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Yang W, Wu Z, Cai S, Li Z, Wang W, Wu J, Luo H, Ye X. Tumor lymphangiogenesis index reveals the immune landscape and immunotherapy response in lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1354339. [PMID: 38638428 PMCID: PMC11024352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphangiogenesis (LYM) has an important role in tumor progression and is strongly associated with tumor metastasis. However, the clinical application of LYM has not progressed as expected. The potential value of LYM needs to be further developed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. Methods The Sequencing data and clinical characteristics of LUAD patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and GEO databases. Multiple machine learning algorithms were used to screen feature genes and develop the LYM index. Immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm and drug sensitivity analysis were used to explore the correlation of LYM index with immune profile and anti-tumor therapy. Results We screened four lymphangiogenic feature genes (PECAM1, TIMP1, CXCL5 and PDGFB) to construct LYM index based on multiple machine learning algorithms. We divided LUAD patients into the high LYM index group and the low LYM index group based on the median LYM index. LYM index is a risk factor for the prognosis of LUAD patients. In addition, there was a significant difference in immune profile between high LYM index and low LYM index groups. LUAD patients in the low LYM index group seemed to benefit more from immunotherapy based on the results of TIDE algorithm. Conclusion Overall, we confirmed that the LYM index is a prognostic risk factor and a valuable predictor of immunotherapy response in LUAD patients, which provides new evidence for the potential application of LYM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhijian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongdan Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqun Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Sung C, Wang J, Chang J, Wong AK. Review of treatment strategies after lymphadenectomy: from molecular therapeutics to immediate microsurgical lymphatic reconstruction. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2024:101844. [PMID: 38316291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2024.101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphedema is a common complication of cancer treatment, such as lymphadenectomy and radiation therapy. It is a debilitating condition with pathologic tissue changes that hinder effective curative treatment and jeopardize patients' quality of life. Various attempts to prevent the development of lymphedema have been made, with improvements in the incidence of the pathology. However, it is still prevalent among survivors of cancer. In this paper, we review both molecular therapeutics and immediate surgical lymphatic reconstruction as treatment strategies after lymphadenectomy. Specifically, we discuss pro-lymphangiogenic molecules that have proved efficient in animal models of lymphedema and clinical trials, and review currently available microsurgical techniques of immediate lymphatic reconstruction. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar through May 2022. Searches were done separately for molecular therapeutics and microsurgical techniques for immediate lymphatic reconstruction. Search terms used for (1) non-surgical methods include 'lymphangiogenesis,' 'lymphedema,' 'growth factor,' and 'gene therapy.' Search terms used for (2) surgical methods include 'lymphedema,' 'lymph node excision,' 'lymphatic vessels,' 'primary prevention,' and 'microsurgery.' RESULTS Various pro-lymphangiogenic factors with therapeutic potential include VEGF-C, VEGF-D, HGF, bFGF, PDGF, IGF, Retinoic acid, Ang-1, S1P, TLR4, and IL-8. Microsurgical lymphatic reconstruction for prevention of secondary lymphedema includes lymphovenous anastomosis, vascularized lymph node flap transfer, and lymph-interpositional flap transfer, with promising clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS With growing knowledge of the lymphangiogenic pathway and lymphedema pathology and advances in microsurgical techniques to restore lymphatic channels, molecular and surgical approaches may represent a promising method for primary prevention of lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sung
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jin Wang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Jeff Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Alex K Wong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
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3
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Rütsche D, Nanni M, Rüdisser S, Biedermann T, Zenobi-Wong M. Enzymatically Crosslinked Collagen as a Versatile Matrix for In Vitro and In Vivo Co-Engineering of Blood and Lymphatic Vasculature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209476. [PMID: 36724374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adequate vascularization is required for the successful translation of many in vitro engineered tissues. This study presents a novel collagen derivative that harbors multiple recognition peptides for orthogonal enzymatic crosslinking based on sortase A (SrtA) and Factor XIII (FXIII). SrtA-mediated crosslinking enables the rapid co-engineering of human blood and lymphatic microcapillaries and mesoscale capillaries in bulk hydrogels. Whereas tuning of gel stiffness determines the extent of neovascularization, the relative number of blood and lymphatic capillaries recapitulates the ratio of blood and lymphatic endothelial cells originally seeded into the hydrogel. Bioengineered capillaries readily form luminal structures and exhibit typical maturation markers both in vitro and in vivo. The secondary crosslinking enzyme Factor XIII is used for in situ tethering of the VEGF mimetic QK peptide to collagen. This approach supports the formation of blood and lymphatic capillaries in the absence of exogenous VEGF. Orthogonal enzymatic crosslinking is further used to bioengineer hydrogels with spatially defined polymer compositions with pro- and anti-angiogenic properties. Finally, macroporous scaffolds based on secondary crosslinking of microgels enable vascularization independent from supporting fibroblasts. Overall, this work demonstrates for the first time the co-engineering of mature micro- and meso-sized blood and lymphatic capillaries using a highly versatile collagen derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Rütsche
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | - Monica Nanni
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüdisser
- Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy Platform, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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4
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Michalaki E, Rudd JM, Liebman L, Wadhwani R, Wood LB, Willett NJ, Dixon JB. Lentiviral overexpression of VEGFC in transplanted MSCs leads to resolution of swelling in a mouse tail lymphedema model. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12792. [PMID: 36369987 PMCID: PMC10680019 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the lymphatic system following injury, disease, or cancer treatment can lead to lymphedema, a debilitating condition with no cure. Despite the various physical therapy and surgical options available, most treatments are palliative and fail to address the underlying lymphatic vascular insufficiency driving lymphedema progression. Stem cell therapy provides a promising alternative in the treatment of various chronic diseases with a wide range of therapeutic effects that reduce inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress, while promoting lymphatic vessel (LV) regeneration. Specifically, stem cell transplantation is suggested to promote LV restoration, rebuild lymphatic circulation, and thus potentially be utilized towards an effective lymphedema treatment. In addition to stem cells, studies have proposed the administration of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) to promote lymphangiogenesis and decrease swelling in lymphedema. AIMS Here, we seek to combine the benefits of stem cell therapy, which provides a cellular therapeutic approach that can respond to the tissue environment, and VEGFC administration to restore lymphatic drainage. MATERIALS & METHODS Specifically, we engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to overexpress VEGFC using a lentiviral vector (hVEGFC MSC) and investigated their therapeutic efficacy in improving LV function and tissue swelling using near infrared (NIR) imaging, and lymphatic regeneration in a single LV ligation mouse tail lymphedema model. RESULTS First, we showed that overexpression of VEGFC using lentiviral transduction led to an increase in VEGFC protein synthesis in vitro. Then, we demonstrated hVEGFC MSC administration post-injury significantly increased the lymphatic contraction frequency 14-, 21-, and 28-days post-surgery compared to the control animals (MSC administration) in vivo, while also reducing tail swelling 28-days post-surgery compared to controls. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a therapeutic potential of hVEGFC MSC in alleviating the lymphatic dysfunction observed during lymphedema progression after secondary injury and could provide a promising approach to enhancing autologous cell therapy for treating lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Michalaki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Josephine M Rudd
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren Liebman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rahul Wadhwani
- Neuroscience Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Levi B Wood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nick J Willett
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Mahapatra C, Kumar P, Paul MK, Kumar A. Angiogenic stimulation strategies in bone tissue regeneration. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Goswami AG, Basu S, Huda F, Pant J, Ghosh Kar A, Banerjee T, Shukla VK. An appraisal of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): the dynamic molecule of wound healing and its current clinical applications. Growth Factors 2022; 40:73-88. [PMID: 35584274 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2022.2074843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical step of wound healing, and its failure leads to chronic wounds. The idea of restoring blood flow to the damaged tissues by promoting neo-angiogenesis is lucrative and has been researched extensively. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key dynamic molecule of angiogenesis has been investigated for its functions. In this review, we aim to appraise its biology, the comprehensive role of this dynamic molecule in the wound healing process, and how this knowledge has been translated in clinical application in various types of wounds. Although, most laboratory research on the use of VEGF is promising, its clinical applications have not met great expectations. We discuss various lacunae that might exist in making its clinical application unsuccessful for commercial use, and provide insight to the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakansha Giri Goswami
- Department of General surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Somprakas Basu
- Department of General surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Farhanul Huda
- Department of General surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Jayanti Pant
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Amrita Ghosh Kar
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Shukla
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Sung C, Wang S, Hsu J, Yu R, Wong AK. Current Understanding of Pathological Mechanisms of Lymphedema. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:361-373. [PMID: 34521256 PMCID: PMC9051876 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Lymphedema is a common disease that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide with significant financial and social burdens. Despite increasing prevalence and associated morbidities, the mainstay treatment of lymphedema is largely palliative without an effective cure due to incomplete understanding of the disease. Recent Advances: Recent studies have described key histological and pathological processes that contribute to the progression of lymphedema, including lymphatic stasis, inflammation, adipose tissue deposition, and fibrosis. This review aims to highlight cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in each of these pathological processes. Critical Issues: Despite recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of lymphedema, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease remains elusive due to its complex nature. Future Directions: Additional research is needed to gain a better insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of lymphedema, which will guide the development of therapeutic strategies that target specific pathology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sung
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sarah Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jerry Hsu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Roy Yu
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex K. Wong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Correspondence: Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Road, Familian Science Building 1018, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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8
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Jt S, M H, Wam B, Ac B, Sa N. Adenoviral vectors for cardiovascular gene therapy applications: a clinical and industry perspective. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:875-901. [PMID: 35606652 PMCID: PMC9126699 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Despite the development of novel pharmacological treatments, cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality remain high indicating an unmet clinical need. Viral gene therapy enables targeted delivery of therapeutic transgenes and represents an attractive platform for tackling acquired and inherited cardiovascular diseases in the future. Current cardiovascular gene therapy trials in humans mainly focus on improving cardiac angiogenesis and function. Encouragingly, local delivery of therapeutic transgenes utilising first-generation human adenovirus serotype (HAd)-5 is safe in the short term and has shown some efficacy in drug refractory angina pectoris and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Despite this success, systemic delivery of therapeutic HAd-5 vectors targeting cardiovascular tissues and internal organs is limited by negligible gene transfer to target cells, elimination by the immune system, liver sequestration, off-target effects, and episomal degradation. To circumvent these barriers, cardiovascular gene therapy research has focused on determining the safety and efficacy of rare alternative serotypes and/or genetically engineered adenoviral capsid protein-modified vectors following local or systemic delivery. Pre-clinical studies have identified several vectors including HAd-11, HAd-35, and HAd-20–42-42 as promising platforms for local and systemic targeting of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In the past, clinical gene therapy trials were often restricted by limited scale-up capabilities of gene therapy medicinal products (GTMPs) and lack of regulatory guidance. However, significant improvement of industrial GTMP scale-up and purification, development of novel producer cell lines, and issuing of GTMP regulatory guidance by national regulatory health agencies have addressed many of these challenges, creating a more robust framework for future adenoviral-based cardiovascular gene therapy. In addition, this has enabled the mass roll out of adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccines. Key messages First-generation HAd-5 vectors are widely used in cardiovascular gene therapy. HAd-5-based gene therapy was shown to lead to cardiac angiogenesis and improved function. Novel HAd vectors may represent promising transgene carriers for systemic delivery. Novel methods allow industrial scale-up of rare/genetically altered Ad serotypes. National regulatory health agencies have issued guidance on GMP for GTMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schwartze Jt
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Havenga M
- Batavia Biosciences B.V., Bioscience Park Leiden, Zernikedreef 16, 2333, CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bakker Wam
- Batavia Biosciences B.V., Bioscience Park Leiden, Zernikedreef 16, 2333, CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bradshaw Ac
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicklin Sa
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Ishii M, Miyata H, Ikeda N, Tagawa T, Nishimura M. Piper retrofractum extract and its component piperine promote lymphangiogenesis via an AKT- and ERK-dependent mechanism. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14233. [PMID: 35567300 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Administration of Piper retrofractum extract (PRE) has been reported to alleviate edema, but the mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. Promotion of lymphangiogenesis is known to improve lymphedema, but the effect of PRE on lymphangiogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether PRE and specifically, piperine, the main component of PRE, can induce lymphangiogenesis. Treatments with PRE and piperine significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and tube formation in human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (HDLECs) but had no effect on the expression of lymphangiogenic factors. Furthermore, PRE and piperine significantly promoted the phosphorylation of the AKT and ERK proteins in HDLECs, and pretreatment with AKT and ERK inhibitors significantly attenuated the PRE- and piperine-induced lymphangiogenesis. These results indicate that PRE and piperine promote lymphangiogenesis via an AKT- and ERK-dependent mechanism. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The lymphatic system plays various roles such as maintaining tissue fluid homeostasis, immune defense, and metabolism. Disruption of the lymphatic system results in insufficient fluid drainage, which causes edema. Currently, there are no effective treatments for lymphedema; therefore, the development of novel treatment strategies is desirable. In this study, we showed that PRE and its main component piperine promote lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic endothelial cells. Therefore, PRE has the potential to be used as a novel functional food for relieving lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ishii
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Nao Ikeda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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10
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Lafuente H, Jaunarena I, Ansuategui E, Lekuona A, Izeta A. Cell therapy as a treatment of secondary lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:578. [PMID: 34801084 PMCID: PMC8605543 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphedema, the accumulation of interstitial fluid caused by poor lymphatic drainage, is a progressive and permanent disease with no curative treatment. Several studies have evaluated cell-based therapies in secondary lymphedema, but no meta-analysis has been performed to assess their efficacy. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all available preclinical and clinical studies, with assessment of their quality and risk of bias. Results A total of 20 articles using diverse cell types were selected for analysis, including six clinical trials and 14 pre-clinical studies in three species. The meta-analysis showed a positive effect of cell-based therapies on relevant disease outcomes (quantification of edema, density of lymphatic capillaries, evaluation of the lymphatic flow, and tissue fibrosis). No significant publication bias was observed. Conclusion Cell-based therapies have the potential to improve secondary lymphedema. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Due to relevant heterogeneity between studies, further randomized controlled and blinded studies are required to substantiate the use of these novel therapies in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Lafuente
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ibon Jaunarena
- Gynecology Oncology Unit, Donostia University Hospital, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eukene Ansuategui
- Clinical Epidemiology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arantza Lekuona
- Gynecology Oncology Unit, Donostia University Hospital, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain. .,School of Engineering, Tecnun-University of Navarra, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
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11
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Kataru RP, Baik JE, Park HJ, Ly CL, Shin J, Schwartz N, Lu TT, Ortega S, Mehrara BJ. Lymphatic-specific intracellular modulation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling improves lymphatic growth and function. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabc0836. [PMID: 34376570 PMCID: PMC8567054 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous administration of lymphangiogenic growth factors is widely used to study changes in lymphatic function in pathophysiology. However, this approach can result in off-target effects, thereby generating conflicting data. To circumvent this issue, we modulated intracellular VEGF-C signaling by conditionally knocking out the lipid phosphatase PTEN using the Vegfr3 promoter to drive the expression of Cre-lox in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). PTEN is an intracellular brake that inhibits the downstream effects of the activation of VEGFR3 by VEGF-C. Activation of Cre-lox recombination in adult mice resulted in an expanded functional lymphatic network due to LEC proliferation that was independent of lymphangiogenic growth factor production. Furthermore, compared with lymphangiogenesis induced by VEGF-C injection, LECPTEN animals had mature, nonleaky lymphatics with intact cell-cell junctions and reduced local tissue inflammation. Last, compared with wild-type or VEGF-C-injected mice, LECPTEN animals had an improved capacity to resolve inflammatory responses. Our findings indicate that intracellular modulation of lymphangiogenesis is effective in inducing functional lymphatic networks and has no off-target inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P Kataru
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hyeung Ju Park
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Catherine L Ly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Noa Schwartz
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sagrario Ortega
- Transgenic Mice Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 20829, Spain
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Stritt S, Koltowska K, Mäkinen T. Homeostatic maintenance of the lymphatic vasculature. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:955-970. [PMID: 34332911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is emerging as a multifaceted regulator of tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Lymphatic vessels drain fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs) and the systemic circulation. Their recently uncovered functions extend beyond drainage and include direct modulation of adaptive immunity and paracrine regulation of organ growth. The developmental mechanisms controlling lymphatic vessel growth have been described with increasing precision. It is less clear how the essential functional features of lymphatic vessels are established and maintained. We discuss the mechanisms that maintain lymphatic vessel integrity in adult tissues and control vessel repair and regeneration. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the pathological vessel changes that contribute to disease, and provides an opportunity for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stritt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Cho HK, Sung WJ, Lee YJ, Kwak SG, Kim KL. Two methods of extracorporeal shock-wave therapy in a rat model of secondary lymphedema: a pilot study. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211024473. [PMID: 34187210 PMCID: PMC8258771 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211024473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare the effectiveness of two methods of extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) in a rat model of forelimb lymphedema, induced by axillary lymph node dissection. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly allocated to a group that received 500 ESWT shocks only in the lymphedematous forelimb (Forelimb/ESWT) and a group that received 300 ESWT shocks in the axilla and 200 shocks in the lymphedematous forelimb (Axilla+Forelimb/ESWT). The circumferences of each limb were then measured. Immunohistochemistry for a pan-endothelial marker (cluster of differentiation [CD]31) and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1, and western blot analysis for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR3) and VEGF-C were performed. Results The circumferences of the limbs showed significant effects of group and time following surgery. The circumferences at the carpal joint and 2.5 cm above were smallest in the naïve limbs, larger in the Axilla+Forelimb/ESWT group, and the largest in the control group. VEGFR3 tended to be expressed at a higher level in the Axilla+Forelimb/ESWT group (1.96-fold) than in the Forelimb/ESWT group (1.20-fold) versus the opposite non-edematous forelimbs, although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions These data suggest that ESWT protocols have differential effects on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in lymphedematous limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyung Cho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65674Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Sung
- Department of Pathology, 65674Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, 65674Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Kwak
- Department of Medical Statistics, 65674Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Lip Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65674Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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14
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Szőke D, Kovács G, Kemecsei É, Bálint L, Szoták-Ajtay K, Aradi P, Styevkóné Dinnyés A, Mui BL, Tam YK, Madden TD, Karikó K, Kataru RP, Hope MJ, Weissman D, Mehrara BJ, Pardi N, Jakus Z. Nucleoside-modified VEGFC mRNA induces organ-specific lymphatic growth and reverses experimental lymphedema. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3460. [PMID: 34103491 PMCID: PMC8187400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack or dysfunction of the lymphatics leads to secondary lymphedema formation that seriously reduces the function of the affected organs and results in degradation of quality of life. Currently, there is no definitive treatment option for lymphedema. Here, we utilized nucleoside-modified mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encoding murine Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C (VEGFC) to stimulate lymphatic growth and function and reduce experimental lymphedema in mouse models. We demonstrated that administration of a single low-dose of VEGFC mRNA-LNPs induced durable, organ-specific lymphatic growth and formation of a functional lymphatic network. Importantly, VEGFC mRNA-LNP treatment reversed experimental lymphedema by restoring lymphatic function without inducing any obvious adverse events. Collectively, we present a novel application of the nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP platform, describe a model for identifying the organ-specific physiological and pathophysiological roles of the lymphatics, and propose an efficient and safe treatment option that may serve as a novel therapeutic tool to reduce lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Szőke
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kovács
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Kemecsei
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Bálint
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kitti Szoták-Ajtay
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Aradi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Styevkóné Dinnyés
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Raghu P Kataru
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Drew Weissman
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Zoltán Jakus
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Marziano C, Genet G, Hirschi KK. Vascular endothelial cell specification in health and disease. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:213-236. [PMID: 33844116 PMCID: PMC8205897 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There are two vascular networks in mammals that coordinately function as the main supply and drainage systems of the body. The blood vasculature carries oxygen, nutrients, circulating cells, and soluble factors to and from every tissue. The lymphatic vasculature maintains interstitial fluid homeostasis, transports hematopoietic cells for immune surveillance, and absorbs fat from the gastrointestinal tract. These vascular systems consist of highly organized networks of specialized vessels including arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatic vessels that exhibit different structures and cellular composition enabling distinct functions. All vessels are composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells that are in direct contact with the circulating fluid; therefore, they are the first responders to circulating factors. However, endothelial cells are not homogenous; rather, they are a heterogenous population of specialized cells perfectly designed for the physiological demands of the vessel they constitute. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the specification of arterial, venous, capillary, and lymphatic endothelial cell identities during vascular development. We also discuss how the dysregulation of these processes can lead to vascular malformations, and therapeutic approaches that have been developed for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Marziano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Gael Genet
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Abstract
Tissue engineering has witnessed remarkable advancement in various fields of medicine and has the potential of revolutionizing the management of lymphedema. Combining approaches of biotechnology with the evolving understanding of lymphangiogenesis may offer promising treatment modalities for patients suffering from lymphedema. The strategies to lymphatic vessels tissue engineer can be grouped into four main categories: Delivery of chemokines, cytokines, and other growth factors to induce lymphangiogenesis; cell-based approach using lymphatic endothelial cells or stem-cells; scaffold-based tissue engineering; or a combination of these. This review will summarize the current approach to cancer-related lymphedema and advances in lymphatic tissue engineering strategies and the challenges facing the regeneration of lymphatic vasculature, particularly in an oncologic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malke Asaad
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Summer E Hanson
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Asaad M, Xu Y, Chu CK, Shih YCT, Mericli AF. The impact of co-surgeons on complication rates and healthcare cost in patients undergoing microsurgical breast reconstruction: analysis of 8680 patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 184:345-356. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Asaoka M, Patnaik SK, Zhang F, Ishikawa T, Takabe K. Lymphovascular invasion in breast cancer is associated with gene expression signatures of cell proliferation but not lymphangiogenesis or immune response. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 181:309-322. [PMID: 32285241 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the prognostic relevance of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in breast cancer is well known, its molecular biology is poorly understood. We hypothesized that pathologically determined LVI reflects molecular features of tumors and can be discerned from their genomic and transcriptomic profiles. METHODS LVI status and Nottingham histological scores of primary breast tumors of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project were assessed from pathology reports; other clinical and molecular data were obtained from TCGA data portals and publications. Two independent datasets (GSE5460 and GSE7849) were combined and used for validation. RESULTS LVI status was determinable for 639 and 196 cases of the TCGA and validation cohorts, among whom LVI incidence was 37.8% and 37.2%, respectively. LVI was associated with high tumor Ki67 expression, advanced pathologic stage, and high Nottingham scores. LVI-positive cases had worse overall and progression-free survival regardless of cancer subtype. Surprisingly, in both cohorts, LVI was not associated with lymphangiogenesis or lymphatic vessel density as estimated from tumor expression of lymphatic endothelium-associated genes. LVI-positive tumors had higher genome copy number aberrations, aneuploidy, and homologous recombination defects, but not single-nucleotide variations or intra-tumor genome heterogeneity. Tumor immune cell composition and cytolytic activity was not associated with LVI status. On the other hand, expression of cell proliferation-related genes was significantly increased in LVI-positive tumors. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that breast cancer with LVI is a highly proliferative cancer, and it does not correlate with gene expression markers for lymphangiogenesis or immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Breast Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Santosh K Patnaik
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Frank Zhang
- Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Breast Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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19
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Ahmadzadeh N, Robering JW, Kengelbach-Weigand A, Al-Abboodi M, Beier JP, Horch RE, Boos AM. Human adipose-derived stem cells support lymphangiogenesis in vitro by secretion of lymphangiogenic factors. Exp Cell Res 2020; 388:111816. [PMID: 31923426 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic progressive disease ultimately resulting in severe, disfiguring swelling and permanent changes of the affected tissues. Presently, there is no causal treatment approach of lymphedema. Therefore, most therapies are purely symptomatic. However, the recent use of stem cell-based therapies has offered new prospects for alternative treatment options. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) in terms of basic in vitro lymphangiogenic assays (WST-8 assay, scratch assay, transmigration assay, sprouting assay, tube formation assay). The influence of ADSC-conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) on HDLECs was compared to recombinant VEGF-C, bFGF and HGF. Further ADSC-CM was characterized by protein microarray and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Although key-lymphangiogenic growth factors - like VEGF-C - could only be detected in low concentrations within the conditioned medium (CM), HDLECs were potently stimulated to proliferate, migrate and to form tube like structures by ADSC-CM. Despite concentrations more than hundredfold higher than those found in the conditioned medium, stimulation with recombinant VEGF-C, bFGF and HGF was still weaker compared to ADSC-CM. These results highlight the effectiveness of growth factors secreted by ADSC to stimulate HDLEC, potentially providing a promising new therapeutic approach for the treatment of lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan W Robering
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Germany; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burns Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Kengelbach-Weigand
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Majida Al-Abboodi
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Justus P Beier
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Germany; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burns Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja M Boos
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Germany; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burns Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, Germany.
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20
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Increased Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphangiogenic Growth Factor Expression in Perivascular Adipose Tissue of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8071000. [PMID: 31324038 PMCID: PMC6678243 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and human autopsy studies have associated adventitial lymphangiogenesis with atherosclerosis. An analysis of perivascular lymphangiogenesis in patients with coronary artery disease is lacking. Here, we examined lymphangiogenesis and its potential regulators in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounding the heart (C-PVAT) and compared it with PVAT of the internal mammary artery (IMA-PVAT). Forty-six patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were included. Perioperatively collected C-PVAT and IMA-PVAT were analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry, real time PCR, and PVAT-conditioned medium using cytokine arrays. C-PVAT exhibited increased PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1)-positive vessel density. The number of lymphatic vessels expressing lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 or podoplanin was also elevated in C-PVAT and associated with higher inflammatory cell numbers, increased intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) expression, and fibrosis. Significantly higher expression of regulators of lymphangiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, and VEGF receptor-3 was observed in C-PVAT compared to IMA-PVAT. Cytokine arrays identified angiopoietin-2 as more highly expressed in C-PVAT vs. IMA-PVAT. Findings were confirmed histologically and at the mRNA level. Stimulation of human lymphatic endothelial cells with recombinant angiopoietin-2 in combination with VEGF-C enhanced sprout formation. Our study shows that PVAT surrounding atherosclerotic arteries exhibits more extensive lymphangiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis compared to PVAT surrounding a non-diseased vessel, possibly due to local angiopoietin-2, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D overexpression.
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21
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Saik OV, Nimaev VV, Usmonov DB, Demenkov PS, Ivanisenko TV, Lavrik IN, Ivanisenko VA. Prioritization of genes involved in endothelial cell apoptosis by their implication in lymphedema using an analysis of associative gene networks with ANDSystem. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:47. [PMID: 30871556 PMCID: PMC6417156 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, more than 150 million people worldwide suffer from lymphedema. It is a chronic progressive disease characterized by high-protein edema of various parts of the body due to defects in lymphatic drainage. Molecular-genetic mechanisms of the disease are still poorly understood. Beginning of a clinical manifestation of primary lymphedema in middle age and the development of secondary lymphedema after treatment of breast cancer can be genetically determined. Disruption of endothelial cell apoptosis can be considered as one of the factors contributing to the development of lymphedema. However, a study of the relationship between genes associated with lymphedema and genes involved in endothelial apoptosis, in the associative gene network was not previously conducted. METHODS In the current work, we used well-known methods (ToppGene and Endeavour), as well as methods previously developed by us, to prioritize genes involved in endothelial apoptosis and to find potential participants of molecular-genetic mechanisms of lymphedema among them. Original methods of prioritization took into account the overrepresented Gene Ontology biological processes, the centrality of vertices in the associative gene network, describing the interactions of endothelial apoptosis genes with genes associated with lymphedema, and the association of the analyzed genes with diseases that are comorbid to lymphedema. RESULTS An assessment of the quality of prioritization was performed using criteria, which involved an analysis of the enrichment of the top-most priority genes by genes, which are known to have simultaneous interactions with lymphedema and endothelial cell apoptosis, as well as by genes differentially expressed in murine model of lymphedema. In particular, among genes involved in endothelial apoptosis, KDR, TNF, TEK, BMPR2, SERPINE1, IL10, CD40LG, CCL2, FASLG and ABL1 had the highest priority. The identified priority genes can be considered as candidates for genotyping in the studies involving the search for associations with lymphedema. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of interactions of these genes in the associative gene network of lymphedema can improve understanding of mechanisms of interaction between endothelial apoptosis and lymphangiogenesis, and shed light on the role of disturbance of these processes in the development of edema, chronic inflammation and connective tissue transformation during the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Saik
- Laboratory of Computer-Assisted Proteomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, st. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Vadim V. Nimaev
- Laboratory of Surgical Lymphology and Lymphodetoxication, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymрhology – Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Timakova 2, Novosibirsk, 630117 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, st. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Dilovarkhuja B. Usmonov
- Novosibirsk State University, st. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ya. L. Tsivyan Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, st. Frunze 17, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
| | - Pavel S. Demenkov
- Laboratory of Computer-Assisted Proteomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, st. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Timofey V. Ivanisenko
- Laboratory of Computer-Assisted Proteomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, st. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Inna N. Lavrik
- Laboratory of Computer-Assisted Proteomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Pfalzer Platz 28, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir A. Ivanisenko
- Laboratory of Computer-Assisted Proteomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, st. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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Shi P, Chen C, Yao Y. Correlation Between HER-2 Gene Amplification or Protein Expression and Clinical Pathological Features of Breast Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 34:42-46. [PMID: 30585768 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of breast cancer in females is gradually increasing. Expression of HER-2 gene and protein is critical for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer. This study examined amplification of HER-2 gene and protein expression in breast cancer patients to analyze their correlation with clinical and pathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens of breast gland tissues were collected from breast cancer patients for measuring HER-2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) measured HER-2 gene amplification. The consistency of HER-2 protein and gene expression was analyzed in addition to their correlation with clinical and pathological features of patients. RESULTS Thirty-six percent patients showed negative expression of HER-2 protein, and 9%, 32%, and 23% of them had positive expression to different levels (+, ++, and +++). Forty percent patients were positive for HER-2 gene amplification, including 3, 21, and 14 cases of (+), (++), and (+++) patients. Expression of HER-2 protein was highly correlated with HER-2 gene amplification (r = 1.262; p < 0.05). Both parameters were correlated with tumor size, differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Combined assay of IHC and FISH for detecting HER-2 protein or gene amplification in breast cancer tissues showed their correlation with tumor size, differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Shi
- 1 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- 2 Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- 3 Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Alderfer L, Wei A, Hanjaya-Putra D. Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 30564284 PMCID: PMC6296077 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Alicia Wei
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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Zhang Y, Bai Y, Jing Q, Qian J. Functions and Regeneration of Mature Cardiac Lymphatic Vessels in Atherosclerosis, Myocardial Infarction, and Heart Failure. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 16:507-515. [PMID: 30339474 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2018.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac lymphatic vessels play a vital role in maintaining cardiac homeostasis both under physiological and pathological conditions. Clearer illustration of the anatomy of cardiac lymphatics has been achieved by fluorescence exhibition comparing to dye injection. Besides, identification of specific lymphatic markers in recent decades paves the way for researches in development and regeneration of cardiac lymphatics, such as VEGF-C/VEGFR-3, EphB4/ephrin-B2, Prox-1, Podoplanin, and Lyve-1. Knocking out each of these markers in mice model also reveals the signaling pathways instructing the formation of cardiac lymphatics. In the major cardiovascular disease series of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), and heart failure, cardiac lymphatics regulate the transportation of extravasated proteins and lipids, inflammatory and immune responses, as well as fluid balance. Elementary intervention methods, such as lymphatic factor protein injection VEGF-C, are applied in murine MI models to restore or enhance functions of lymphatic vessels, achieving improvements in cardiac function. Also, data from our laboratory showed that intramyocardial EphB4 injection also improved lymphatic regeneration in mouse MI model. Therefore, we believe that enhancing functions and regeneration of mature cardiac lymphatic vessels in cardiovascular diseases is of great potential therapeutic meaning in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingnan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juying Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Hu X, Luo J. Heterogeneity of tumor lymphangiogenesis: Progress and prospects. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3005-3012. [PMID: 30007095 PMCID: PMC6172057 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis and increased expression of lymphangiogenic growth factors are associated with high rates of lymph node (LN) metastasis and with poor prognosis in some, but not all, solid tumors. In addition to its involvement in metastasis, lymphangiogenesis has been shown to have other roles in tumor pathogenesis, such as the niche function of tumor stem cells and regulatory functions of antitumor immune responses. In contrast, evidence has accumulated that tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis displays the heterogeneity in gene signature, structure, cellular origins and functional plasticity. This review summarizes the advances in the research on the heterogeneity of tumor lymphangiogenesis and discusses how it may contribute to functional complexity and multiplicity of lymphangiogenesis in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jincai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Roles of the TGF-β⁻VEGF-C Pathway in Fibrosis-Related Lymphangiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092487. [PMID: 30142879 PMCID: PMC6163754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels drain excess tissue fluids to maintain the interstitial environment. Lymphatic capillaries develop during the progression of tissue fibrosis in various clinical and pathological situations, such as chronic kidney disease, peritoneal injury during peritoneal dialysis, tissue inflammation, and tumor progression. The role of fibrosis-related lymphangiogenesis appears to vary based on organ specificity and etiology. Signaling via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, and VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3 is a central molecular mechanism for lymphangiogenesis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a key player in tissue fibrosis. TGF-β induces peritoneal fibrosis in association with peritoneal dialysis, and also induces peritoneal neoangiogenesis through interaction with VEGF-A. On the other hand, TGF-β has a direct inhibitory effect on lymphatic endothelial cell growth. We proposed a possible mechanism of the TGF-β–VEGF-C pathway in which TGF-β promotes VEGF-C production in tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, and mesothelial cells, leading to lymphangiogenesis in renal and peritoneal fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is also involved in fibrosis-associated renal lymphangiogenesis through interaction with VEGF-C, in part by mediating TGF-β signaling. Further clarification of the mechanism might lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat fibrotic diseases.
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Ribatti D. Historical overview of lymphangiogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:161-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Potential effect on molecular pathways in different targeted genes in the VEGF family in retina - From the genomic point of view. Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:78-87. [PMID: 29944851 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study's goal is to determine similarities and differences in the molecular pathways or potential functions of the various targeted regions or genes of the Vegf family-VegfA, VegfB, VegfC, and Pgf-using the BXD genetic reference panel. Data from whole genome expression profiles of retinas from the well-characterized mouse recombinant inbred (RI) strain population derived from C57BL/6J X DBA/2J (BXD) were analyzed. Multiple analytical tools and statistical strategies were used to investigate the expression level. The expression Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) of these probes were mapped and compared. Our data showed that VegfA2 has the highest expression levels among all probes of Vegf genes. The expression levels of Vegf family genes are not significantly correlated. In the overall comparison, expression levels of VegfA1 and VegfA2 are positively correlated (R = 0.540). The expression levels of VegfB and VegfC are weakly correlated (R = 0.360). VegfC is also weakly correlated with the expression levels of Pgf (R = 0.324). The interaction of VegfB- and VegfA2-associated 50a2 genes was very weak (R50 ab = 0.3129). The interaction of top VegfB-associated 50b genes with VegfA2 has a reciprocal negative impact (R50ba = -0.42758). The VegfC-associated top 50c genes are strongly correlated with VegfB (R50 cb = 0.8159), while they are negatively correlated with VegfA2 (R50ca = -0.1450). Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis suggested that the regulatory mechanisms for the expression levels of these genes in the Vegf family are different from each other. The expression level of VegfA associates with a group of genes that are not associated with other genes in the Vegf family.
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Zhao L, Zhu Z, Yao C, Huang Y, Zhi E, Chen H, Tian R, Li P, Yuan Q, Xue Y, Wan Z, Yang C, Gong Y, He Z, Li Z. VEGFC/VEGFR3 Signaling Regulates Mouse Spermatogonial Cell Proliferation via the Activation of AKT/MAPK and Cyclin D1 Pathway and Mediates the Apoptosis by affecting Caspase 3/9 and Bcl-2. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:225-239. [PMID: 29169284 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1407891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the transcript levels of Vegfc and its receptor Vegfr3 were high in spermatogonia and extremely low in spermatocytes and spermatids. However, it remains unknown about the functions and the mechanisms of VEGFC/VEGFR3 signaling in regulating the fate determinations of spermatogonia. To this end, here we explored the role and signaling pathways of VEGFC/VEGFR3 by using a cell line derived from immortalized mouse spermatogonia retaining markers of mitotic germ cells, namely GC-1 cells. VEGFR3 was expressed in mouse primary spermatogonia and GC-1 cells. VEGFC stimulated the proliferation and DNA synthesis of GC-1 cells and enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K-AKT and MAPK, whereas LY294002 (an inhibitor for AKT) and CI-1040 (an inhibitor for MAPK) blocked the effect of VEGFC on GC-1 cell proliferation. Furthermore, VEGFC increased the transcripts of c-fos and Egr1 and protein levels of cyclin D1, PCNA and Bcl-2. Conversely, the blocking of VEGFC/VEGFR3 signaling by VEGFR3 knockdown reduced the phosphorylation of AKT/MAPK and decreased the levels of cyclin D1 and PCNA. Additionally, VEGFR3 knockdown not only resulted in more apoptosis of GC-1 cells but also led to a decrease of Bcl-2 and promoted the cleavage of Caspase-3/9 and PARP. Collectively, these data suggested that VEGFC/VEGFR3 signaling promotes the proliferation of GC-1 cells via the AKT /MAPK and cyclin D1 pathway and it inhibits the cell apoptosis through Caspase-3/9, PARP and Bcl-2. Thus, this study sheds a novel insight to the molecular mechanisms underlying the fate decisions of mammalian spermatogonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zhao
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zijue Zhu
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Chencheng Yao
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Erlei Zhi
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Huixing Chen
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ruhui Tian
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Peng Li
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Qingqing Yuan
- b State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital , School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yunjing Xue
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhong Wan
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Chao Yang
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuehua Gong
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zuping He
- b State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital , School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zheng Li
- a Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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30
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Dieterich LC, Ducoli L, Shin JW, Detmar M. Distinct transcriptional responses of lymphatic endothelial cells to VEGFR-3 and VEGFR-2 stimulation. Sci Data 2017; 4:170106. [PMID: 28850122 PMCID: PMC5574372 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors play crucial roles in the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels during embryogenesis, and also under pathologic conditions in the adult. Despite intensive efforts over the last decades to elucidate the precise functions of VEGFs, transcriptional responses to VEGF receptor stimulation are still not fully characterized. To investigate the specific transcriptional effects of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 activation, we performed a correlation analysis of previously published CAGE sequencing and microarray data of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) stimulated with distinct VEGFs acting through either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3. We identified that specific activation of VEGFR-3 by VEGF-C156S results in the downregulation of many genes involved in immune regulation and inflammation, suggesting that VEGFR-3 stimulation has direct anti-inflammatory effects. Comparing CAGE and microarray data sets, we furthermore identified a small number of genes that showed a receptor-dependent response in LECs, demonstrating that these receptors, despite activating very similar signaling pathways, fulfill overlapping but not identical functions within the same cell type (LECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C. Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jay W. Shin
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Langan SA, Navarro-Núñez L, Watson SP, Nash GB. Modulation of VEGF-induced migration and network formation by lymphatic endothelial cells: Roles of platelets and podoplanin. Platelets 2017; 29:486-495. [PMID: 28727496 PMCID: PMC6589745 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1336210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) express the transmembrane receptor podoplanin whose only known endogenous ligand CLEC-2 is found on platelets. Both podoplanin and CLEC-2 are required for normal lymphangiogenesis as mice lacking either protein develop a blood-lymphatic mixing phenotype. We investigated the roles of podoplanin and its interaction with platelets in migration and tube formation by LEC. Addition of platelets or antibody-mediated crosslinking of podoplanin inhibited LEC migration induced by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A or VEGF-C), but did not modify basal migration or the response to basic fibroblast growth factor or epidermal growth factor. In addition, platelets and podoplanin crosslinking disrupted networks of LEC formed in co-culture with fibroblasts. Depletion of podoplanin in LEC using siRNA negated the pro-migratory effect of VEGF-A and VEGF-C. Inhibition of RhoA or Rho-kinase reduced LEC migration induced by VEGF-C, but had no further effect after crosslinking of podoplanin, suggesting that podoplanin is required for signaling downstream of VEGF-receptors but upstream of RhoA. Together, these data reveal for the first time that podoplanin is an intrinsic specific regulator of VEGF-mediated migration and network formation in LEC and identify crosslinking of podoplanin by platelets or antibodies as mechanisms to modulate this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Langan
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Leyre Navarro-Núñez
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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32
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Näyhä V, Laitakari J, Stenbäck F. Stage-Dependent Expression of an Angiogenic Agent and Vascular Organization in Experimental Skin Tumor Development. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 31:539-48. [PMID: 14692622 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390226654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased angiogenesis and expression of antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic agent, have been shown in the tumor development of many tissues. Areas of skin expressing VEGF and total volume of vessels expressing laminin in the wall were measured in chemical carcinogen-exposed mice using CAS-200 morphometry apparatus having a sensitivity exceeding 99% and reproducibility exceeding 99%. The area of VEGF expression was increased in carcinogen-exposed skin, dysplasia and in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, but decreased in squamous cell carcinomas with decreased degree of differentiation. The vessel volume increased prior to the formation of tumors in carcinogen-exposed skin as well as in highly malignant neoplasms. In well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas with an expansive growth pattern, the vessels were parallel to the basal membrane, in moderately differentiated tumors the vessels were in the direction of tumor invasion, and in poorly differentiated tumors, active angiogenesis consisted of numerous, enlarged vessels within the tumor. This study showed increased VEGF expression and number of vessels occurring in early stages of skin tumor development, pointing to a role of angiogenesis in chemical risk assessment and in cancer prevention. Altered vessel structure and vessel arrangement were distinct in later stages of tumor growth and in malignant neoplasms, pointing to the utility of detailed vessel analysis in neoplasm characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Näyhä
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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33
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Angiopoietins as serum biomarkers for lymphatic anomalies. Angiogenesis 2016; 20:163-173. [PMID: 27990590 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular anomalies can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Advances in diagnosis will be improved if noninvasive biomarkers can be identified, as obtaining a tissue biopsy can worsen the disease and precipitate complications. The goal of this study was to identify biomarkers for vascular anomaly patients to aid diagnosis and potentially give insights into pathogenesis. Blood was collected at baseline and then 6 and 12 months after treatment with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. Patients groups included generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA), kaposiform lymphangiomatosis (KLA) and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) with or without the Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) coagulopathy. Serum was obtained from healthy controls selected to match the age and sex of the patients (21 days-28.5 years; 42% males; 58% females). Angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-A, C, D, Ang-1 and Ang-2) were measured in serum using ELISA. In lymphatic anomaly patients, baseline levels of VEGF-A and VEGF-D were not different compared to controls. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) levels were near controls levels in GLA patients but 10-fold greater in KLA patients and 14-fold greater in KHE patients when the KMP coagulopathy was present but not when it was absent. VEGF-C and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) levels were lower in KHE patients with KMP. Our analyses suggest that Ang-2 and Ang-1 can be used as biomarkers to help identify KLA and KHE patients with KMP coagulopathy with high sensitivity and specificity. After 12 months of sirolimus treatment, Ang-2 levels were lower in KLA and KHE with KMP patients compared to baseline levels and with most patients showing a clinical response. Hence, serum Ang-2 and Ang-1 levels may help in the diagnosis of patients with lymphatic anomalies and are concordant to sirolimus response.
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Schaupper M, Jeltsch M, Rohringer S, Redl H, Holnthoner W. Lymphatic Vessels in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:395-407. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Schaupper
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Ulvmar MH, Mäkinen T. Heterogeneity in the lymphatic vascular system and its origin. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:310-21. [PMID: 27357637 PMCID: PMC4996263 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have historically been viewed as passive conduits for fluid and immune cells, but this perspective is increasingly being revised as new functions of lymphatic vessels are revealed. Emerging evidence shows that lymphatic endothelium takes an active part in immune regulation both by antigen presentation and expression of immunomodulatory genes. In addition, lymphatic vessels play an important role in uptake of dietary fat and clearance of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, and they have been implicated in obesity and arteriosclerosis. Lymphatic vessels within different organs and in different physiological and pathological processes show a remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity, reflecting their functional specialization. In addition, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) of different organs were recently shown to have alternative developmental origins, which may contribute to the development of the diverse lymphatic vessel and endothelial functions seen in the adult. Here, we discuss recent developments in the understanding of heterogeneity within the lymphatic system considering the organ-specific functional and molecular specialization of LECs and their developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Ulvmar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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36
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Bui HM, Enis D, Robciuc MR, Nurmi HJ, Cohen J, Chen M, Yang Y, Dhillon V, Johnson K, Zhang H, Kirkpatrick R, Traxler E, Anisimov A, Alitalo K, Kahn ML. Proteolytic activation defines distinct lymphangiogenic mechanisms for VEGFC and VEGFD. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2167-80. [PMID: 27159393 DOI: 10.1172/jci83967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is supported by 2 homologous VEGFR3 ligands, VEGFC and VEGFD. VEGFC is required for lymphatic development, while VEGFD is not. VEGFC and VEGFD are proteolytically cleaved after cell secretion in vitro, and recent studies have implicated the protease a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 3 (ADAMTS3) and the secreted factor collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) in this process. It is not well understood how ligand proteolysis is controlled at the molecular level or how this process regulates lymphangiogenesis, because these complex molecular interactions have been difficult to follow ex vivo and test in vivo. Here, we have developed and used biochemical and cellular tools to demonstrate that an ADAMTS3-CCBE1 complex can form independently of VEGFR3 and is required to convert VEGFC, but not VEGFD, into an active ligand. Consistent with these ex vivo findings, mouse genetic studies revealed that ADAMTS3 is required for lymphatic development in a manner that is identical to the requirement of VEGFC and CCBE1 for lymphatic development. Moreover, CCBE1 was required for in vivo lymphangiogenesis stimulated by VEGFC but not VEGFD. Together, these studies reveal that lymphangiogenesis is regulated by two distinct proteolytic mechanisms of ligand activation: one in which VEGFC activation by ADAMTS3 and CCBE1 spatially and temporally patterns developing lymphatics, and one in which VEGFD activation by a distinct proteolytic mechanism may be stimulated during inflammatory lymphatic growth.
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37
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Wang XL, Zhao J, Qin L, Qiao M. Promoting inflammatory lymphangiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) aggravated intestinal inflammation in mice with experimental acute colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e4738. [PMID: 27074165 PMCID: PMC4830025 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, it is not understood if inflammatory lymphangiogenesis is a pathological consequence or a productive attempt to resolve the inflammation. This study investigated the effect of lymphangiogenesis on intestinal inflammation by overexpressing a lymphangiogenesis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), in a mouse model of acute colitis. Forty eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were treated with recombinant adenovirus overexpressing VEGF-C or with recombinant VEGF-C156S protein. Acute colitis was then established by exposing the mice to 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days. Mice were evaluated for disease activity index (DAI), colonic inflammatory changes, colon edema, microvessel density, lymphatic vessel density (LVD), and VEGFR-3mRNA expression in colon tissue. When acute colitis was induced in mice overexpressing VEGF-C, there was a significant increase in colonic epithelial damage, inflammatory edema, microvessel density, and neutrophil infiltration compared to control mice. These mice also exhibited increased lymphatic vessel density (73.0±3.9 vs 38.2±1.9, P<0.001) and lymphatic vessel size (1974.6±104.3 vs 1639.0±91.5, P<0.001) compared to control mice. Additionally, the expression of VEGFR-3 mRNA was significantly upregulated in VEGF-C156S mice compared to DSS-treated mice after induction of colitis (42.0±1.4 vs 3.5±0.4, P<0.001). Stimulation of lymphangiogenesis by VEGF-C during acute colitis promoted inflammatory lymphangiogenesis in the colon and aggravated intestinal inflammation. Inflammatory lymphangiogenesis may have pleiotropic effects at different stages of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhao
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Qin
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Qiao
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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38
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Yoshimatsu Y, Miyazaki H, Watabe T. Roles of signaling and transcriptional networks in pathological lymphangiogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:161-171. [PMID: 26850127 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis, the generation of new lymphatic vessels, plays important roles in cancer metastasis. Outstanding progress during the past decade has dramatically increased the novel knowledge and insights of the mechanisms underlying the generation of new lymphatic vessels, the roles of transcription factors and lymphangiogenic growth factors during physiological development and pathological processes such as cancer and inflammation. Furthermore, an understanding of the molecular consequences during tumor lymphangiogenesis has provided chances to develop better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that aim to limit the progression of cancer. In this article, we will explain the current knowledge of how lymphatic function is altered in various pathological conditions including cancer progression.
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Miura Y, Mikada M, Ouchi T, Horie S, Takeda K, Yamaki T, Sakamoto M, Mori S, Kodama T. Early diagnosis of lymph node metastasis: Importance of intranodal pressures. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:224-32. [PMID: 26716604 PMCID: PMC4814246 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regional lymph node status is an important prognostic indicator of tumor aggressiveness. However, early diagnosis of metastasis using intranodal pressure, at a stage when lymph node size has not changed significantly, has not been investigated. Here, we use an MXH10/Mo-lpr/lpr mouse model of lymph node metastasis to show that intranodal pressure increases in both the subiliac lymph node and proper axillary lymph node, which are connected by lymphatic vessels, when tumor cells are injected into the subiliac lymph node to induce metastasis to the proper axillary lymph node. We found that intranodal pressure in the subiliac lymph node increased at the stage when metastasis was detected by in vivo bioluminescence, but when proper axillary lymph node volume (measured by high-frequency ultrasound imaging) had not increased significantly. Intravenously injected liposomes, encapsulating indocyanine green, were detected in solid tumors by in vivo bioluminescence, but not in the proper axillary lymph node. Basic blood vessel and lymphatic channel structures were maintained in the proper axillary lymph node, although sinus histiocytosis was detected. These results show that intranodal pressure in the proper axillary lymph node increases at early stages when metastatic tumor cells have not fully proliferated. Intranodal pressure may be a useful parameter for facilitating early diagnosis of lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Miura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mikada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ouchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sachiko Horie
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazu Takeda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teppei Yamaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maya Sakamoto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shiro Mori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Yang JF, Walia A, Huang YH, Han KY, Rosenblatt MI, Azar DT, Chang JH. Understanding lymphangiogenesis in knockout models, the cornea, and ocular diseases for the development of therapeutic interventions. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 61:272-96. [PMID: 26706194 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A major focus of cancer research for several decades has been understand the ability of tumors to induce new blood vessel formation, a process known as angiogenesis. Unfortunately, only limited success has been achieved in the clinical application of angiogenesis inhibitors. We now know that lymphangiogenesis, the growth of lymphatic vessels, likely also plays a major role in tumor progression. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting lymphangiogenesis or both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis may represent promising approaches for treating cancer and other diseases. Importantly, research progress toward understanding lymphangiogenesis is significantly behind that related to angiogenesis. A PubMed search of "angiogenesis" returns nearly 80,000 articles, whereas a search of "lymphangiogenesis" returns 2,635 articles. This stark contrast can be explained by the lack of molecular markers for identifying the invisible lymphatic vasculature that persisted until less than 2 decades ago, combined with the intensity of research interest in angiogenesis during the past half century. Still, significant strides have been made in developing strategies to modulate lymphangiogenesis, largely using ocular disease models. Here we review the current knowledge of lymphangiogenesis in the context of knockout models, ocular diseases, the biology of activators and inhibitors, and the potential for therapeutic interventions targeting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amit Walia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu-hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyu-yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Growth factor therapy and lymph node graft for lymphedema. J Surg Res 2015; 196:200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sweat RS, Sloas DC, Murfee WL. VEGF-C induces lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in the rat mesentery culture model. Microcirculation 2015; 21:532-40. [PMID: 24654984 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphatic and blood microvascular systems are critical for tissue function. Insights into the coordination of both systems can be gained by investigating the relationships between lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. Recently, our laboratory established the rat mesentery culture model as a novel tool to investigate multicellular interactions during angiogenesis in an intact microvascular network scenario. The objective of this study was to determine whether the rat mesentery culture model can be used to study lymphangiogenesis. METHODS Mesenteric tissue windows were harvested from adult male Wistar rats and cultured for three or five days in either serum-free MEM or MEM supplemented with VEGF-C. Tissues were immunolabeled for PECAM and LYVE-1 to identify blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, respectively. Tissues selected randomly from those containing vascular networks were quantified for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RESULTS VEGF-C treatment resulted in an increase in the density of blood vessel sprouting compared to controls by day 3. By day 5, lymphatic sprouting was increased compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with in vivo findings that lymphangiogenesis lags angiogenesis after chronic stimulation and establish a tool for investigating the interrelationships between lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in a multisystem microvascular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Abstract
Lymphedema is a medically irreversible condition for which currently conservative and surgical therapies are either ineffective or impractical. The potential use of progenitor and stem cell-based therapies has offered a paradigm that may provide alternative treatment options for lymphatic disorders. Moreover, basic research, preclinical studies, as well as clinical trials have evaluated the therapeutic potential of various cell therapies in the field of lymphatic regeneration medicine. Among the available cell approaches, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem to be the most promising candidate mainly due to their abundant sources and easy availability as well as evitable ethical and immunological issues confronted with embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. In this context, the purpose of this review is to summarize various cell-based therapies for lymphedema, along with strengths and weaknesses of these therapies in the clinical application for lymphedema treatment. Particularly, we will highlight the use of MSCs for lymphatic regeneration medicine. In addition, the future perspectives of MSCs in the field of lymphatic regeneration will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqun Qi
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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Using adenovirus armed short hairpin RNA targeting transforming growth factor β1 inhibits melanoma growth and metastasis in an ex vivo animal model. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 71 Suppl 1:S75-81. [PMID: 24284745 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is the key molecule implicated in impaired immune function in human patients with malignant melanoma. TGF-β can promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in advanced stages of melanoma. Blocking these tumor-promoting effects of TGF-β provides a potentially important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of melanoma. In this study, we used an adenovirus-based shRNA expression system and successfully constructed Ad/TGF-β1-RNA interference (RNAi) which mediated the RNAi for TGF-β1 gene silencing. We examined the effects of TGF-β1 protein knockdown by RNAi on the growth and metastasis of melanoma in C57BL/6 mice induced by the B16F0 cell line. The TGF-β1 hairpin oligonucleotide was cloned into adenoviral vector. The resulting recombinant adenoviruses infected murine melanoma cell line, B16F0, and designated as B16F0/TGF-β1-RNAi cells. The blank adenoviral vector also infected B16F0 cells and designed as B16F0/vector-control cells served as a control. TGF-β1 expression was reduced in B16F0/TGF-β1-RNAi cells compared with B16F0 cells and B16F0/vector-control cells. Three million wild-type B16F0 cells, B16F0/vector-control cells, and B16F0/TGF-β1-RNAi cells were injected subcutaneously into the right flanks of adult female syngeneic mice C57BL/6. The tumor sizes were 756.09 (65.35), 798.48 (78.77), and 203.55 (24.56) mm at the 14th day in the mice receiving B16F0 cells, B16F0/vector-control cells, and B16F0/TGFβ1-RNAi cells, respectively. The P value was less than 0.01 by 1-way analysis of variance. TGF-β1 knockdown in B16F0 cells enhanced the infiltration of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the tumor regions. C57BL/6 mice were evaluated for pulmonary metastasis after tail vein injection of 2 million B16F0 cells, B16F0/vector-control cells, and B16F0/TGF-β1-RNAi cells. The pulmonary metastasis also reduced significantly on days 14 day and 21 in mice injected with B16F0/TGF-β1-RNAi tumors. The blood vessel density of the tumors markedly reduced in B16F0/TGF-β1-RNAi tumors. Our results showed that Ad/TGF-β1-RNAi could induce silencing of the TGF-β1 gene effectively. Silencing of TGF-β1 expression in B16F0 cells by RNAi technology can inhibit the growth and metastasis of this tumor after being transplanted to C57BL/6 mice. This kind of adenoviral vector based on RNAi might be a promising vector for cancer therapy.
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Aspelund A, Tammela T, Antila S, Nurmi H, Leppänen VM, Zarkada G, Stanczuk L, Francois M, Mäkinen T, Saharinen P, Immonen I, Alitalo K. The Schlemm's canal is a VEGF-C/VEGFR-3-responsive lymphatic-like vessel. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3975-86. [PMID: 25061878 PMCID: PMC4153703 DOI: 10.1172/jci75395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In glaucoma, aqueous outflow into the Schlemm's canal (SC) is obstructed. Despite striking structural and functional similarities with the lymphatic vascular system, it is unknown whether the SC is a blood or lymphatic vessel. Here, we demonstrated the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell markers by the SC in murine and zebrafish models as well as in human eye tissue. The initial stages of SC development involved induction of the transcription factor PROX1 and the lymphangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR-3 in venous endothelial cells in postnatal mice. Using gene deletion and function-blocking antibodies in mice, we determined that the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C and its receptor, VEGFR-3, are essential for SC development. Delivery of VEGF-C into the adult eye resulted in sprouting, proliferation, and growth of SC endothelial cells, whereas VEGF-A obliterated the aqueous outflow system. Furthermore, a single injection of recombinant VEGF-C induced SC growth and was associated with trend toward a sustained decrease in intraocular pressure in adult mice. These results reveal the evolutionary conservation of the lymphatic-like phenotype of the SC, implicate VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 as critical regulators of SC lymphangiogenesis, and provide a basis for further studies on therapeutic manipulation of the SC with VEGF-C in glaucoma treatment.
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Liu D, Li L, Zhang XX, Wan DY, Xi BX, Hu Z, Ding WC, Zhu D, Wang XL, Wang W, Feng ZH, Wang H, Ma D, Gao QL. SIX1 promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis by coordinating TGFβ signals that increase expression of VEGF-C. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5597-607. [PMID: 25142796 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are one of the major routes for the dissemination of cancer cells. Malignant tumors release growth factors such as VEGF-C to induce lymphangiogenesis, thereby promoting lymph node metastasis. Here, we report that sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1), expressed in tumor cells, can promote tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis by coordinating with TGFβ to increase the expression of VEGF-C. Lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer were closely correlated with higher expression of SIX1 in tumor cells. By enhancing VEGF-C expression in tumor cells, SIX1 could augment the promoting effect of tumor cells on the migration and tube formation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) in vitro and lymphangiogenesis in vivo. SIX1 enhanced TGFβ-induced activation of SMAD2/3 and coordinated with the SMAD pathway to modulate VEGF-C expression. Together, SIX1 and TGFβ induced much higher expression of VEGF-C in tumor cells than each of them alone. Despite its effect in promoting VEGF-C expression, TGFβ could inhibit lymphangiogenesis by directly inhibiting tube formation by LECs. However, the increased production of VEGF-C not only directly promoted migration and tube formation of LECs but also thwarted the inhibitory effect of TGFβ on LECs. That is, tumor cells that expressed high levels of SIX1 could promote lymphangiogenesis and counteract the negative effects of TGFβ on lymphangiogenesis by increasing the expression of VEGF-C. These findings provide new insights into tumor lymphangiogenesis and the various roles of TGFβ signaling in tumor regulation. Our results also suggest that SIX1/TGFβ might be a potential therapeutic target for preventing lymph node metastasis of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Yi Wan
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Xin Xi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cheng Ding
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Zhu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Hua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Lei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Kim JD, Jin SW. A tale of two models: mouse and zebrafish as complementary models for lymphatic studies. Mol Cells 2014; 37:503-10. [PMID: 24854860 PMCID: PMC4132301 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels provide essential roles in maintaining fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. Dysfunctions of the lymphatic vessels lead to debilitating pathological conditions, collectively known as lymphedema. In addition, lymphatic vessels are a critical moderator for the onset and progression of diverse human diseases including metastatic cancer and obesity. Despite their clinical importance, there is no currently effective pharmacological therapy to regulate functions of lymphatic vessels. Recent efforts to manipulate the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C (VEGFC) pathway, which is arguably the most important signaling pathway regulating lymphatic endothelial cells, to alleviate lymphedema yielded largely mixed results, necessitating identification of new targetable signaling pathways for therapeutic intervention for lymphedema. Zebrafish, a relatively new model system to investigate lymphatic biology, appears to be an ideal model to identify novel therapeutic targets for lymphatic biology. In this review, we will provide an overview of our current understanding of the lymphatic vessels in vertebrates, and discuss zebrafish as a promising in vivo model to study lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Hagura A, Asai J, Maruyama K, Takenaka H, Kinoshita S, Katoh N. The VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling pathway contributes to resolving chronic skin inflammation by activating lymphatic vessel function. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 73:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Belkin DA, Mitsui H, Felsen D, Carucci JA. VEGF-C-producing macrophages in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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50
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Aebischer D, Iolyeva M, Halin C. The inflammatory response of lymphatic endothelium. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:383-93. [PMID: 24154862 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have traditionally been regarded as a rather inert drainage system, which just passively transports fluids, leukocytes and antigen. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the lymphatic vasculature is highly dynamic and plays a much more active role in inflammatory and immune processes. Tissue inflammation induces a rapid, stimulus-specific upregulation of chemokines and adhesion molecules in lymphatic endothelial cells and a proliferative expansion of the lymphatic network in the inflamed tissue and in draining lymph nodes. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that inflammation-induced changes in the lymphatic vasculature have a profound impact on the course of inflammatory and immune responses, by modulating fluid drainage, leukocyte migration or the removal of inflammatory mediators from tissues. In this review we will summarize and discuss current knowledge of the inflammatory response of lymphatic endothelium and of inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis and the current perspective on the overall functional significance of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Str. 10, HCI H413, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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