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Lamb FS, Choi H, Miller MR, Stark RJ. Vascular Inflammation and Smooth Muscle Contractility: The Role of Nox1-Derived Superoxide and LRRC8 Anion Channels. Hypertension 2024; 81:752-763. [PMID: 38174563 PMCID: PMC10954410 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.19434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation underlies the development of hypertension, and the mechanisms by which it increases blood pressure remain the topic of intense investigation. Proinflammatory factors including glucose, salt, vasoconstrictors, cytokines, wall stress, and growth factors enhance contractility and impair relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells. These pathways share a dependence upon redox signaling, and excessive activation promotes oxidative stress that promotes vascular aging. Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and migration into the intima contribute to atherosclerosis, while hypercontractility increases systemic vascular resistance and vasospasm that can trigger ischemia. Here, we review factors that drive the initiation and progression of this vasculopathy in vascular smooth muscle cells. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of reactive oxygen species generated by the Nox1 NADPH oxidase which produces extracellular superoxide (O2•-). The mechanisms of O2•- signaling remain poorly defined, but recent evidence demonstrates physical association of Nox1 with leucine-rich repeat containing 8 family volume-sensitive anion channels. These may provide a pathway for influx of O2•- to the cytoplasm, creating an oxidized cytoplasmic nanodomain where redox-based signals can affect both cytoskeletal structure and vasomotor function. Understanding the mechanistic links between inflammation, O2•- and vascular smooth muscle cell contractility may facilitate targeting of anti-inflammatory therapy in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael R Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryan J Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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2
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Meijer E, Giles R, van Dijk CGM, Maringanti R, Wissing TB, Appels Y, Chrifi I, Crielaard H, Verhaar MC, Smits AI, Cheng C. Effect of Mechanical Stimuli on the Phenotypic Plasticity of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in a 3D Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5716-5729. [PMID: 38032545 PMCID: PMC10731661 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a pivotal role in vascular homeostasis, with dysregulation leading to vascular complications. Human-induced pluripotent stem-cell (hiPSC)-derived VSMCs offer prospects for personalized disease modeling and regenerative strategies. Current research lacks comparative studies on the impact of three-dimensional (3D) substrate properties under cyclic strain on phenotypic adaptation in hiPSC-derived VSMCs. Here, we aim to investigate the impact of intrinsic substrate properties, such as the hydrogel's elastic modulus and cross-linking density in a 3D static and dynamic environment, on the phenotypical adaptation of human mural cells derived from hiPSC-derived organoids (ODMCs), compared to aortic VSMCs. Methods and results: ODMCs were cultured in two-dimensional (2D) conditions with synthetic or contractile differentiation medium or in 3D Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMa) substrates with varying degrees of functionalization and percentages to modulate Young's modulus and cross-linking density. Cells in 3D substrates were exposed to cyclic, unidirectional strain. Phenotype characterization was conducted using specific markers through immunofluorescence and gene expression analysis. Under static 2D culture, ODMCs derived from hiPSCs exhibited a VSMC phenotype, expressing key mural markers, and demonstrated a level of phenotypic plasticity similar to primary human VSMCs. In static 3D culture, a substrate with a higher Young's modulus and cross-linking density promoted a contractile phenotype in ODMCs and VSMCs. Dynamic stimulation in the 3D substrate promoted a switch toward a contractile phenotype in both cell types. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates phenotypic plasticity of human ODMCs in response to 2D biological and 3D mechanical stimuli that equals that of primary human VSMCs. These findings may contribute to the advancement of tailored approaches for vascular disease modeling and regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana
M. Meijer
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Giles
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Christian G. M. van Dijk
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Ranganath Maringanti
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Experimental
Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thorax
Center Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar B. Wissing
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Ymke Appels
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Ihsan Chrifi
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Experimental
Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thorax
Center Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Crielaard
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical
Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Anthal I.P.M. Smits
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Experimental
Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thorax
Center Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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Cardiovascular risk in patients receiving antihypertensive drug treatment from the perspective of endothelial function. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1322-1333. [PMID: 35595983 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blood-pressure-lowering therapy with antihypertensive drugs can reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension. However, patients treated with antihypertensive drugs generally have a worse prognosis than untreated individuals. Consistent with the results obtained from epidemiological studies, a clinical study showed that endothelial function was impaired more in treated patients with hypertension than in untreated individuals with the same blood pressure level, suggesting that blood-pressure-lowering therapy with currently available antihypertensive drugs cannot restore endothelial function to the level of that in untreated individuals. Several mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in treated patients are postulated: irreversible damage to the endothelium caused by higher cumulative elevated blood pressure exposure over time; the persistence of the primary causes of hypertension even after the initiation of antihypertensive drug treatment, including an activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, and inflammation; and higher global cardiovascular risk related not only to conventional cardiovascular risk factors but also to undetectable nonconventional risk factors. Lifestyle modifications/nonpharmacological interventions should be strongly recommended for both untreated and treated individuals with hypertension. Lifestyle modifications/nonpharmacological interventions may directly correct the primary causes of hypertension, which can improve endothelial function and consequently reduce cardiovascular risk regardless of the use or nonuse of antihypertensive drugs.
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Isolated diastolic hypertension is not associated with endothelial dysfunction. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:698-707. [PMID: 35115698 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with an impairment of endothelial function. However, it is unclear whether isolated diastolic hypertension is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of endothelial function with isolated diastolic hypertension diagnosed by using two major hypertension guidelines: systolic blood pressure (BP) < 130 mmHg and diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) hypertension guideline and systolic BP < 140 mmHg and diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg according to the 2018 European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension (ESC/ESH) hypertension guideline. We measured the flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery in subjects without systolic hypertension who were not treated with antihypertensive drugs. Of 3727 subjects (2813 men; mean age: 41.3 ± 10.9 years), 749 (20.1%) had isolated diastolic hypertension according to the 2017 ACC/AHA definition. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that isolated diastolic hypertension was not associated with endothelial dysfunction, defined as FMD < 7.0% (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.98-1.35; P = 0.09). Of 4747 subjects (3727 men; mean age: 45.1 ± 10.8 years), 314 subjects (6.6%) had isolated diastolic hypertension according to the ESC/ESH definition. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that isolated diastolic hypertension was not associated with endothelial dysfunction after adjusting for age and sex (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.82-1.32; P = 0.76). Isolated diastolic hypertension was not associated with endothelial dysfunction in individuals who were not treated with antihypertensive drugs regardless of the major hypertension guideline definition used.
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Brandt MM, Cheng C, Merkus D, Duncker DJ, Sorop O. Mechanobiology of Microvascular Function and Structure in Health and Disease: Focus on the Coronary Circulation. Front Physiol 2022; 12:771960. [PMID: 35002759 PMCID: PMC8733629 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronary microvasculature plays a key role in regulating the tight coupling between myocardial perfusion and myocardial oxygen demand across a wide range of cardiac activity. Short-term regulation of coronary blood flow in response to metabolic stimuli is achieved via adjustment of vascular diameter in different segments of the microvasculature in conjunction with mechanical forces eliciting myogenic and flow-mediated vasodilation. In contrast, chronic adjustments in flow regulation also involve microvascular structural modifications, termed remodeling. Vascular remodeling encompasses changes in microvascular diameter and/or density being largely modulated by mechanical forces acting on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. Whereas in recent years, substantial knowledge has been gathered regarding the molecular mechanisms controlling microvascular tone and how these are altered in various diseases, the structural adaptations in response to pathologic situations are less well understood. In this article, we review the factors involved in coronary microvascular functional and structural alterations in obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease and the molecular mechanisms involved therein with a focus on mechanobiology. Cardiovascular risk factors including metabolic dysregulation, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and aging have been shown to induce microvascular (endothelial) dysfunction and vascular remodeling. Additionally, alterations in biomechanical forces produced by a coronary artery stenosis are associated with microvascular functional and structural alterations. Future studies should be directed at further unraveling the mechanisms underlying the coronary microvascular functional and structural alterations in disease; a deeper understanding of these mechanisms is critical for the identification of potential new targets for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten M Brandt
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oana Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Garoffolo G, Pesce M. Vascular dysfunction and pathology: focus on mechanical forces. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 3:R69-R75. [PMID: 34291191 PMCID: PMC8284946 DOI: 10.1530/vb-21-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of mechanical forces is emerging as a new player in the pathophysiologic programming of the cardiovascular system. The ability of the cells to 'sense' mechanical forces does not relate only to perception of movement or flow, as intended traditionally, but also to the biophysical properties of the extracellular matrix, the geometry of the tissues, and the force distribution inside them. This is also supported by the finding that cells can actively translate mechanical cues into discrete gene expression and epigenetic programming. In the present review, we will contextualize these new concepts in the vascular pathologic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Garoffolo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, Milan, Italy
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7
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Gurung R, Choong AM, Woo CC, Foo R, Sorokin V. Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176334. [PMID: 32878347 PMCID: PMC7504666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) refers to the localized dilatation of the infra-renal aorta, in which the diameter exceeds 3.0 cm. Loss of vascular smooth muscle cells, degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), vascular inflammation, and oxidative stress are hallmarks of AAA pathogenesis and contribute to the progressive thinning of the media and adventitia of the aortic wall. With increasing AAA diameter, and left untreated, aortic rupture ensues with high mortality. Collective evidence of recent genetic and epigenetic studies has shown that phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) towards dedifferentiation and proliferative state, which associate with the ECM remodeling of the vascular wall and accompanied with increased cell senescence and inflammation, is seen in in vitro and in vivo models of the disease. This review critically analyses existing publications on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms implicated in the complex role of SMCs within the aortic wall in AAA formation and reflects the importance of SMCs plasticity in AAA formation. Although evidence from the wide variety of mouse models is convincing, how this knowledge is applied to human biology needs to be addressed urgently leveraging modern in vitro and in vivo experimental technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijan Gurung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (R.G.); (R.F.)
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Andrew Mark Choong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Chin Cheng Woo
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
| | - Roger Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (R.G.); (R.F.)
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Vitaly Sorokin
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6779-5555
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Chen J, Zhou Y, Liu S, Li C. Biomechanical signal communication in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:357-376. [PMID: 32780323 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical stresses are closely associated with cardiovascular development and diseases. In vivo, vascular smooth muscle cells are constantly stimulated by biomechanical factors caused by increased blood pressure leading to the non-specific activation of cell transmembrane proteins. Thus, various intracellular signal molecules are simultaneously activated via signaling cascades, which are closely related to alterations in the differentiation, phenotype, inflammation, migration, pyroptosis, calcification, proliferation, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Meanwhile, mechanical stress-induced miRNAs and epigenetics modification on vascular smooth muscle cells play critical roles as well. Eventually, the overall pathophysiology of the cells is altered, resulting in the development of many major clinical diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, grafted venous atherosclerosis, and aneurysm, among others. In this paper, important advances in mechanical signal communication in vascular smooth muscle cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chaohong Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Saez F, Hong NJ, Cabral PD, Garvin JL. Stretch-Induced Increases in Intracellular Ca Stimulate Thick Ascending Limb O 2- Production and Are Enhanced in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Hypertension 2019; 75:431-438. [PMID: 31865796 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch raises intracellular Ca (Cai) in many cell types. Luminal flow-derived stretch stimulates O2- production by thick ascending limbs (THALs). Renal O2- is greater in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) than salt-resistant (SR) rats. We hypothesized that mechanical stretch stimulates Ca influx via TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4) which in turn raises Cai in THALs; these increases in Cai are necessary for stretch to augment O2- production; and stretch-stimulated, and therefore flow-induced, O2- production is enhanced in SS compared with SR THALs due to elevated Ca influx and increased Cai. Cai and O2- were measured in SS and SR THALs from rats on normal salt using Fura2-acetoxymethyl ester and dihydroethidium, respectively. Stretch raised Cai in SS by 270.4±48.9 nmol/L and by 123.6±27.0 nmol/L in SR THALs (P<0.02). Removing extracellular Ca eliminated the increases and differences in Cai between strains. Knocking down TRPV4 in SS THALs reduced stretch-induced Cai to SR levels (SS: 92.0±15.9 nmol/L; SR: 123.6±27.0 nmol/L). RN1734, a TRPV4 inhibitor, blunted stretch-elevated Cai by ≈75% and ≈66% in SS (P<0.03) and SR (P<0.04), respectively. Stretch augmented O2- production by 58.6±10.2 arbitrary fluorescent units/min in SS and by 24.4±2.6 arbitrary fluorescent units/min in SR THALs (P<0.05). Removal of extracellular Ca blunted stretch-induced increases in O2- and eliminated differences between strains. RN1734 reduced stretch-induced O2- by ≈70% in SS (P<0.005) and ≈60% in SR (P<0.01). Conclusions are as follows: (1) stretch activates TRPV4, which raises Cai in THALs; (2) the increase in Cai stimulates O2- production; and (3) stretch-induced O2- production is enhanced in SS THALs due to greater increases in Cai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fara Saez
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nancy J Hong
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Pablo D Cabral
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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10
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Gonzalez-Vicente A, Hong N, Garvin JL. Effects of reactive oxygen species on renal tubular transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F444-F455. [PMID: 31215804 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00604.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in regulating nephron transport both via transcellular and paracellular pathways under physiological and pathological circumstances. Here, we review the progress made in the past ~10 yr in understanding how ROS regulate solute and water transport in individual nephron segments. Our knowledge in this field is still rudimentary, with basic information lacking. This is most obvious when looking at the reported disparate effects of superoxide ([Formula: see text]) and H2O2 on proximal nephron transport, where there are no easy explanations as to how to reconcile the data. Similarly, we know almost nothing about the regulation of transport in thin descending and ascending limbs, information that is likely critical to understanding the urine concentrating mechanism. In the thick ascending limb, there is general agreement that ROS enhance transcellular reabsorption of NaCl, but we know very little about their effects on the paracellular pathway and therefore Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport. In the distal convoluted tubule, precious little is known. In the collecting duct, there is general agreement that ROS stimulate the epithelial Na+ channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Gonzalez-Vicente
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nancy Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
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11
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Cellular response of blood and hepatic tissue to gamma irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Garoffolo G, Madonna R, de Caterina R, Pesce M. Cell based mechanosensing in vascular patho-biology: More than a simple go-with the flow. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 111:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Oba Y, Hoshide S, Kabutoya T, Kario K. Increased Resting Heart Rate on Electrocardiogram Relative to In-office Pulse Rate Indicates Cardiac Overload: The J-HOP Study. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:1106-1112. [PMID: 30020419 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate (HR) assessed by electrocardiogram (ECG-HR) and pulse rate (PR) measured in a physician's office (office-PR) are taken with subjects in different body positions-i.e., supine vs. sitting. Although analysis of HR differences according to body position could provide new practical insights, there have been few studies on the subject. We herein investigated whether the difference between office-PR and ECG-HR (delta HR) was associated with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and left ventricular mass (LVM). METHODS Among the 4,310 patients with 1 or more cardiovascular risk factors recruited for the Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure study, we excluded those with atrial fibrillation or a prescribed β-blocker. We analyzed the 2,972 patients who had ECG-HR, office-PR, and BNP data and 1,061 patients with echocardiography data. RESULTS In the complete patient series, office-PR was significantly higher than ECG-HR (72.1 ± 10.3 vs. 66.6 ± 11.9 bpm, P < 0.001). When we divided patients into quintiles based on the delta HR, the BNP level and LVM index (LVMI) decreased across categories after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (each P ≤ 0.001). In a multiple linear regression analysis, the delta HR was independently and significantly associated with both the log-transformed BNP level (β = -0.179, P < 0.001) and LVMI (β = -0.113, P = 0.001) adjusted for covariates. CONCLUSION A decreased delta HR was positively associated with the BNP level and LVMI. Without the requirement of a special technique, this evaluation might indicate potential cardiac overload and provide a clinical sign related to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oba
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hoshide
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kabutoya
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Costa TJ, Ceravolo GS, Echem C, Hashimoto CM, Costa BP, Santos-Eichler RA, Oliveira MA, Jiménez-Altayó F, Akamine EH, Dantas AP, Carvalho MHC. Detrimental Effects of Testosterone Addition to Estrogen Therapy Involve Cytochrome P-450-Induced 20-HETE Synthesis in Aorta of Ovariectomized Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), a Model of Postmenopausal Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:490. [PMID: 29867542 PMCID: PMC5952044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal period has been associated to different symptoms such as hot flashes, vulvovaginal atrophy, hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and others. Clinical studies have described postmenopausal women presenting HSDD can benefit from the association of testosterone to conventional hormonal therapy. Testosterone has been linked to development of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and it also increases cytochrome P-450-induced 20-HETE synthesis which in turn results in vascular dysfunction. However, the effect of testosterone plus estrogen in the cardiovascular system is still very poorly studied. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of cytochrome P-450 pathway in a postmenopausal hypertensive female treated with testosterone plus estrogen. For that, hypertensive ovariectomized rats (OVX-SHR) were used as a model of postmenopausal hypertension and four groups were created: SHAM-operated (SHAM), ovariectomized SHR (OVX), OVX treated for 15 days with conjugated equine estrogens [(CEE) 9.6 μg/Kg/day/po] or CEE associated to testosterone [(CEE+T) 2.85 mg/kg/weekly/im]. Phenylephrine-induced contraction and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were markedly increased in aortic rings from OVX-SHR compared to SHAM rats which were restored by CEE treatment. On the other hand, CEE+T abolished vascular effects by CEE and augmented both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of SHR. Treatment of aortic rings with the CYP/20-HETE synthesis inhibitor HET0016 (1 μM) reduced phenylephrine hyperreactivity and the augmented ROS generation in the CEE+T group. These results are paralleled by the increased CYP4F3 protein expression and activity in aortas of CEE+T. In conclusion, we showed that association of testosterone to estrogen therapy produces detrimental effects in cardiovascular system of ovariectomized hypertensive females via CYP4F3/20-HETE pathway. Therefore, our findings support the standpoint that the CYP/20-HETE pathway is an important therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in menopausal women in the presence of high levels of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Group of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease, Institut Clinic del Torax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Graziela S Ceravolo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Echem
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz P Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela A Santos-Eichler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eliana H Akamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dantas
- Group of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease, Institut Clinic del Torax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Helena C Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Li Y, Pagano PJ. Microvascular NADPH oxidase in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:33-47. [PMID: 28274817 PMCID: PMC5482368 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The systemic and cerebral microcirculation contribute critically to regulation of local and global blood flow and perfusion pressure. Microvascular dysfunction, commonly seen in numerous cardiovascular pathologies, is associated with alterations in the oxidative environment including potentiated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent activation of redox signaling pathways. NADPH oxidases (Noxs) are a primary source of ROS in the vascular system and play a central role in cardiovascular health and disease. In this review, we focus on the roles of Noxs in ROS generation in resistance arterioles and capillaries, and summarize their contributions to microvascular physiology and pathophysiology in both systemic and cerebral microcirculation. In light of the accumulating evidence that Noxs are pivotal players in vascular dysfunction of resistance arterioles, selectively targeting Nox isozymes could emerge as a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating microvascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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16
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Huang Y, Teng Z, Elkhawad M, Tarkin JM, Joshi N, Boyle JR, Buscombe JR, Fryer TD, Zhang Y, Park AY, Wilkinson IB, Newby DE, Gillard JH, Rudd JHF. High Structural Stress and Presence of Intraluminal Thrombus Predict Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 18F-FDG Uptake: Insights From Biomechanics. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 9:CIRCIMAGING.116.004656. [PMID: 27903534 PMCID: PMC5113243 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.116.004656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background— Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) wall inflammation and mechanical structural stress may influence AAA expansion and lead to rupture. We hypothesized a positive correlation between structural stress and fluorine-18-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography–defined inflammation. We also explored the influence of computed tomography–derived aneurysm morphology and composition, including intraluminal thrombus, on both variables. Methods and Results— Twenty-one patients (19 males) with AAAs below surgical threshold (AAA size was 4.10±0.54 cm) underwent 18F-FDG positron emission tomography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging. Structural stresses were calculated using finite element analysis. The relationship between maximum aneurysm 18F-FDG standardized uptake value within aortic wall and wall structural stress, patient clinical characteristics, aneurysm morphology, and compositions was explored using a hierarchical linear mixed-effects model. On univariate analysis, local aneurysm diameter, thrombus burden, extent of calcification, and structural stress were all associated with 18F-FDG uptake (P<0.05). AAA structural stress correlated with 18F-FDG maximum standardized uptake value (slope estimate, 0.552; P<0.0001). Multivariate linear mixed-effects analysis revealed an important interaction between structural stress and intraluminal thrombus in relation to maximum standardized uptake value (fixed effect coefficient, 1.68 [SE, 0.10]; P<0.0001). Compared with other factors, structural stress was the best predictor of inflammation (receiver-operating characteristic curve area under the curve =0.59), with higher accuracy seen in regions with high thrombus burden (area under the curve =0.80). Regions with both high thrombus burden and high structural stress had higher 18F-FDG maximum standardized uptake value compared with regions with high thrombus burdens but low stress (median [interquartile range], 1.93 [1.60–2.14] versus 1.14 [0.90–1.53]; P<0.0001). Conclusions— Increased aortic wall inflammation, demonstrated by 18F-FDG positron emission tomography, was observed in AAA regions with thick intraluminal thrombus subjected to high mechanical stress, suggesting a potential mechanistic link underlying aneurysm inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhongzhao Teng
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.).
| | - Maysoon Elkhawad
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Jason M Tarkin
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Jonathan R Boyle
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - John R Buscombe
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Timothy D Fryer
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Ah Yeon Park
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - David E Newby
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Jonathan H Gillard
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.)
| | - James H F Rudd
- From the Department of Radiology (Y.H., Z.T., Y.Z., J.H.G.), EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging (Y.H.), Department of Engineering (Z.T.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.E., J.M.T., I.B.W., J.H.F.R.), Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (T.D.F.), and Statistical Laboratory (A.Y.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.J., D.E.N.); Department of Vascular Surgery (J.R. Boyle) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.R. Buscombe), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China (Y.Z.).
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17
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Lin S, Mequanint K. Activation of Transcription Factor GAX and Concomitant Downregulation of IL-1β and ERK1/2 Modulate Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype in 3D Fibrous Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2356-65. [PMID: 26041434 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) display phenotypic plasticity in response to changing environmental cues, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic modulation mediated by a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is important to engineer functional vasculature. Following cell seeding into 3D scaffolds, the synthetic phenotype is desired to enable cells to expand rapidly and produce and assemble extracellular matrix components, but must revert to a quiescent contractile phenotype after tissue fabrication to impart the contractile properties found in native blood vessels. This study shows that 3D electrospun fibrous scaffolds regulate human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) toward a more synthetic phenotype characterized by reduced contractile markers, such as smooth muscle alpha-actin and calponin. The reduction in contractile markers expression was mediated by endogenously expressed proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). 3D topography transiently induces concomitant upregulation of IL-1β and MAPK ERK1/2 through nuclear factor-κB-dependent signaling pathway. An early burst of expression of IL-1β is essential for suppression of the homeobox transcription factor Gax and related cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Cip1), which are key regulators for cells exiting from cell cycle. Our findings provide new insights for understanding signaling mechanisms of HCASMCs in electrospun 3D fibrous scaffolds, which have considerable value for application in vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Lin
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada .,2 Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
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18
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Patel V, Carrion K, Hollands A, Hinton A, Gallegos T, Dyo J, Sasik R, Leire E, Hardiman G, Mohamed SA, Nigam S, King CC, Nizet V, Nigam V. The stretch responsive microRNA miR-148a-3p is a novel repressor of IKBKB, NF-κB signaling, and inflammatory gene expression in human aortic valve cells. FASEB J 2015; 29:1859-68. [PMID: 25630970 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valves calcify at a significantly higher rate than normal aortic valves, a process that involves increased inflammation. Because we have previously found that bicuspid aortic valve experience greater stretch, we investigated the potential connection between stretch and inflammation in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). Microarray, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and protein assays performed on AVICs exposed to cyclic stretch showed that stretch was sufficient to increase expression of interleukin and metalloproteinase family members by more than 1.5-fold. Conditioned medium from stretched AVICs was sufficient to activate leukocytes. microRNA sequencing and qPCR experiments demonstrated that miR-148a-3p was repressed in both stretched AVICs (43% repression) and, as a clinical correlate, human bicuspid aortic valves (63% reduction). miR-148a-3p was found to be a novel repressor of IKBKB based on data from qPCR, luciferase, and Western blot experiments. Furthermore, increasing miR-148a-3p levels in AVICs was sufficient to decrease NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling and NF-κB target gene expression. Our data demonstrate that stretch-mediated activation of inflammatory pathways is at least partly the result of stretch-repression of miR-148a-3p and a consequent failure to repress IKBKB. To our knowledge, we are the first to report that cyclic stretch of human AVICs activates inflammatory genes in a tissue-autonomous manner via a microRNA that regulates a central inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Patel
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Katrina Carrion
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Andrew Hollands
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Andrew Hinton
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Thomas Gallegos
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Dyo
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Roman Sasik
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Emma Leire
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Salah A Mohamed
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Nigam
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Charles C King
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vishal Nigam
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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Staiculescu MC, Foote C, Meininger GA, Martinez-Lemus LA. The role of reactive oxygen species in microvascular remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23792-835. [PMID: 25535075 PMCID: PMC4284792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microcirculation is a portion of the vascular circulatory system that consists of resistance arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules. It is the place where gases and nutrients are exchanged between blood and tissues. In addition the microcirculation is the major contributor to blood flow resistance and consequently to regulation of blood pressure. Therefore, structural remodeling of this section of the vascular tree has profound implications on cardiovascular pathophysiology. This review is focused on the role that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play on changing the structural characteristics of vessels within the microcirculation. Particular attention is given to the resistance arteries and the functional pathways that are affected by ROS in these vessels and subsequently induce vascular remodeling. The primary sources of ROS in the microcirculation are identified and the effects of ROS on other microcirculatory remodeling phenomena such as rarefaction and collateralization are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius C Staiculescu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Christopher Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Brandes RP, Weissmann N, Schröder K. Nox family NADPH oxidases in mechano-transduction: mechanisms and consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:887-98. [PMID: 23682993 PMCID: PMC3924808 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The majority of cells in a multi-cellular organism are continuously exposed to ever-changing physical forces. Mechano-transduction links these events to appropriate reactions of the cells involving stimulation of signaling cascades, reorganization of the cytoskeleton and alteration of gene expression. RECENT ADVANCES Mechano-transduction alters the cellular redox balance and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nicotine amide adenine dinucleotide reduced form (NADPH) oxidases of the Nox family are prominent ROS generators and thus, contribute to this stress-induced ROS formation. CRITICAL ISSUES Different types and patterns of mechano-stress lead to Nox-dependent ROS formation and Nox-mediated ROS formation contributes to cellular responses and adaptation to physical forces. Thereby, Nox enzymes can mediate vascular protection during physiological mechano-stress. Despite this, over-activation and induction of Nox enzymes and a subsequent substantial increase in ROS formation also promotes oxidative stress in pathological situations like disturbed blood flow or extensive stretch. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Individual protein targets of Nox-mediated redox-signaling will be identified to better understand the specificity of Nox-dependent ROS signaling in mechano-transduction. Nox-inhibitors will be tested to reduce cellular activation in response to mechano-stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- 1 Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Based on mosaic theory, hypertension is a multifactorial disorder that develops because of genetic, environmental, anatomical, adaptive neural, endocrine, humoral, and hemodynamic factors. It has been recently proposed that oxidative stress may contribute to all of these factors and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development of hypertension. Previous studies focusing on the role of vascular NADPH oxidases provided strong support of this concept. Although mitochondria represent one of the most significant sources of cellular ROS generation, the regulation of mitochondrial ROS generation in the cardiovascular system and its pathophysiological role in hypertension are much less understood. In this review, the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of hypertension and cross talk between angiotensin II signaling, pathways involved in mechanotransduction, NADPH oxidases, and mitochondria-derived ROS are considered. The possible benefits of therapeutic strategies that have the potential to attenuate mitochondrial oxidative stress for the prevention/treatment of hypertension are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Free Radicals in Medicine Core, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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Safar ME, Nilsson PM, Blacher J, Mimran A. Pulse pressure, arterial stiffness, and end-organ damage. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:339-44. [PMID: 22555981 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Whereas larger arteries participate in the dampening of blood pressure (BP) oscillations resulting from intermittent ventricular ejection, smaller arteries steadily deliver an adequate supply of blood from the heart to the peripheral organs. Numerous active mechanisms are involved in this process. Cyclic stress acts differently from steady stress, inducing stronger and stiffer material of the vessel wall than under static conditions. Cyclic strain participates in the phenotypic plasticity of smooth muscle cells, initiates transduction mechanisms and induces the transcriptional profile of mechanically induced genes. Finally, the autoregulatory mechanism protecting the brain, heart and kidney from cardiovascular (CV) damage differ markedly according to their localization. Whereas the heart is dependent on pulsatile forces, owing to the diastolic perfusion of coronary arteries, the brain and the kidney are rather influenced by steady mechanical forces. For the kidney, the transmission of pulsatile pressure may greatly contribute to glomerular sclerosis in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel E Safar
- Paris Descartes University; AP-HP; Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place du Parvis Notre-Dame, 75181, Paris Cedex 04, France.
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da Costa CA, de Oliveira PRB, de Bem GF, de Cavalho LCRM, Ognibene DT, da Silva AFE, dos Santos Valença S, Pires KMP, da Cunha Sousa PJ, de Moura RS, Resende AC. Euterpe oleracea Mart.-derived polyphenols prevent endothelial dysfunction and vascular structural changes in renovascular hypertensive rats: role of oxidative stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:1199-209. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gaddum NR, Fraser JF, Timms DL. Increasing the transmitted flow pulse in a rotary left ventricular assist device. Artif Organs 2012; 36:859-67. [PMID: 22845793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2012.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-term rotary left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly employed to bridge patients with end-stage heart failure to transplant or as a destination therapy. Significant recent device development has increased patient support times, shifting further development focus toward physiologically sensitive control of the pump operation. Sensorless control of these devices would benefit from increased observability of the ventricular volume/preload to the pump, in order to regulate flow based on preload, imitating the native Frank-Starling flow control. Monitoring the transmitted flow pulse through the pump has been used as a surrogate for preload, although means of maximizing its transmission are not clear. However, it is known that a flat hydraulic performance curve of the rotary pump induces high changes in flow for a given change in pressure head. The aim of this study was to determine geometric pump parameters responsible for increasing this flow pulse transmission and to demonstrate this increase in vitro. The sensitivity of the performance gradient to blade angles, blade heights, blade clearance, and channel areas were studied. Resulting pressure head, flow, and hydraulic efficiency were analyzed with respect to textbook designed procedures. Then pumps with comparably "flat" and "steep" performance curves were used to simulate LVAD support in vitro over a range of pump flow rates to observe the transmitted flow pulsatility. It was found that an outlet blade angle of 90°, inlet blade angle between 25 and 45°, and large throat area generated a "flatter" performance curve. The transmitted flow pulsatility through a pump with a flat performance curve was 68% higher than that of a steep performance curve at a flow rate of 5 L/min. Substantial gains in the observability of LVAD preload/resident blood volume in the ventricle exist through the careful selection of specific pump geometries.
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Differential effects of heart rate reduction with ivabradine in two models of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:1147-58. [PMID: 21964558 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate reduction with the I(f)-channel-inhibitor ivabradine is a novel and appealing option in the therapy of patients with ischemic heart disease. The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of ivabradine in two different animal models of vascular disease characterized by increased oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Wistar rats with angiotensin II induced hypertension and ApoE knockout mice were used as animal models of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, with half of the animals receiving ivabradine 10 mg/kg/day in parallel. Ivabradine lead to a sustained 15-20% heart rate reduction, but had no effect on blood pressure. While ivabradine had no effect on endothelial function and vascular reactive oxygen species production in angiotensin II-treated rats, it improved both parameters in ApoE knockout mice. These antioxidative effects were associated with a decreased NADPH oxidase activity and the prevention of eNOS uncoupling. In addition, ivabradine treatment led to an attenuation of angiotensin II signaling and increased the expression of telomere-stabilizing proteins in ApoE knockout mice, which may explain its beneficial effects on the vasculature. The absence of these protective ivabradine effects in angiotensin II-infused rats may relate to the treatment duration or the presence of arterial hypertension.
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Xiao LW, Yang M, Dong J, Xie H, Sui GL, He YL, Lei JX, Liao EY, Yuan X. Stretch-inducible expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in human osteoblasts-like cells is mediated by PI3K-JNK pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:297-304. [PMID: 21865737 DOI: 10.1159/000331743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the possible role for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) during tooth movement, we evaluated CTGF gene and protein expression in MG-63 cells subjected to cyclic stretch. Cyclic stretch caused a time-dependent increase in CTGF mRNA and protein levels.Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase or ERK activation did not affect cyclic stretch-induced CTGF expression. Specific inhibitors of PI3K suppressed stretch -induced CTGF expression in a time-dependent manner. cyclic stretch activated JNK and ERK, but not p38 MAP kinase in osteoblast-like cells. PI3K inhibitors suppressed cyclic stretch-induced JNK, but not p38 MAP kinase activation. Finally, SP600125, a Specific Inhibitor of JNK, suppressed stretch -induced CTGF Expression. These results suggest that stretch-induced CTGF expression is mediated through the PI3K-JNK -dependent pathway, not by p38 MAP kinase and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Xiao
- Stomatological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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27
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Sharifpoor S, Simmons CA, Labow RS, Paul Santerre J. Functional characterization of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells under cyclic mechanical strain in a degradable polyurethane scaffold. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4816-29. [PMID: 21463894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There are few synthetic elastomeric biomaterials that simultaneously provide the required biological conditioning and the ability to translate biomechanical stimuli to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Biomechanical stresses are important physiological elements that regulate VSMC function, and polyurethane elastomers are a class of materials capable of facilitating the translation of stress induced biomechanics. In this study, human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (hCASMCs), which were seeded into a porous degradable polar/hydrophobic/ionic (D-PHI) polyurethane scaffold, were subjected to uniaxial cyclic mechanical strain (CMS) over a span of four weeks using a customized bioreactor. The distribution, proliferation and contractile protein expression of hCASMCs in the scaffold were then analyzed and compared to those grown under static conditions. Four weeks of CMS, applied to the elastomeric scaffold, resulted in statistically greater DNA mass, more cell area coverage and a better distribution of cells deeper within the scaffold construct. Furthermore, CMS samples demonstrated improved tensile mechanical properties following four weeks of culture, suggesting the generation of more extracellular matrix within the polyurethane constructs. The expression of smooth muscle α-actin, calponin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and the absence of Ki-67+ cells in both static and CMS cultures, throughout the 4 weeks, suggest that hCASMCs retained their contractile character on these biomaterials. The study highlights the importance of implementing physiologically-relevant biomechanical stimuli in the development of synthetic elastomeric tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroor Sharifpoor
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Dentistry, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G1G6
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Newcomer SC, Thijssen DHJ, Green DJ. Effects of exercise on endothelium and endothelium/smooth muscle cross talk: role of exercise-induced hemodynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:311-20. [PMID: 21436465 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00033.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, exercise training, and fitness are associated with decreased cardiovascular risk. In the context that a risk factor "gap" exists in the explanation for the beneficial effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease, it has recently been proposed that exercise generates hemodynamic stimuli which exert direct effects on the vasculature that are antiatherogenic. In this review we briefly introduce some of the in vitro and in vivo evidence relating exercise hemodynamic modulation and vascular adaptation. In vitro data clearly demonstrate the importance of shear stress as a potential mechanism underlying vascular adaptations associated with exercise. Supporting this is in vivo human data demonstrating that exercise-mediated shear stress induces localized impacts on arterial function and diameter. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise-related changes in hemodynamic stimuli other than shear stress may also be associated with arterial remodeling. Taken together, in vitro and in vivo data strongly imply that hemodynamic influences combine to orchestrate a response to exercise and training that regulates wall stress and peripheral vascular resistance and contributes to the antiatherogenic impacts of physical activity, fitness, and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Newcomer
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Altered oxidative stress responses and increased type I collagen expression in bicuspid aortic valve patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 90:1893-8. [PMID: 21095332 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms governing extracellular matrix degradation and smooth muscle cell (SMC) loss in the ascending aorta of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients are unknown. We recently reported that expression and induction of metallothionein, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, is reduced in BAV ascending aortic aneurysms relative to nonaneurysmal patients. METHODS Tissue and primary SMCs from patients with and without thoracic aortic aneurysms and metallothionein-null and wild-type mice were analyzed for cell viability, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and type I collagen gene expression during exposure to reactive oxygen species. RESULTS The BAV SMCs and metallothionein -/- mice failed to induce VEGF under conditions of oxidative stress in vitro. Exogenous VEGF restored resistance to oxidative stress in BAV SMCs to normal. Type I collagen gene induction was increased in BAV aorta. CONCLUSIONS Lack of VEGF induction during exposure to reactive oxygen species suggest that the oxidative stress response is faulty upstream of metallothionein and VEGF in BAV SMCs. Improvement of cell viability with VEGF treatment suggests that the deficient pathway can be rescued by VEGF. Increased type I collagen in BAV suggests that lack of metallothionein/VEGF activation in response to reactive oxygen species may play a role in extracellular matrix homeostasis of the ascending aorta. These data continue to support our hypothesis that BAV SMCs lack sufficient resistance to reactive oxygen species to maintain extracellular matrix homeostasis, which imparts a predisposition to thoracic aortic aneurysms.
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Jiang F, Zhang Y, Dusting GJ. NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling: roles in cellular stress response, stress tolerance, and tissue repair. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:218-42. [PMID: 21228261 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) has a dedicated function of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulating evidence suggests that Nox has an important role in signal transduction in cellular stress responses. We have reviewed the current evidence showing that the Nox system can be activated by a collection of chemical, physical, and biological cellular stresses. In many circumstances, Nox activation fits to the cellular stress response paradigm, in that (1) the response can be initiated by various forms of cellular stresses; (2) Nox-derived ROS may activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, which are the core of the cell stress-response signaling network; and (3) Nox is involved in the development of stress cross-tolerance. Activation of the cell survival pathway by Nox may promote cell adaptation to stresses, whereas Nox may also convey signals toward apoptosis in irreversibly injured cells. At later stage after injury, Nox is involved in tissue repair by modulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. We suggest that Nox may have an integral role in cell stress responses and the subsequent tissue repair process. Understanding Nox-mediated redox signaling mechanisms may be of prominent significance at the crossroads of directing cellular responses to stress, aiming at either enhancing the stress resistance (in such situations as preventing ischemia-reperfusion injuries and accelerating wound healing) or sensitizing the stress-induced cytotoxicity for proliferative diseases such as cancer. Therefore, an optimal outcome of interventions on Nox will only be achieved when this is dealt with in a timely and disease-and stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Custodis F, Schirmer SH, Baumhäkel M, Heusch G, Böhm M, Laufs U. Vascular Pathophysiology in Response to Increased Heart Rate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:1973-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lim CS, Qiao X, Reslan OM, Xia Y, Raffetto JD, Paleolog E, Davies AH, Khalil RA. Prolonged mechanical stretch is associated with upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors and reduced contraction in rat inferior vena cava. J Vasc Surg 2010; 53:764-73. [PMID: 21106323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased venous tone and vein wall dilation may contribute to varicose vein formation. We have shown that prolonged vein wall stretch is associated with upregulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and decreased contraction. Because hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) expression also increases with mechanical stretch, this study tested whether upregulation of HIFs is an intermediary mechanism linking prolonged vein wall stretch to the changes in MMP expression and venous contraction. METHODS Segments of rat inferior vena cava (IVC) were suspended in tissue bath under 0.5-g basal tension for 1 hour, and a control contraction to phenylephrine (PHE, 10(-5)M) and KCl (96 mM) was elicited. The veins were then exposed to prolonged 18 hours of tension at 0.5 g, 2 g, 2 g plus HIF inhibitor U0126 (10(-5)M), 17-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] amino-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG, 10(-5)M), or echinomycin (10(-6)M), or 2 g plus dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG; 10(-4)M), a prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor that stabilizes HIF. The fold-change in PHE and KCl contraction was compared with the control contraction at 0.5-g tension for 1 hour. Vein tissue homogenates were analyzed for HIF-1α, HIF-2α, MMP-2, and MMP-9 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein amount using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blots. RESULTS Compared with control IVC contraction at 0.5-g tension for 1 hour, the PHE and KCl contraction after prolonged 0.5-g tension was 2.0 ± 0.35 and 1.1 ± 0.06, respectively. Vein contraction to PHE and KCl after prolonged 2-g tension was significantly reduced (0.87 ± 0.13 and 0.72 ± 0.05, respectively). PHE-induced contraction was restored in IVC exposed to prolonged 2-g tension plus the HIF inhibitor U0126 (1.38 ± 0.15) or echinomycin (1.99 ± 0.40). U0126 and echinomycin also restored KCl-induced contraction in IVC exposed to prolonged 2-g tension (1.14 ± 0.05 and 1.11 ± 0.15, respectively). Treatment with DMOG further reduced PHE- and KCl-induced contraction in veins subjected to prolonged 2-g tension (0.47 ± 0.06 and 0.57 ± 0.01, respectively). HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA were overexpressed in IVC exposed to prolonged 2-g tension, and the overexpression was reversed by U0126. The overexpression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in stretched IVC was associated with increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA. The protein amount of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was also increased in IVC exposed to prolonged 2-g wall tension. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged increases in vein wall tension are associated with overexpression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, and reduced venous contraction in rat IVC. Together with our report that MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibit IVC contraction, the data suggest that increased vein wall tension induces HIF overexpression and causes an increase in MMP expression and reduction of venous contraction, leading to progressive venous dilation and varicose vein formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Lim
- Imperial Vascular Unit and Cytokine Biology of Vessels Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, and the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lamers D, Schlich R, Greulich S, Sasson S, Sell H, Eckel J. Oleic acid and adipokines synergize in inducing proliferation and inflammatory signalling in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 15:1177-88. [PMID: 20518853 PMCID: PMC3822630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of obesity, perivascular fat produces various adipokines and releases free fatty acids, which may induce inflammation and proliferation in the vascular wall. In this study we investigated how adipokines, oleic acid (OA) and the combined treatment regulate human vascular smooth muscle cell (hVSMC) proliferation and migration and the underlying signalling pathways. Adipocyte-conditioned media (CM) generated from human adipocytes induces a prominent proliferation and migration of hVSMC. Autocrine action of adiponectin totally abolishes CM-induced proliferation. Furthermore, OA but not palmitic acid induces proliferation of hVSMC. CM itself does not contain fatty acids, but CM in combination with OA markedly enhances proliferation of hVSMC in a synergistic way. Both the nuclear factor (NF)-κB and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway were synergistically activated under these conditions and found to be essential for hVSMC proliferation. Expression of iNOS and production of nitric oxide was only enhanced by combined treatment inducing a marked release of VEGF. Combination of OA and VEGF induces an additive increase of hVSMC proliferation. We could show that the combination of CM and OA led to a synergistic proliferation of hVSMC. Expression of iNOS and production of nitric oxide were only enhanced under these conditions and were paralleled by a marked release of VEGF. These results suggest that the combined elevated release of fatty acids and adipokines by adipose tissue in obesity might be critically related to hVSMC dysfunction, vascular inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lamers
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Human endothelial dysfunction: EDRFs. Pflugers Arch 2010; 459:1005-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Chen T, Zhu L, Wang T, Ye H, Huang K, Hu Q. Mitochondria depletion abolishes agonist-induced Ca2+ plateau in airway smooth muscle cells: potential role of H2O2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L178-88. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00134.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which mitochondria regulate the sustained phase of agonist-induced responses in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration as an independent organelle in whole is not clear. By exposing to ethidium bromide and supplying pyruvate and uridine, we established mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-depleted rat airway smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) with maintained cellular energy. Upon an exposure to 2 μM histamine, [Ca2+]i in control RASMCs increased to a peak followed by a plateau above baseline, whereas [Ca2+]i in mtDNA-depleted RASMCs jumped to a peak and then declined to baseline without any plateau. mtDNA depletion apparently attenuated intracellular reactive oxygen species generation induced by histamine. By coexposure to 2 μM histamine and 0.1 μM exogenous H2O2, which did not affect [Ca2+]i by itself, the above difference in [Ca2+]i kinetics in mtDNA-depleted RASMCs was reversed. Intracellular H2O2 decomposition abolishes histamine-induced sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i in RASMCs. Thus, mitochondria regulate agonist-induced sustained [Ca2+]i elevation by a H2O2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoxiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology,
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, and
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology,
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, and
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, and
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan; and
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology,
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, and
| | - Kewu Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology,
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, and
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Costa CA, Amaral TAS, Carvalho LCRM, Ognibene DT, da Silva AFE, Moss MB, Valenca SS, de Moura RS, Resende AC. Antioxidant treatment with tempol and apocynin prevents endothelial dysfunction and development of renovascular hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:1242-9. [PMID: 19779472 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-kidney-one-clip (2K-1C) rats develop renovascular hypertension associated with endothelial dysfunction and elevated levels of oxidative stress. The role of oxidative damage is unknown in vascular dysfunction coupled with 2K-1C hypertension. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of chronic treatment with a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic (tempol) and an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent oxidase (apocynin) on the development of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative damage in 2K-1C rats. METHODS 2K-1C rats and sham-operated rats were treated with tempol or apocynin for 40 days, while the corresponding nontreated groups received tap water. Blood pressure (BP), mesenteric arterial reactivity, plasma and mesentery oxidative damage, mesenteric protein expression, and antioxidant activities were compared among the four groups. RESULTS Chronic treatment with tempol (1 mmol/l) or apocynin (33 microg/kg/day) impaired the development of hypertension in 2K-1C rats and did not change the BP in control animals. The reduction in vasodilatory effect induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in the mesenteric arterial beds (MABs) of 2K-1C rats was restored by tempol and apocynin. Plasma and mesentery levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher in 2K-1C rats, and these levels were significantly reduced by the administration of tempol and apocynin. Mesenteric SOD activity and expression were higher in 2K-1C rats than in the controls, and treatment with tempol resulted in a reduction in SOD activity. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that a compromised mechanism of antioxidant defense and an increase in oxidative damage contribute to the development of hypertension and associated vascular dysfunction in 2K-1C rats, and that tempol and apocynin prevent these effects.
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Orr AW, Hastings NE, Blackman BR, Wamhoff BR. Complex regulation and function of the inflammatory smooth muscle cell phenotype in atherosclerosis. J Vasc Res 2009; 47:168-80. [PMID: 19851078 DOI: 10.1159/000250095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation plays a key role in atherosclerosis and is classically defined as a switch from a 'contractile' phenotype to a 'synthetic' phenotype, whereby genes that define the contractile SMC phenotype are suppressed and proliferation and/or migratory mechanisms are induced. There is also evidence that SMCs may take on a 'proinflammatory' phenotype, whereby SMCs secrete cytokines and express cell adhesion molecules, e.g. IL-8, IL-6, and VCAM-1, respectively, which may functionally regulate monocyte and macrophage adhesion and other processes during atherosclerosis. Factors that drive the inflammatory phenotype are not limited to cytokines but also include hemodynamic forces imposed on the blood vessel wall and intimate interaction of endothelial cells with SMCs, as well as changes in matrix composition in the vessel wall. However, it is critical to recognize that our understanding of the complex interaction of these multiple signal inputs has only recently begun to shed light on mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory SMC phenotype, primarily through models that attempt to recreate this environment ex vivo. The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge in this area and identify some of the key unresolved challenges and questions requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, La., USA
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Ruddy JM, Jones JA, Stroud RE, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG, Ikonomidis JS. Differential effects of mechanical and biological stimuli on matrix metalloproteinase promoter activation in the thoracic aorta. Circulation 2009; 120:S262-8. [PMID: 19752377 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.843581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of multiple integrated stimuli on vascular wall expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) remains unknown. Accordingly, this study examined the influence of the vasoactive peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) on wall tension-induced promoter activation of MMP-2, MMP-9, and membrane type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP). METHODS AND RESULTS Thoracic aortic rings harvested from transgenic reporter mice containing the MMP-2, MMP-9, or MT1-MMP promoter sequence fused to a reporter gene were subjected to 3 hours of wall tension at 70, 85, or 100 mm Hg, with or without 100 nM Ang II. Total RNA was harvested from the aortic rings, and reporter gene transcripts were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure MMP promoter activity. MT1-MMP promoter activity was increased at both 85 and 100 mm Hg, compared with baseline tension of 70 mm Hg, whereas treatment with Ang II stimulated MT1-MMP promoter activity to the same degree at all tension levels (P<0.05). Elevated tension and Ang II displayed a potential synergistic enhancement of MMP-2 promoter activation at 85 and 100 mm Hg, whereas the same stimuli caused a decrease in MMP-9 promoter activity (P<0.05) at 100 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that exposure to a relevant biological stimulus (Ang II) in the presence of elevated tension modulated MMP promoter activation. Furthermore, these data suggest that a mechanical-molecular set point exists for the induction of MMP promoter activation and that this set point can be adjusted up or down by a secondary biological stimulus. Together, these results may have significant clinical implications toward the regulation of hypertensive vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marie Ruddy
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA
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Goettsch C, Goettsch W, Arsov A, Hofbauer LC, Bornstein SR, Morawietz H. Long-term cyclic strain downregulates endothelial Nox4. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2385-97. [PMID: 19309265 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells in vivo are constantly exposed to mechanical forces such as cyclic strain. In endothelial cells, Nox4-containing NAD(P)H oxidase complexes have been identified as major sources of superoxide anion (.O(2)(-)) formation. In this study, we analyzed the effect of cyclic strain on endothelial ROS formation by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, cytochrome c assay, and dihydroethidium fluorescence, on NO formation by Griess reaction and on gene expression by RT-PCR and Western blot. Primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to 2-18% cyclic strain for up to 24 h using the Flexercell system. Long-term application of 5-12% cyclic strain downregulated Nox4 expression and ROS formation in a time-dependent manner. Downregulation of Nox4 was further confirmed by promoter analysis using dual-luciferase assay. Cu/Zn SOD, MnSOD, and catalase expression was decreased after application of chronic 12% cyclic strain. In contrast, endothelial NO formation and eNOS were increased by cyclic strain. Strain-dependent Nox4 downregulation was abolished by eNOS inhibition with L-NAME. In conclusion, physiological levels of cyclic strain downregulate Nox4 expression and superoxide anion formation. This novel mechanism might contribute to a vasoprotective balance between NO and superoxide anions in response to physiological mechanical stimulation of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University of Technology Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Kona S, Chellamuthu P, Xu H, Hills SR, Nguyen KT. Effects of cyclic strain and growth factors on vascular smooth muscle cell responses. Open Biomed Eng J 2009; 3:28-38. [PMID: 19812708 PMCID: PMC2757671 DOI: 10.2174/1874120700903010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Under physiological and pathological conditions, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) are exposed to different biochemical factors and biomechanical forces. Previous studies pertaining to SMC responses have not investigated the effects of both factors on SMCs. Thus, in our research we investigated the combined effects of growth factors like Bfgf (basic fibroblast growth factor), TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) along with physiological cyclic strain on SMC responses. Physiological cyclic strain (10% strain) significantly reduced SMC proliferation compared to static controls while addition of growth factors bFGF, TGF-β or PDGF-AB had a positive influence on SMC growth compared to strain alone. Microarray analysis of SMCs exposed to these growth factors and cyclic strain showed that several bioactive genes (vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, etc.) were altered upon exposure. Further work involving biochemical and pathological cyclic strain stimulation will help us better understand the role of cyclic strain and growth factors in vascular functions and development of vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soujanya Kona
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
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42
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Csiszar A, Lehoux S, Ungvari Z. Hemodynamic forces, vascular oxidative stress, and regulation of BMP-2/4 expression. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1683-97. [PMID: 19320562 PMCID: PMC2842584 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the hemodynamic environment (e.g., hypertension, disturbed-flow conditions) are known to promote atherogenesis by inducing proinflammatory phenotypic alterations in endothelial and smooth muscle cells; however, the mechanisms underlying mechanosensitive induction of inflammatory gene expression are not completely understood. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 (BMP-2/4) are TGF-beta superfamily cytokines that are expressed by both endothelial and smooth muscle cells and regulate a number of cellular processes involved in atherogenesis, including vascular calcification and endothelial activation. This review considers how hemodynamic forces regulate BMP-2/4 expression and explores the role of mechanosensitive generation of reactive oxygen species by NAD(P)H oxidases in the control of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Ohmine T, Miwa Y, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Morimoto S, Maehara Y, Sasaguri T. The involvement of aldosterone in cyclic stretch-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertens Res 2009; 32:690-9. [PMID: 19478813 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that aldosterone is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We examined whether aldosterone contributes to the cyclic stretch (CS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). RASMCs were exposed to uniaxial CS and thereafter collected to evaluate the expressions of mRNA or protein relating aldosterone synthesis and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. CS strength-dependently enhanced NADPH oxidase activity. CS induced cytochrome P450 aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and increased aldosterone synthesis but did not influence the levels of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). This CYP11B2 induction was almost completely suppressed by treatment with an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor, U0126, whereas olmesartan, an angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker (ARB), only partially suppressed CS-induced CYP11B2 expression and ERK phosphorylation. A selective MR antagonist, eplerenone (10 micromol l(-1)), significantly attenuated the CS-induced NADPH oxidase activation even in the presence of ARBs. In conclusion, aldosterone synthesis, which is partially independent of Ang II, may have an important role in CS-stimulated ROS generation in cultured RASMCs. We also suggest the potential benefit of eplerenone in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ohmine
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Abstract
This article discusses the following: (1) factors modulating central and peripheral SBP and PP in hypertensive subjects; (2) mechanisms enhancing PP variations in this population; (3) Analysis of pulsatile arterial hemodynamics as predictors of CV risk; and (4) Pulsatile hemodynamics and strategies lowering CV risk in the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel E Safar
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôtel-Dieu, Centre de Diagnostic et de Thérapeutique, Université Paris Descartes, Paris Cedex 04, Paris, France.
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45
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Hallow KM, Taylor WR, Rachev A, Vito RP. Markers of inflammation collocate with increased wall stress in human coronary arterial plaque. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2009; 8:473-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-009-0151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Delli Gatti C, Osto E, Kouroedov A, Eto M, Shaw S, Volpe M, Lüscher TF, Cosentino F. Pulsatile stretch induces release of angiotensin II and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells: effects of ACE inhibition and AT1 receptor antagonism. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 30:616-27. [PMID: 18855265 DOI: 10.1080/10641960802443183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces and the activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may alter the NO/O2(*-) balance, imparing endothelial nitric oxide (NO) availability. This study investigates the link between RAS and NO/O2(*-) balance in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) exposed to pulsatile stretch with and without ACE inhibitor quinaprilat or angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor antagonist losartan. Pulsatile stretch increased Ang II levels and O2(*-) production, reducing NO release. RAS blockade with quinaprilat or losartan restored the balance between NO and O2(*-). These results provide a molecular basis for understanding the vascular protective effects of ACE inhibition and AT(1) receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Delli Gatti
- Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Csiszar A, Podlutsky A, Wolin MS, Losonczy G, Pacher P, Ungvari Z. Oxidative stress and accelerated vascular aging: implications for cigarette smoking. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2009; 14:3128-44. [PMID: 19273262 PMCID: PMC2756477 DOI: 10.2741/3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States and constitutes a major risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease, including coronary artery disease and stroke. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that oxidative stress and inflammation provide the pathophysiological link between cigarette smoking and CAD. Previous studies have shown that cigarette smoke activates leukocytes to release reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, increases the adherence of monocytes to the endothelium and elicits airway inflammation. Here we present an overview of the direct effects of water-soluble cigarette smoke constituents on endothelial function, vascular ROS production and inflammatory gene expression. The potential pathogenetic role of peroxynitrite formation, and downstream mechanisms including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation in cardiovascular complications in smokers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Andrej Podlutsky
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Michael S. Wolin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Gyorgy Losonczy
- Pulmonológiai Klinika, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, Park Bldg., Rm. 445, 12420 Parklawn Drive, MSC-8115, Bethesda, MD 20892-8115
| | - Pal Pacher
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, Park Bldg., Rm. 445, 12420 Parklawn Drive, MSC-8115, Bethesda, MD 20892-8115
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
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Zecher M, Guichard C, Velásquez MJ, Figueroa G, Rodrigo R. Implications of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of obstructive uropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:19-26. [PMID: 19082822 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-008-0163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the functional and clinical alterations occurring in patients with obstructive uropathy are not well understood, it has been suggested that oxidative stress could contribute in the mechanism responsible for the impairment of sodium and water balance. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that red wine administration causes an amelioration of both the renal damage and impairment of renal Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity occurring after ureteral obstruction in the rat. Twenty-four male Wistar adult rats weighting 200-250 g were used. Half of them received a 10-week treatment with wine as the sole fluid source, while the other group received water. Both groups were subjected to 24-h unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Kidney tissue was collected following the relief of the ligature to perform the biochemical assessments. Urine and blood samples were taken at baseline and after the relief. Results show that the treatment with red wine significantly enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and thus reduces renal lipid peroxidation secondary to UUO, which correlated negatively with Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity. Based on this and other previous data, it could be suggested that red wine administration may prevent renal damage secondary to UUO by inducing enhanced antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zecher
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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49
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Baker AB, Ettenson DS, Jonas M, Nugent MA, Iozzo RV, Edelman ER. Endothelial cells provide feedback control for vascular remodeling through a mechanosensitive autocrine TGF-beta signaling pathway. Circ Res 2008; 103:289-97. [PMID: 18583708 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.179465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are potent modulators of the growth and hypertrophy of vascular cells. We examined the molecular mechanisms through which mechanical force and hypertension modulate endothelial cell regulation of vascular homeostasis. Exposure to mechanical strain increased the paracrine inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by endothelial cells. Mechanical strain stimulated the production of perlecan and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans by endothelial cells. By inhibiting the expression of perlecan with an antisense vector we demonstrated that perlecan was essential to the strain-mediated effects on endothelial cell growth control. Mechanical regulation of perlecan expression in endothelial cells was governed by a mechanotransduction pathway requiring autocrine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling and intracellular signaling through the ERK pathway. Immunohistochemical staining of the aortae of spontaneously hypertensive rats demonstrated strong correlations between endothelial TGF-beta, phosphorylated signaling intermediates, and arterial thickening. Further, studies on ex vivo arteries exposed to varying levels of pressure demonstrated that ERK and TGF-beta signaling were required for pressure-induced upregulation of endothelial HSPG. Our findings suggest a novel feedback control mechanism in which net arterial remodeling to hemodynamic forces is controlled by a dynamic interplay between growth stimulatory signals from VSMCs and growth inhibitory signals from endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Baker
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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50
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Do vasculature reactive oxygen species play a role in the mobilization of bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells? J Hypertens 2008; 26:188-90. [PMID: 18192830 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f2851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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