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Jiang Y, Qian HY. Transcription factors: key regulatory targets of vascular smooth muscle cell in atherosclerosis. Mol Med 2023; 29:2. [PMID: 36604627 PMCID: PMC9817296 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), leading to gradual occlusion of the arterial lumen, refers to the accumulation of lipids and inflammatory debris in the arterial wall. Despite therapeutic advances over past decades including intervention or surgery, atherosclerosis is still the most common cause of cardiovascular diseases and the main mechanism of death and disability worldwide. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play an imperative role in the occurrence of atherosclerosis and throughout the whole stages. In the past, there was a lack of comprehensive understanding of VSMCs, but the development of identification technology, including in vivo single-cell sequencing technology and lineage tracing with the CreERT2-loxP system, suggests that VSMCs have remarkable plasticity and reevaluates well-established concepts about the contribution of VSMCs. Transcription factors, a kind of protein molecule that specifically recognizes and binds DNA upstream promoter regions or distal enhancer DNA elements, play a key role in the transcription initiation of the coding genes and are necessary for RNA polymerase to bind gene promoters. In this review, we highlight that, except for environmental factors, VSMC genes are transcriptionally regulated through complex interactions of multiple conserved cis-regulatory elements and transcription factors. In addition, through a series of transcription-related regulatory processes, VSMCs could undergo phenotypic transformation, proliferation, migration, calcification and apoptosis. Finally, enhancing or inhibiting transcription factors can regulate the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and the downstream molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation has also been widely studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, 100037 China
| | - Hai-Yan Qian
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, 100037 China
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2
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Yu J, Liu X, Wang K, Wang H, Han Y, Kang J, Deng R, Zhou H, Duan Z. Underlying mechanism of Qiling Jiaogulan Powder in the treatment of broiler ascites syndrome. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102144. [PMID: 36334473 PMCID: PMC9640339 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler ascites syndrome (AS), is a nutritional and metabolic disease that occurs in fast-growing commercial broiler chickens. AS can cause poor growth and a significant increase in the rate of broiler deaths, which has resulted in serious economic losses to the poultry industry. The classic traditional Chinese medicine Qiling Jiaogulan Powder (QLJP) has been demonstrated to have a certain therapeutic effect on broiler AS. However, its pharmacological mechanism remains to be elucidated. This study was performed to investigate the multitarget action mechanism of QLJP in the treatment of broiler AS based on network pharmacology analysis using a broiler AS model. First, all chemical components and targets of QLJP were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Targets related to broiler AS were further obtained through the GeneCards database and the NCBI Gene sub-database. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Then, enrichment analyses were performed to predict the potential mechanisms of QLJP in the treatment of broiler AS. Finally, the treatment effect of QLJP on AS was verified in a broiler AS model. Network pharmacology analysis generated 49 active ingredients and 167 core targets of QLJP, and a QLJP-single drug-target-disease network was successfully constructed. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that the core targets have played major roles in the Cell cycle, FOXO signaling pathways, etc. We demonstrated that QLJP improved clinical and organ damage symptoms and significantly reduced the ascites heart index in broilers with AS induced by administration of high-energy, high-protein diets and high-sodium drinking water in a low-temperature environment. QLJP may regulate lung oxidative stress, the cell cycle and apoptosis by activating the FOXO3a signaling pathway to interfere with the occurrence and development of AS in broilers. QLJP administration may be a good clinical strategy for the prevention and treatment of broiler AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Keyao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China
| | - Yufeng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China
| | - Jie Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China
| | - Ruiqiang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China
| | - Zhibian Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China,Corresponding author:
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Gkaliagkousi E, Lazaridis A, Dogan S, Fraenkel E, Tuna BG, Mozos I, Vukicevic M, Yalcin O, Gopcevic K. Theories and Molecular Basis of Vascular Aging: A Review of the Literature from VascAgeNet Group on Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Vascular Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158672. [PMID: 35955804 PMCID: PMC9368987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging, characterized by structural and functional alterations of the vascular wall, is a hallmark of aging and is tightly related to the development of cardiovascular mortality and age-associated vascular pathologies. Over the last years, extensive and ongoing research has highlighted several sophisticated molecular mechanisms that are involved in the pathophysiology of vascular aging. A more thorough understanding of these mechanisms could help to provide a new insight into the complex biology of this non-reversible vascular process and direct future interventions to improve longevity. In this review, we discuss the role of the most important molecular pathways involved in vascular ageing including oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, extracellular matrix metalloproteinases activity, epigenetic regulation, telomere shortening, senescence and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Antonios Lazaridis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soner Dogan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emil Fraenkel
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University of Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04066 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ioana Mozos
- Department of Functional Sciences-Pathophysiology, Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300173 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Milica Vukicevic
- Cardiac Surgery Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ozlem Yalcin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kristina Gopcevic
- Laboratory for Analytics of Biomolecules, Department of Chemistry in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (K.G.)
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Zhao Y, Liu YS. Longevity Factor FOXO3: A Key Regulator in Aging-Related Vascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:778674. [PMID: 35004893 PMCID: PMC8733402 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.778674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) has been proposed as a homeostasis regulator, capable of integrating multiple upstream signaling pathways that are sensitive to environmental changes and counteracting their adverse effects due to external changes, such as oxidative stress, metabolic stress and growth factor deprivation. FOXO3 polymorphisms are associated with extreme human longevity. Intriguingly, longevity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human FOXO3 correlate with lower-than-average morbidity from cardiovascular diseases in long-lived people. Emerging evidence indicates that FOXO3 plays a critical role in vascular aging. FOXO3 inactivation is implicated in several aging-related vascular diseases. In experimental studies, FOXO3-engineered human ESC-derived vascular cells improve vascular homeostasis and delay vascular aging. The purpose of this review is to explore how FOXO3 regulates vascular aging and its crucial role in aging-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Aging and Age-Related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - You-Shuo Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Aging and Age-Related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Shi Y, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Qin Q, Cong H, Guo Z. Homocysteine promotes cardiac fibrosis by regulating the Akt/FoxO3 pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1732. [PMID: 35071426 PMCID: PMC8743705 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Evaluated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiac fibrosis which is a common feature of cardiovascular disease, although the mechanisms are still unclear. This study aims to explore the mechanism of Hcy-induced cardiac fibrosis. Methods The mRNA and protein levels of Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) and differentiation markers were detected in primary cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) after 300 µM Hcy treatment. Scratch and transwell migration assay were used to determine the effect of Hcy on proliferation and migration in CFs. The protein levels involved in the fibrotic processes in mice fed with high methionine diet (HMD) for 4 or 8 weeks were investigated by western blot. CFs were infected with FoxO3 recombinant adenovirus to explore the potential role of FoxO3 in Hcy-induced cardiac dysfunction. Results Hcy treatment significantly promoted the differentiation, proliferation and migration of CFs, while FoxO3 activity were decreased in CFs. In HMD hearts, the protein levels of TIMP1, Fibronectin and α-SMA were increased after 4 or 8 weeks, but the FoxO3 activity was decreased. Moreover, the HMD hearts had a higher level of Bcl2 but lower of Bax and LC3II protein. In addition, FoxO3 overexpression attenuates Hcy-induced dysfunction in CFs. Conclusions Hcy promotes myofibroblast activation and resistance to autophagy and apoptosis in CFs, and eventually results in cardiac fibrosis by regulating the Akt/FoxO3 pathway. Thus, FoxO3 is a promising therapeutic target to prevent cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Tianjin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongliang Cong
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Raffetto JD, Khalil RA. Mechanisms of Lower Extremity Vein Dysfunction in Chronic Venous Disease and Implications in Management of Varicose Veins. VESSEL PLUS 2021; 5. [PMID: 34250453 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a common venous disorder of the lower extremities. CVD can be manifested as varicose veins (VVs), with dilated and tortuous veins, dysfunctional valves and venous reflux. If not adequately treated, VVs could progress to chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and lead to venous leg ulcer (VLU). Predisposing familial and genetic factors have been implicated in CVD. Additional environmental, behavioral and dietary factors including sedentary lifestyle and obesity may also contribute to CVD. Alterations in the mRNA expression, protein levels and proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been detected in VVs and VLU. MMP expression/activity can be modulated by venous hydrostatic pressure, hypoxia, tissue metabolites, and inflammation. MMPs in turn increase proteolysis of different protein substrates in the extracellular matrix particularly collagen and elastin, leading to weakening of the vein wall. MMPs could also promote venous dilation by increasing the release of endothelium-derived vasodilators and activating potassium channels, leading to smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation. Depending on VVs severity, management usually includes compression stockings, sclerotherapy and surgical removal. Venotonics have also been promoted to decrease the progression of VVs. Sulodexide has also shown benefits in VLU and CVI, and recent data suggest that it could improve venous smooth muscle contraction. Other lines of treatment including induction of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and administration of exogenous synthetic inhibitors of MMPs are being explored, and could provide alternative strategies in the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Raffetto
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Lee BK, Hyun SW, Jung YS. Yuzu and Hesperidin Ameliorate Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption during Hypoxia via Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090843. [PMID: 32916895 PMCID: PMC7555663 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yuzu and its main component, hesperidin (HSP), have several health benefits owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We examined the effects of yuzu and HSP on blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction during ischemia/hypoxia in an in vivo animal model and an in vitro BBB endothelial cell model, and also investigated the underlying mechanisms. In an in vitro BBB endothelial cell model, BBB permeability was determined by measurement of Evans blue extravasation in vivo and in vitro. The expression of tight junction proteins, such as claudin-5 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), was detected by immunochemistry and western blotting, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured by 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate intensity. Yuzu and HSP significantly ameliorated the increase in BBB permeability and the disruption of claudin-5 and ZO-1 in both in vivo and in vitro models. In bEnd.3 cells, yuzu and HSP were shown to inhibit the disruption of claudin-5 and ZO-1 during hypoxia, and the protective effects of yuzu and HSP on claudin-5 degradation seemed to be mediated by Forkhead box O 3a (FoxO3a) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3/9. In addition, well-known antioxidants, trolox and N-acetyl cysteine, significantly attenuated the BBB permeability increase, disruption of claudin-5 and ZO-1, and FoxO3a activation during hypoxia, suggesting that ROS are important mediators of BBB dysfunction during hypoxia. Collectively, these results indicate that yuzu and HSP protect the BBB against dysfunction via maintaining integrity of claudin-5 and ZO-1, and these effects of yuzu and HSP appear to be a facet of their antioxidant properties. Our findings may contribute to therapeutic strategies for BBB-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea, (S.-W.H.)
| | - Soo-Wang Hyun
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea, (S.-W.H.)
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea, (S.-W.H.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-3444
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Xia X, Zhou C, He X, Liu C, Wang G, Sun X. The relationship between estrogen-induced phenotypic transformation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:762. [PMID: 32647687 PMCID: PMC7333134 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background To explore the effect of estrogen on human cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and to clarify the molecular mechanism of estrogen inhibition of VSMC proliferation, which could provide an important reference basis for the clinical treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Method Firstly, the effects of different concentrations of estradiol and estrogen receptor (ESR) blocker (tamoxifen) on the proliferation of human VSMCs and the expression of estrogen-related receptor gene (ESR: ESR1, ESR2, GPER), myocardin (MYOCD), serum reaction factor (SRF), and apoptosis gene caspase-3 were measured to discover the effect and mechanism of tamoxifen on the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs. Secondly, the effects of estradiol on human VSMCs treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) were observed by measuring the expression of vascular smooth muscle markers, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), SM22α, FLN, MCP-1, and TLR4. Results Estradiol inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs by upregulating the expression of ESR1, ESR2, and GPER and downregulating the expression of caspase-3, MYOCD, and SRF, thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle. At the same time, tamoxifen had opposite effects. Angiotensin II decreased the expression of α-SMA and SM22α and promoted the expression of FLN, MCP-1, and TLR4 protein, while estrogen had the opposite effects. Conclusions Estrogen suppresses apoptosis by inhibiting the proliferation of human VSMCs and preventing it from changing from contractile to synthetic. Estrogen can further prevents vascular damage and regulate peripheral inflammatory reaction, thereby producing a protective effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Xuenong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing, Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Sirtuin-1 and Its Relevance in Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051593. [PMID: 32111067 PMCID: PMC7084838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is highly associated with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Dysregulation of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is related to VC. Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) deacetylase encompasses a broad range of transcription factors that are linked to an extended lifespan. Sirt1 enhances endothelial NO synthase and upregulates FoxOs to activate its antioxidant properties and delay cell senescence. Sirt1 reverses osteogenic phenotypic transdifferentiation by influencing RUNX2 expression in VSMCs. Low Sirt1 hardly prevents acetylation by p300 and phosphorylation of β-catenin that, following the facilitation of β-catenin translocation, drives osteogenic phenotypic transdifferentiation. Hyperphosphatemia induces VC by osteogenic conversion, apoptosis, and senescence of VSMCs through the Pit-1 cotransporter, which can be retarded by the sirt1 activator resveratrol. Proinflammatory adipocytokines released from dysfunctional perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) mediate medial calcification and arterial stiffness. Sirt1 ameliorates release of PVAT adipokines and increases adiponectin secretion, which interact with FoxO 1 against oxidative stress and inflammatory arterial insult. Conclusively, Sirt1 decelerates VC by means of influencing endothelial NO bioavailability, senescence of ECs and VSMCs, osteogenic phenotypic transdifferentiation, apoptosis of VSMCs, ECM deposition, and the inflammatory response of PVAT. Factors that aggravate VC include vitamin D deficiency-related macrophage recruitment and further inflammation responses. Supplementation with vitamin D to adequate levels is beneficial in improving PVAT macrophage infiltration and local inflammation, which further prevents VC.
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Selective increase of cardiomyocyte derived extracellular vesicles after experimental myocardial infarction and functional effects on the endothelium. Thromb Res 2018; 170:1-9. [PMID: 30081387 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wound healing after myocardial infarction (MI) is mediated by different cell types, secreted proteins, components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and, as increasing evidences suggest, extracellular vesicles (EVs). We aim to determine the dynamics of release and origin of EVs after MI, as well as their biological activity on endothelial cells (ECs). METHODS MI was induced in WT mice and blood and tissues collected at baseline, 3, 15 and 30 days post-ligation for cardiac function (echocardiography) and histological evaluation. Circulating EVs subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry in mouse, and in a small cohort of patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI, n = 6). In vitro, EVs were isolated from a cardiomyocyte cell line (HL1) and their function assayed on ECs. RESULTS Leukocyte and endothelial EVs increased concomitant to inflammatory and angiogenic processes triggered by ischemia. More strikingly, cardiomyocyte EVs (connexin43+) were detected in STEMI patients and in murine MI, where a significant increase in their levels was reported at day 15 post-ischemia (p < 0.05 vs baseline). In vitro, HL1EVs induced ECs migration (p = 0.05) and proliferation (p < 0.05), but impaired tube formation. These apparent contradictory results could be partially explained by the upregulation of MMP3, and the apoptosis and senescence genes, p53 and p16, induced by HL1EVs on ECs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MI induces the release of different EVs subpopulations, including those of cardiac origin, in a preclinical model of MI and STEMI patients. In vitro, cardiomyocyte derived EVs are able to modulate endothelial function, suggesting their active role in heart repair after ischemia.
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Yu H, Fellows A, Foote K, Yang Z, Figg N, Littlewood T, Bennett M. FOXO3a (Forkhead Transcription Factor O Subfamily Member 3a) Links Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis, Matrix Breakdown, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Remodeling Through a Novel Pathway Involving MMP13 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 13). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:555-565. [PMID: 29326312 PMCID: PMC5828387 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis accelerates atherosclerosis and promotes breakdown of the extracellular matrix, but the mechanistic links between these 2 processes are unknown. The forkhead protein FOXO3a (forkhead transcription factor O subfamily member 3a) is activated in human atherosclerosis and induces a range of proapoptotic and other transcriptional targets. We, therefore, determined the mechanisms and consequences of FOXO3a activation in atherosclerosis and arterial remodeling after injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS Expression of a conditional FOXO3a allele (FOXO3aA3ER) potently induced VSMC apoptosis, expression and activation of MMP13 (matrix metalloproteinase 13), and downregulation of endogenous TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of MMPs). mmp13 and mmp2 were direct FOXO3a transcriptional targets in VSMCs. Activation of endogenous FOXO3a also induced MMP13, extracellular matrix degradation, and apoptosis, and MMP13-specific inhibitors and fibronectin reduced FOXO3a-mediated apoptosis. FOXO3a activation in mice with VSMC-restricted FOXO3aA3ER induced MMP13 expression and activity and medial VSMC apoptosis. FOXO3a activation in FOXO3aA3ER/ApoE-/- (apolipoprotein E deficient) mice increased atherosclerosis, increased necrotic core and reduced fibrous cap areas, and induced features of medial degeneration. After carotid artery ligation, FOXO3a activation increased VSMC apoptosis, VSMC proliferation, and neointima formation, all of which were reduced by MMP13 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS FOXO3a activation induces VSMC apoptosis and extracellular matrix breakdown, in part, because of transcriptional activation of MMP13. FOXO3a activation promotes atherosclerosis and medial degeneration and increases neointima after injury that is partly dependent on MMP13. FOXO3a-induced MMP activation represents a direct mechanistic link between VSMC apoptosis and matrix breakdown in vascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Matrix/enzymology
- Extracellular Matrix/pathology
- Fibrosis
- Forkhead Box Protein O3/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein O3/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Necrosis
- Rats, Wistar
- Signal Transduction
- Transcriptional Activation
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Yu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (H.Y., A.F., K.F., N.F., M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (T.L.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Adam Fellows
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (H.Y., A.F., K.F., N.F., M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (T.L.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Kirsty Foote
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (H.Y., A.F., K.F., N.F., M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (T.L.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (H.Y., A.F., K.F., N.F., M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (T.L.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Nichola Figg
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (H.Y., A.F., K.F., N.F., M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (T.L.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Trevor Littlewood
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (H.Y., A.F., K.F., N.F., M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (T.L.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Martin Bennett
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (H.Y., A.F., K.F., N.F., M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (T.L.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (Z.Y.).
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12
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Wang X, Khalil RA. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Vascular Remodeling, and Vascular Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 81:241-330. [PMID: 29310800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically, MMPs have a propeptide sequence, a catalytic metalloproteinase domain with catalytic zinc, a hinge region or linker peptide, and a hemopexin domain. MMPs are commonly classified on the basis of their substrates and the organization of their structural domains into collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs, and other MMPs. MMPs are secreted by many cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and leukocytes. MMPs are regulated at the level of mRNA expression and by activation through removal of the propeptide domain from their latent zymogen form. MMPs are often secreted in an inactive proMMP form, which is cleaved to the active form by various proteinases including other MMPs. MMPs degrade various protein substrates in ECM including collagen and elastin. MMPs could also influence endothelial cell function as well as VSM cell migration, proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, and contraction. MMPs play a role in vascular tissue remodeling during various biological processes such as angiogenesis, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair. Alterations in specific MMPs could influence arterial remodeling and lead to various pathological disorders such as hypertension, preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, as well as excessive venous dilation and lower extremity venous disease. MMPs are often regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio often determines the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. MMPs may serve as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for certain vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Mao Z, Gan C, Zhu J, Ma N, Wu L, Wang L, Wang X. Anti-atherosclerotic activities of flavonoids from the flowers of Helichrysum arenarium L. MOENCH through the pathway of anti-inflammation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2812-2817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Qian Z, Ren L, Wu D, Yang X, Zhou Z, Nie Q, Jiang G, Xue S, Weng W, Qiu Y, Lin Y. Overexpression of FoxO3a is associated with glioblastoma progression and predicts poor patient prognosis. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2792-2804. [PMID: 28295288 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factor FoxO3a has been reported to have ambiguous functions and distinct mechanisms in various solid tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM). Although a preliminary analysis of a small sample of patients indicated that FoxO3a aberrations in glioma might be related to aggressive clinical behavior, the clinical significance of FoxO3a in glioblastoma remains unclear. We investigated the expression of FoxO3a in a cohort of 91 glioblastoma specimens and analyzed the correlations of protein expression with patient prognosis. Furthermore, the functional impact of FoxO3a on GBM progression and the underlying mechanisms of FoxO3a regulation were explored in a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. FoxO3a expression was elevated in glioblastoma tissues, and high nuclear FoxO3a expression in human GBM tissues was associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, knockdown of FoxO3a significantly reduced the colony formation and invasion ability of GBM cells, whereas overexpression of FoxO3a promoted the colony formation and invasion ability. The results of in vivo GBM models further confirmed that FoxO3a knockdown inhibited GBM progression. More, the pro-oncogenic effects of FoxO3a in GBM were mediated by the activation of c-Myc, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) and Beclin1 in a mixed-lineage leukemia 2 (MLL2)-dependent manner. These findings suggest that high FoxO3a expression is associated with glioblastoma progression and that FoxO3a independently indicates poor prognosis in patients. FoxO3a might be a novel prognostic biomarker or a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrun Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingchang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Longyan First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanmin Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuanglin Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longyan First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Weiji Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Biochemical and Biological Attributes of Matrix Metalloproteinases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 147:1-73. [PMID: 28413025 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 694] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are involved in the degradation of various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically, MMPs have a propeptide sequence, a catalytic metalloproteinase domain with catalytic zinc, a hinge region or linker peptide, and a hemopexin domain. MMPs are commonly classified on the basis of their substrates and the organization of their structural domains into collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs, and other MMPs. MMPs are secreted by many cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and leukocytes. MMPs are regulated at the level of mRNA expression and by activation of their latent zymogen form. MMPs are often secreted as inactive pro-MMP form which is cleaved to the active form by various proteinases including other MMPs. MMPs cause degradation of ECM proteins such as collagen and elastin, but could influence endothelial cell function as well as VSM cell migration, proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, and contraction. MMPs play a role in tissue remodeling during various physiological processes such as angiogenesis, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair, as well as in pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction, fibrotic disorders, osteoarthritis, and cancer. Increases in specific MMPs could play a role in arterial remodeling, aneurysm formation, venous dilation, and lower extremity venous disorders. MMPs also play a major role in leukocyte infiltration and tissue inflammation. MMPs have been detected in cancer, and elevated MMP levels have been associated with tumor progression and invasiveness. MMPs can be regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio often determines the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. MMPs have been proposed as biomarkers for numerous pathological conditions and are being examined as potential therapeutic targets in various cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders as well as cancer.
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Chen Y, Peng W, Raffetto JD, Khalil RA. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Remodeling of Lower Extremity Veins and Chronic Venous Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 147:267-299. [PMID: 28413031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The veins of the lower extremity are equipped with efficient wall, contractile vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and competent valves in order to withstand the high venous hydrostatic pressure in the lower limb and allow unidirectional movement of deoxygenated blood toward the heart. The vein wall structure and function are in part regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are secreted as inactive pro-MMPs by different cells in the venous wall including fibroblasts, VSM, and leukocytes. Pro-MMPs are activated by other MMPs, proteinases, and other endogenous and exogenous activators. MMPs degrade various extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including collagen and elastin, and could affect other cellular processes including endothelium-mediated dilation, VSM cell migration, and proliferation as well as modulation of Ca2+ signaling and contraction in VSM. It is thought that increased lower limb venous hydrostatic pressure increases hypoxia-inducible factors and other MMP inducers such as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, leading to increased MMP expression/activity, ECM protein degradation, vein wall relaxation, and venous dilation. Vein wall inflammation and leukocyte infiltration cause additional increases in MMPs, and further vein wall dilation and valve degradation, that could lead to chronic venous disease and varicose veins (VVs). VVs are often presented as vein wall dilation and tortuosity, incompetent venous valves, and venous reflux. Different regions of VVs show different MMP levels and ECM proteins with atrophic regions showing high MMP levels/activity and little ECM compared to hypertrophic regions with little or inactive MMPs and abundant ECM. Treatment of VVs includes compression stockings, venotonics, sclerotherapy, or surgical removal. However, these approaches do not treat the cause of VVs, and other lines of treatment may be needed. Modulation of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and exogenous synthetic MMP inhibitors may provide new approaches in the management of VVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Chen
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wei Peng
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph D Raffetto
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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MacColl E, Khalil RA. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Regulators of Vein Structure and Function: Implications in Chronic Venous Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:410-28. [PMID: 26319699 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.227330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower-extremity veins have efficient wall structure and function and competent valves that permit upward movement of deoxygenated blood toward the heart against hydrostatic venous pressure. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in maintaining vein wall structure and function. MMPs are zinc-binding endopeptidases secreted as inactive pro-MMPs by fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and leukocytes. Pro-MMPs are activated by various activators including other MMPs and proteinases. MMPs cause degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen and elastin, and could have additional effects on the endothelium, as well as VSM cell migration, proliferation, Ca(2+) signaling, and contraction. Increased lower-extremity hydrostatic venous pressure is thought to induce hypoxia-inducible factors and other MMP inducers/activators such as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, prostanoids, chymase, and hormones, leading to increased MMP expression/activity, ECM degradation, VSM relaxation, and venous dilation. Leukocyte infiltration and inflammation of the vein wall cause further increases in MMPs, vein wall dilation, valve degradation, and different clinical stages of chronic venous disease (CVD), including varicose veins (VVs). VVs are characterized by ECM imbalance, incompetent valves, venous reflux, wall dilation, and tortuosity. VVs often show increased MMP levels, but may show no change or decreased levels, depending on the VV region (atrophic regions with little ECM versus hypertrophic regions with abundant ECM) and MMP form (inactive pro-MMP versus active MMP). Management of VVs includes compression stockings, venotonics, and surgical obliteration or removal. Because these approaches do not treat the causes of VVs, alternative methods are being developed. In addition to endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs, synthetic MMP inhibitors have been developed, and their effects in the treatment of VVs need to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth MacColl
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Poulsen RC, Carr AJ, Hulley PA. Cell proliferation is a key determinant of the outcome of FOXO3a activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:78-84. [PMID: 25935481 PMCID: PMC4449364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The FOXO family of forkhead transcription factors have a pivotal role in determining cell fate in response to oxidative stress. FOXO activity can either promote cell survival or induce cell death. Increased FOXO-mediated cell death has been implicated in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases affecting musculoskeletal tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the conditions under which one member of the FOXO family, FOXO3a, promotes cell survival as opposed to cell death. Treatment of primary human tenocytes with 1 pM hydrogen peroxide for 18 h resulted in increased protein levels of FOXO3a. In peroxide-treated cells cultured in low serum media, FOXO3a inhibited cell proliferation and protected against apoptosis. However in peroxide treated cells cultured in high serum media, cell proliferation was unchanged but level of apoptosis significantly increased. Similarly, in tenocytes transduced to over-express FOXO3a, cell proliferation was inhibited and level of apoptosis unchanged in cells cultured in low serum. However there was a robust increase in cell death in FOXO3a-expressing cells cultured in high serum. Inhibition of cell proliferation in either peroxide-treated or FOXO3a-expressing cells cultured in high serum protected against apoptosis induction. Conversely, addition of a Chk2 inhibitor to peroxide-treated or FOXO3a-expressing cells overrode the inhibitory effect of FOXO3a on cell proliferation and led to increased apoptosis in cells cultured in low serum. This study demonstrates that proliferating cells may be particularly susceptible to the apoptosis-inducing actions of FOXO3a. Inhibition of cell proliferation by FOXO3a may be a critical event in allowing the pro-survival rather than the pro-apoptotic activity of FOXO3a to prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raewyn C. Poulsen
- Corresponding author. Present address: College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand. Fax: +64 6 3505657.
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19
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Li F, Qu H, Cao HC, Li MH, Chen C, Chen XF, Yu B, Yu L, Zheng LM, Zhang W. Both FOXO3a and FOXO1 are involved in the HGF-protective pathway against apoptosis in endothelial cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1131-7. [PMID: 25952685 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Biomedical Research Institute; Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Huan Qu
- Department of Cardiovascularology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Heng-Chang Cao
- Department of Emergency Surgery; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Mei-Hong Li
- Department of Cardiovascularology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascularology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Fan Chen
- Biomedical Research Institute; Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Dermatology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of obstetrics and gynaecology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Le-Min Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Peking University; Peking China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biomedical Research Institute; Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Department of Dermatology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
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20
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Glutathione suppresses cerebral infarct volume and cell death after ischemic injury: involvement of FOXO3 inactivation and Bcl2 expression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:426069. [PMID: 25722793 PMCID: PMC4334940 DOI: 10.1155/2015/426069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke interrupts the flow of blood to the brain and subsequently results in cerebral infarction and neuronal cell death, leading to severe pathophysiology. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant with cellular protective functions, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging in the brain. In addition, GSH is involved in various cellular survival pathways in response to oxidative stress. In the present study, we examined whether GSH reduces cerebral infarct size after middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo and the signaling mechanisms involved in the promotion of cell survival after GSH treatment under ischemia/reperfusion conditions in vitro. To determine whether GSH reduces the extent of cerebral infarction, cell death after ischemia, and reperfusion injury, we measured infarct size in ischemic brain tissue and the expression of claudin-5 associated with brain infarct formation. We also examined activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, inactivation of FOXO3, and expression of Bcl2 to assess the role of GSH in promoting cell survival in response to ischemic injury. Based on our results, we suggest that GSH might improve the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke by attenuating cerebral infarction and cell death.
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Sobolesky PM, Halushka PV, Garrett-Mayer E, Smith MT, Moussa O. Regulation of the tumor suppressor FOXO3 by the thromboxane-A2 receptors in urothelial cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107530. [PMID: 25202904 PMCID: PMC4159332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXO3 is a well-established tumor suppressor whose activity, stability, and localization are regulated by phosphorylation and acetylation. Previous data by our laboratory demonstrated amplified thromboxane-A2 signaling was associated with poor prognoses in bladder cancer patients and overexpression of the thromboxane-A2 isoform-β receptor (TPβ), but not TPα, induced malignant transformation of immortalized bladder cells in vivo. Here, we describe a mechanism of TP mediated modulation of FOXO3 activity and localization by phosphorylation and deacetylation in a bladder cancer cell model. In vitro gain and loss of function studies performed in non-transformed cell lines, UROsta and SV-HUC, revealed knockdown of FOXO3 expression by shRNA increased cell migration and invasion, while exogenously overexpressing TPβ raised basal phosphorylated (p)FOXO3-S294 levels. Conversely, overexpression of ERK-resistant, mutant FOXO3 reduced increases in UMUC3 cell migration and invasion, including that mediated by TP agonist (U46619). Additionally, stimulation of UMUC3 cells with U46619 increased pFOXO3-S294 expression, which could be attenuated by treatment with a TP antagonist (PTXA2) or ERK inhibitor (U0126). Initially U46619 caused nuclear accumulation of pFOXO3-S294; however, prolonged stimulation increased FOXO3 cytoplasmic localization. U46619 stimulation decreased overall FOXO3 transcriptional activity, but was associated with increased expression of its pro-survival target, manganese superoxide dismutase. The data also shows that TP stimulation increased the expression of the histone deacetylase, SIRT1, and corresponded with decreased acetylated-FOXO3. Collectively, the data suggest a role for TP signaling in the regulation of FOXO3 activity, mediated in part through phosphorylation and deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Sobolesky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Perry V Halushka
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America; Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael T Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Omar Moussa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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Hyun SW, Jung YS. Hypoxia induces FoxO3a-mediated dysfunction of blood-brain barrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1638-42. [PMID: 25044111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead box O 3a (FoxO3a), a transcription factor, is known to be involve in change of endothelial permeability. During hypoxia, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is increased through degradation of vascular endothelium cadherin (VE-cadherin) and clsudin-5. The hypoxia also increased mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3/9 and promoted translocation of FoxO3a into nucleus in endothelial cells. However, little is known about the role of FoxO3a in hypoxia-induced BBB hyperpermeability. Here, we examined whether FoxO3a regulates hypoxia-induced BBB permeability through induction of MMPs. The transfection of siFoxO3a suppressed hypoxia-induced BBB hyperpermeability. The transfection of siFoxO3a also inhibited hypoxia-induced degradation of VE-cadherin and claudin-5. In addition, the transfection of siFoxO3a reduced hypoxia-induced increase of MMP-3 mRNA levels. However, transfection of siFoxO3a did not inhibits transcription of MMP-9 induced by hypoxia. Taken together, our findings suggest that FoxO3a is involved in hypoxia-induced degradation of VE-cadherin and claudin-5 through induction of MMPs indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Yao H, Hwang JW, Sundar IK, Friedman AE, McBurney MW, Guarente L, Gu W, Kinnula VL, Rahman I. SIRT1 redresses the imbalance of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the development of mouse emphysema and human COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L615-24. [PMID: 24039251 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00249.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a protein/histone deacetylase, protects against the development of pulmonary emphysema. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this observation remain elusive. The imbalance of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs)/matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema. We hypothesized that SIRT1 protects against emphysema by redressing the imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs. To test this hypothesis, SIRT1-deficient and overexpressing/transgenic mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). The protein level and activity of MMP-9 were increased in lungs of SIRT1-deficient mice exposed to CS compared with wild-type (WT) littermates, and these effects were attenuated by SIRT1 overexpression. SIRT1 deficiency decreased the level of TIMP-1, which was augmented in SIRT1 transgenic mice compared with WT littermates by CS. However, the level of MMP-2, MMP-12, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, or TIMP-4 was not altered by SIRT1 in response to CS exposure. SIRT1 reduction was associated with imbalance of TIMP-1 and MMP-9 in lungs of smokers and COPD patients. Mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that TIMP-1 acetylation on specific lysine residues was increased, whereas its interaction with SIRT1 and MMP-9 was reduced in mouse lungs with emphysema, as well as in lungs of smokers and COPD patients. SIRT1 deficiency increased CS-induced TIMP-1 acetylation, and these effects were attenuated by SIRT1 overexpression. These results suggest that SIRT1 protects against COPD/emphysema, in part, via redressing the TIMP-1/MMP-9 imbalance involving TIMP-1 deacetylation. Thus redressing the TIMP-1/MMP-9 imbalance by pharmacological activation of SIRT1 is an attractive approach in the intervention of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine, Univ. of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642.
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Shen YH, Zhang L, Ren P, Nguyen MT, Zou S, Wu D, Wang XL, Coselli JS, LeMaire SA. AKT2 confers protection against aortic aneurysms and dissections. Circ Res 2012; 112:618-32. [PMID: 23250987 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) are major diseases of the adult aorta caused by progressive medial degeneration of the aortic wall. Although the overproduction of destructive factors promotes tissue damage and disease progression, the role of protective pathways is unknown. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the role of AKT2 in protecting the aorta from developing AAD. METHODS AND RESULTS AKT2 and phospho-AKT levels were significantly downregulated in human thoracic AAD tissues, especially within the degenerative medial layer. Akt2-deficient mice showed abnormal elastic fibers and reduced medial thickness in the aortic wall. When challenged with angiotensin II, these mice developed aortic aneurysm, dissection, and rupture with features similar to those in humans, in both thoracic and abdominal segments. Aortas from Akt2-deficient mice displayed profound tissue destruction, apoptotic cell death, and inflammatory cell infiltration that were not observed in aortas from wild-type mice. In addition, angiotensin II-infused Akt2-deficient mice showed significantly elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and reduced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). In cultured human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, AKT2 inhibited the expression of MMP-9 and stimulated the expression of TIMP-1 by preventing the binding of transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 to the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 promoters. CONCLUSIONS Impaired AKT2 signaling may contribute to increased susceptibility to the development of AAD. Our findings provide evidence of a mechanism that underlies the protective effects of AKT2 on the aortic wall and that may serve as a therapeutic target in the prevention of AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lee HY, Youn SW, Cho HJ, Kwon YW, Lee SW, Kim SJ, Park YB, Oh BH, Kim HS. FOXO1 impairs whereas statin protects endothelial function in diabetes through reciprocal regulation of Krüppel-like factor 2. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:143-52. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Koo HY, Kume T. FoxC1-dependent regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in corneal avascularity. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 23:1-4. [PMID: 22939989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial process whereby new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels, and it occurs under both normal and pathophysiological conditions. The process is precisely regulated through the balance between proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic mechanisms, and many of these mechanisms have been well-characterized through extensive research. However, little is known about how angiogenesis is regulated at the transcriptional level. We have recently shown that deletion of the Forkhead box (Fox) transcription factor Foxc1 in cells of neural crest (NC) lineage leads to aberrant vessel growth in the normally avascular corneas of mice, and that the effect is cell type-specific because the corneas of mice lacking Foxc1 expression in vascular endothelial cells remained avascular. The NC-specific Foxc1 deletion was also associated with elevated levels of both proangiogenic factors, such as the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-19 and the angiogenic inhibitor soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1). Thus, FoxC1 appears to control angiogenesis by regulating two distinct and opposing mechanisms; if so, vascular development could be determined, at least in part, by a competitive balance between proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic FoxC1-regulated pathways. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which FoxC1 regulates vessel growth and discuss how these observations could contribute to a more complete understanding of the role of FoxC1 in pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Koo
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as investigative tools in the pathogenesis and management of vascular disease. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 103:209-79. [PMID: 22642194 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0364-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs could also regulate the activity of several non-ECM bioactive substrates and consequently affect different cellular functions. Members of the MMPs family include collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and others. Pro-MMPs are cleaved into active MMPs, which in turn act on various substrates in the ECM and on the cell surface. MMPs play an important role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. MMPs may also be involved in vascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and varicose veins. MMPs also play a role in the hemodynamic and vascular changes associated with pregnancy and preeclampsia. The role of MMPs is commonly assessed by measuring their gene expression, protein amount, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. Because there are no specific activators of MMPs, MMP inhibitors are often used to investigate the role of MMPs in different physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of specific diseases. MMP inhibitors include endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and pharmacological inhibitors such as zinc chelators, doxycycline, and marimastat. MMP inhibitors have been evaluated as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cancer, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease. Although several MMP inhibitors have been synthesized and tested both experimentally and clinically, only one MMP inhibitor, i.e., doxycycline, is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This is mainly due to the undesirable side effects of MMP inhibitors especially on the musculoskeletal system. While most experimental and clinical trials of MMP inhibitors have not demonstrated significant benefits, some trials still showed promising results. With the advent of new genetic and pharmacological tools, disease-specific MMP inhibitors with fewer undesirable effects are being developed and could be useful in the management of vascular disease.
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Zhou RH, Vendrov AE, Tchivilev I, Niu XL, Molnar KC, Rojas M, Carter JD, Tong H, Stouffer GA, Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aortic stiffening with age: the role of smooth muscle cell function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:745-55. [PMID: 22199367 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.243121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age-related aortic stiffness is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although oxidative stress is implicated in aortic stiffness, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unelucidated. Here, we examined the source of oxidative stress in aging and its effect on smooth muscle cell (SMC) function and aortic compliance using mutant mouse models. METHODS AND RESULTS Pulse wave velocity, determined using Doppler, increased with age in superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2)+/- but not in wild-type, p47phox-/- and SOD1+/- mice. Echocardiography showed impaired cardiac function in these mice. Increased collagen I expression, impaired elastic lamellae integrity, and increased medial SMC apoptosis were observed in the aortic wall of aged SOD2+/- versus wild-type (16-month-old) mice. Aortic SMCs from aged SOD2+/- mice showed increased collagen I and decreased elastin expression, increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activity, and increased sensitivity to staurosporine-induced apoptosis versus aged wild-type and young (4-month-old) SOD2+/- mice. Smooth muscle α-actin levels were increased with age in SOD2+/- versus wild-type SMCs. Aged SOD2+/- SMCs had attenuated insulin-like growth factor-1-induced Akt and Forkhead box O3a phosphorylation and prolonged tumor necrosis factor-α-induced Jun N-terminal kinase 1 activation. Aged SOD2+/- SMCs had increased mitochondrial superoxide but decreased hydrogen peroxide levels. Finally, dominant-negative Forkhead box O3a overexpression attenuated staurosporine-induced apoptosis in aged SOD2+/- SMCs. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial oxidative stress over a lifetime causes aortic stiffening, in part by inducing vascular wall remodeling, intrinsic changes in SMC stiffness, and aortic SMC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hai Zhou
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, 125 MacNaider Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7005, USA
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Diebold I, Petry A, Burger M, Hess J, Görlach A. NOX4 mediates activation of FoxO3a and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by urotensin-II. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:4424-34. [PMID: 21965295 PMCID: PMC3216667 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-12-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identified matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) as a novel target gene of Forkhead box O transcription factor FoxO3a in the response to urotensin-II and the NADPH oxidase NOX4 and showed that FoxO3a activated by this pathway promotes vascular growth in vitro and in vivo. The vasoactive peptide urotensin-II (U-II) has been associated with vascular remodeling in different cardiovascular disorders. Although U-II can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the NADPH oxidase NOX4 and stimulate smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, the precise mechanisms linking U-II to vascular remodeling processes remain unclear. Forkhead Box O (FoxO) transcription factors have been associated with redox signaling and control of proliferation and apoptosis. We thus hypothesized that FoxOs are involved in the SMC response toward U-II and NOX4. We found that U-II and NOX4 stimulated FoxO activity and identified matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) as target gene of FoxO3a. FoxO3a activation by U-II was preceded by NOX4-dependent phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and 14-3-3 and decreased interaction of FoxO3a with its inhibitor 14-3-3, allowing MMP2 transcription. Functional studies in FoxO3a-depleted SMCs and in FoxO3a–/– mice showed that FoxO3a was important for basal and U-II–stimulated proliferation and vascular outgrowth, whereas treatment with an MMP2 inhibitor blocked these responses. Our study identified U-II and NOX4 as new activators of FoxO3a, and MMP2 as a novel target gene of FoxO3a, and showed that activation of FoxO3a by this pathway promotes vascular growth. FoxO3a may thus contribute to progression of cardiovascular diseases associated with vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Diebold
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
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Laatikainen LE, Incoronato M, Castellone MD, Laurila JP, Santoro M, Laukkanen MO. SOD3 decreases ischemic injury derived apoptosis through phosphorylation of Erk1/2, Akt, and FoxO3a. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24456. [PMID: 21909393 PMCID: PMC3164207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), which dismutates superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide, has been shown to reduce the free radical stress derived apoptosis in tissue injuries. Since both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide have a marked impact on signal transduction pathways and could potentially explain a number of apoptosis and survival -related phenomena in different pathological conditions, we clarified the impact of SOD3 on Akt and Erk1/2 cell survival pathways in rat hind limb injury model. Methodology and Principal Findings Based on our data, the hind limb ischemic rats treated with virally delivered sod3 have milder injury and less apoptosis than control animals that could be due to parallel activation of pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic Erk1/2 and Akt pathways. The common downstream factor of both signaling pathways, the apoptosis related forkhead box protein O3a (FoxO3a), was phosphorylated and translocated to the cytoplasm in sod3 treated tissues and cell line. Additionally, we obtained increased mRNA production of elk-1, ets-1, and microRNA 21 (miR-21), whereas synthesis of bim mRNA was decreased in sod3 overexpressing tissues. We further showed that overexpression of sod3 modulated redox related gene expression by downregulating nox2 and inos when compared to injured control animals. Conclusions and Significance The study shows the complexity of SOD3-derived effects on tissue injury recovery that are not limited to the reduction of superoxide anion caused cellular stress but highlights the impact of SOD3 related signal transduction on tissue functions and suggests an important role for SOD3 in attenuating cell stress effects in different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Domenica Castellone
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Juha P. Laurila
- University of Turku, Medicity Research Laboratory, Turku, Finland
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mikko O. Laukkanen
- University of Turku, Medicity Research Laboratory, Turku, Finland
- Fondazione IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Lappas M, Lim R, Riley C, Menon R, Permezel M. Expression and localisation of FoxO3 and FoxO4 in human placenta and fetal membranes. Placenta 2010; 31:1043-50. [PMID: 20934750 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FoxO) proteins regulate inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and apoptosis. We have previously identified FoxO1 proteins in human gestational tissues, and demonstrated a link between FoxO1 and rupture of fetal membranes. There is, however, no data available on the expression and localisation of FoxO3 and FoxO4 in human intrauterine tissues. Thus the aim of this study was to characterise the localisation and expression of FoxO3 and FoxO4 in (i) human placenta and fetal membranes before term spontaneous labour onset, and (ii) supracervical site (SCS) and distal site (DS) fetal membranes from non-labouring women. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to localise and quantitate FoxO3 and FoxO4 protein and mRNA expressions. Cytoplasmic and nuclear FoxO3 was localised in the syncytiotrophoblast layer, chorionic trophoblasts, amnion epithelium and decidua. Cytoplasmic FoxO4 was localised in the syncytiotrophoblasts and chorionic trophoblasts. No or very little FoxO4 protein and mRNA was present in amnion epithelium. The intensity and extent of staining of FoxO3 and FoxO4 was greater in fetal membranes obtained from the SCS compared to DS. Presence of FoxO3 and FoxO4 are expected to contribute to apoptosis and/or cell cycle regulation associated with fetal membrane rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lappas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital forWomen, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg 3084,Victoria, Australia.
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Stimulation of Sirt1-regulated FoxO protein function by the ligand-bound vitamin D receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:4890-900. [PMID: 20733005 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00180-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), signals through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR). 1,25D regulates cell proliferation and differentiation and has been identified as a cancer chemopreventive agent. FoxO proteins are transcription factors that control cell proliferation and survival. They function as tumor suppressors and are associated with longevity in several organisms. Accumulating data have revealed that 1,25D and FoxO proteins regulate similarly common target genes. We show here that the ligand-bound VDR regulates the posttranslational modification and function of FoxO proteins. 1,25D treatment enhances binding of FoxO3a and FoxO4 within 4 h to promoters of FoxO target genes and blocks mitogen-induced FoxO protein nuclear export. The VDR associates directly with FoxO proteins and regulators, the sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) class III histone deacetylase (HDAC), and protein phosphatase 1. In addition, phosphatase activity and trichostatin A-resistant HDAC activity coimmunoprecipitate with the VDR. 1,25D treatment rapidly (in <4 h) induces FoxO deacetylation and dephosphorylation, consistent with activation. In contrast, ablation of VDR expression enhances FoxO3a phosphorylation, as does knockdown of Sirt1, consistent with the coupling of FoxO acetylation and phosphorylation. 1,25D regulation of common VDR/FoxO target genes is attenuated by blockade of phosphatase activity or by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Sirt1 or FoxO protein expression. Finally, 1,25D-dependent cell cycle arrest is blocked in FoxO3a-deficient cells, indicating that FoxO proteins are key downstream mediators of the antiproliferative actions of 1,25D. These studies link 1,25D signaling through the VDR directly to Sirt1 and FoxO function and provide a molecular basis for the cancer chemopreventive actions of 1,25D.
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Wang P, Xue Y, Shang X, Liu Y. Diphtheria Toxin Mutant CRM197-Mediated Transcytosis across Blood–Brain Barrier In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:717-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kandasamy AD, Chow AK, Ali MAM, Schulz R. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and myocardial oxidative stress injury: beyond the matrix. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:413-23. [PMID: 19656780 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 belongs to a family of zinc-dependent proteases which are best known for their ability to proteolyse extracellular matrix proteins throughout the body, including the cardiovascular system. Increased MMP-2 activity has been demonstrated in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion injury and the progression to congestive heart failure, with most evidence to date for its role in cardiac remodelling. Recent evidence, however, shows that MMP-2 also co-localizes with and proteolyses specific protein targets within the cardiomyocyte to cause acute, reversible contractile dysfunction, challenging the conventional wisdom on the 'extracellular matrix only' actions of this enzyme. In this review, we discuss the recent upsurge in MMP-2 research with regards to its activation by non-proteolytic pathways in the setting of enhanced oxidative stress in the heart. We will focus on the consequences of intracellular actions of MMP-2 within the cardiomyocyte and its regulation at several levels including its expression, post-translational modifications, and regulation by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, caveolin, and small molecule MMP inhibitors. MMP-2 is emerging as an important signalling protease implicated in the proteolytic regulation of various intracellular proteins in myocardial oxidative stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arulmozhi D Kandasamy
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, 4-62 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2
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Ganopolsky JG, Abid MR, Aird WC, Blostein MD. GAS6-induced signaling in human endothelial cells is mediated by FOXO1a. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1804-11. [PMID: 18680538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth Arrest Specific gene product 6 (gas6) is a gamma-carboxylated protein that protects endothelial cells against apoptosis. Gas6 has previously been shown to induce phospatidyl-3-inositol-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling. Other studies have demonstrated a link between PI3K/Akt signaling and forkhead transcription factors in endothelial cells. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that gas6 promotes cell survival via a forkhead-dependent pathway. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Treatment of serum-starved human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with gas6 induced time-dependent phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of FOXO1a. This effect was suppressed by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, demonstrating that FOXO1a phosphorylation is PI3-kinase dependent. Transduction of HUVECs with a phosphorylation-resistant form of FOXO1a [triple mutant (TM)-FOXO1a] abrogated the pro-survival effect of gas6 on serum-starved endothelial cells. Finally, treatment of serum-starved HUVECs with gas6 resulted in a reduction of FOXO1a transcriptional activity and downregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene, p27(kip1). Taken together, these findings suggest that gas6 protects endothelial cells from apoptosis by a mechanism that involves PI3K-Akt-dependent inactivation of FOXO1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Ganopolsky
- The Lady Davis Institute, Sir Mortimer Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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