMID: 37714806 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The coronary vasculature consists of a complex hierarchal network of arteries, veins, and capillaries which collectively function to perfuse the myocardium. However, the pathways controlling the temporally and spatially restricted mechanisms underlying the formation of this vascular network remain poorly understood. In recent years, the increasing use and refinement of transgenic mouse models has played an instrumental role in offering new insights into the cellular origins of the coronary vasculature, as well as identifying a continuum of transitioning cell states preceding the full maturation of the coronary vasculature. Coupled with the emergence of single cell RNA sequencing platforms, these technologies have begun to uncover the key regulatory factors mediating the convergence of distinct cellular origins to ensure the formation of a collectively functional, yet phenotypically diverse, vascular network. Furthermore, improved understanding of the key regulatory factors governing coronary vessel formation in the embryo may provide crucial clues into future therapeutic strategies to reactivate these developmentally functional mechanisms to drive the revascularisation of the ischaemic adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R McCracken
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7TY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Smart
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7TY, United Kingdom.
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2
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Carmona R, López-Sánchez C, Garcia-Martinez V, Garcia-López V, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Lozano-Velasco E, Franco D. Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Governing Embryonic Epicardium Formation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:440. [PMID: 37998498 PMCID: PMC10672416 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic epicardium originates from the proepicardium, an extracardiac primordium constituted by a cluster of mesothelial cells. In early embryos, the embryonic epicardium is characterized by a squamous cell epithelium resting on the myocardium surface. Subsequently, it invades the subepicardial space and thereafter the embryonic myocardium by means of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Within the myocardium, epicardial-derived cells present multilineage potential, later differentiating into smooth muscle cells and contributing both to coronary vasculature and cardiac fibroblasts in the mature heart. Over the last decades, we have progressively increased our understanding of those cellular and molecular mechanisms driving proepicardial/embryonic epicardium formation. This study provides a state-of-the-art review of the transcriptional and emerging post-transcriptional mechanisms involved in the formation and differentiation of the embryonic epicardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Human Anatomy, Legal Medicine and History of Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Carmen López-Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-López
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
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3
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Kvasilova A, Gregorovicova M, Olejnickova V, Kolesova H, Sedmera D. Myocardial development in crocodylians. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:2029-2047. [PMID: 36045487 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports confirmed the notion that there exists a rudimentary cardiac conduction system (CCS) in the crocodylian heart, and development of its ventricular part is linked to septation. We thus analyzed myocardial development with the emphasis on the CCS components and vascularization in two different crocodylian species. RESULTS Using optical mapping and HNK-1 immunostaining, pacemaker activity was localized to the right-sided sinus venosus. The atrioventricular conduction was restricted to dorsal part of the atrioventricular canal. Within the ventricle, the impulse was propagated from base-to-apex initially by the trabeculae, later by the ventricular septum, in which strands of HNK-1 positivity were temporarily observed. Completion of ventricular septation correlated with transition of ventricular epicardial activation pattern to mature apex-to-base direction from two periapical foci. Despite a gradual thickening of the ventricular wall, no morphological differentiation of the Purkinje network was observed. Thin-walled coronary vessels with endothelium positive for QH1 obtained a smooth muscle coat after septation. Intramyocardial vessels were abundant especially in the rapidly thickening left ventricular wall. CONCLUSIONS Most of the CCS components present in the homeiotherm hearts can be identified in the developing crocodylian heart, with a notable exception of the Purkinje network distinct from the trabeculae carneae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kvasilova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Gregorovicova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Olejnickova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolesova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Anderson RH, Turner JE, Henderson DJ. The morphogenesis of abnormal coronary arteries in the congenitally malformed heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 164:344-349. [PMID: 34666912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Anderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Jasmin E Turner
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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5
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Sedmera D. HLHS: Power of the Chick Model. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9040113. [PMID: 35448089 PMCID: PMC9031965 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare but deadly form of human congenital heart disease, most likely of diverse etiologies. Hemodynamic alterations such as those resulting from premature foramen ovale closure or aortic stenosis are among the possible pathways. Methods: The information gained from studies performed in the chick model of HLHS is reviewed. Altered hemodynamics leads to a decrease in myocyte proliferation causing hypoplasia of the left heart structures and their functional changes. Conclusions: Although the chick phenocopy of HLHS caused by left atrial ligation is certainly not representative of all the possible etiologies, it provides many useful hints regarding the plasticity of the genetically normal developing myocardium under altered hemodynamic loading leading to the HLHS phenotype, and even suggestions on some potential strategies for prenatal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Tian X, Zhou B. Coronary vessel formation in development and regeneration: origins and mechanisms. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 167:67-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Bonet F, Inácio JM, Bover O, Añez SB, Belo JA. CCBE1 in Cardiac Development and Disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:836694. [PMID: 35222551 PMCID: PMC8864227 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.836694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The collagen- and calcium-binding EGF-like domains 1 (CCBE1) is a secreted protein extensively described as indispensable for lymphangiogenesis during development enhancing VEGF-C signaling. In human patients, mutations in CCBE1 have been found to cause Hennekam syndrome, an inherited disease characterized by malformation of the lymphatic system that presents a wide variety of symptoms such as primary lymphedema, lymphangiectasia, and heart defects. Importantly, over the last decade, an essential role for CCBE1 during heart development is being uncovered. In mice, Ccbe1 expression was initially detected in distinct cardiac progenitors such as first and second heart field, and the proepicardium. More recently, Ccbe1 expression was identified in the epicardium and sinus venosus (SV) myocardium at E11.5–E13.5, the stage when SV endocardium–derived (VEGF-C dependent) coronary vessels start to form. Concordantly, CCBE1 is required for the correct formation of the coronary vessels and the coronary artery stem in the mouse. Additionally, Ccbe1 was found to be enriched in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and revealed as a new essential gene for the differentiation of ESC-derived early cardiac precursor cell lineages. Here, we bring an up-to-date review on the role of CCBE1 in cardiac development, function, and human disease implications. Finally, we envisage the potential of this molecule’s functions from a regenerative medicine perspective, particularly novel therapeutic strategies for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bonet
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz (UCA), Cádiz, Spain
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M. Inácio
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Oriol Bover
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sabrina B. Añez
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A. Belo
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: José A. Belo,
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8
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Thiene G, Frescura C, Padalino M, Basso C, Rizzo S. Coronary Arteries: Normal Anatomy With Historical Notes and Embryology of Main Stems. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:649855. [PMID: 34136540 PMCID: PMC8200569 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.649855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomy of subepicardial coronary arteries became a topic of investigation at autopsy in Florence (Italy) by Banchi in the early twentieth century, with the discovery of dominant and balanced patterns. Thereafter, in the 60's of the same century Baroldi in Milan did post-mortem injection with spectacular three-dimensional casts. Later Sones at the Cleveland Clinic introduced selective coronary arteriography for in vivo visualization of coronary arteries. In the present chapter we show these patterns, as well as normal variants of origin and course with questionable risk of ischemia, like myocardial bridge as well as origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right sinus with retroaortic course. As far as embryology, the coronary arteries and veins are epicardial in origin and finally connect the former with the aorta, and the latter with the sinus venosus. At the time of spongy myocardium, intramural blood supply derives directly by the ventricular cavities, whereas later, at the time of myocardial compaction, vascularization originates from the subepicardial network. The connection of the subepicardial plexus with the aorta occurs with prongs of the peritruncal ring, which penetrate the facing aortic sinuses. Septation of truncus arteriosus is not responsible for the final position of the coronary orifices. Infact in transposition of the great arteries coronary ostia are regularly located within facing sinuses of the anterior aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Thiene
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Frescura
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Padalino
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
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9
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George RM, Firulli AB. Deletion of a Hand1 lncRNA-Containing Septum Transversum Enhancer Alters lncRNA Expression but Is Not Required for Hand1 Expression. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8050050. [PMID: 34064373 PMCID: PMC8147853 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a Hand1 transcriptional enhancer that drives expression within the septum transversum, the origin of the cells that contribute to the epicardium. This enhancer directly overlaps a common exon of a predicted family of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) that are specific to mice. To interrogate the necessity of this Hand1 enhancer, as well as the importance of these novel lncRNAs, we deleted the enhancer sequences, including the common exon shared by these lncRNAs, using genome editing. Resultant homozygous Hand1 enhancer mutants (Hand1ΔST/ΔST) present with no observable phenotype. Assessment of lncRNA expression reveals that Hand1ΔST/ΔST mutants effectively eliminate detectable lncRNA expression. Expression analysis within Hand1ΔST/ΔST mutant hearts indicates higher levels of Hand1 than in controls. The generation of Hand1 compound heterozygous mutants with the Hand1LacZ null allele (Hand1ΔST/LacZ) also did not reveal any observable phenotypes. Together these data indicate that deletion of this Hand1 enhancer and by consequence a family of murine-specific lncRNAs does not impact embryonic development in observable ways.
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10
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Maruyama K, Naemura K, Arima Y, Uchijima Y, Nagao H, Yoshihara K, Singh MK, Uemura A, Matsuzaki F, Yoshida Y, Kurihara Y, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Kurihara H. Semaphorin3E-PlexinD1 signaling in coronary artery and lymphatic vessel development with clinical implications in myocardial recovery. iScience 2021; 24:102305. [PMID: 33870127 PMCID: PMC8041864 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood and lymphatic vessels surrounding the heart develop through orchestrated processes from cells of different origins. In particular, cells around the outflow tract which constitute a primordial transient vasculature, referred to as aortic subepicardial vessels, are crucial for the establishment of coronary artery stems and cardiac lymphatic vessels. Here, we revealed that the epicardium and pericardium-derived Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) and its receptor, PlexinD1, play a role in the development of the coronary stem, as well as cardiac lymphatic vessels. In vitro analyses demonstrated that Sema3E may demarcate areas to repel PlexinD1-expressing lymphatic endothelial cells, resulting in proper coronary and lymphatic vessel formation. Furthermore, inactivation of Sema3E-PlexinD1 signaling improved the recovery of cardiac function by increasing reactive lymphangiogenesis in an adult mouse model of myocardial infarction. These findings may lead to therapeutic strategies that target Sema3E-PlexinD1 signaling in coronary artery diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Maruyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Naemura
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Arima
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Uchijima
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagao
- Heart Center, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshihara
- Heart Center, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, and the National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 8 College Road Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3, Minatojiima-Minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yukiko Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Heart Center, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.,Department of Animal Nursing Science, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, 4-7-2 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0364, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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11
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Al Nasef M, Alghamdi MH, Bello Valls ML, Zahrani AM, AlAkfash A, Ardah HI, Diranneya OM, Alhabshan F. Commissural Malalignment as a predictor of coronary artery abnormalities in patients with transposition of great arteries. JOURNAL OF CONGENITAL CARDIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40949-020-00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA), commissural malalignment (CM) between semilunar valves may be associated with abnormal coronary (CA) pattern. We intend to assess the degree of CM with incidence of unusual CA anatomy.
Methods
We proposed a ratio to measure the distance of both ends of the anterior facing sinuses of the pulmonary valve from the facing commissure of the aortic valve. We labeled it as D1 and D2 distance. A ratio (C ratio) of the smaller distance (either D1 or D2 whichever is shorter) over the sum of both D1 and D2 was taken (D1 or D2 whichever is shorter / D1 + D2). We related this ratio with the incidence of the unusual CA anatomy in D-TGA patients.
Results
We had a total of 158 patients. We defined the point beyond which the C-Ratio becomes significantly associated with abnormal coronary artery pattern, this represents the median effective level (EL50). The EL50 of the C-Ratio was found to be equal to 31% (0.31). The prediction revealed that the CA pattern would most probably be usual when there is a minor commissural malalignment (C-Ratio less than the EL50) and most probably be unusual when there is a major malalignment (C-Ratio is greater than the EL50). The sensitivity was 71% and the specificity 88% (p-value < 0.0001).
Conclusions
The C-Ratio helps to categorize the degree of CM as minor (less than 0.31) or major (more than 0.31). A higher C-Ratio predicts a higher incidence of unusual CA pattern.
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12
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Borasch K, Richardson K, Plendl J. Cardiogenesis with a focus on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:643-655. [PMID: 32319704 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial intraembryonic vasculogenesis occurs in the cardiogenic mesoderm. Here, a cell population of proendocardial cells detaches from the mesoderm that subsequently generates the single endocardial tube by forming vascular plexuses. In the course of embryogenesis, the endocardium retains vasculogenic, angiogenic and haematopoietic potential. The coronary blood vessels that sustain the rapidly expanding myocardium develop in the course of the formation of the cardiac loop by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis from progenitor cells of the proepicardial serosa at the venous pole of the heart as well as from the endocardium and endothelial cells of the sinus venosus. Prospective coronary endothelial cells and progenitor cells of the coronary blood vessel walls (smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells) originate from different cell populations that are in close spatial as well as regulatory connection with each other. Vasculo- and angiogenesis of the coronary blood vessels are for a large part regulated by the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells. Vasculogenic and angiogenic signalling pathways include the vascular endothelial growth factors, the angiopoietins and the fibroblast growth factors and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Borasch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Lan Y, Pan H, Li C, Banks KM, Sam J, Ding B, Elemento O, Goll MG, Evans T. TETs Regulate Proepicardial Cell Migration through Extracellular Matrix Organization during Zebrafish Cardiogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:720-732.e4. [PMID: 30650362 PMCID: PMC6366638 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes (Tet1/2/3) mediate 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylation, which can facilitate DNA demethylation and thereby impact gene expression. Studied mostly for how mutant isoforms impact cancer, the normal roles for Tet enzymes during organogenesis are largely unknown. By analyzing compound mutant zebrafish, we discovered a requirement for Tet2/3 activity in the embryonic heart for recruitment of epicardial progenitors, associated with development of the atrial-ventricular canal (AVC). Through a combination of methylation, hydroxymethylation, and transcript profiling, the genes encoding the activin A subunit Inhbaa (in endocardium) and Sox9b (in myocardium) were implicated as demethylation targets of Tet2/3 and critical for organization of AVC-localized extracellular matrix (ECM), facilitating migration of epicardial progenitors onto the developing heart tube. This study elucidates essential DNA demethylation modifications that govern gene expression changes during cardiac development with striking temporal and lineage specificities, highlighting complex interactions in multiple cell populations during development of the vertebrate heart. Lan et al. show that zebrafish larvae mutant for tet2 and tet3 fail to demethylate genes encoding Inhbaa (in endocardium) and Sox9b (in myocardium), leading to defects in ECM needed to form valves and to recruit epicardial progenitors onto the heart tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Lan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cheng Li
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kelly M Banks
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica Sam
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bo Ding
- Bonacept, LLC, 7699 Palmilla Drive, Apt. 3312, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary G Goll
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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14
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Perdios C, Parnall M, Pang KL, Loughna S. Altered haemodynamics causes aberrations in the epicardium. J Anat 2019; 234:800-814. [PMID: 30882904 PMCID: PMC6539700 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryo development, the heart is the first functioning organ. Although quiescent in the adult, the epicardium is essential during development to form a normal four‐chambered heart. Epicardial‐derived cells contribute to the heart as it develops with fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Previous studies have shown that a heartbeat is required for epicardium formation, but no study to our knowledge has shown the effects of haemodynamic changes on the epicardium. Since the aetiologies of many congenital heart defects are unknown, we suggest that an alteration in the heart's haemodynamics might provide an explanatory basis for some of them. To change the heart's haemodynamics, outflow tract (OFT) banding using a double overhang knot was performed on HH21 chick embryos, with harvesting at different developmental stages. The epicardium of the heart was phenotypically and functionally characterised using a range of techniques. Upon alteration of haemodynamics, the epicardium exhibited abnormal morphology at HH29, even though migration of epicardial cells along the surface of the heart was found to be normal between HH24 and HH28. The abnormal epicardial phenotype was exacerbated at HH35 with severe changes in the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). A number of genes tied to ECM production were also differentially expressed in HH29 OFT‐banded hearts, including DDR2 and collagen XII. At HH35, the differential expression of these genes was even greater with additional downregulation of collagen I and TCF21. In this study, the epicardium was found to be severely impacted by altered haemodynamics upon OFT banding. The increased volume of the epicardium at HH29, upon OFT‐banding, and the expression changes of ECM markers were the first indicative signs of aberrations in epicardial architecture; by HH35, the phenotype had progressed. The decrease in epicardial thickness at HH35 suggests an increase in tension, with a force acting perpendicular to the surface of the epicardium. Although the developing epicardium and the blood flowing through the heart are separated by the endocardium and myocardium, the data presented here demonstrate that altering the blood flow affects the structure and molecular expression of the epicardial layer. Due to the intrinsic role the epicardium in cardiogenesis, defects in epicardial formation could have a role in the formation of a wide range of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysostomos Perdios
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matthew Parnall
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kar Lai Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Siobhan Loughna
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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15
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Fernández MC, Soto-Navarrete MT, Durán AC, Sans-Coma V, Fernández B. The Bicuspid Condition of the Aortic Valve Does Not Alter the Incidence of Accessory Coronary Artery Ostia in Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). J Comp Pathol 2019; 166:9-16. [PMID: 30691611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In man and Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), the prevalence of anomalies in the origin of the coronary arteries is significantly higher in individuals with bicuspid than with normal aortic valves. In hamsters, the incidence of accessory ostia is similar in individuals with normal and anomalous coronary arteries, all of them possessing a normal (tricuspid) aortic valve. In order to evaluate whether or not the presence of bicuspid aortic valves alters the incidence of accessory ostia, 1,050 hearts from hamsters with bicuspid valves were examined. In 594 of them the coronary arteries were normal. The remaining 456 hearts showed coronary artery anomalies characterized by the absence of any artery arising from the left side of the valve. The incidence of accessory ostia was 3.9% in hamsters with normal coronary arteries and 2.2% in those with anomalous coronary patterns. Overall, 3.1% of the accessory ostia were associated with a septal artery and another 0.2% with a conal artery. These data referring to the bicuspid valves were compared with those already published on normal valves. The results of statistical analyses showed that having a bicuspid aortic valve does not alter the incidence of accessory coronary ostia. In the set of tricuspid and bicuspid valves, the incidence of accessory ostia was significantly lower on the left side than on the right side of the valve. This, together with the fact that in the present animal model the coronary anomalies were characterized by the absence of arteries on the left side of the valve, suggests that the embryonic region corresponding to the left side of the aortic valve primordium is particularly associated with preventing the normal development of coronary vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fernández
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Málaga, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M T Soto-Navarrete
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Málaga, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - A C Durán
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Málaga, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - V Sans-Coma
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Málaga, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - B Fernández
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Málaga, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Málaga, Spain.
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16
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Kapuria S, Yoshida T, Lien CL. Coronary Vasculature in Cardiac Development and Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:E59. [PMID: 30563016 PMCID: PMC6306797 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional coronary circulation is essential for a healthy heart in warm-blooded vertebrates, and coronary diseases can have a fatal consequence. Despite the growing interest, the knowledge about the coronary vessel development and the roles of new coronary vessel formation during heart regeneration is still limited. It is demonstrated that early revascularization is required for efficient heart regeneration. In this comprehensive review, we first describe the coronary vessel formation from an evolutionary perspective. We further discuss the cell origins of coronary endothelial cells and perivascular cells and summarize the critical signaling pathways regulating coronary vessel development. Lastly, we focus on the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms regulating heart regeneration in zebrafish, a genetically tractable vertebrate model with a regenerative adult heart and well-developed coronary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Kapuria
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Tyler Yoshida
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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17
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Ramai D, Lai J, Monzidelis C, Reddy S. Coronary Artery Development: Origin, Malformations, and Translational Vascular Reparative Therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2018; 23:292-300. [PMID: 29642708 DOI: 10.1177/1074248418769633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After thickening of the cardiac chamber walls during embryogenesis, oxygen and nutrients can no longer be adequately supplied to cardiac cells via passive diffusion; therefore, a primitive vascular network develops to supply these vital structures. This plexus further matures into coronary arteries and veins, which ensures continued development of the heart. Various models have been proposed to account for the growth of the coronary arteries. However, lineage-tracing studies in the last decade have identified 3 major sources, namely, the proepicardium, the sinus venosus, and endocardium. Although the exact contribution of each source remains unknown, the emerging model depicts alternative pathways and progenitor cells, which ensure successful coronary angiogenesis. We aim to explore the current trends in coronary artery development, the cellular and molecular signals regulating heart vascularization, and its implications for heart disease and vascular regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Ramai
- Department of Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Affiliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Constantine Monzidelis
- Department of Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Affiliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarath Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Affiliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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18
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Simões FC, Riley PR. The ontogeny, activation and function of the epicardium during heart development and regeneration. Development 2018; 145:145/7/dev155994. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.155994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium plays a key role during cardiac development, homeostasis and repair, and has thus emerged as a potential target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, therapeutically manipulating the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) requires insights into their developmental origin and the mechanisms driving their activation, recruitment and contribution to both the embryonic and adult injured heart. In recent years, studies of various model systems have provided us with a deeper understanding of the microenvironment in which EPDCs reside and emerge into, of the crosstalk between the multitude of cardiovascular cell types that influence the epicardium, and of the genetic programmes that orchestrate epicardial cell behaviour. Here, we review these discoveries and discuss how technological advances could further enhance our knowledge of epicardium-based repair mechanisms and ultimately influence potential therapeutic outcomes in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C. Simões
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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19
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Kamimura T, Yamagishi T, Nakajima Y. Avian coronary endothelium is a mosaic of sinus venosus- and ventricle-derived endothelial cells in a region-specific manner. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:97-111. [PMID: 29392712 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of coronary endothelial cells (ECs) has been investigated in avian species, and the results showed that the coronary ECs originate from the proepicardial organ (PEO) and developing epicardium. Genetic approaches in mouse models showed that the major source of coronary ECs is the sinus venosus endothelium or ventricular endocardium. To clarify and reconcile the differences between avian and mouse species, we examined the source of coronary ECs in avian embryonic hearts. Using an enhanced green fluorescent protein-Tol2 system and fluorescent dye labeling, four types of quail-chick chimeras were made and quail-specific endothelial marker (QH1) immunohistochemistry was performed. The developing PEO consisted of at least two cellular populations in origin, one was sinus venosus endothelium-derived inner cells and the other was surface mesothelium-derived cells. The majority of ECs in the coronary stems, ventricular free wall, and dorsal ventricular septum originated from the sinus venosus endothelium. The ventricular endocardium contributed mainly to the septal artery and a few cells to the coronary stems. Surface mesothelial cells of the PEO differentiated mainly into a smooth muscle phenotype, but a few differentiated into ECs. In avian species, the coronary endothelium had a heterogeneous origin in a region-specific manner, and the sources of ECs were basically the same as those observed in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kamimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamagishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Palmquist-Gomes P, Guadix JA, Pérez-Pomares JM. Avian embryonic coronary arterio-venous patterning involves the contribution of different endothelial and endocardial cell populations. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:686-698. [PMID: 29226547 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary vasculature irrigates the myocardium and is crucial to late embryonic and adult heart function. Despite the developmental significance and clinical relevance of these blood vessels, the embryonic origin and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate coronary arterio-venous patterning are not known in detail. In this study, we have used the avian embryo to dissect the ontogenetic origin and morphogenesis of coronary vasculature. RESULTS We show that sinus venosus endocardial sprouts and proepicardial angioblasts pioneer coronary vascular formation, invading the developing heart simultaneously. We also report that avian ventricular endocardium has the potential to contribute to coronary vessels, and describe the incorporation of cardiac distal outflow tract endothelial cells to the peritruncal endothelial plexus to participate in coronary vascular formation. Finally, our findings indicate that large sinus venosus-independent sections of the forming coronary vasculature develop without connection to the systemic circulation and that coronary arterio-venous shunts form a few hours before peritruncal arterial endothelium connects to the aortic root. CONCLUSIONS Embryonic coronary vasculature is a developmental mosaic, formed by the integration of vascular cells from, at least, four different embryological origins, which assemble in a coordinated manner to complete coronary vascular development. Developmental Dynamics 247:686-698, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palmquist-Gomes
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29080, Málaga, Spain.,BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), c/ Severo Ochoa n°25, 29590, Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29080, Málaga, Spain.,BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), c/ Severo Ochoa n°25, 29590, Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
| | - José M Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29080, Málaga, Spain.,BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), c/ Severo Ochoa n°25, 29590, Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
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21
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The epicardium as a source of multipotent adult cardiac progenitor cells: Their origin, role and fate. Pharmacol Res 2017; 127:129-140. [PMID: 28751220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian heart is limited, cardiac injury leads to the formation of scar tissue and thereby increases the risk of developing compensatory heart failure. Stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic approach but is facing problems with engraftment and clinical feasibility. Targeting an endogenous stem cell population could circumvent these limitations. The epicardium, a membranous layer covering the outside of the myocardium, is an accessible cell population which plays a key role in the developing heart. Epicardial cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus providing epicardial derived cells (EPDCs) that migrate into the myocardium and cooperate in myocardial vascularisation and compaction. In the adult heart, injury activates the epicardium, and an embryonic-like response is observed which includes EMT and differentiation of the EPDCs into cardiac cell types. Furthermore, paracrine communication between the epicardium and myocardium improves the regenerative response. The significant role of the epicardium has been shown in both the developing and the regenerating heart. Interestingly, the epicardial contribution to cardiac repair can be improved in several ways. In this review, an overview of the epicardial origin and fate will be given and potential therapeutic approaches will be discussed.
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22
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Biermans MWM, Dolfing AI, Jagessar A, van Hattum S, Hoogenboom A, Wisse LJ, Vicente-Steijn R, de Bakker MAG, Vonk FJ, Hirasawa T, Kuratani S, Richardson MK. Outflow tract septation and the aortic arch system in reptiles: lessons for understanding the mammalian heart. EvoDevo 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28491275 PMCID: PMC5424407 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-017-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac outflow tract patterning and cell contribution are studied using an evo-devo approach to reveal insight into the development of aorto-pulmonary septation. RESULTS We studied embryonic stages of reptile hearts (lizard, turtle and crocodile) and compared these to avian and mammalian development. Immunohistochemistry allowed us to indicate where the essential cell components in the outflow tract and aortic sac were deployed, more specifically endocardial, neural crest and second heart field cells. The neural crest-derived aorto-pulmonary septum separates the pulmonary trunk from both aortae in reptiles, presenting with a left visceral and a right systemic aorta arising from the unseptated ventricle. Second heart field-derived cells function as flow dividers between both aortae and between the two pulmonary arteries. In birds, the left visceral aorta disappears early in development, while the right systemic aorta persists. This leads to a fusion of the aorto-pulmonary septum and the aortic flow divider (second heart field population) forming an avian aorto-pulmonary septal complex. In mammals, there is also a second heart field-derived aortic flow divider, albeit at a more distal site, while the aorto-pulmonary septum separates the aortic trunk from the pulmonary trunk. As in birds there is fusion with second heart field-derived cells albeit from the pulmonary flow divider as the right 6th pharyngeal arch artery disappears, resulting in a mammalian aorto-pulmonary septal complex. In crocodiles, birds and mammals, the main septal and parietal endocardial cushions receive neural crest cells that are functional in fusion and myocardialization of the outflow tract septum. Longer-lasting septation in crocodiles demonstrates a heterochrony in development. In other reptiles with no indication of incursion of neural crest cells, there is either no myocardialized outflow tract septum (lizard) or it is vestigial (turtle). Crocodiles are unique in bearing a central shunt, the foramen of Panizza, between the roots of both aortae. Finally, the soft-shell turtle investigated here exhibits a spongy histology of the developing carotid arteries supposedly related to regulation of blood flow during pharyngeal excretion in this species. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that is shown that an interplay of second heart field-derived flow dividers with a neural crest-derived cell population is a variable but common, denominator across all species studied for vascular patterning and outflow tract septation. The observed differences in normal development of reptiles may have impact on the understanding of development of human congenital outflow tract malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel W M Biermans
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne I Dolfing
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Armand Jagessar
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sam van Hattum
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda Hoogenboom
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus J Wisse
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn A G de Bakker
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tatsuya Hirasawa
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Michael K Richardson
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Dueñas A, Aranega AE, Franco D. More than Just a Simple Cardiac Envelope; Cellular Contributions of the Epicardium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:44. [PMID: 28507986 PMCID: PMC5410615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult pumping heart is formed by distinct tissue layers. From inside to outside, the heart is composed by an internal endothelial layer, dubbed the endocardium, a thick myocardial component which supports the pumping capacity of the heart and exteriorly covered by a thin mesothelial layer named the epicardium. Cardiac insults such as coronary artery obstruction lead to ischemia and thus to an irreversible damage of the myocardial layer, provoking in many cases heart failure and death. Thus, searching for new pathways to regenerate the myocardium is an urgent biomedical need. Interestingly, the capacity of heart regeneration is present in other species, ranging from fishes to neonatal mammals. In this context, several lines of evidences demonstrated a key regulatory role for the epicardial layer. In this manuscript, we provide a state-of-the-art review on the developmental process leading to the formation of the epicardium, the distinct pathways controlling epicardial precursor cell specification and determination and current evidences on the regenerative potential of the epicardium to heal the injured heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Dueñas
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of JaénJaén, Spain
| | - Amelia E Aranega
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of JaénJaén, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of JaénJaén, Spain
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24
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Brenner E, Pechriggl E, Zwierzina M, Hörmann R, Moriggl B. Case report: a common trunk of the coronary arteries. Surg Radiol Anat 2017; 39:455-459. [PMID: 27561741 PMCID: PMC5368195 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe the heart from a 79-year-old woman with no medical history of cardiac complaints. Her heart shows a regular right coronary artery (RCA) and a variant left coronary artery (LCA) arising from the right sinus of Valsalva. The common stem of the RCA and the LCA is extremely short. The LCA depicts a preinfundibular course with a cranial-anterior loop and reaches the intersection of the anterior interventricular sulcus and the left coronary sulcus, where it divides into the regular branches, the anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending, LAD) and the circumflex branch (left circumflex, LCx). All further branching resembles a normal distribution with the posterior interventricular branch coming for the RCA. Such a variant LCA is extremely rare with a reported incidence of 0.17 %. However, recognition and angiographic demonstration of such a variation assume the highest priority in a patient undergoing, for instance, direct coronary artery surgery or prosthetic valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Brenner
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Pechriggl
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marit Zwierzina
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romed Hörmann
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Moriggl
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Das S, Red-Horse K. Cellular plasticity in cardiovascular development and disease. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:328-335. [PMID: 28097739 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on cellular differentiation pathways is critical to understanding organ development, homeostasis, and disease. Studying cell differentiation and cell fate restrictions in these contexts can be done through lineage tracing experiments, which entail permanent labeling of a cell and all its progeny. Recent lineage experiments within the cardiovascular system have uncovered unexpected findings on cellular origins during organogenesis and cell plasticity during disease. For example, there is increasing evidence that multiple progenitor sources exist for a single cell type, and that cells have remarkable expansive capacities under disease settings. Here, we summarize some recent findings in the cardiovascular system and highlight where there is evidence that the underlying concepts are a widespread phenomenon used by other organ systems. Developmental Dynamics 246:328-335, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyashree Das
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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26
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Smart N. Prospects for improving neovascularization of the ischemic heart: Lessons from development. Microcirculation 2017; 24. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Smart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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Sharma B, Chang A, Red-Horse K. Coronary Artery Development: Progenitor Cells and Differentiation Pathways. Annu Rev Physiol 2016; 79:1-19. [PMID: 27959616 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-033953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one cause of death worldwide and involves the accumulation of plaques within the artery wall that can occlude blood flow to the heart and cause myocardial infarction. The high mortality associated with CAD makes the development of medical interventions that repair and replace diseased arteries a high priority for the cardiovascular research community. Advancements in arterial regenerative medicine could benefit from a detailed understanding of coronary artery development during embryogenesis and of how these pathways might be reignited during disease. Recent research has advanced our knowledge on how the coronary vasculature is built and revealed unexpected features of progenitor cell deployment that may have implications for organogenesis in general. Here, we highlight these recent findings and discuss how they set the stage to interrogate developmental pathways during injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Sharma
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Andrew Chang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; .,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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28
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Pototska OY. Histological and immunocytochemical investigation of human coronary vessel development with anti-CD34 antibodies. Russ J Dev Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360416060047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Végh AMD, Duim SN, Smits AM, Poelmann RE, Ten Harkel ADJ, DeRuiter MC, Goumans MJ, Jongbloed MRM. Part and Parcel of the Cardiac Autonomic Nerve System: Unravelling Its Cellular Building Blocks during Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3030028. [PMID: 29367572 PMCID: PMC5715672 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (cANS) is essential for proper heart function, and complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death are associated with an altered cANS function. A changed innervation state may underlie (part of) the atrial and ventricular arrhythmias observed after myocardial infarction. In other cardiac diseases, such as congenital heart disease, autonomic dysfunction may be related to disease outcome. This is also the case after heart transplantation, when the heart is denervated. Interest in the origin of the autonomic nerve system has renewed since the role of autonomic function in disease progression was recognized, and some plasticity in autonomic regeneration is evident. As with many pathological processes, autonomic dysfunction based on pathological innervation may be a partial recapitulation of the early development of innervation. As such, insight into the development of cardiac innervation and an understanding of the cellular background contributing to cardiac innervation during different phases of development is required. This review describes the development of the cANS and focuses on the cellular contributions, either directly by delivering cells or indirectly by secretion of necessary factors or cell-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M D Végh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd N Duim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke M Smits
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 20, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Arend D J Ten Harkel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marie José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Development of coronary vessels is a complex process in developmental biology and it may have clinical implications. Although coronary vessels develop as a form of vasculogenesis followed by angiogenesis, the cells of the entire coronary system do not arise from the developing heart. The key events of the coronary system formation include the generation of primordium and proepicardial organ; formation of epicardium; generation of subepicardial mesenchymal cells, and the formation, remodeling and maturation of the final vascular plexus. These events represent a complex regulation of the cell fate determination, cellular migration, epicardial/mesenchymal transformation, and patterning of vasculatures. Recent studies suggest that several transcription factors, adhesion molecules, growth factors and signaling molecules play essential roles in these events. This article reviews the literature on the development of coronary vessels, and discusses current advances and controversies of molecular and cellular mechanisms, thereby directing future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mu
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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31
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DeLaughter DM, Clark CR, Christodoulou DC, Seidman CE, Baldwin HS, Seidman JG, Barnett JV. Transcriptional Profiling of Cultured, Embryonic Epicardial Cells Identifies Novel Genes and Signaling Pathways Regulated by TGFβR3 In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159710. [PMID: 27505173 PMCID: PMC4978490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium plays an important role in coronary vessel formation and Tgfbr3-/- mice exhibit failed coronary vessel development associated with decreased epicardial cell invasion. Immortalized Tgfbr3-/- epicardial cells display the same defects. Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells incubated for 72 hours with VEH or ligands known to promote invasion via TGFβR3 (TGFβ1, TGFβ2, BMP2), for 72 hours were harvested for RNA-seq analysis. We selected for genes >2-fold differentially expressed between Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells when incubated with VEH (604), TGFβ1 (515), TGFβ2 (553), or BMP2 (632). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of these genes identified dysregulated biological processes consistent with the defects observed in Tgfbr3-/- cells, including those associated with extracellular matrix interaction. GO and Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) analysis identified distinct expression profiles between TGFβ1-TGFβ2 and VEH-BMP2 incubated cells, consistent with the differential response of epicardial cells to these ligands in vitro. Despite the differences observed between Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells after TGFβ and BMP ligand addition, GRNs constructed from these gene lists identified NF-ĸB as a key nodal point for all ligands examined. Tgfbr3-/- cells exhibited decreased expression of genes known to be activated by NF-ĸB signaling. NF-ĸB activity was stimulated in Tgfbr3+/+ epicardial cells after TGFβ2 or BMP2 incubation, while Tgfbr3-/- cells failed to activate NF-ĸB in response to these ligands. Tgfbr3+/+ epicardial cells incubated with an inhibitor of NF-ĸB signaling no longer invaded into a collagen gel in response to TGFβ2 or BMP2. These data suggest that NF-ĸB signaling is dysregulated in Tgfbr3-/- epicardial cells and that NF-ĸB signaling is required for epicardial cell invasion in vitro. Our approach successfully identified a signaling pathway important in epicardial cell behavior downstream of TGFβR3. Overall, the genes and signaling pathways identified through our analysis yield the first comprehensive list of candidate genes whose expression is dependent on TGFβR3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. DeLaughter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cynthia R. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Danos C. Christodoulou
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Cardiology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - H. Scott Baldwin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville,Tennessee, United States of America
| | - J. G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joey V. Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stone RC, Pastar I, Ojeh N, Chen V, Liu S, Garzon KI, Tomic-Canic M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:495-506. [PMID: 27461257 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the global process by which stationary epithelial cells undergo phenotypic changes, including the loss of cell-cell adhesion and apical-basal polarity, and acquire mesenchymal characteristics that confer migratory capacity. EMT and its converse, MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition), are integral stages of many physiologic processes and, as such, are tightly coordinated by a host of molecular regulators. Converging lines of evidence have identified EMT as a component of cutaneous wound healing, during which otherwise stationary keratinocytes (the resident skin epithelial cells) migrate across the wound bed to restore the epidermal barrier. Moreover, EMT plays a role in the development of scarring and fibrosis, as the matrix-producing myofibroblasts arise from cells of the epithelial lineage in response to injury but are pathologically sustained instead of undergoing MET or apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the role of EMT in physiologic repair and pathologic fibrosis of tissues and organs. We conclude that further investigation into the contribution of EMT to the faulty repair of fibrotic wounds might identify components of EMT signaling as common therapeutic targets for impaired healing in many tissues. Graphical Abstract Model for injury-triggered EMT activation in physiologic wound repair (left) and fibrotic wound healing (right).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka C Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Research Residency Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla., USA
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Vivien Chen
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sophia Liu
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Karen I Garzon
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Pérez-Pomares JM, de la Pompa JL, Franco D, Henderson D, Ho SY, Houyel L, Kelly RG, Sedmera D, Sheppard M, Sperling S, Thiene G, van den Hoff M, Basso C. Congenital coronary artery anomalies: a bridge from embryology to anatomy and pathophysiology--a position statement of the development, anatomy, and pathology ESC Working Group. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109:204-16. [PMID: 26811390 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital coronary artery anomalies are of major significance in clinical cardiology and cardiac surgery due to their association with myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. Such anomalies are detectable by imaging modalities and, according to various definitions, their prevalence ranges from 0.21 to 5.79%. This consensus document from the Development, Anatomy and Pathology Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology aims to provide: (i) a definition of normality that refers to essential anatomical and embryological features of coronary vessels, based on the integrated analysis of studies of normal and abnormal coronary embryogenesis and pathophysiology; (ii) an animal model-based systematic survey of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate coronary blood vessel development; (iii) an organization of the wide spectrum of coronary artery anomalies, according to a comprehensive anatomical and embryological classification scheme; (iv) current knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying symptoms and signs of coronary artery anomalies, with diagnostic and therapeutic implications. This document identifies the mosaic-like embryonic development of the coronary vascular system, as coronary cell types differentiate from multiple cell sources through an intricate network of molecular signals and haemodynamic cues, as the necessary framework for understanding the complex spectrum of coronary artery anomalies observed in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Pérez-Pomares
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, Spain Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas (Málaga), Spain
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Deborah Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Lucile Houyel
- Marie-Lannelongue Hospital-M3C, Paris-Sud University, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mary Sheppard
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, St. Georges's University of London, London, UK
| | - Silke Sperling
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Planck Institut for Clinical Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurice van den Hoff
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Loukas M, Andall RG, Khan AZ, Patel K, Muresian H, Spicer DE, Tubbs RS. The clinical anatomy of high take-off coronary arteries. Clin Anat 2015; 29:408-19. [PMID: 26518608 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A number of criteria are used in the literature to describe high take-off coronary arteries, which can in part, explain the divide in the literature on the pathological significance of this anomaly. This study presents the anatomical variations of high take-off coronary arteries to draw attention to the possible clinical implications they may cause during angiography and other surgical procedures. The English Literature was searched to review high take-off coronary arteries. A high take-off coronary artery arising at least 1 cm in adults or 20% the depth of the sinus in children above the sinutubular junction, is considered of greater clinical relevance and was included in our meta-analysis. High take-off coronaries by other criteria was also included as part of the comprehensive review. Exclusion criteria were reports made in case studies or case reviews. The prevalence of high take-off coronary arteries in our study was 26 of 12,899 (0.202%). High take-off coronary arteries were found to originate up to 5 cm above the sinutubular junction. Right coronary arteries made up 84.46% of high take-off coronary arteries reported in the literature. Three (0.023%) cases that originated more than one centimeter above the sinutubular junction was associated with sudden cardiac death. This is a higher reported association than in studies that used other criteria for classification. It is important for clinicians to recognize the importance of correctly diagnosing high take-off coronary arteries in patients with coexisting cardiac morbidities so that suitable management plans can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies
| | - Rebecca G Andall
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies
| | - Akbar Z Khan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies
| | - Kush Patel
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies
| | - Horia Muresian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The University Hospital of Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Department of Pediatrics-Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida and Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies.,Children's Hospital, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Birmingham, Alabama
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Ivins S, Chappell J, Vernay B, Suntharalingham J, Martineau A, Mohun TJ, Scambler PJ. The CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis Plays a Critical Role in Coronary Artery Development. Dev Cell 2015; 33:455-68. [PMID: 26017770 PMCID: PMC4448146 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 have many functions during embryonic and post-natal life. We used murine models to investigate the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in cardiac development and found that embryonic Cxcl12-null hearts lacked intra-ventricular coronary arteries (CAs) and exhibited absent or misplaced CA stems. We traced the origin of this phenotype to defects in the early stages of CA stem formation. CA stems derive from the peritruncal plexus, an encircling capillary network that invades the wall of the developing aorta. We showed that CXCL12 is present at high levels in the outflow tract, while peritruncal endothelial cells (ECs) express CXCR4. In the absence of CXCL12, ECs were abnormally localized and impaired in their ability to anastomose with the aortic lumen. We propose that CXCL12 is required for connection of peritruncal plexus ECs to the aortic endothelium and thus plays a vital role in CA formation. Cxcl12 and Cxcr4 mutants lack intra-ventricular coronary arteries Coronary artery stem formation is impaired in Cxcl12 mutants Peritruncal blood vessels fail to penetrate the aortic endothelium CXCL12 signaling is required for anastomosis of peritruncal endothelial cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ivins
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Joel Chappell
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jenifer Suntharalingham
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alexandrine Martineau
- Developmental Biology Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Timothy J Mohun
- Developmental Biology Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Chemokine-guided angiogenesis directs coronary vasculature formation in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2015; 33:442-54. [PMID: 26017769 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Interruption of the coronary blood supply severely impairs heart function with often fatal consequences for patients. However, the formation and maturation of these coronary vessels is not fully understood. Here we provide a detailed analysis of coronary vessel development in zebrafish. We observe that coronary vessels form in zebrafish by angiogenic sprouting of arterial cells derived from the endocardium at the atrioventricular canal. Endothelial cells express the CXC-motif chemokine receptor Cxcr4a and migrate to vascularize the ventricle under the guidance of the myocardium-expressed ligand Cxcl12b. cxcr4a mutant zebrafish fail to form a vascular network, whereas ectopic expression of Cxcl12b ligand induces coronary vessel formation. Importantly, cxcr4a mutant zebrafish fail to undergo heart regeneration following injury. Our results suggest that chemokine signaling has an essential role in coronary vessel formation by directing migration of endocardium-derived endothelial cells. Poorly developed vasculature in cxcr4a mutants likely underlies decreased regenerative potential in adults.
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37
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Germani A, Foglio E, Capogrossi MC, Russo MA, Limana F. Generation of cardiac progenitor cells through epicardial to mesenchymal transition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:735-48. [PMID: 25943780 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that drives the formation of cells involved both in tissue repair and in pathological conditions, including tissue fibrosis and tumor metastasis by providing cancer cells with stem cell properties. Recent findings suggest that EMT is reactivated in the heart following ischemic injury. Specifically, epicardial EMT might be involved in the formation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) that can differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and, possibly, cardiomyocytes. The identification of mechanisms and signaling pathways governing EMT-derived CPC generation and differentiation may contribute to the development of a more efficient regenerative approach for adult heart repair. Here, we summarize key literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Germani
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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38
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Iyer D, Gambardella L, Bernard WG, Serrano F, Mascetti VL, Pedersen RA, Talasila A, Sinha S. Robust derivation of epicardium and its differentiated smooth muscle cell progeny from human pluripotent stem cells. Development 2015; 142:1528-41. [PMID: 25813541 PMCID: PMC4392600 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium has emerged as a multipotent cardiovascular progenitor source with therapeutic potential for coronary smooth muscle cell, cardiac fibroblast (CF) and cardiomyocyte regeneration, owing to its fundamental role in heart development and its potential ability to initiate myocardial repair in injured adult tissues. Here, we describe a chemically defined method for generating epicardium and epicardium-derived smooth muscle cells (EPI-SMCs) and CFs from human pluripotent stem cells (HPSCs) through an intermediate lateral plate mesoderm (LM) stage. HPSCs were initially differentiated to LM in the presence of FGF2 and high levels of BMP4. The LM was robustly differentiated to an epicardial lineage by activation of WNT, BMP and retinoic acid signalling pathways. HPSC-derived epicardium displayed enhanced expression of epithelial- and epicardium-specific markers, exhibited morphological features comparable with human foetal epicardial explants and engrafted in the subepicardial space in vivo. The in vitro-derived epicardial cells underwent an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition when treated with PDGF-BB and TGFβ1, resulting in vascular SMCs that displayed contractile ability in response to vasoconstrictors. Furthermore, the EPI-SMCs displayed low density lipoprotein uptake and effective lowering of lipoprotein levels upon treatment with statins, similar to primary human coronary artery SMCs. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that HPSC-derived epicardium and EPI-SMCs could serve as important tools for studying human cardiogenesis, and as a platform for vascular disease modelling and drug screening.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Pericardium/cytology
- Pericardium/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/physiology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharini Iyer
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Laure Gambardella
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - William G Bernard
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Felipe Serrano
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Victoria L Mascetti
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Roger A Pedersen
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Amarnath Talasila
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease causes acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Identifying coronary vascular progenitors and their developmental program could inspire novel regenerative treatments for cardiac diseases. The developmental origins of the coronary vessels have been shrouded in mystery and debated for several decades. Recent identification of progenitors for coronary vessels within the endocardium, epicardium, and sinus venosus provides new insights into this question. In addition, significant progress has been achieved in elucidating the cellular and molecular programs that orchestrate coronary artery development. Establishing adequate vascular supply will be an essential component of cardiac regenerative strategies, and these findings raise exciting new strategies for therapeutic cardiac revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (X.T., B.Z.) and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science (B.Z.), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (W.T.P.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - William T Pu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (X.T., B.Z.) and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science (B.Z.), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (W.T.P.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (X.T., B.Z.) and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science (B.Z.), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (W.T.P.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
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40
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Durán AC, Arqué JM, Sans-Coma V, Fernández B, de Vega NG. Severe congenital stenosis of the left coronary artery ostium and its possible pathogenesis according to current knowledge on coronary artery development. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 7:261-6. [PMID: 25851490 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-8807(98)00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/1998] [Revised: 03/19/1998] [Accepted: 03/27/1998] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 72-year-old woman with severe congenital stenosis of the left coronary artery orifice and clinically significant atherosclerotic changes in both the right and left coronary arteries. The stenotic ostium was located at the point at which the left and posterior aortic valve leaflets joined to form the left commissure, just at the distal vertex of the left interleaflet triangle, between the left and posterior aortic sinuses. The right coronary artery was more developed in size than usual, whereas the left coronary artery consisted of a short left main coronary trunk that bifurcated into left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries. The left coronary artery system was filled retrogradely through two vessels proceeding from the right coronary artery, namely, the conal artery and a well-developed branch that ran across the interventricular septum. This abnormal arrangement of the coronary arteries showed striking functional similarities with atresia of the left main coronary artery. Current knowledge on the morphogenesis of the coronary arteries suggests that the present anomalous coronary artery pattern resulted from the penetration of the anticipated left coronary artery system into the aorta at a totally erroneus site. This hindered the normal development of the ostium, which subsisted as a punctiform, practically nonfunctional opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Durán
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - J M Arqué
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital "Carlos Haya," Málaga, Spain
| | - V Sans-Coma
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - B Fernández
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institut, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - N G de Vega
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital "Carlos Haya," Málaga, Spain
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41
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Wu M, Li J. Numb family proteins: novel players in cardiac morphogenesis and cardiac progenitor cell differentiation. Biomol Concepts 2015; 6:137-48. [PMID: 25883210 PMCID: PMC4589147 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate heart formation is a spatiotemporally regulated morphogenic process that initiates with bilaterally symmetric cardiac primordial cells migrating toward the midline to form a linear heart tube. The heart tube then elongates and undergoes a series of looping morphogenesis, followed by expansions of regions that are destined to become primitive heart chambers. During the cardiac morphogenesis, cells derived from the first heart field contribute to the primary heart tube, and cells from the secondary heart field, cardiac neural crest, and pro-epicardial organ are added to the heart tube in a precise spatiotemporal manner. The coordinated addition of these cells and the accompanying endocardial cushion morphogenesis yield the atrial, ventricular, and valvular septa, resulting in the formation of a four-chambered heart. Perturbation of progenitor cells' deployment and differentiation leads to a spectrum of congenital heart diseases. Two of the genes that were recently discovered to be involved in cardiac morphogenesis are Numb and Numblike. Numb, an intracellular adaptor protein, distinguishes sibling cell fates by its asymmetric distribution between the two daughter cells and its ability to inhibit Notch signaling. Numb regulates cardiac progenitor cell differentiation in Drosophila and controls heart tube laterality in Zebrafish. In mice, Numb and Numblike, the Numb family proteins (NFPs), function redundantly and have been shown to be essential for epicardial development, cardiac progenitor cell differentiation, outflow tract alignment, atrioventricular septum morphogenesis, myocardial trabeculation, and compaction. In this review, we will summarize the functions of NFPs in cardiac development and discuss potential mechanisms of NFPs in the regulation of cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wu
- Cardiovascular Science Center, Albany Medical College, Albany NY 12208
| | - J Li
- Cardiovascular Science Center, Albany Medical College, Albany NY 12208
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42
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Evolution and development of ventricular septation in the amniote heart. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106569. [PMID: 25192012 PMCID: PMC4156344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During cardiogenesis the epicardium, covering the surface of the myocardial tube, has been ascribed several functions essential for normal heart development of vertebrates from lampreys to mammals. We investigated a novel function of the epicardium in ventricular development in species with partial and complete septation. These species include reptiles, birds and mammals. Adult turtles, lizards and snakes have a complex ventricle with three cava, partially separated by the horizontal and vertical septa. The crocodilians, birds and mammals with origins some 100 million years apart, however, have a left and right ventricle that are completely separated, being a clear example of convergent evolution. In specific embryonic stages these species show similarities in development, prompting us to investigate the mechanisms underlying epicardial involvement. The primitive ventricle of early embryos becomes septated by folding and fusion of the anterior ventricular wall, trapping epicardium in its core. This folding septum develops as the horizontal septum in reptiles and the anterior part of the interventricular septum in the other taxa. The mechanism of folding is confirmed using DiI tattoos of the ventricular surface. Trapping of epicardium-derived cells is studied by transplanting embryonic quail pro-epicardial organ into chicken hosts. The effect of decreased epicardium involvement is studied in knock-out mice, and pro-epicardium ablated chicken, resulting in diminished and even absent septum formation. Proper folding followed by diminished ventricular fusion may explain the deep interventricular cleft observed in elephants. The vertical septum, although indistinct in most reptiles except in crocodilians and pythonidsis apparently homologous to the inlet septum. Eventually the various septal components merge to form the completely septated heart. In our attempt to discover homologies between the various septum components we aim to elucidate the evolution and development of this part of the vertebrate heart as well as understand the etiology of septal defects in human congenital heart malformations.
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Dyer L, Pi X, Patterson C. Connecting the coronaries: how the coronary plexus develops and is functionalized. Dev Biol 2014; 395:111-9. [PMID: 25173872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the coronary circulation is one of the final critical steps during heart development. Despite decades of research, our understanding of how the coronary vasculature develops and connects to the aorta remains limited. This review serves two specific purposes: it addresses recent advances in understanding the origin of the coronary endothelium, and it then focuses on the last crucial step of coronary vasculature development, the connection of the coronary plexus to the aorta. The chick and quail animal models have yielded most of the information for how these connections form, starting with a fine network of vessels that penetrate the aorta and coalesce to form two distinct ostia. Studies in mouse and rat confirm that at least some of these steps are conserved in mammals, but gaps still exist in our understanding of mammalian coronary ostia formation. The signaling cues necessary to guide the coronary plexus to the aorta are also incompletely understood. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 and its downstream targets are among the few identified genes that promote the formation of the coronary stems. Together, this review summarizes our current knowledge of coronary vascular formation and highlights the significant gaps that remain. In addition, it highlights some of the coronary artery anomalies known to affect human health, demonstrating that even seemingly subtle defects arising from incorrect coronary plexus formation can result in significant health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dyer
- 8200 Medical Biomolecular Research Building, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Xinchun Pi
- 8200 Medical Biomolecular Research Building, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cam Patterson
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
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44
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The epicardium signals the way towards heart regeneration. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:683-92. [PMID: 24933704 PMCID: PMC4241487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From historical studies of developing chick hearts to recent advances in regenerative injury models, the epicardium has arisen as a key player in heart genesis and repair. The epicardium provides paracrine signals to nurture growth of the developing heart from mid-gestation, and epicardium-derived cells act as progenitors of numerous cardiac cell types. Interference with either process is terminal for heart development and embryogenesis. In adulthood, the dormant epicardium reinstates an embryonic gene programme in response to injury. Furthermore, injury-induced epicardial signalling is essential for heart regeneration in zebrafish. Given these critical roles in development, injury response and heart regeneration, the application of epicardial signals following adult heart injury could offer therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. The epicardium is a dynamic signalling centre during heart development and injury. Heart repair in lower vertebrates highlights the importance of epicardial signalling. Epicardial signals may be targeted to regenerate adult mammalian hearts.
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45
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Sánchez-Zuriaga D, Martínez-Soriano F. Absence of circumflex artery with superdominant right coronary: a classic anatomical dissection study. Surg Radiol Anat 2014; 37:211-4. [PMID: 24737268 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-014-1291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report a very unusual case of variant coronary artery anatomy, discovered during anatomical dissection in a medical school. METHODS The heart from a very advanced age donor was dissected using classic anatomical techniques RESULTS The right coronary artery showed a superdominant pattern, extending beyond the crux of the heart and circling the atrioventricular groove almost completely. It followed the usual path of the absent circumflex artery, and ended as a slender branch which almost reached the origin of the anterior interventricular artery. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, these are the first reported dissection images of this kind of coronary artery variation. It may have clinical consequences, either leading to more accelerated atherosclerotic changes or causing technical difficulties during cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sánchez-Zuriaga
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, València, Spain,
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The Hypothesis of “Embryonic Recall”: Mechanotransduction as Common Denominator Linking Normal Cardiogenesis to Recovery in Adult Failing Hearts. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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47
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Kain KH, Miller JWI, Jones-Paris CR, Thomason RT, Lewis JD, Bader DM, Barnett JV, Zijlstra A. The chick embryo as an expanding experimental model for cancer and cardiovascular research. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:216-28. [PMID: 24357262 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A long and productive history in biomedical research defines the chick as a model for human biology. Fundamental discoveries, including the description of directional circulation propelled by the heart and the link between oncogenes and the formation of cancer, indicate its utility in cardiac biology and cancer. Despite the more recent arrival of several vertebrate and invertebrate animal models during the last century, the chick embryo remains a commonly used model for vertebrate biology and provides a tractable biological template. With new molecular and genetic tools applied to the avian genome, the chick embryo is accelerating the discovery of normal development and elusive disease processes. Moreover, progress in imaging and chick culture technologies is advancing real-time visualization of dynamic biological events, such as tissue morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. A rich background of information, coupled with new technologies and relative ease of maintenance, suggest an expanding utility for the chick embryo in cardiac biology and cancer research.
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48
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Tian X, Hu T, He L, Zhang H, Huang X, Poelmann RE, Liu W, Yang Z, Yan Y, Pu WT, Zhou B. Peritruncal coronary endothelial cells contribute to proximal coronary artery stems and their aortic orifices in the mouse heart. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80857. [PMID: 24278332 PMCID: PMC3836754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian embryo experiments proved an ingrowth model for the coronary artery connections with the aorta. However, whether a similar mechanism applies to the mammalian heart still remains unclear. Here we analyzed how the main coronary arteries and their orifices form during murine heart development. Apelin (Apln) is expressed in coronary vascular endothelial cells including peritruncal endothelial cells. By immunostaining, however, we did not find Apln expression in endothelial cells of the aorta during the period of coronary vessel development (E10.5 to E15.5). As a result of this unique expression difference, AplnCreERT2/+ genetically labels nascent coronary vessels forming on the heart, but not the aorta endothelium when pulse activated by tamoxifen injection at E10.5. This allowed us to define the temporal contribution of these distinct endothelial cell populations to formation of the murine coronary artery orifice. We found that the peritruncal endothelial cells were recruited to form the coronary artery orifices. These cells penetrate the wall of aorta and take up residence in the aortic sinus of valsalva. In conclusion, main coronary arteries and their orifices form through the recruitment and vascular remodeling of peritruncal endothelial cells in mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert E. Poelmann
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fu Dan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fu Dan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BZ); (YY)
| | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BZ); (YY)
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Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Poelmann RE, Haak MC, Jongbloed MRM. Embryology of the heart and its impact on understanding fetal and neonatal heart disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 18:237-44. [PMID: 23886508 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Heart development is a complex process during which the heart needs to transform from a single tube towards a fully septated heart with four chambers and a separated outflow tract. Several major events contribute to this process, that largely overlap in time. Abnormal heart development results in congenital heart disease, which has an estimated incidence of 1% of liveborn children. Eighty percent of cases of congenital heart disease are considered to have a multifactoral developmental background, whereas knowledge of monogenetic causes for congenital heart disease is still limited. This review focuses on several novel findings in cardiac development that might enhance our knowledge of aetiology and support refinement of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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50
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Abstract
The origin of the coronary vessels remains a mystery. Here we discuss recent studies that address this puzzle, including new work by Tian et al. recently published in Cell Research.
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