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Susilo H, Thaha M, Pikir BS, Alsagaff MY, Suryantoro SD, Wungu CDK, Pratama NR, Pakpahan C, Oceandy D. The Role of Plasma Interleukin-6 Levels on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk Scores in Javanese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1122. [PMID: 35887619 PMCID: PMC9323412 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been identified as an important pro-inflammatory factor involved in mediating the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study sought to determine the effect of plasma IL-6 levels on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and cardiovascular mortality risk scores in Javanese CKD patients. We also analyzed the frequency of IL-6 G174C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the population. This study was a cross-sectional study involving seventy-three patients of Javanese ethnic origin with stable chronic kidney disease. We assessed the ASCVD risk score, cardiovascular mortality score, genotyping of IL-6 G174C SNP, and plasma IL-6 levels in these patients. The genotype distribution and allele frequencies of the IL-6 G174C SNP were predominated by the G genotype/allele (GG: 97.26%, GC: 1.37%, CC: 1.37%, G-allele: 97.95%, and C-allele: 2.05%). Despite the fact that plasma IL-6 levels did not directly affect cardiovascular mortality risk, further analysis revealed its direct effect on the ASCVD risk score (path coefficient = 0.184, p = 0.043, 95% CI = 0.018−0.380), which in turn affected cardiovascular mortality risk (path coefficient = 0.851, p = <0.01, 95% CI = 0.714−0.925). In conclusion, plasma IL-6 levels play important roles on ASCVD risk and cardiovascular mortality risk in Javanese patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendri Susilo
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
| | - Mochammad Thaha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
| | - Budi Susetyo Pikir
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Yusuf Alsagaff
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Satriyo Dwi Suryantoro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu
- Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | | | - Cennikon Pakpahan
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia;
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PR, UK;
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2
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Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Is Related to Vascular Endothelial Injury and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082263. [PMID: 35456355 PMCID: PMC9032505 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an emergency state characterized by sudden, painless vision impairment. Patients with CRAO have an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including stroke, likely related to vascular endothelial damage. Therefore, we investigated flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery as a marker of endothelial dysfunction, intima-media complex thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery, pointing to the arterial wall atherosclerotic alteration, and transthoracic echocardiographic parameters in 126 consecutive CRAO patients (66 men [52.4%], median age 55 years) and 107 control participants (56 men [52.3%], matched by age, sex, and body mass index). Most CRAO patients (n = 104, 82.5%) had at least one internal medicine comorbidity, mainly hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, which coexisted in one-fourth of them. Furthermore, they had a 38.2% lower relative increase of FMD (FMD%) and a 23.1% thicker IMT compared to the controls (p < 0.001, both, also after adjustment for potential confounders). On echocardiography, the CRAO group was characterized by increased dimensions of the left atrium and thicker left ventricular walls, together with impaired left ventricular diastolic function. CRAO is related to vascular endothelial damage, atherosclerosis, and left ventricular diastolic cardiac dysfunction. Thus, non-invasive ultrasound assessments, such as FMD%, IMT, and echocardiography, may be helpful in screening patients with increased CRAO risk, particularly those with other comorbidities.
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Ulhaq ZS, Soraya GV, Budu, Wulandari LR. The role of IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism and intraocular IL-6 levels in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17453. [PMID: 33060644 PMCID: PMC7566646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the key regulators behind the inflammatory and pathological process associated with ophthalmic diseases. The role of IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism as well as intraocular IL-6 levels among various eye disease patients differ across studies and has not been systematically reviewed. Thus, this study aims to provide a summary to understand the relationship between IL-6 and ophthalmic disease. In total, 8,252 and 11,014 subjects for IL-6-174 G/C and intraocular levels of IL-6, respectively, were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. No association was found between IL-6-174 G/C polymorphisms with ocular diseases. Subgroup analyses revealed a suggestive association between the GC genotype of IL-6-174 G/C with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Further, the level of intraocular IL-6 among ocular disease patients in general was found to be higher than the control group [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-1.58, P < 0.00001]. Closer examination through subgroup analyses yielded similar results in several ocular diseases. This study thus indicates that the IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism does not predispose patients to ocular disease, although the GC genotype is likely to be a genetic biomarker for PDR. Moreover, intraocular IL-6 concentrations are related to the specific manifestations of the ophthalmic diseases. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Batu, East Java, 65151, Indonesia.
| | - Gita Vita Soraya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Budu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Lely Retno Wulandari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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González-Castro TB, Hernández-Díaz Y, Pérez-Hernández N, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Juárez-Rojop IE, López-Narvaez ML, Blachman-Braun R, Posadas-Sánchez R, Vargas-Alarcón G, García-Flores E, Cazarín-Santos BG, Borgonio-Cuadra VM, Reyes-López PA, Rodríguez-Pérez JM. Interleukin 6 (rs1800795) gene polymorphism is associated with cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of 74 studies with 86,229 subjects. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:331-355. [PMID: 31338006 PMCID: PMC6635721 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are group of complex and multifactorial pathologies, in which interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene polymorphisms have been associated with several components of the CVD. Thus, in this study, we thoroughly reviewed and meta-analyzed evidence on the association between the IL-6 (rs1800795) gene polymorphism and CVD. We systematically searched in the PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases. The analyses were performed using five study groups based on (1) a combined pool of the overall populations, (2) the country of birth, (3) the continent of birth, (4) the diagnosis and (5) both location (country or continent) and diagnosis. The analysis included the allelic, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant and recessive models. The meta-analysis showed that -174G>C (rs1800795) is a risk factor for CVD (allelic: OR=1.06, CI 95%=1.02-1.10. Z p value <0.0001; homozygous: OR=1.11, CI 95%=1.03-1.19, Z p value= 0.002; heterozygous: OR=1.08, CI 95%=1.03-1.21, Z p value= 0.003; dominant: OR= 1.12, CI 95%= 1.07-1.18, Z p value= 0.001) and that this risk increases in the Chinese population. Additionally, we found that carriers of the C allele of 174G>C (rs1800795) polymorphism have an increase in the risk of coronary artery disease under the hereditary models assessed in the study. Using robust data, we found that IL-6 (rs1800795) -174G>C gene polymorphism is associated with CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Yazmín Hernández-Díaz
- Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- Academic Division of Health Sciences, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | | | - Ruben Blachman-Braun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esbeidy García-Flores
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pedro A Reyes-López
- Division of Research, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Sowmya S, Ramaiah A, Nallari P, Jyothy A, Venkateshwari A. Role of IL-6 -174(G/C) promoter polymorphism in the etiology of early-onset preeclampsia. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:433-9. [PMID: 25917045 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between IL-6 -174G/C promoter polymorphism and preeclampsia. METHODS A total of 140 preeclamptic women and 135 women with normal pregnancy were considered for the present study. A standard amplification refractory mutation system PCR was carried out for genotyping of IL-6 G-174C promoter polymorphism. Genotypic distribution was compared with values predicted by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using χ (2) test. Odds ratios and their respective 95 % confidence intervals were used to measure the strength of association. RESULTS The frequencies observed, CC, GC and GG, were 53.5, 26.6 and 20 % in patients and 26.6, 23.7 and 49.6 % in the controls. There is a significant difference in the distribution of genotypes and alleles of IL-6 G-174 C between the two groups. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the IL-6 -174 promoter polymorphism is a major genetic regulator in the etiology of early-onset preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabnavis Sowmya
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500 016, India
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6
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Mrad M, Wathek C, Saleh MB, Baatour M, Rannen R, Lamine K, Gabsi S, Gritli N, Fekih-Mrissa N. Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (A1298C and C677T) polymorphisms with retinal vein occlusion in Tunisian patients. Transfus Apher Sci 2014; 50:283-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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7
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Yin YW, Li JC, Zhang M, Wang JZ, Li BH, Liu Y, Liao SQ, Zhang MJ, Gao CY, Zhang LL. Influence of interleukin-6 gene -174G>C polymorphism on development of atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis of 50 studies involving 33,514 subjects. Gene 2013; 529:94-103. [PMID: 23954871 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing epidemiological studies have focused on the associations between interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene -174G>C polymorphism and atherosclerotic diseases, but the results are still controversial. This meta-analysis was designed to identify whether this association exists. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane database, Clinicaltrials.gov and Current Controlled Trials, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, CBMdisc, CNKI and Google Scholar were searched to get the genetic association studies. The crude odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the association between the IL-6 gene -174G>C polymorphism and atherosclerosis ( AS ) risk. The subgroup analyses were made on the following: ethnicity, atherosclerotic diseases and source of controls. Finally, 50 studies (15,029 cases and 18,485 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, no significant association was found between the IL-6 gene -174G>C polymorphism and AS risk (for C allele vs. G allele: OR=1.02, 95% CI=0.94-1.11, p=0.64; for C/C vs. G/G: OR=1.01, 95% CI=0.85-1.21, p=0.88; for C/C vs. C/G+G/G: OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.84-1.12, p=0.68; for C/C+C/G vs. G/G: OR=1.07, 95% CI=0.97-1.17, p=0.18). In the subgroup analyses, significant associations were found between the IL-6 gene -174G>C polymorphism and AS in non-Caucasian group (for CC+CG vs. GG: OR=1.22, 95% CI=1.06-1.41, p=0.005), other atherosclerotic diseases group (for C allele vs. G allele: OR =0.75, 95% CI=0.61-0.93, p=0.008; for C/C vs. G/G: OR=0.56, 95% CI=0.38-0.81, p=0.002; for C/C vs. C/G+G/G: OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.45-0.79, p=0.0004) and population-based group (for C allele vs. G allele: OR=1.09, 95% CI=1.00-1.18, p=0.04; for CC+CG vs. GG: OR=1.15, 95% CI=1.04-1.27, p=0.005). In summary, the present meta-analysis suggests that the IL-6 gene -174G C polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to AS. However, due to the high heterogeneity in the meta-analysis, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Yin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, PR China
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8
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Srikanth Babu BM, Pulla Reddy B, Priya VHS, Munshi A, Surekha Rani H, Suman Latha G, Rao VD, Jyothy A. Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in the Susceptibility to Acute Coronary Syndrome. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:359-65. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhomireddy Pulla Reddy
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Disease, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Anjana Munshi
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Disease, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hanmathrao Surekha Rani
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Disease, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - V. Dayasagar Rao
- Department of Cardiology, Durga Bai Deshmukh Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akka Jyothy
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Disease, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Hausberger S, Steinbrugger I, Haas A, Rabensteiner DF, Luger T, Borkenstein AF, Renner W, Wedrich A, El-Shabrawi Y, Schmut O, Weger M. Die Rolle der TNF-α -308G>A und -238G>A Genpolymorphismen als Risikofaktoren für den retinalen Arterienverschluss. SPEKTRUM DER AUGENHEILKUNDE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00717-011-0024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Lack of an association between interleukin-6 gene promoter polymorphisms (−174G/C, −572G/C) and ischemic heart disease and/or ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:641-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Suzuki S, Tanaka K, Suzuki N. Ambivalent aspects of interleukin-6 in cerebral ischemia: inflammatory versus neurotrophic aspects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:464-79. [PMID: 19018268 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is pleiotropic cytokine involved in many central nervous system disorders including stroke, and elevated serum IL-6 has been found in acute stroke patients. IL-6 is implicated in the inflammation, which contributes to both injury and repair process after cerebral ischemia. However, IL-6 is one of the neurotrophic cytokines sharing a common receptor subunit, gp130, with other neurotrophic cytokines, such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor. The expression of IL-6 is most prominently identified in neurons in the peri-ischemic regions, and LIF expression shows a similar pattern. The direct injection of these cytokines into the brain after ischemia can reduce ischemic brain injury. The cytokine receptors are localized on the neuron surface, suggesting that neurons are the cytokine target. The major IL-6 downstream signaling pathway is JAK-STAT, and Stat3 activation occurs mainly in neurons during postischemic reperfusion. Further investigation is necessary to clarify the exact role of Stat3 signaling in neuroprotection. Taken together, the information suggests that IL-6 plays a double role in cerebral ischemia, as an inflammatory mediator during the acute phase and as a neurotrophic mediator between the subacute and prolonged phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with atherosclerotic disease and is also a key mediator in the inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia. Although the IL-6 −174G/C promoter polymorphism has been associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, its relation to ischemic stroke is unclear. This review summarizes the current literature and discusses methodological considerations for future studies.
Methods—
Electronic searches were conducted in the PubMed MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases. Two investigators independently reviewed all abstracts to identify studies examining the association between the IL-6 −174G/C polymorphism and ischemic cerebrovascular events.
Results—
Twelve relevant publications were identified. Three reported on a subset of patients from a later publication, leaving 9 independent studies. Two studies found an association between ischemic stroke and the G allele or
GG
genotype, whereas 4 found an association with the C allele or
CC
genotype. One study found the
CC
genotype to be significantly less frequent in retinal artery occlusion patients. Two studies found no association between the −174G/C polymorphism and stroke.
Conclusions—
Studies investigating stroke and the −174G/C polymorphism report conflicting results, which may reflect the complex physiology of IL-6 and true differences between stroke subtypes and populations. However, interpretation of published results is hindered by methodological limitations, and greater rigor and consistency in future studies will help unravel the relationship between the −174G/C polymorphism and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Tso
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA
| | - José G. Merino
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA
| | - Steven Warach
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA
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Siest G, Marteau JB, Maumus S, Berrahmoune H, Jeannesson E, Samara A, Batt AM, Visvikis-Siest S. Pharmacogenomics and cardiovascular drugs: need for integrated biological system with phenotypes and proteomic markers. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 527:1-22. [PMID: 16316654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine is based on a better knowledge of biological variability, considering the important part due to genetics. When trying to identify involved genes and their products in differential cardiovascular drug responses, a five-step strategy is to be followed: 1) Pharmacokinetic-related genes and phenotypes (2) Pharmacodynamic targets, genes and products (3) Cardiovascular diseases and risks depending on specific or large metabolic cycles (4) Physiological variations of previously identified genes and proteins (5) Environment influences on them. After summarizing the most well-known genes involved in drug metabolism, we will take as example of drugs, the statins, considered as very important drugs from a Public-Health standpoint, but also for economical reasons. These drugs respond differently in human depending on multiple polymorphisms. We will give examples with common ApoE polymorphisms influencing the hypolipemic effects of statins. These drugs also have pleiotropic effects and decrease inflammatory markers. This illustrates the need to separate clinical diseases phenotypes in specific metabolic pathways, which could propose other classifications, of diseases and related genes. Hypertension is also a good example of clinical phenotype which should be followed after various therapeutic approaches by genes polymorphisms and proteins markers. Gene products are under clear environmental expression variations such as age, body mass index and obesity, alcohol, tobacco and dietary interventions which are the first therapeutical actions taken in cardiovascular diseases. But at each of the five steps, within a pharmacoproteomic strategy, we also need to use available information from peptides, proteins and metabolites, which usually are the gene products. A profiling approach, i.e., dealing with genomics, but now also with proteomics, is to be used. In conclusion, the profiling, as well as the large amount of data, will more than before render necessary an organized interpretation of DNA, RNA as well as proteins variations, both at individual and population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Siest
- Inserm U525 Equipe 4, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, 30 rue Lionnois Faculté de Pharmacie, 54000 Nancy, France.
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Sawczenko A, Azooz O, Paraszczuk J, Idestrom M, Croft NM, Savage MO, Ballinger AB, Sanderson IR. Intestinal inflammation-induced growth retardation acts through IL-6 in rats and depends on the -174 IL-6 G/C polymorphism in children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13260-5. [PMID: 16150725 PMCID: PMC1198995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503589102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases frequently impair linear growth. Crohn's disease inhibits growth in up to one third of affected children. In rats with trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid-induced colitis, 40% of growth impairment is attributable to inflammation, with the rest being due to undernutrition. In transgenic mice without inflammation, raised IL-6 retards growth, suppressing insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. We hypothesized that IL-6, induced by intestinal inflammation, suppresses growth and inhibits IGF-I expression. Therefore, an anti-IL-6 Ab was given to rats with trinitrobenzene-sulphonic acid colitis. The Ab did not improve nutrient intake or decrease inflammation compared with untreated disease controls, but it significantly restored linear growth (P = 0.023) and increased IGF-I (P = 0.05). In humans, the IL-6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism affects IL-6 transcription, with the GG genotype inducing the greatest IL-6 levels. Because IL-6 is increased in Crohn's disease, we further hypothesized that growth failure would vary with the IL-6 -174 genotype. At diagnosis, among 153 children with Crohn's disease, those with the IL-6 GG genotype were more growth-retarded than those with the GC or CC genotypes (height SD score, -0.51 vs. -0.10; P = 0.031). Also, the patients with the IL-6 GG genotype had higher circulating levels of C-reactive protein, an IL-6-induced product (36 vs. 18 mg/dl, P = 0.028). However, their risk of developing Crohn's disease was similar to other genotypes when compared with 351 healthy controls (P = 0.7). Thus, the IL-6 -174 genotype mediates growth failure in children with Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sawczenko
- Research Centre for Gastroenterology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, University of London, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
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