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Ren SY, Xia Y, Yu B, Lei QJ, Hou PF, Guo S, Wu SL, Liu W, Yang SF, Jiang YB, Chen JF, Shen KF, Zhang CQ, Wang F, Yan M, Ren H, Yang N, Zhang J, Zhang K, Lin S, Li T, Yang QW, Xiao L, Hu ZX, Mei F. Growth hormone promotes myelin repair after chronic hypoxia via triggering pericyte-dependent angiogenesis. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00233-2. [PMID: 38653248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
White matter injury (WMI) causes oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation arrest and functional deficits, with no effective therapies to date. Here, we report increased expression of growth hormone (GH) in the hypoxic neonatal mouse brain, a model of WMI. GH treatment during or post hypoxic exposure rescues hypoxia-induced hypomyelination and promotes functional recovery in adolescent mice. Single-cell sequencing reveals that Ghr mRNA expression is highly enriched in vascular cells. Cell-lineage labeling and tracing identify the GHR-expressing vascular cells as a subpopulation of pericytes. These cells display tip-cell-like morphology with kinetic polarized filopodia revealed by two-photon live imaging and seemingly direct blood vessel branching and bridging. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments indicate that GHR signaling in pericytes is sufficient to modulate angiogenesis in neonatal brains, which enhances OPC differentiation and myelination indirectly. These findings demonstrate that targeting GHR and/or downstream effectors may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for WMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Ren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qi-Jing Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng-Fei Hou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuang-Ling Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shao-Fan Yang
- Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi-Bin Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing-Fei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kai-Feng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mi Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Emergence, 5(th) People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400062, China
| | - Nian Yang
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhang-Xue Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400000, China.
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain Development and Cognition, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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2
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Le YP, Saito K, Parajuli B, Sakai K, Kubota Y, Miyakawa M, Shinozaki Y, Shigetomi E, Koizumi S. Severity of Peripheral Infection Differentially Affects Brain Functions in Mice via Microglia-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17597. [PMID: 38139424 PMCID: PMC10743593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral infection induces inflammation in peripheral tissues and the brain, impacting brain function. Glial cells are key players in this process. However, the effects of peripheral infection on glial activation and brain function remain unknown. Here, we showed that varying degrees of peripheral infection had different effects on the regulation of brain functions by microglia-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Acute mild infection (one-day LPS challenge: 1LPS) exacerbated middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury, and severe infection (four-day LPS challenge: 4LPS) for one week suppressed it. MCAO injury was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. We observed early activation of microglia in the 1LPS and 4LPS groups. Depleting microglia with a colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) antagonist had no effect on 1LPS-induced brain injury exacerbation but abolished 4LPS-induced protection, indicating microglial independence and dependence, respectively. Microglia-independent exacerbation caused by 1LPS involved peripheral immune cells including macrophages. RNA sequencing analysis of 4LPS-treated microglia revealed increased factors related to anti-inflammatory and neuronal tissue repair, suggesting their association with the protective effect. In conclusion, varying degrees of peripheral inflammation had contradictory effects (exacerbation vs. protection) on MCAO, which may be attributed to microglial dependence. Our findings highlight the significant impact of peripheral infection on brain function, particularly in relation to glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Phung Le
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kozo Saito
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Bijay Parajuli
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kent Sakai
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuto Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Miho Miyakawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
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3
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Guan Y, Gu Y, Shao H, Ma W, Li G, Guo M, Shao Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Tian Z, Liu J, Ji X. Intermittent hypoxia protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by inducing functional angiogenesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1656-1671. [PMID: 37395346 PMCID: PMC10581229 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231185507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) induces neurological damage due to cerebrovascular occlusion. Restoring blood perfusion to the ischemic brain area in a timely fashion is the most effective treatment strategy. Hypoxia is an effective way of restoring blood perfusion by improving cerebrovascular microcirculation, while the effect varies greatly depending on hypoxic mode. This study aimed to screen for the optimal hypoxic mode to improve cerebrovascular microcirculation and prevent IS. Here, we found that compared with continuous hypoxia (CH), intermittent hypoxia (IH) significantly improved cerebral blood flow and oxygen saturation in mice without causing neurological impairment. By analyzing cerebrovascular microcirculation from mice, we found that the IH mode (13%, 5*10) with 13% O2, 5 min interval, and 10 cycles per day significantly improved the cerebrovascular microcirculation by promoting angiogenesis without affecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, IH (13%, 5*10) treatment of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) mice significantly alleviated neurological dysfunction and reduced cerebral infarct volume by improving cerebrovascular microcirculation. CH had none of these positive effects. In summary, our study screened for an appropriate intermittent hypoxic mode that could improve cerebrovascular microcirculation, laying a theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of IS in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Guan
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yakun Gu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Shao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gaifen Li
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Guo
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Shao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Tian
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Chichai AS, Popova TN, Kryl'skii ED, Oleinik SA, Razuvaev GA. Indole-3-carbinol mitigates oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation in rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. Biochimie 2023; 213:1-11. [PMID: 37120006 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia is a significant pathogenetic factor of stroke with very limited treatment options. The objective of our research was to evaluate the protective properties of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its effect on redox status parameters, inflammation, and apoptosis intensity in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) in rats. I3C administration to CIRI rats decreased levels of oxidative stress markers and improved aerobic metabolism compared to the animals with CIRI. A decrease in myeloperoxidase activity, proinflammatory cytokines mRNA levels, and expression of redox-sensitive factor Nuclear Factor-κB was observed in rats with CIRI that received I3C. I3C-treated rats with pathology showed decreased caspase activity and apoptosis-inducing factor expression, compared to the animals in the CIRI group. Obtained data indicate that I3C has a neuroprotective and anti-ischemic effect in CIRI that may be related to its antioxidant properties and ability to reduce the inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sergeevna Chichai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Sq. 1, 394018, Voronezh, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Nikolaevna Popova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Sq. 1, 394018, Voronezh, Russia.
| | - Evgenii Dmitrievich Kryl'skii
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Sq. 1, 394018, Voronezh, Russia.
| | - Sergei Aleksandrovich Oleinik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Sq. 1, 394018, Voronezh, Russia.
| | - Grigorii Andreevich Razuvaev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Sq. 1, 394018, Voronezh, Russia.
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Liu N, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Gong K, Zhang C, Sun K, Shao G. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Erythropoietin Show Different Expression Patterns in the Early and Late Hypoxia Preconditioning Phases and May Correlate with DNA Methylation Status in the Mouse Hippocampus. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:361-368. [PMID: 36449395 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Liu, Na, Yanbo Zhang, Pu Zhang, Kerui Gong, Chunyang Zhang, Kai Sun, and Guo Shao. Vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin show different expression patterns in the early and late hypoxia preconditioning phases and may correlate with DNA methylation status in the mouse hippocampus. High Alt Med Biol. 23:361-368, 2022. Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO) have been proven to participate in neuroprotection induced by hypoxia preconditioning (HPC), and they can be regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). It has been reported that DNA methylation can affect VEGF and EPO expression. This study aimed to explore the expression of VEGF and EPO in the early phase and late phase of HPC and whether their expression was affected by DNA methylation. Method: Acute repeated HPC mice were used as the animal model, and detection of molecular changes was performed immediately (early phase) and 1 day (late phase) after HPC treatment. The mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGF, EPO, and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in the hippocampi were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. The activity of DNMTs and global methylation levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DNA methylation levels of VEGF and EPO promoters, which were catalyzed by DNMTs, were determined by bisulfite-modified DNA sequencing. Results: The expression of VEGF was increased in the early phase and late phase of HPC (p < 0.05), whereas the expression of EPO was unchanged in the early phase (p > 0.05) of HPC and was increased in the late phase (p < 0.05). VEGF and EPO expression were negatively correlated with the DNA methylation levels of their promoters. DNMT3A and DNMT3B were decreased in the early phase and late phase (p < 0.05), whereas DNMT1 was unchanged in the early phase and late phase (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that DNMTs affect VEGF and EPO expression by regulating the DNA methylation levels of the promoters of VEGF and EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kerui Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China.,Joint Laboratory of South China Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University and Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China.,Joint Laboratory of South China Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University and Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Koizumi S, Hirayama Y. Ischemic Tolerance Induced by Glial Cells. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2522-2528. [PMID: 35920970 PMCID: PMC9463280 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance is a phenomenon in which resistance to subsequent invasive ischemia is acquired by a preceding noninvasive ischemic application, and is observed in many organs, including the brain, the organ most vulnerable to ischemic insult. To date, much research has been conducted on cerebral ischemic tolerance as a cell-autonomous action of neurons. In this article, we review the essential roles of microglia and astrocytes in the acquisition of ischemic tolerance through neuron-non-autonomous mechanisms, where the two types of glial cells function in a concerted manner to induce ischemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Yamanashi, Japan. .,Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Yamanashi, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 260-8670, Chiba, Japan
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P2X7 Receptors in Astrocytes: A Switch for Ischemic Tolerance. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123655. [PMID: 35744780 PMCID: PMC9228417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sub-lethal ischemic episode (preconditioning [PC]) protects neurons against a subsequent lethal ischemic injury. This phenomenon is known as ischemic tolerance. PC itself does not cause brain damage, but affects glial responses, especially astrocytes, and transforms them into an ischemia-resistant phenotype. P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) in astrocytes play essential roles in PC. Although P2X7Rs trigger inflammatory and toxic responses, PC-induced P2X7Rs in astrocytes function as a switch to protect the brain against ischemia. In this review, we focus on P2X7Rs and summarize recent developments on how astrocytes control P2X7Rs and what molecular mechanisms they use to induce ischemic tolerance.
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8
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Cho B, Yoo SJ, Kim SY, Lee CH, Lee YI, Lee SR, Moon C. Second-generation non-hematopoietic erythropoietin-derived peptide for neuroprotection. Redox Biol 2021; 49:102223. [PMID: 34953452 PMCID: PMC8715119 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a well-known erythropoietic cytokine having a tissue-protective effect in various tissues against hypoxic stress, including the brain. Thus, its recombinants may function as neuroprotective compounds. However, despite considerable neuroprotective effects, the EPO-based therapeutic approach has side effects, including hyper-erythropoietic and tumorigenic effects. Therefore, some modified forms and derivatives of EPO have been proposed to minimize the side effects. In this study, we generated divergently modified new peptide analogs derived from helix C of EPO, with several amino acid replacements that interact with erythropoietin receptors (EPORs). This modification resulted in unique binding potency to EPOR. Unlike recombinant EPO, among the peptides, ML1-h3 exhibited a potent neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress without additional induction of cell-proliferation, owing to a differential activating mode of EPOR signaling. Furthermore, it inhibited neuronal death and brain injury under hypoxic stress in vitro and in an in vivo ischemic brain injury model. Therefore, the divergent modification of EPO-derivatives for affinity to EPOR could provide a basis for a more advanced and optimal neuroprotective strategy. Short peptides derived from helix C of EPO have a neuroprotective effect. Divergent modification of EPO-derived peptides has a differential affinity to EPOR. ML1 and its analogs have differential cell protective and proliferative effects. ML1-h3 protects neurons by suppressing in vitro oxidative stress. ML1-h3 mitigates brain injury in the in vivo mouse ischemic model without hematopoietic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongki Cho
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea; Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea; Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea; Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea; Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea; New Biology Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ryong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and ODR Center, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea; Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
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9
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Leu T, Fandrey J, Schreiber T. (H)IF applicable: promotion of neurogenesis by induced HIF-2 signalling after ischaemia. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1287-1299. [PMID: 34251509 PMCID: PMC8302505 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIF-2 represents a tissue-specific isoform of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) which regulate oxygen homeostasis in the cell. In acute oxygen deficiency, HIF transcription factors ensure the timely restoration of adequate oxygen supply. Particularly in medical conditions such as stroke, which have a high mortality risk due to ischaemic brain damage, rapid recovery of oxygen supply is of extraordinary importance. Nevertheless, the endogenous mechanisms are often not sufficient to respond to severe hypoxic stress with restoring oxygenation and fail to protect the tissue. Herein, we analysed murine neurospheres without functioning HIF-2α and found that special importance in the differentiation of neurons can be attributed to HIF-2 in the brain. Other processes, such as cell migration and signal transduction of different signalling pathways, appear to be mediated to some extent via HIF-2 and illustrate the function of HIF-2 in brain remodelling. Without hypoxic stress, HIF-2 in the brain presumably focuses on the fine-tuning of the neural network. However, a therapeutically increase of HIF-2 has the potential to regenerate or replace destroyed brain tissue and help minimize the consequences of an ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Leu
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Timm Schreiber
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology and Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke, 58453, Witten, Germany
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Pan Z, Ma G, Kong L, Du G. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1: Regulatory mechanisms and drug development in stroke. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105742. [PMID: 34182129 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease caused by sudden rupture of blood vessels in the brain or blockage of blood vessels, which has now become one of the main causes of adult death. During stroke, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), as an important regulator under hypoxia conditions, is involved in the pathological process of stroke by regulating multi-pathways, such as glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, cell survival. However, the roles of HIF-1 in stroke are still controversial, which are related with ischemic time and degree of ischemia. The regulatory mechanisms of HIF-1 in stroke include inflammation, autophagy, oxidative stress, apoptosis and energy metabolism. The potential drugs targeting HIF-1 have attracted more attention, such as HIF-1 inhibitors, HIF-1 stabilizers and natural products. Based on the role of HIF-1 in stroke, HIF-1 is expected to be a potential target for stroke treatment. Resolving when and what interventions for HIF-1 to take during stroke will provide novel strategies for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Guodong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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11
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Fahim NM, Georgieff MK, Zhang L, Naisbitt S, Rao RB, Inder TE. Endogenous erythropoietin concentrations and association with retinopathy of prematurity and brain injury in preterm infants. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252655. [PMID: 34077474 PMCID: PMC8171927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations vary widely in preterm infants and may be associated with perinatal risk factors and neurological outcomes. Erythropoietin is elevated in fetal hypoxia but is also a potential neuroprotectant. Methods In a prospective study of 27 infants ≤ 30 weeks gestation, serum erythropoietin concentrations were measured during the first month of life, on day 1 and weeks 1, 2, and 4, and related to perinatal risk factors and outcomes including retinopathy of prematurity and cerebral injury evaluated near term-equivalent post menstrual age using magnetic resonance imaging with quantitative scoring. Results Lower birth weight was associated with higher EPO concentrations throughout the first 2 weeks of life (r = -0.6, p < 0.01). Higher day 1 and week 1 EPO concentrations were associated with lower Apgar score at 1 minute (r = - 0.5) and 5 minutes (r = -0.7), respectively (p < 0.01). Higher day 1 EPO concentrations and 2-week area under the curve were associated with increased risk (p = 0.01) and severity (r = 0.5, p < 0.02) of retinopathy of prematurity. Higher EPO concentrations at 2 weeks were associated with increased total brain injury score (r = 0.5, p < 0.05). Conclusion Elevated endogenous erythropoietin concentrations in the first two weeks of life are associated with lower birth weight and increased risk of adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Fahim
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Scott Naisbitt
- Independent Researcher, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Raghavendra B. Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Terrie E. Inder
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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12
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Tang M, Liu PJ, Yue B, Yang XT, Chen GY. The Correlation Between Mutant p53 Protein Expression and Cell Atypia in Early Differentiated Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:4129-4134. [PMID: 34045899 PMCID: PMC8146744 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s305382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to explore the correlation between the expression of mutant p53 protein and cellular atypia in early differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma (DGA). Methods A total of 107 cases of early DGA samples resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) were collected from the Pathology Department of Beijing Friendship Hospital from January 2018 to December 2019. The EnVision two-step immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of mutant p53 protein in these cancer tissues, and the correlation with cell atypia was analyzed. Results In early DGA tissues, the expression rate of mutant p53 protein was significantly higher than in normal gastric mucosa (P < 0.01). However, the expression of mutant p53 protein was not correlated to age or gender (P > 0.05) but to the location of the tumor, depth of invasion, and degree of differentiation (P < 0.01). The expression of mutant p53 protein was closely correlated to cell atypia. Furthermore, this was weakly positive in low-grade atypical adenocarcinoma but strongly positive or negative in high-grade atypical adenocarcinoma, and there was a significant difference between these two (P < 0.01). Conclusion Mutant p53 protein is highly expressed in early DGA, which can be used as an auxiliary index for the diagnosis of early gastric cancer. The different expression patterns of mutant p53 protein in high-grade and low-grade atypical gastric cancers suggest that these may have different genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Jie Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Tao Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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Bae HW, Choi W, Hwang AR, Lee SY, Seong GJ, Kim CY. Effects of Hypoxic Preconditioning and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on the Survival of Isolated Primary Retinal Ganglion Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030391. [PMID: 33800918 PMCID: PMC8002095 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) on primary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and the associated mechanism, including the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Retinas were separated from the enucleated eyeballs of Sprague-Dawley rats on postnatal days 1-4. RGCs were harvested using an immunopanning-magnetic separation system and maintained for 24 h in a defined medium. Hypoxic damage (0.3% O2) was inflicted on the cells using a CO₂ chamber. Anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab) was administered to RGCs exposed to hypoxic conditions, and RGC survival rate was compared to that of non-anti-VEGF antibody-treated RGCs. HPC lasting 4 h significantly increased RGC survival rate. In the RGCs exposed to hypoxic conditions for 4 h, VEGF mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased. Treatment with high dose bevacizumab (>1 mg/mL) countered HPC-mediated RGC survival. Protein kinase B and focal adhesion kinase levels were significantly increased in 4-h hypoxia-treated RGCs. HPC showed beneficial effects on primary RGC survival. However, only specifically controlled exposure to hypoxic conditions rendered neuroprotective effects. Strong inhibition of VEGF inhibited HPC-mediated RGC survival. These results indicate that VEGF may play an essential role in promoting cell survival under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chan Yun Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-3570; Fax: +82-2-312-0541
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14
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A Review on Potential Footprints of Ferulic Acid for Treatment of Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1043-1057. [PMID: 33547615 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid is being screened in preclinical settings to combat various neurological disorders. It is a naturally occurring dietary flavonoid commonly found in grains, fruits, and vegetables such as rice, wheat, oats, tomatoes, sweet corn etc., which exhibits protective effects against a number of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, depression, ischemia-reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Ferulic acid prevents and treats different neurological diseases pertaining to its potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, beside modulating unique neuro-signaling pathways. It stays in the bloodstream for longer periods than other dietary polyphenols and antioxidants and easily crosses blood brain barrier. The use of novel drug delivery systems such as solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) or its salt forms (sodium ferulate, ethyl ferulate, and isopentyl ferulate) further enhance its bioavailability and cerebral penetration. Based on reported studies, ferulic acid appears to be a promising molecule for treatment of neurological disorders; however, more preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) mechanism-based studies should be planned and conceived followed by its testing in clinical settings.
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15
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Zhuang M, Joshi S, Sun H, Batabyal T, Fraser CL, Kapur J. Difluoroboron β-diketonate polylactic acid oxygen nanosensors for intracellular neuronal imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1076. [PMID: 33441771 PMCID: PMC7806623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical for metabolism, oxygen plays an essential role in maintaining the structure and function of neurons. Oxygen sensing is important in common neurological disorders such as strokes, seizures, or neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injuries, which result from an imbalance between metabolic demand and oxygen supply. Phosphorescence quenching by oxygen provides a non-invasive optical method to measure oxygen levels within cells and tissues. Difluoroboron β-diketonates are a family of luminophores with high quantum yields and tunable fluorescence and phosphorescence when embedded in certain rigid matrices such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA). Boron nanoparticles (BNPs) can be fabricated from dye-PLA materials for oxygen mapping in a variety of biological milieu. These dual-emissive nanoparticles have oxygen-insensitive fluorescence, oxygen-sensitive phosphorescence, and rigid matrix all in one, enabling real-time ratiometric oxygen sensing at micron-level spatial and millisecond-level temporal resolution. In this study, BNPs are applied in mouse brain slices to investigate oxygen distributions and neuronal activity. The optical properties and physical stability of BNPs in a biologically relevant buffer were stable. Primary neuronal cultures were labeled by BNPs and the mitochondria membrane probe MitoTracker Red FM. BNPs were taken up by neuronal cell bodies, at dendrites, and at synapses, and the localization of BNPs was consistent with that of MitoTracker Red FM. The brain slices were stained with the BNPs, and the BNPs did not significantly affect the electrophysiological properties of neurons. Oxygen maps were generated in living brain slices where oxygen is found to be mostly consumed by mitochondria near synapses. Finally, the BNPs exhibited excellent response when the conditions varied from normoxic to hypoxic and when the neuronal activity was increased by increasing K+ concentration. This work demonstrates the capability of BNPs as a non-invasive tool in oxygen sensing and could provide fundamental insight into neuronal mechanisms and excitability research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Huayu Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Tamal Batabyal
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Cassandra L Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
- UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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Jarero-Basulto JJ, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Gasca-Martínez D, García-Sierra F, Gasca-Martínez Y, Beas-Zárate C. Current Evidence on the Protective Effects of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin and Its Molecular Variants against Pathological Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120424. [PMID: 33255969 PMCID: PMC7760199 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence in the literature demonstrates the pleiotropic effects of the administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and its molecular variants in different tissues and organs, including the brain. Some of these reports suggest that the chemical properties of this molecule by itself or in combination with other agents (e.g., growth factors) could provide the necessary pharmacological characteristics to be considered a potential protective agent in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a degenerative disorder of the brain, characterized by an aberrant accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (tau-p) proteins in the extracellular and intracellular space, respectively, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and other neuronal alterations that compromise cell viability, causing neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Unfortunately, to date, it lacks an effective therapeutic strategy for its treatment. Therefore, in this review, we analyze the evidence regarding the effects of exogenous EPOs (rhEPO and its molecular variants) in several in vivo and in vitro Aβ and tau-p models of AD-type neurodegeneration, to be considered as an alternative protective treatment to this condition. Particularly, we focus on analyzing the differential effect of molecular variants of rhEPO when changes in doses, route of administration, duration of treatment or application times, are evaluated for the improved cellular alterations generated in this disease. This narrative review shows the evidence of the effectiveness of the exogenous EPOs as potential therapeutic molecules, focused on the mechanisms that establish cellular damage and clinical manifestation in the AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45220, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.J.J.-B.); (M.C.R.-C.); Tel.: +52-33-37771150 ((J.J.J.-B. & M.C.R.-C.)
| | - Martha C. Rivera-Cervantes
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45220, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.J.J.-B.); (M.C.R.-C.); Tel.: +52-33-37771150 ((J.J.J.-B. & M.C.R.-C.)
| | - Deisy Gasca-Martínez
- Behavioral Analysis Unit, Neurobiology Institute, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Francisco García-Sierra
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico;
| | - Yadira Gasca-Martínez
- Development and Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (Y.G.-M.); (C.B.-Z.)
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Development and Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (Y.G.-M.); (C.B.-Z.)
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Effects and Mechanisms of Five Psoralea Prenylflavonoids on Aging-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2128513. [PMID: 32655760 PMCID: PMC7320294 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2128513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the aging process, senescent cells gradually accumulate in the organs; they secrete proinflammatory cytokines and other factors, collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP secretions contribute to “inflammaging,” which is a state of chronic, systemic, sterility, low-grade inflammatory microenvironment and a key risk factor in the development of aging-related diseases. Fructus psoraleae is a traditional Chinese medical herb best known for delaying aging and treating osteoporosis. Prenylflavonoids from fructus psoraleae are the main bioactive compounds responsible for its pharmacological applications, such as beaching, bavachinin, bavachalcone, isobavachalcone, and neobavaisoflavone. In previous decades, there have been some promising studies on the pharmacology of fructus psoraleae. Here, we focus on the anti-inflammatory and antiaging diseases of five psoralea prenylflavonoids, such as cardiovascular protection, diabetes and obesity intervention, neuroprotection, and osteoporosis, and discuss the mechanism of these active ingredients for better understanding the material basis and drug application of fructus psoraleae in Chinese medicine.
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18
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Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Ma X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Liu X. DDAH-1 via HIF-1 target genes improves cerebral ischemic tolerance after hypoxic preconditioning and middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion. Nitric Oxide 2020; 95:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kreisman NR, Wooliscroft LB, Campbell CF, Dotiwala AK, Cox ML, Denson AC, Betancourt AM, Tomchuck SL. Preconditioning hippocampal slices with hypothermia promotes rapid tolerance to hypoxic depolarization and swelling: Mediation by erythropoietin. Brain Res 2019; 1726:146517. [PMID: 31634451 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We suggested previously that hippocampal slices were protected from hypoxic depolarization and swelling by preincubating them at room temperature (Kreisman et al., 2000). We postulated that hypothermic preconditioning induced tolerance in our slices, which protected against hypoxic depolarization and swelling. Control hippocampal slices were incubated at 34-35 °C for two hours and the response to 10 min of severe hypoxia was compared to slices which were preconditioned for two hours at room temperature (22-23 °C) prior to warming to 34-35 °C. Recordings of the extracellular DC potential provided an index of tissue depolarization and changes in tissue light transmittance provided an index of swelling. Hypothermic preconditioning significantly reduced hypoxia-induced swelling, particularly in CA3 and the dentate inner blade. Since erythropoietin (EPO) had been shown to mediate hypoxic preconditioning, we tested whether EPO also mediated hypothermic preconditioning in our slices. Recombinant rat EPO (1-10 micromolar) mitigated hypoxia-induced swelling and depolarization in dentate inner blade of unconditioned slices in a dose-dependent manner. We also blocked the protective effects of hypothermic preconditioning on hypoxic depolarization and swelling in the inner blade of the dentate gyrus by administering soluble EPO receptor in the bath and treating slices with wortmannin to block phosphorylation of PI3 kinase, a critical step in the activation of the downstream neuroprotectant, Akt. These results suggest that EPO mediates tolerance to hypoxic depolarization and swelling induced by hypothermic preconditioning. They also emphasize that various preincubation protocols used in experiments with hippocampal slices may differentially affect basal electrophysiological and metabolic properties of those slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Kreisman
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States.
| | | | - Carolyn F Campbell
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Ary K Dotiwala
- Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States
| | - Michael L Cox
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Aaron C Denson
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Aline M Betancourt
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Suzanne L Tomchuck
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
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20
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Guo M, Ma X, Feng Y, Han S, Dong Q, Cui M, Zhao Y. In chronic hypoxia, glucose availability and hypoxic severity dictate the balance between HIF-1 and HIF-2 in astrocytes. FASEB J 2019; 33:11123-11136. [PMID: 31298941 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900402rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte function is an important contributor to cellular viability during brain hypoxia and ischemia. Levels of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) HIF-1 and HIF-2 are increased in hypoxic conditions and impact the neuroprotective properties of astrocytes. For example, HIF-2 induces levels of erythropoietin (EPO), a neuroprotectant, by astrocytes. In contrast, HIF-1 activity in astrocytes diminishes the viability of neurons in cocultures during hypoxia. Thus, HIF-1 and HIF-2 may have opposing effects on astrocytes. In this study, we explore the balance of HIF-1 and HIF-2 signaling in astrocytes during chronic (1-7 d) hypoxia while altering the degree of hypoxia and glucose availability. In addition, we investigate the effects of these conditions on neuron apoptosis. During exposure to chronic moderate hypoxia (2% O2) and plentiful glucose (10 mM), HIF-2 and EPO abundance increases from d 1 to 7. Similarly, pretreatment with moderate hypoxia markedly increases the abundance of HIF-2 and EPO when astrocytes are subsequently exposed to severe hypoxia (0.5% O2; 24 h) in 10 mM glucose, which inhibits neuron apoptosis in coculture. Although HIF-1 targets the expression increase during the 7 d in chronic moderate hypoxia (2% O2) and limited glucose (2 mM), further exposure to severe hypoxia (0.5% O2; 24 h) induces a decrease of most HIF-1 targets in astrocytes. Notably, in astrocyte exposure to 2% O2 prior to 0.5% O2, the expression of iNOS, an HIF-1-regulated protein, keeps increasing when glucose is limited, whereas EPO and VEGF abundance is suppressed, inducing increased apoptosis of neurons in coculture under limited glucose (2 mM). Thus, both hypoxic severity and glucose abundance regulate the balance of HIF-1 and HIF-2 activity in astrocytes, leading to diverse effects on neurons. These results could have important implications on the adaptive or pathologic role of astrocytes during chronic hypoxia and ischemia.-Guo, M., Ma, X., Feng, Y., Han, S., Dong, Q., Cui, M., Zhao, Y. In chronic hypoxia, glucose availability and hypoxic severity dictate the balance between HIF-1 and HIF-2 in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoye Ma
- Department of Neurology, The 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sida Han
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Chen M, Knox HJ, Tang Y, Liu W, Nie L, Chan J, Yao J. Simultaneous photoacoustic imaging of intravascular and tissue oxygenation. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3773-3776. [PMID: 31368965 PMCID: PMC6697144 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, a low tissue oxygenation condition caused by insufficient oxygen supply, leads to potentially irreversible tissue damage, such as brain infarction during stroke. Intravascular oxygenation has long been used by photoacoustic imaging, among other imaging modalities, to study hypoxia. However, intravascular oxygenation describes only the oxygen supply via microcirculation, which does not directly reflect the amount of free oxygen available for metabolism in the interstitial fluid. Therefore, to fully understand hypoxia, it is highly desirable to monitor blood oxygenation as well as tissue oxygenation during the same biological process. In this work, by combining high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and a novel bioreducible N-oxide-based hypoxia-sensitive probe HyP-650, we have demonstrated simultaneous imaging of intravascular oxygenation and tissue hypoxia. We have established detailed chemical, optical, and photoacoustic properties of HyP-650 for hypoxic activation in vitro and in living cells. We have also performed PAM on hindlimb ischemia models and tumor-bearing mice to study the correlation between intravascular oxygenation and tissue oxygenation at various hypoxic levels. We expect that Hyp-650 enhanced photoacoustic imaging will find a variety of applications in brain and cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hailey J. Knox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Liming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Corresponding author: ;;
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Corresponding author: ;;
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Corresponding author: ;;
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22
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Kunze R, Marti HH. Angioneurins - Key regulators of blood-brain barrier integrity during hypoxic and ischemic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101611. [PMID: 30970273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity leading to vasogenic edema and brain swelling is a common feature of hypoxic/ischemic brain diseases such as stroke, but is also central to the etiology of other CNS disorders. In the past decades, numerous proteins, belonging to the family of angioneurins, have gained increasing attention as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke, but also other CNS diseases attributed to BBB dysfunction. Angioneurins encompass mediators that affect both neuronal and vascular function. Recently, increasing evidence has been accumulated that certain angioneurins critically determine disease progression and outcome in stroke among others through multifaceted effects on the compromised BBB. Here, we will give a concise overview about the family of angioneurins. We further describe the most important cellular and molecular components that contribute to structural integrity and low permeability of the BBB under steady-state conditions. We then discuss BBB alterations in ischemic stroke, and highlight underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. For the most prominent angioneurin family members including vascular endothelial growth factors, angiopoietins, platelet-derived growth factors and erythropoietin, we will summarize current scientific literature from experimental studies in animal models, and if available from clinical trials, on the following points: (i) spatiotemporal expression of these factors in the healthy and hypoxic/ischemic CNS, (ii) impact of loss- or gain-of-function during cerebral hypoxia/ischemia for BBB integrity and beyond, and (iii) potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we will highlight novel therapeutic strategies based on the activation of endogenous angioneurins that might improve BBB dysfuntion during ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Hugo H Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
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23
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O'Neill J, Jasionek G, Drummond SE, Brett O, Lucking EF, Abdulla MA, O'Halloran KD. Renal cortical oxygen tension is decreased following exposure to long-term but not short-term intermittent hypoxia in the rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F635-F645. [PMID: 30648908 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs in more than 50% of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the impact of intermittent hypoxia (IH) on renal function and oxygen homeostasis is unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to IH (270 s at 21% O2; 90 s hypoxia, 6.5% O2 at nadir) for 4 h [acute IH (AIH)] or to chronic IH (CIH) for 8 h/day for 2 wk. Animals were anesthetized and surgically prepared for the measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP), and left renal excretory function, renal blood flow (RBF), and renal oxygen tension (Po2). AIH had no effect on MAP (123 ± 14 vs. 129 ± 14 mmHg, means ± SE, sham vs. IH). The CIH group was hypertensive (122 ± 9 vs. 144 ± 15 mmHg, P < 0.05). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (0.92 ± 0.27 vs. 1.33 ± 0.33 ml/min), RBF (3.8 ± 1.5 vs. 7.2 ± 2.4 ml/min), and transported sodium (TNa) (132 ± 39 vs. 201 ± 47 μmol/min) were increased in the AIH group (all P < 0.05). In the CIH group, GFR (1.25 ± 0.28 vs. 0.86 ± 0.28 ml/min, P < 0.05) and TNa (160 ± 39 vs. 120 ± 40 μmol/min, P < 0.05) were decreased, while RBF (4.13 ± 1.5 vs. 3.08 ± 1.5 ml/min) was not significantly different. Oxygen consumption (QO2) was increased in the AIH group (6.76 ± 2.60 vs. 13.60 ± 7.77 μmol/min, P < 0.05), but it was not significantly altered in the CIH group (3.97 ± 2.63 vs. 6.82 ± 3.29 μmol/min). Cortical Po2 was not significantly different in the AIH group (46 ± 4 vs. 46 ± 3 mmHg), but it was decreased in the CIH group (44 ± 5 mmHg vs. 38 ± 2 mmHg, P < 0.05). For AIH, renal oxygen homeostasis was preserved through a maintained balance between O2 supply (RBF) and consumption (GFR). For CIH, mismatched TNa and QO2 reflect inefficient O2 utilization and, thereby, sustained decrease in cortical Po2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie O'Neill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Greg Jasionek
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Sarah E Drummond
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Orla Brett
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Eric F Lucking
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Mohammed A Abdulla
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
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24
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A platinum(II)-acetylide-based conjugated polyelectrolyte for hypoxia imaging via ratiometric and time-resolved luminescence microscopy. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Dhillon SK, Lear CA, Galinsky R, Wassink G, Davidson JO, Juul S, Robertson NJ, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. The fetus at the tipping point: modifying the outcome of fetal asphyxia. J Physiol 2018; 596:5571-5592. [PMID: 29774532 DOI: 10.1113/jp274949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury around birth is associated with nearly half of all cases of cerebral palsy. Although brain injury is multifactorial, particularly after preterm birth, acute hypoxia-ischaemia is a major contributor to injury. It is now well established that the severity of injury after hypoxia-ischaemia is determined by a dynamic balance between injurious and protective processes. In addition, mothers who are at risk of premature delivery have high rates of diabetes and antepartum infection/inflammation and are almost universally given treatments such as antenatal glucocorticoids and magnesium sulphate to reduce the risk of death and complications after preterm birth. We review evidence that these common factors affect responses to fetal asphyxia, often in unexpected ways. For example, glucocorticoid exposure dramatically increases delayed cell loss after acute hypoxia-ischaemia, largely through secondary hyperglycaemia. This critical new information is important to understand the effects of clinical treatments of women whose fetuses are at risk of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A Lear
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guido Wassink
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alistair J Gunn
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Fang Y, Shi W, Hu Y, Li X, Ma H. A dual-function fluorescent probe for monitoring the degrees of hypoxia in living cells via the imaging of nitroreductase and adenosine triphosphate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5454-5457. [PMID: 29749411 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02209g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new dual-function fluorescent probe is developed for detecting nitroreductase (NTR) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with different responses. Imaging application of the probe reveals that intracellular NTR and ATP display an adverse changing trend during a hypoxic process and ATP can serve as a new sign for cell hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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27
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Koizumi S, Hirayama Y, Morizawa YM. New roles of reactive astrocytes in the brain; an organizer of cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:107-114. [PMID: 29360494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The brain consists of neurons and much higher number of glial cells. They communicate each other, by which they control brain functions. The brain is highly vulnerable to several insults such as ischemia, but has a self-protective and self-repairing mechanisms against these. Ischemic tolerance or preconditioning is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon, where a mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Glial cells are structurally in close association with synapses. Recent studies have uncovered the active roles of astrocytes in modulating synaptic connectivity, such as synapse formation, elimination and maturation, during development or pathology. However, glia-mediated ischemic tolerance and/or neuronal repairing have received only limited attention. We and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in regulation of induction of ischemic tolerance as well as repairing/remodeling of neuronal networks by phagocytosis. Here, we review our current understanding of (1) glial-mediated ischemic tolerance and (2) glia-mediated repairing/remodeling of the penumbra neuronal networks, and highlight their mechanisms as well as their potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yosuke M Morizawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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28
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Ostrowski D, Heinrich R. Alternative Erythropoietin Receptors in the Nervous System. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E24. [PMID: 29393890 PMCID: PMC5852440 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its regulatory function in the formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in vertebrates, Erythropoietin (Epo) contributes to beneficial functions in a variety of non-hematopoietic tissues including the nervous system. Epo protects cells from apoptosis, reduces inflammatory responses and supports re-establishment of compromised functions by stimulating proliferation, migration and differentiation to compensate for lost or injured cells. Similar neuroprotective and regenerative functions of Epo have been described in the nervous systems of both vertebrates and invertebrates, indicating that tissue-protective Epo-like signaling has evolved prior to its erythropoietic function in the vertebrate lineage. Epo mediates its erythropoietic function through a homodimeric Epo receptor (EpoR) that is also widely expressed in the nervous system. However, identification of neuroprotective but non-erythropoietic Epo splice variants and Epo derivatives indicated the existence of other types of Epo receptors. In this review, we summarize evidence for potential Epo receptors that might mediate Epo's tissue-protective function in non-hematopoietic tissue, with focus on the nervous system. In particular, besides EpoR, we discuss three other potential neuroprotective Epo receptors: (1) a heteroreceptor consisting of EpoR and common beta receptor (βcR), (2) the Ephrin (Eph) B4 receptor and (3) the human orphan cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ostrowski
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA.
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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29
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Vestergaard MB, Henriksen OM, Lindberg U, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Lisbjerg K, Christensen SJ, Olsen NV, Law I, Larsson HBW, Rasmussen P. No evidence for direct effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1107-1116. [PMID: 29357480 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00869.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is expressed in human brain tissue, but its exact role is unknown. EPO may improve the efficiency of oxidative metabolism and has neuroprotective properties against hypoxic injuries in animal models. We aimed to investigate the effect of recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) administration on healthy cerebral metabolism in humans during normoxia and during metabolic stress by inhalation of 10% O2 hypoxic air. Twenty-four healthy men participated in a two-arm double-blind placebo-controlled trial. rHuEPO was administered as a low dose (5,000 IU) over 4 wk ( n = 12) or as a high dose (500 IU·kg body wt-1·day-1) for three consecutive days ( n = 12). Global cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) were measured with positron emission tomography. CBF, metabolic rate of oxygen ([Formula: see text]), and cerebral lactate concentration were measured by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Low-dose treatment increased hemoglobin and was associated with a near-significant decrease in CBF during baseline normoxia. High-dose treatment caused no change in CBF. Neither treatment had an effect on normoxia CMRglc, [Formula: see text], or lactate concentration or an effect on the cerebral metabolic response to inhalation of hypoxic air. In conclusion, the study found no evidence for a direct effect of rHuEPO on cerebral metabolism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate with magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography that administration of erythropoietin does not have a substantial direct effect on healthy human resting cerebral blood flow or effect on cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism. Also, administration of erythropoietin did not have a direct effect on the metabolic response to acute hypoxic stress in healthy humans, and a suggested neuroprotective effect from erythropoietin is therefore likely not a direct effect of erythropoietin on cerebral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bitsch Vestergaard
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Otto Mølby Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ulrich Lindberg
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Niels Jacob Aachmann-Andersen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kristian Lisbjerg
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Søren Just Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Niels Vidiendal Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ian Law
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henrik Bo Wiberg Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Peter Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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30
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Parry SM, Peeples ES. The impact of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on stem cell mobilization, migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1125-1135. [PMID: 30028311 PMCID: PMC6065219 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy continues to be a significant cause of death or neurodevelopmental delays despite standard use of therapeutic hypothermia. The use of stem cell transplantation has recently emerged as a promising supplemental therapy to further improve the outcomes of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. After the injury, the brain releases several chemical mediators, many of which communicate directly with stem cells to encourage mobilization, migration, cell adhesion and differentiation. This manuscript reviews the biomarkers that are released from the injured brain and their interactions with stem cells, providing insight regarding how their upregulation could improve stem cell therapy by maximizing cell delivery to the injured tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Parry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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31
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Astrocytes and ischemic tolerance. Neurosci Res 2017; 126:53-59. [PMID: 29225139 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. This phenomenon is termed ischemic tolerance or ischemic preconditioning, and is an endogenous mechanism that can provide robust neuroprotection. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells have various roles in regulation of brain function, including modulation of synaptic transmission, neuronal excitation, and neuronal structure. In addition, astrocytes are closely related to homeostasis, stability of brain function, and protection of neurons. However, glial cells have received only limited attention with regard to ischemic tolerance. Cross-ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon whereby non-ischemic preconditioning such as mechanical, thermal, and chemical treatment can induce ischemic tolerance. Of these, chemical treatments that affect the immune system can strongly induce ischemic tolerance, suggesting that glial cells may have important roles in this process. Indeed, we and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in the induction of ischemic tolerance. This glial-mediated ischemic tolerance provides a robust and long-lasting neuroprotection against ischemic injury. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying glial-mediated ischemic tolerance, as well as its potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.
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32
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Wei L, Wei ZZ, Jiang MQ, Mohamad O, Yu SP. Stem cell transplantation therapy for multifaceted therapeutic benefits after stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:49-78. [PMID: 28322920 PMCID: PMC5603356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the exciting advances in modern medicine and life science is cell-based neurovascular regeneration of damaged brain tissues and repair of neuronal structures. The progress in stem cell biology and creation of adult induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has significantly improved basic and pre-clinical research in disease mechanisms and generated enthusiasm for potential applications in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including stroke. Endogenous neural stem cells and cultured stem cells are capable of self-renewal and give rise to virtually all types of cells essential for the makeup of neuronal structures. Meanwhile, stem cells and neural progenitor cells are well-known for their potential for trophic support after transplantation into the ischemic brain. Thus, stem cell-based therapies provide an attractive future for protecting and repairing damaged brain tissues after injury and in various disease states. Moreover, basic research on naïve and differentiated stem cells including iPS cells has markedly improved our understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurological disorders, and provides a platform for the discovery of novel drug targets. The latest advances indicate that combinatorial approaches using cell based therapy with additional treatments such as protective reagents, preconditioning strategies and rehabilitation therapy can significantly improve therapeutic benefits. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of cell therapy in different ischemic models and the application of stem cells and progenitor cells as regenerative medicine for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zheng Z Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Osama Mohamad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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33
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Zhou J, Li J, Rosenbaum DM, Zhuang J, Poon C, Qin P, Rivera K, Lepore J, Willette RN, Hu E, Barone FC. The prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor GSK360A decreases post-stroke brain injury and sensory, motor, and cognitive behavioral deficits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184049. [PMID: 28880966 PMCID: PMC5589177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is interest in pharmacologic preconditioning for end-organ protection by targeting the HIF system. This can be accomplished by inhibition of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (PHD). GSK360A is an orally active PHD inhibitor that has been previously shown to protect the failing heart. We hypothesized that PHD inhibition can also protect the brain from injuries and resulting behavioral deficits that can occur as a result of surgery. Thus, our goal was to investigate the effect of pre-stroke surgery brain protection using a verified GSK360A PHD inhibition paradigm on post-stroke surgery outcomes. Vehicle or an established protective dose (30 mg/kg, p.o.) of GSK360A was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Initially, GSK360A pharmacokinetics and organ distribution were determined, and then PHD-HIF pharmacodynamic markers were measured (i.e., to validate the pharmacological effects of the GSK360A administration regimen). Results obtained using this validated PHD dose-regimen indicated significant improvement by GSK360A (30mg/kg); administered at 18 and 5 hours prior to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (stroke). GSK360A exposure and plasma, kidney and brain HIF-PHD pharmacodynamics endpoints (e.g., erythropoietin; EPO and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; VEGF) were measured. GSK360A provided rapid exposure in plasma (7734 ng/ml), kidney (45–52% of plasma level) and brain (1–4% of plasma level), and increased kidney EPO mRNA (80-fold) and brain VEGF mRNA (2-fold). We also observed that GSK360A increased plasma EPO (300-fold) and VEGF (2-fold). Further assessments indicated that GSK360A reduced post-stroke surgery neurological deficits (47–64%), cognitive dysfunction (60–75%) and brain infarction (30%) 4 weeks later. Thus, PHD inhibition using GSK360A pretreatment produced long-term post-stroke brain protection and improved behavioral functioning. These data support PHD inhibition, specifically by GSK360A, as a potential strategy for pre-surgical use to reduce brain injury and functional decline due to surgery-related cerebral injury.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain Injuries/blood
- Brain Injuries/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries/etiology
- Brain Injuries/physiopathology
- Cognition Disorders/drug therapy
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Erythropoietin/blood
- Erythropoietin/genetics
- Glycine/administration & dosage
- Glycine/analogs & derivatives
- Glycine/pharmacokinetics
- Glycine/pharmacology
- Glycine/therapeutic use
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/blood
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Organ Specificity/drug effects
- Prolyl Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Quinolones/administration & dosage
- Quinolones/pharmacokinetics
- Quinolones/pharmacology
- Quinolones/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sensation/drug effects
- Stroke/blood
- Stroke/complications
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Rosenbaum
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Robert F. Furchgott Foundation, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Carrie Poon
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Pu Qin
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katrina Rivera
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Lepore
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Willette
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erding Hu
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frank C. Barone
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Robert F. Furchgott Foundation, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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THE USE OF INTERMITTENT NORMOBARIC HYPOXIA IN CHILDREN'S NEUROLOGY (REVIEW). EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2017.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the data about the use of intermittent normobaric hypoxia (INH) in the treatment and prevention of both acute and chronic diseases of the nervous system in children. The INH method is used in pregnant women with fetoplacental insufficiency, anemia and for mental disorders correction. The INH efficiency in relation to such pathology as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, enuresis, sleep disturbances, autonomic dysfunction is proved. The age dependence of bioelectric activity of the brain in practically healthy persons (age from 8 to 21 years) on hypoxic factor and the most sensitive period of age from 13 to 16 years is shown. The results the own studies have shown that the children which are born and live in radioactive contaminated areas (RCA), the course of INH sessions led to the restoration of somatovegetative status: activation of higher vegetative centers, optimization of sympathetic and parasympathetic links; positive influence on the activity of the cardiovascular system; ventilatory capacity of lungs; blood parameters.
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35
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Neurological injury in paediatric cardiac surgery. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12055-016-0481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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36
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Li S, Hafeez A, Noorulla F, Geng X, Shao G, Ren C, Lu G, Zhao H, Ding Y, Ji X. Preconditioning in neuroprotection: From hypoxia to ischemia. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:79-91. [PMID: 28110083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal hypoxic or ischemic events can improve the tolerance of tissues, organs, and even organisms from subsequent lethal injury caused by hypoxia or ischemia. This phenomenon has been termed hypoxic or ischemic preconditioning (HPC or IPC) and is well established in the heart and the brain. This review aims to discuss HPC and IPC with respect to their historical development and advancements in our understanding of the neurochemical basis for their neuroprotective role. Through decades of collaborative research and studies of HPC and IPC in other organ systems, our understanding of HPC and IPC-induced neuroprotection has expanded to include: early- (phosphorylation targets, transporter regulation, interfering RNA) and late- (regulation of genes like EPO, VEGF, and iNOS) phase changes, regulators of programmed cell death, members of metabolic pathways, receptor modulators, and many other novel targets. The rapid acceleration in our understanding of HPC and IPC will help facilitate transition into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Hafeez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Noorulla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.
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37
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Barteczek P, Li L, Ernst AS, Böhler LI, Marti HH, Kunze R. Neuronal HIF-1α and HIF-2α deficiency improves neuronal survival and sensorimotor function in the early acute phase after ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:291-306. [PMID: 26746864 PMCID: PMC5363746 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15624933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors mediate adaptive responses to ischemia, among others, by induction of anti- and pro-survival genes. Thus, the impact of HIF on neuronal survival upon stroke is controversial. Therefore, neuron-specific knockout mice deficient for Hif1a and Hif2a were exposed to inspiratory hypoxia or ischemia-reperfusion injury. Both Hif1a- and Hif2a-deficient mice showed no altered infarct and edema size, suggesting that both HIF-α subunits might compensate for each other. Accordingly, hypoxic HIF-target gene regulation was marginally affected with exception of anti-survival Bnip3 and pro-survival erythropoietin. In the early acute stage upon stroke, Hif1a/Hif2a double knockout mice exhibited significantly reduced expression of the anti-survival Bnip3, Bnip3L, and Pmaip1 Accordingly, global cell death and edema were significantly reduced upon 24 h but not 72 h reperfusion. Behavioral assessment indicated that Hif1a/Hif2a-deficient mice initially performed better, but became significantly more impaired after 72 h accompanied by increased apoptosis and reduced angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that in neurons HIF-1 and HIF-2 have redundant functions for cellular survival under ischemic conditions. By contrast, lack of anti-survival factors in Hif1a/Hif2a-deficient mice might protect from early acute neuronal cell death and neurological impairment, indicating a benefit of HIF-pathway inhibition in neurons in the very acute phase after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Barteczek
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lexiao Li
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Ernst
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura-Inés Böhler
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo H Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Yang X, Wu Q, Zhang L, Feng L. Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) Mediates Ischemic Preconditioning and Protects Cortical Neurons against Ischemia in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:131. [PMID: 27965534 PMCID: PMC5124709 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemic preconditioning (PC) provides vital insights into the endogenous protection against stroke. Genomic and epigenetic responses to PC condition the brain into a state of ischemic tolerance. Notably, PC induces the elevation of histone acetylation, consistent with evidence that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors protect the brain from ischemic injury. However, less is known about the specific roles of HDACs in this process. HDAC3 has been implicated in several neurodegenerative conditions. Deletion of HDAC3 confers protection against neurotoxicity and neuronal injury. Here, we hypothesized that inhibition of HDAC3 may contribute to the neuronal survival elicited by PC. To address this notion, PC and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. Additionally, primary cultured cortical neurons were used to identify the modulators and effectors of HDAC3 involved in PC. We found that nuclear localization of HDAC3 was significantly reduced following PC in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with the HDAC3-specific inhibitor, RGFP966, mimicked the neuroprotective effects of PC 24 h and 7 days after MCAO, causing a reduced infarct volume and less Fluoro-Jade C staining. Improved functional outcomes were observed in the neurological score and rotarod test. We further showed that attenuated recruitment of HDAC3 to promoter regions following PC potentiates transcriptional initiation of genes including Hspa1a, Bcl2l1, and Prdx2, which may underlie the mechanism of protection. In addition, PC-activated calpains were implicated in the cleavage of HDAC3. Pretreatment with calpeptin blockaded the attenuated nuclear distribution of HDAC3 and the protective effect of PC in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the inhibition of HDAC3 preconditions the brain against ischemic insults, indicating a new approach to evoke endogenous protection against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Qimei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Linyin Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
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39
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Selvaraj UM, Poinsatte K, Torres V, Ortega SB, Stowe AM. Heterogeneity of B Cell Functions in Stroke-Related Risk, Prevention, Injury, and Repair. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:729-747. [PMID: 27492770 PMCID: PMC5081124 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that post-stroke inflammation contributes to neurovascular injury, blood-brain barrier disruption, and poor functional recovery in both animal and clinical studies. However, recent studies also suggest that several leukocyte subsets, activated during the post-stroke immune response, can exhibit both pro-injury and pro-recovery phenotypes. In accordance with these findings, B lymphocytes, or B cells, play a heterogeneous role in the adaptive immune response to stroke. This review highlights what is currently understood about the various roles of B cells, with an emphasis on stroke risk factors, as well as post-stroke injury and repair. This includes an overview of B cell functions, such as antibody production, cytokine secretion, and contribution to the immune response as antigen presenting cells. Next, evidence for B cell-mediated mechanisms in stroke-related risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, is outlined, followed by studies that focus on B cells during endogenous protection from stroke. Subsequently, animal studies that investigate the role of B cells in post-stroke injury and repair are summarized, and the final section describes current B cell-related clinical trials for stroke, as well as other central nervous system diseases. This review reveals the complex role of B cells in stroke, with a focus on areas for potential clinical intervention for a disease that affects millions of people globally each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Katherine Poinsatte
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Torres
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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40
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Ding J, Wang J, Li QY, Yu JZ, Ma CG, Wang X, Lu CZ, Xiao BG. Neuroprotection and CD131/GDNF/AKT Pathway of Carbamylated Erythropoietin in Hypoxic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5051-5060. [PMID: 27541284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO), an EPO derivative, is attracting widespread interest due to neuroprotective effects without erythropoiesis. However, little is known about molecular mechanisms behind CEPO-mediated neuroprotection. In primary neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and mice with hypoxia-reoxygenation, the neuroprotection and possible molecular mechanism of CEPO were performed by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, Western blot, RT-PCR, and ELISA. The comparisons were analyzed by ANOVA followed by unpaired two-tailed Student's t test. Both CEPO and EPO showed the neuroprotective effects in OGD model and hypoxic brain. CEPO did not trigger JAK-2 but activated AKT through glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). It has been shown that CEPO acts upon a heteroreceptor complex comprising both the EPO receptor and the common β receptor subunit (βcR, also known as CD131). The blockage of CD131 reduced CEPO-mediated GDNF production, while GFR receptor blockage and GDNF neutralization inhibited CEPO-induced neurogenesis. Addition of GDNF to cultured neurons increased phosphorylation of AKT. CEPO protects neurons possible through the CD131/GDNF/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Ying Li
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Zhen Lu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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41
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Physiological cerebrovascular remodeling in response to chronic mild hypoxia: A role for activated protein C. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:396-403. [PMID: 27412766 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease that promotes favorable changes in vascular barrier integrity and post-ischemic angiogenic remodeling in animal models of ischemic stroke, and its efficacy is currently being investigated in clinical ischemic stroke trials. Interestingly, application of sub-clinical chronic mild hypoxia (CMH) (8% O2) also promotes angiogenic remodeling and increased tight junction protein expression, suggestive of enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, though the role of APC in mediating the influence of CMH has not been investigated. To examine this potential link, we studied CMH-induced cerebrovascular remodeling after treating mice with two different reagents: (i) a function-blocking antibody that neutralizes APC activity, and (ii) exogenous recombinant murine APC. While CMH promoted endothelial proliferation, increased vascular density, and upregulated the angiogenic endothelial integrins α5β1 and αvβ3, these events were almost completely abolished by functional blockade of APC. Consistent with these findings, addition of exogenous recombinant APC enhanced CMH-induced endothelial proliferation, expansion of total vascular area and further enhanced the CMH-induced right-shift in vessel size distribution. Taken together, our findings support a key role for APC in mediating physiological remodeling of cerebral blood vessels in response to CMH.
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42
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Jin Z, Wu J, Yan LJ. Chemical Conditioning as an Approach to Ischemic Stroke Tolerance: Mitochondria as the Target. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:351. [PMID: 27005615 PMCID: PMC4813212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the brain can be prepared to resist or tolerate ischemic stroke injury, and mitochondrion is a major target for this tolerance. The preparation of ischemic stroke tolerance can be achieved by three major approaches: ischemic conditioning, hypoxic conditioning and chemical conditioning. In each conditioning approach, there are often two strategies that can be used to achieve the conditioning effects, namely preconditioning (Pre-C) and postconditioning (Post-C). In this review, we focus on chemical conditioning of mitochondrial proteins as targets for neuroprotection against ischemic stroke injury. Mitochondrial targets covered include complexes I, II, IV, the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP), adenine dinucleotide translocase (ANT) and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). While numerous mitochondrial proteins have not been evaluated in the context of chemical conditioning and ischemic stroke tolerance, the paradigms and approaches reviewed in this article should provide general guidelines on testing those mitochondrial components that have not been investigated. A deep understanding of mitochondria as the target of chemical conditioning for ischemic stroke tolerance should provide valuable insights into strategies for fighting ischemic stroke, a leading cause of death in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Jinzi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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43
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Marina N, Kasymov V, Ackland GL, Kasparov S, Gourine AV. Astrocytes and Brain Hypoxia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 903:201-7. [PMID: 27343098 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide the structural and functional interface between the cerebral circulation and neuronal networks. They enwrap all intracerebral arterioles and capillaries, control the flux of nutrients as well as the ionic and metabolic environment of the neuropil. Astrocytes have the ability to adjust cerebral blood flow to maintain constant PO2 and PCO2 of the brain parenchyma. Release of ATP in the brainstem, presumably by local astrocytes, helps to maintain breathing and counteract hypoxia-induced depression of the respiratory network. Astrocytes also appear to be involved in mediating hypoxia-evoked changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, brain inflammation, and neuroprotection against ischaemic injury. Thus, astrocytes appear to play a fundamental role in supporting neuronal function not only in normal conditions but also in pathophysiological states when supply of oxygen to the brain is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nephtali Marina
- Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vitaliy Kasymov
- Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Experimental Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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44
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Marlier Q, Verteneuil S, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Mechanisms and Functional Significance of Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:458. [PMID: 26696816 PMCID: PMC4672088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke affects one in every six people worldwide, and is the leading cause of adult disability. After stroke, some limited spontaneous recovery occurs, the mechanisms of which remain largely unknown. Multiple, parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. For years, clinical studies have tried to use exogenous cell therapy as a means of brain repair, with varying success. Since the rediscovery of adult neurogenesis and the identification of adult neural stem cells in the late nineties, one promising field of investigation is focused upon triggering and stimulating this self-repair system to replace the neurons lost following brain injury. For instance, it is has been demonstrated that the adult brain has the capacity to produce large numbers of new neurons in response to stroke. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of stroke-induced adult neurogenesis, from a cellular and molecular perspective, to its impact on brain repair and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marlier
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
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45
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Hassell KJ, Ezzati M, Alonso-Alconada D, Hausenloy DJ, Robertson NJ. New horizons for newborn brain protection: enhancing endogenous neuroprotection. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2015; 100:F541-52. [PMID: 26063194 PMCID: PMC4680177 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intrapartum-related events are the third leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide and result in one million neurodisabled survivors each year. Infants exposed to a perinatal insult typically present with neonatal encephalopathy (NE). The contribution of pure hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) to NE has been debated; over the last decade, the sensitising effect of inflammation in the aetiology of NE and neurodisability is recognised. Therapeutic hypothermia is standard care for NE in high-income countries; however, its benefit in encephalopathic babies with sepsis or in those born following chorioamnionitis is unclear. It is now recognised that the phases of brain injury extend into a tertiary phase, which lasts for weeks to years after the initial insult and opens up new possibilities for therapy.There has been a recent focus on understanding endogenous neuroprotection and how to boost it or to supplement its effectors therapeutically once damage to the brain has occurred as in NE. In this review, we focus on strategies that can augment the body's own endogenous neuroprotection. We discuss in particular remote ischaemic postconditioning whereby endogenous brain tolerance can be activated through hypoxia/reperfusion stimuli started immediately after the index hypoxic-ischaemic insult. Therapeutic hypothermia, melatonin, erythropoietin and cannabinoids are examples of ways we can supplement the endogenous response to HI to obtain its full neuroprotective potential. Achieving the correct balance of interventions at the correct time in relation to the nature and stage of injury will be a significant challenge in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jane Hassell
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mojgan Ezzati
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, London, UK
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46
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Lv W, Li WY, Xu XY, Jiang H, Bang OY. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation promotes the release of endogenous erythropoietin after ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1265-70. [PMID: 26487854 PMCID: PMC4590239 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation protected ischemic cerebral injury by stimulating endogenous erythropoietin. The model of ischemic stroke was established in rats through transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Twenty-four hours later, 1 × 106 human BMSCs (hBMSCs) were injected into the tail vein. Fourteen days later, we found that hBMSCs promoted the release of endogenous erythropoietin in the ischemic region of rats. Simultaneously, 3 μg/d soluble erythropoietin receptor (sEPOR) was injected into the lateral ventricle, and on the next 13 consecutive days. sEPOR blocked the release of endogenous erythropoietin. The neurogenesis in the subventricular zone was less in the hBMSCs + sEPOR group than in the hBMSCs + heat-denatured sEPOR group. The adhesive-removal test result and the modified Neurological Severity Scores (mNSS) were lower in the hBMSCs + sEPOR group than in the heat-denatured sEPOR group. The adhesive-removal test result and mNSS were similar between the hBMSCs + heat-denatured sEPOR group and the hBMSCs + sEPOR group. These findings confirm that BMSCs contribute to neurogenesis and improve neurological function by promoting the release of endogenous erythropoietin following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lv
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Oh Yong Bang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sidaly R, Risnes S, Khan QES, Stiris T, Sehic A. The effect of hypoxia on the formation of mouse incisor enamel. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1601-12. [PMID: 26351741 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The permanently growing mouse incisors exhibit all stages of tooth development along their inciso-apical axis at any time. Any disturbance or injury of the ameloblasts during enamel formation or maturation may result in permanent defects in the finished enamel since the enamel does not undergo repair or remodeling after formation. In order to increase our understanding of how hypoxia affects enamel formation, we induced severe acute hypoxia in adult mice and observed its effects on the enamel in incisors. DESIGN Incisors from hypoxic mice were obtained 5 and 49 days after the hypoxic insult. Hypoxic and control incisors were dissected out and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Incisors were subsequently ground longitudinally or transversely, etched, and observed again by SEM. The nature and position of defects were considered in relation to the configuration and dynamics of the incisors. RESULTS The effect of hypoxia varied considerably, among mice, among incisors, and among ameloblasts. Affected enamel showed hypoplasia with hypomineralization or hypomineralization without hypoplasia. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed considerably stronger labeling in hypoxic compared to control ameloblasts. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates quantitative and qualitative defects in the enamel reflecting the vulnerability of ameloblasts toward severe acute hypoxia in mouse incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivan Sidaly
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Steinar Risnes
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Qalb-E-Saleem Khan
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Stiris
- Department of Neonatology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Amer Sehic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
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Poinsatte K, Selvaraj UM, Ortega SB, Plautz EJ, Kong X, Gidday JM, Stowe AM. Quantification of neurovascular protection following repetitive hypoxic preconditioning and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. J Vis Exp 2015:e52675. [PMID: 25993394 DOI: 10.3791/52675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models of stroke are invaluable tools for understanding stroke pathology and developing more effective treatment strategies. A 2 week protocol for repetitive hypoxic preconditioning (RHP) induces long-term protection against central nervous system (CNS) injury in a mouse model of focal ischemic stroke. RHP consists of 9 stochastic exposures to hypoxia that vary in both duration (2 or 4 hr) and intensity (8% and 11% O2). RHP reduces infarct volumes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and the post-stroke inflammatory response for weeks following the last exposure to hypoxia, suggesting a long-term induction of an endogenous CNS-protective phenotype. The methodology for the dual quantification of infarct volume and BBB disruption is effective in assessing neurovascular protection in mice with RHP or other putative neuroprotectants. Adult male Swiss Webster mice were preconditioned by RHP or duration-equivalent exposures to 21% O2 (i.e. room air). A 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) was induced 2 weeks following the last hypoxic exposure. Both the occlusion and reperfusion were confirmed by transcranial laser Doppler flowmetry. Twenty-two hr after reperfusion, Evans Blue (EB) was intravenously administered through a tail vein injection. 2 hr later, animals were sacrificed by isoflurane overdose and brain sections were stained with 2,3,5- triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Infarcts volumes were then quantified. Next, EB was extracted from the tissue over 48 hr to determine BBB disruption after tMCAo. In summary, RHP is a simple protocol that can be replicated, with minimal cost, to induce long-term endogenous neurovascular protection from stroke injury in mice, with the translational potential for other CNS-based and systemic pro-inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Poinsatte
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Erik J Plautz
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Jeffrey M Gidday
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center;
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Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) using a preceding sublethal ischemic insult is an attractive strategy for protecting neurons by inducing ischemic tolerance in the brain. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms have been extensively studied, almost all studies have focused on neurons. Here, using a middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice, we show that astrocytes play an essential role in the induction of brain ischemic tolerance. PC caused activation of glial cells without producing any noticeable brain damage. The spatiotemporal pattern of astrocytic, but not microglial, activation correlated well with that of ischemic tolerance. Interestingly, such activation in astrocytes lasted at least 8 weeks. Importantly, inhibiting astrocytes with fluorocitrate abolished the induction of ischemic tolerance. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we focused on the P2X7 receptor as a key molecule in astrocyte-mediated ischemic tolerance. P2X7 receptors were dramatically upregulated in activated astrocytes. PC-induced ischemic tolerance was abolished in P2X7 receptor knock-out mice. Moreover, our results suggest that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, a well known mediator of ischemic tolerance, is involved in P2X7 receptor-mediated ischemic tolerance. Unlike previous reports focusing on neuron-based mechanisms, our results show that astrocytes play indispensable roles in inducing ischemic tolerance, and that upregulation of P2X7 receptors in astrocytes is essential.
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Parmar J, Jones NM. Hypoxic preconditioning can reduce injury-induced inflammatory processes in the neonatal rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:35-42. [PMID: 25824817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Studies have shown that hypoxic preconditioning (HP) can ameliorate brain damage, but its effects on inflammation remain unknown. Postnatal day 6 (P6), Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normoxia and hypoxia (8% oxygen, 3h) groups. On P7, some pups underwent a right carotid artery occlusion followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen, 3h) while under 1.5% isofluorane anesthesia and the remaining pups underwent sham surgery without occlusion. Animals were sacrificed 5 days later and fixed tissue was used to examine changes in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the cortex. Fresh tissue was collected to determine cortical levels of proinflammatory cytokines using ELISA. There was a significant loss in the number of NeuN positive cells in the cortex following HI injury, which was improved when HP was given prior to HI. There was an increase in cortical area of astrocyte staining after HI injury compared to control. HP before HI was able to reduce area of GFAP staining back to control levels. HI caused a large increase in the number of activated microglia compared to control and HP was able to significantly reduce this, although not back to control levels. HP alone increased microglial activation. Interleukin-1β levels were increased in the cortex 5 days after HI, but HP was not able to significantly reduce this change. The neuroprotective effects of HP appear to be mediated by affecting cellular inflammatory processes in the brain following HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia.
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