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Montfort WR. Per-ARNT-Sim Domains in Nitric Oxide Signaling by Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168235. [PMID: 37572934 PMCID: PMC10858291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates large swaths of animal physiology including wound healing, vasodilation, memory formation, odor detection, sexual function, and response to infectious disease. The primary NO receptor is soluble guanyly/guanylate cyclase (sGC), a dimeric protein of ∼150 kDa that detects NO through a ferrous heme, leading to a large change in conformation and enhanced production of cGMP from GTP. In humans, loss of sGC function contributes to multiple disease states, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and is the target of a new class of drugs, sGC stimulators, now in clinical use. sGC evolved through the fusion of four ancient domains, a heme nitric oxide / oxygen (H-NOX) domain, a Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domain, a coiled coil, and a cyclase domain, with catalysis occurring at the interface of the two cyclase domains. In animals, the predominant dimer is the α1β1 heterodimer, with the α1 subunit formed through gene duplication of the β1 subunit. The PAS domain provides an extensive dimer interface that remains unchanged during sGC activation, acting as a core anchor. A large cleft formed at the PAS-PAS dimer interface tightly binds the N-terminal end of the coiled coil, keeping this region intact and unchanged while the rest of the coiled coil repacks, and the other domains reposition. This interface buries ∼3000 Å2 of monomer surface and includes highly conserved apolar and hydrogen bonding residues. Herein, we discuss the evolutionary history of sGC, describe the role of PAS domains in sGC function, and explore the regulatory factors affecting sGC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Montfort
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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2
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Mangmool S, Duangrat R, Parichatikanond W, Kurose H. New Therapeutics for Heart Failure: Focusing on cGMP Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12866. [PMID: 37629047 PMCID: PMC10454066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Current drugs for treating heart failure (HF), for example, angiotensin II receptor blockers and β-blockers, possess specific target molecules involved in the regulation of the cardiac circulatory system. However, most clinically approved drugs are effective in the treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Novel drug classes, including angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blocker, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulator/activator, and cardiac myosin activator, have recently been introduced for HF intervention based on their proposed novel mechanisms. SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to be effective not only for HFrEF but also for HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In the myocardium, excess cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulation has detrimental effects on HFrEF, whereas cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling inhibits cAMP-mediated responses. Thus, molecules participating in cGMP signaling are promising targets of novel drugs for HF. In this review, we summarize molecular pathways of cGMP signaling and clinical trials of emerging drug classes targeting cGMP signaling in the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Ratchanee Duangrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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3
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Sharina I, Martin E. Cellular Factors That Shape the Activity or Function of Nitric Oxide-Stimulated Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase. Cells 2023; 12:471. [PMID: 36766813 PMCID: PMC9914232 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NO-stimulated guanylyl cyclase (SGC) is a hemoprotein that plays key roles in various physiological functions. SGC is a typical enzyme-linked receptor that combines the functions of a sensor for NO gas and cGMP generator. SGC possesses exclusive selectivity for NO and exhibits a very fast binding of NO, which allows it to function as a sensitive NO receptor. This review describes the effect of various cellular factors, such as additional NO, cell thiols, cell-derived small molecules and proteins on the function of SGC as cellular NO receptor. Due to its vital physiological function SGC is an important drug target. An increasing number of synthetic compounds that affect SGC activity via different mechanisms are discovered and brought to clinical trials and clinics. Cellular factors modifying the activity of SGC constitute an opportunity for improving the effectiveness of existing SGC-directed drugs and/or the creation of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emil Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, The University of Texas—McGovern Medical School, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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4
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Jehle A, Garaschuk O. The Interplay between cGMP and Calcium Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137048. [PMID: 35806059 PMCID: PMC9266933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger and a key molecule in many important signaling cascades in the body and brain, including phototransduction, olfaction, vasodilation, and functional hyperemia. Additionally, cGMP is involved in long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of learning and memory, and recent studies have identified the cGMP-increasing drug Sildenafil as a potential risk modifier in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD development is accompanied by a net increase in the expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthases but a decreased activity of soluble guanylate cyclases, so the exact sign and extent of AD-mediated imbalance remain unclear. Moreover, human patients and mouse models of the disease present with entangled deregulation of both cGMP and Ca2+ signaling, e.g., causing changes in cGMP-mediated Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores as well as Ca2+-mediated cGMP production. Still, the mechanisms governing such interplay are poorly understood. Here, we review the recent data on mechanisms underlying the brain cGMP signaling and its interconnection with Ca2+ signaling. We also discuss the recent evidence stressing the importance of such interplay for normal brain function as well as in Alzheimer’s disease.
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5
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Nofal SD, Patel A, Blackman MJ, Flueck C, Baker DA. Plasmodium falciparum Guanylyl Cyclase-Alpha and the Activity of Its Appended P4-ATPase Domain Are Essential for cGMP Synthesis and Blood-Stage Egress. mBio 2021; 12:e02694-20. [PMID: 33500341 PMCID: PMC7858053 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02694-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylyl cyclases (GCs) synthesize cyclic GMP (cGMP) and, together with cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, are responsible for regulating levels of this intracellular messenger which mediates myriad functions across eukaryotes. In malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp), as well as their apicomplexan and ciliate relatives, GCs are associated with a P4-ATPase-like domain in a unique bifunctional configuration. P4-ATPases generate membrane bilayer lipid asymmetry by translocating phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet. Here, we investigate the role of Plasmodium falciparum guanylyl cyclase alpha (GCα) and its associated P4-ATPase module, showing that asexual blood-stage parasites lacking both the cyclase and P4-ATPase domains are unable to egress from host erythrocytes. GCα-null parasites cannot synthesize cGMP or mobilize calcium, a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)-driven requirement for egress. Using chemical complementation with a cGMP analogue and point mutagenesis of a crucial conserved residue within the P4-ATPase domain, we show that P4-ATPase activity is upstream of and linked to cGMP synthesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GCα is a critical regulator of PKG and that its associated P4-ATPase domain plays a primary role in generating cGMP for merozoite egress.IMPORTANCE The clinical manifestations of malaria arise due to successive rounds of replication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells. Once mature, daughter merozoites are released from infected erythrocytes to invade new cells in a tightly regulated process termed egress. Previous studies have shown that the activation of cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling is critical for initiating egress. Here, we demonstrate that GCα, a unique bifunctional enzyme, is the sole enzyme responsible for cGMP production during the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum and is required for the cellular events leading up to merozoite egress. We further demonstrate that in addition to the GC domain, the appended ATPase-like domain of GCα is also involved in cGMP production. Our results highlight the critical role of GCα in cGMP signaling required for orchestrating malaria parasite egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Nofal
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avnish Patel
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Blackman
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Flueck
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Baker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Dao VTV, Elbatreek MH, Deile M, Nedvetsky PI, Güldner A, Ibarra-Alvarado C, Gödecke A, Schmidt HHHW. Non-canonical chemical feedback self-limits nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling in health and disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10012. [PMID: 32561822 PMCID: PMC7305106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling is a vasoprotective pathway therapeutically targeted, for example, in pulmonary hypertension. Its dysregulation in disease is incompletely understood. Here we show in pulmonary artery endothelial cells that feedback inhibition by NO of the NO receptor, the cGMP forming soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), may contribute to this. Both endogenous NO from endothelial NO synthase and exogenous NO from NO donor compounds decreased sGC protein and activity. This effect was not mediated by cGMP as the NO-independent sGC stimulator, or direct activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase did not mimic it. Thiol-sensitive mechanisms were also not involved as the thiol-reducing agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine did not prevent this feedback. Instead, both in-vitro and in-vivo and in health and acute respiratory lung disease, chronically elevated NO led to the inactivation and degradation of sGC while leaving the heme-free isoform, apo-sGC, intact or even increasing its levels. Thus, NO regulates sGC in a bimodal manner, acutely stimulating and chronically inhibiting, as part of self-limiting direct feedback that is cGMP independent. In high NO disease conditions, this is aggravated but can be functionally recovered in a mechanism-based manner by apo-sGC activators that re-establish cGMP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thao-Vi Dao
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Martin Deile
- Primary Care Center, Altenberger Str. 27, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavel I Nedvetsky
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Güldner
- Residency Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - César Ibarra-Alvarado
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Axel Gödecke
- Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Lawless M, Caldwell JL, Radcliffe EJ, Smith CER, Madders GWP, Hutchings DC, Woods LS, Church SJ, Unwin RD, Kirkwood GJ, Becker LK, Pearman CM, Taylor RF, Eisner DA, Dibb KM, Trafford AW. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition improves contractile function and restores transverse tubule loss and catecholamine responsiveness in heart failure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6801. [PMID: 31043634 PMCID: PMC6494852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by poor survival, a loss of catecholamine reserve and cellular structural remodeling in the form of disorganization and loss of the transverse tubule network. Indeed, survival rates for HF are worse than many common cancers and have not improved over time. Tadalafil is a clinically relevant drug that blocks phosphodiesterase 5 with high specificity and is used to treat erectile dysfunction. Using a sheep model of advanced HF, we show that tadalafil treatment improves contractile function, reverses transverse tubule loss, restores calcium transient amplitude and the heart's response to catecholamines. Accompanying these effects, tadalafil treatment normalized BNP mRNA and prevented development of subjective signs of HF. These effects were independent of changes in myocardial cGMP content and were associated with upregulation of both monomeric and dimerized forms of protein kinase G and of the cGMP hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases 2 and 3. We propose that the molecular switch for the loss of transverse tubules in HF and their restoration following tadalafil treatment involves the BAR domain protein Amphiphysin II (BIN1) and the restoration of catecholamine sensitivity is through reductions in G-protein receptor kinase 2, protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2 A abundance following phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lawless
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Caldwell
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Radcliffe
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E R Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - George W P Madders
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - David C Hutchings
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Lori S Woods
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie J Church
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme J Kirkwood
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenz K Becker
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Charles M Pearman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca F Taylor
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - David A Eisner
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M Dibb
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Trafford
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit of Cardiac Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 3.24 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
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8
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Schwabl P, Brusilovskaya K, Supper P, Bauer D, Königshofer P, Riedl F, Hayden H, Fuchs CD, Stift J, Oberhuber G, Aschauer S, Bonderman D, Gnad T, Pfeifer A, Uschner FE, Trebicka J, Rohr-Udilova N, Podesser BK, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Trauner M, Reiberger T. The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat reduces fibrogenesis and portal pressure in cirrhotic rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9372. [PMID: 29921982 PMCID: PMC6008436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In cirrhotic patients, portal hypertension (PHT) deteriorates survival, yet treatment options are limited. A major contributor to increased intrahepatic vasoconstriction in PHT is dysfunctional nitric-oxide signaling. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the receptor of nitric-oxide and can be stimulated by riociguat. Riociguat is approved for pulmonary hypertension but has not been studied in liver cirrhosis. In this study we assessed the effects of riociguat on PHT and liver fibrosis in cholestatic (bile duct ligation, BDL) and toxic (carbon-tetrachloride, CCl4) rat models. In cirrhotic livers sGC expression was upregulated. In BDL rats, riociguat reduced liver fibrosis and decreased portal pressure without affecting systemic hemodynamics. In an early BDL disease stage, riociguat decreased bile duct proliferation, improved sinusoidal vascular dysfunction and inhibited angiogenesis. In advanced BDL riociguat exhibited anti-inflammatory effects. In CCl4 rats the beneficial effects of riociguat treatment were less pronounced and confined to an early disease stage. Similarly, in patients with cholestatic cirrhosis and PHT nitrates (that induce sGC activity) decreased portal pressure more effectively than in patients with non-cholestatic etiology. We also found an improvement of transaminases in patients with pulmonary hypertension receiving riociguat. Our findings support the clinical development of sGC stimulators in patients with cirrhotic PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schwabl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ksenia Brusilovskaya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Supper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Bauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Königshofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Riedl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Hayden
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Daniela Fuchs
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Stift
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Oberhuber
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Aschauer
- Division of Cardiology, Dept. of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Bonderman
- Division of Cardiology, Dept. of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Gnad
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Odense Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- European Foundation of the Study of Chronic Liver Failure - EF CLIF, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nataliya Rohr-Udilova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Karl Podesser
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Peck-Radosavljevic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Shah RC, Sanker S, Wood KC, Durgin BG, Straub AC. Redox regulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase. Nitric Oxide 2018; 76:97-104. [PMID: 29578056 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide/soluble guanylyl cyclase (NO-sGC) signaling pathway regulates the cardiovascular, neuronal, and gastrointestinal systems. Impaired sGC signaling can result in disease and system-wide organ failure. This review seeks to examine the redox control of sGC through heme and cysteine regulation while discussing therapeutic drugs that target various conditions. Heme regulation involves mechanisms of insertion of the heme moiety into the sGC protein, the molecules and proteins that control switching between the oxidized (Fe3+) and reduced states (Fe2+), and the activity of heme degradation. Modifications to cysteine residues by S-nitrosation on the α1 and β1 subunits of sGC have been shown to be important in sGC signaling. Moreover, redox balance and localization of sGC is thought to control downstream effects. In response to altered sGC activity due to changes in the redox state, many therapeutic drugs have been developed to target decreased NO-sGC signaling. The importance and relevance of sGC continues to grow as sGC dysregulation leads to numerous disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan C Shah
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Subramaniam Sanker
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine C Wood
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brittany G Durgin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) pathway plays a key role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis, and genetic variants allocated to NO-cGMP pathway genes, leading to NO-cGMP deficiency, may influence the prevalence or course of cardiovascular disease. NO-cGMP deficiency can be caused by nitric oxide synthase substrate deficiency, substrate competition, defects, or uncoupling; endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase; decreased cGMP production; or increased cGMP degradation. This review presents evidence supporting the role of NO-cGMP deficiency in cardiovascular disease, including findings from genetic association studies for particular polymorphisms, haplotypes, and racial disparities. NO-cGMP pathway components including arginases, guanosine-5'-triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1, nitric oxide synthase, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases, soluble guanylyl cyclase, protein kinase G, phosphodiesterase 5, and natriuretic peptides will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Moosmang
- Bayer AG, Experimental Medicine CV/HEM, Wuppertal, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the principal enzyme in mediating the biological actions of nitric oxide. On activation, sGC converts guanosine triphosphate to guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), which mediates diverse physiological processes including vasodilation, platelet aggregation, and myocardial functions predominantly by acting on cGMP-dependent protein kinases. Cyclic GMP has long been considered as the sole second messenger for sGC action. However, emerging evidence suggests that, in addition to cGMP, other nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates (cNMPs) are synthesized by sGC in response to nitric oxide stimulation, and some of these nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates are involved in various physiological activities. For example, inosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate synthesized by sGC may play a critical role in hypoxic augmentation of vasoconstriction. The involvement of cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and uridine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in certain cardiovascular activities is also implicated.
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12
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Montfort WR, Wales JA, Weichsel A. Structure and Activation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase, the Nitric Oxide Sensor. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:107-121. [PMID: 26979942 PMCID: PMC5240008 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Soluble guanylyl/guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the primary receptor for nitric oxide (NO) and is central to the physiology of blood pressure regulation, wound healing, memory formation, and other key physiological activities. sGC is increasingly implicated in disease and is targeted by novel therapeutic compounds. The protein displays a rich evolutionary history and a fascinating signal transduction mechanism, with NO binding to an N-terminal heme-containing domain, which activates the C-terminal cyclase domains. Recent Advances: Crystal structures of individual sGC domains or their bacterial homologues coupled with small-angle x-ray scattering, electron microscopy, chemical cross-linking, and Förster resonance energy transfer measurements are yielding insight into the overall structure for sGC, which is elongated and likely quite dynamic. Transient kinetic measurements reveal a role for individual domains in lowering NO affinity for heme. New sGC stimulatory drugs are now in the clinic and appear to function through binding near or directly to the sGC heme domain, relieving inhibitory contacts with other domains. New sGC-activating drugs show promise for recovering oxidized sGC in diseases with high inflammation by replacing lost heme. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite the many recent advances, sGC regulation, NO activation, and mechanisms of drug binding remain unclear. Here, we describe the molecular evolution of sGC, new molecular models, and the linked equilibria between sGC NO binding, drug binding, and catalytic activity. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Recent results and ongoing studies lay the foundation for a complete understanding of structure and mechanism, and they open the door for new drug discovery targeting sGC. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 107-121.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Montfort
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jessica A Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Andrzej Weichsel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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Rajagopal S, Nalli AD, Kumar DP, Bhattacharya S, Hu W, Mahavadi S, Grider JR, Murthy KS. Cytokine-induced S-nitrosylation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and expression of phosphodiesterase 1A contribute to dysfunction of longitudinal smooth muscle relaxation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:509-18. [PMID: 25550199 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the expression and activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and cGMP-phosphodiesterases (PDEs) was determined in intestinal longitudinal smooth muscle. In control muscle cells, cGMP levels are regulated via activation of sGC and PDE5; the activity of the latter is regulated via feedback phosphorylation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. In muscle cells isolated from muscle strips cultured with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) or obtained from the colon of TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid)-treated mice, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was induced and sGC was S-nitrosylated, resulting in attenuation of nitric oxide (NO)-induced sGC activity and cGMP formation. The effect of cytokines on sGC S-nitrosylation and activity was blocked by the iNOS inhibitor 1400W [N-([3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methyl)ethanimidamide dihydrochloride]. The effect of cytokines on cGMP levels measured in the absence of IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), however, was partly reversed by 1400W or PDE1 inhibitor vinpocetine and completely reversed by a combination of 1400W and vinpocetine. Expression of PDE1A was induced and was accompanied by an increase in PDE1A activity in muscle cells isolated from muscle strips cultured with IL-1β or TNF-α or obtained from the colon of TNBS-treated mice; the effect of cytokines on PDE1 expression and activity was blocked by MG132 (benzyl N-[(2S)-4-methyl-1-[[(2S)-4-methyl-1-[[(2S)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamate), an inhibitor of nuclear factor κB activity. NO-induced muscle relaxation was inhibited in longitudinal muscle cells isolated from muscle strips cultured with IL-1β or TNF-α or obtained from the colon of TNBS-treated mice, and this inhibition was completely reversed by the combination of both 1400W and vinpocetine. Inhibition of smooth muscle relaxation during inflammation reflects the combined effects of decreased sGC activity via S-nitrosylation and increased cGMP hydrolysis via PDE1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Rajagopal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ancy D Nalli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sayak Bhattacharya
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John R Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Karnam S Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Cobine CA, Sotherton AG, Peri LE, Sanders KM, Ward SM, Keef KD. Nitrergic neuromuscular transmission in the mouse internal anal sphincter is accomplished by multiple pathways and postjunctional effector cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G1057-72. [PMID: 25301187 PMCID: PMC4254957 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00331.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effector cells and second messengers participating in nitrergic neuromuscular transmission (NMT) were investigated in the mouse internal anal sphincter (IAS). Protein expression of guanylate cyclase (GCα, GCβ) and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) were examined in cryostat sections with dual-labeling immunohistochemical techniques in PDGFRα(+) cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and smooth muscle cells (SMC). Gene expression levels were determined with quantitative PCR of dispersed cells from Pdgfrα(egfp/+), Kit(copGFP/+), and smMHC(Cre-egfp) mice sorted with FACS. The relative gene and protein expression levels of GCα and GCβ were PDGFRα(+) cells > ICC ≫ SMC. In contrast, cGKI gene expression sequence was SMC = ICC > PDGFRα(+) cells whereas cGKI protein expression sequence was neurons > SMC ≫ ICC = PDGFRα(+) cells. The functional role of cGKI was investigated in cGKI(-/-) mice. Relaxation with 8-bromo (8-Br)-cGMP was greatly reduced in cGKI(-/-) mice whereas responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were partially reduced and forskolin responses were unchanged. A nitrergic relaxation occurred with nerve stimulation (NS, 5 Hz, 60 s) in cGKI(+/+) and cGKI(-/-) mice although there was a small reduction in the cGKI(-/-) mouse. N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) abolished responses during the first 20-30 s of NS in both animals. The GC inhibitor ODQ greatly reduced or abolished SNP and nitrergic NS responses in both animals. These data confirm an essential role for GC in NO-induced relaxation in the IAS. However, the expression of GC and cGKI by all three cell types suggests that each may participate in coordinating muscular responses to NO. The persistence of nitrergic NMT in the cGKI(-/-) mouse suggests the presence of a significant GC-dependent, cGKI-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Cobine
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - A. G. Sotherton
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - L. E. Peri
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - K. M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - S. M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - K. D. Keef
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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15
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Münzel T, Steven S, Daiber A. Organic nitrates: update on mechanisms underlying vasodilation, tolerance and endothelial dysfunction. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:105-13. [PMID: 25446162 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Given acutely, organic nitrates, such as nitroglycerin (GTN), isosorbide mono- and dinitrates (ISMN, ISDN), and pentaerythrityl tetranitrate (PETN), have potent vasodilator and anti-ischemic effects in patients with acute coronary syndromes, acute and chronic congestive heart failure and arterial hypertension. During long-term treatment, however, side effects such as nitrate tolerance and endothelial dysfunction occur, and therapeutic efficacy of these drugs rapidly vanishes. Recent experimental and clinical studies have revealed that organic nitrates per se are not just nitric oxide (NO) donors, but rather a quite heterogeneous group of drugs considerably differing for mechanisms underlying vasodilation and the development of endothelial dysfunction and tolerance. Based on this, we propose that the term nitrate tolerance should be avoided and more specifically the terms of GTN, ISMN and ISDN tolerance should be used. The present review summarizes preclinical and clinical data concerning organic nitrates. Here we also emphasize the consequences of chronic nitrate therapy on the supersensitivity of the vasculature to vasoconstriction and on the increased autocrine expression of endothelin. We believe that these so far rather neglected and underestimated side effects of chronic therapy with at least GTN and ISMN are clinically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Rogers NM, Seeger F, Garcin ED, Roberts DD, Isenberg JS. Regulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by matricellular thrombospondins: implications for blood flow. Front Physiol 2014; 5:134. [PMID: 24772092 PMCID: PMC3983488 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) maintains cardiovascular health by activating soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) to increase cellular cGMP levels. Cardiovascular disease is characterized by decreased NO-sGC-cGMP signaling. Pharmacological activators and stimulators of sGC are being actively pursued as therapies for acute heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Here we review molecular mechanisms that modulate sGC activity while emphasizing a novel biochemical pathway in which binding of the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) to the cell surface receptor CD47 causes inhibition of sGC. We discuss the therapeutic implications of this pathway for blood flow, tissue perfusion, and cell survival under physiologic and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franziska Seeger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elsa D Garcin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Isenberg
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Brochet M, Collins MO, Smith TK, Thompson E, Sebastian S, Volkmann K, Schwach F, Chappell L, Gomes AR, Berriman M, Rayner JC, Baker DA, Choudhary J, Billker O. Phosphoinositide metabolism links cGMP-dependent protein kinase G to essential Ca²⁺ signals at key decision points in the life cycle of malaria parasites. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001806. [PMID: 24594931 PMCID: PMC3942320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many critical events in the Plasmodium life cycle rely on the controlled release of Ca²⁺ from intracellular stores to activate stage-specific Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases. Using the motility of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes as a signalling paradigm, we show that the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase, PKG, maintains the elevated level of cytosolic Ca²⁺ required for gliding motility. We find that the same PKG-dependent pathway operates upstream of the Ca²⁺ signals that mediate activation of P. berghei gametocytes in the mosquito and egress of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites from infected human erythrocytes. Perturbations of PKG signalling in gliding ookinetes have a marked impact on the phosphoproteome, with a significant enrichment of in vivo regulated sites in multiple pathways including vesicular trafficking and phosphoinositide metabolism. A global analysis of cellular phospholipids demonstrates that in gliding ookinetes PKG controls phosphoinositide biosynthesis, possibly through the subcellular localisation or activity of lipid kinases. Similarly, phosphoinositide metabolism links PKG to egress of P. falciparum merozoites, where inhibition of PKG blocks hydrolysis of phosphatidylinostitol (4,5)-bisphosphate. In the face of an increasing complexity of signalling through multiple Ca²⁺ effectors, PKG emerges as a unifying factor to control multiple cellular Ca²⁺ signals essential for malaria parasite development and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Brochet
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O. Collins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Schools of Biology and Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, The North Haugh, The University of Saint Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife United Kingdom
| | - Eloise Thompson
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Sebastian
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Volkmann
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Schwach
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lia Chappell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Rita Gomes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Baker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Billker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Enomoto M, Jain A, Pan J, Shifrin Y, Van Vliet T, McNamara PJ, Jankov RP, Belik J. Newborn rat response to single vs. combined cGMP-dependent pulmonary vasodilators. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L207-15. [PMID: 24242011 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00164.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) and other cGMP- or cAMP-dependent pulmonary vasodilators are often used in combination for the treatment of the persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn syndrome. There is in vitro evidence to indicate that NO downregulate the pulmonary vascular response to cGMP-dependent agonists raising concern as to whether a synergistic effect is observed when employing a combined strategy in newborns. Hypothesizing that a synergistic effect is absent, we evaluated newborn and juvenile rat pulmonary arteries to determine the individual and combined vasodilatory effect of cGMP- and cAMP-dependent agonists. In precontracted near-resistance pulmonary arteries, the addition of sildenafil reduced vasorelaxation response to NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP). A similar decrease in SNAP-induced vasodilation was observed in arteries pretreated with BAY 41-2272 (10(-9) M), a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator cGMP, and its downstream protein kinase activator. cGMP also reduced the vasorelaxant response to the cAMP-dependent forskolin. Inhibition of endogenous vascular NO generation enhanced SNAP-induced relaxation. The present data suggest that the mechanism involved in the cGMP desensitization to other relaxant agonists involves downregulation of the small heat shock protein HSP20 and is evident in rat pulmonary and systemic vascular smooth muscle cells. In newborn rats with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, the combination of sildenafil and inhaled NO resulted in a lesser reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance compared with their individual effect. These data suggest that clinical exposure to one cGMP-dependent pulmonary vasodilator may affect the response to other cGMP- or cAMP-mediated agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Enomoto
- The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, 555 Univ. Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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19
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Fritz BG, Roberts SA, Ahmed A, Breci L, Li W, Weichsel A, Brailey JL, Wysocki VH, Tama F, Montfort WR. Molecular model of a soluble guanylyl cyclase fragment determined by small-angle X-ray scattering and chemical cross-linking. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1568-82. [PMID: 23363317 PMCID: PMC3607398 DOI: 10.1021/bi301570m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Soluble guanylyl/guanylate cyclase (sGC) converts GTP to cGMP after binding nitric oxide, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. Impaired sGC activity is common in cardiovascular disease, and sGC stimulatory compounds are vigorously sought. sGC is a 150 kDa heterodimeric protein with two H-NOX domains (one with heme, one without), two PAS domains, a coiled-coil domain, and two cyclase domains. Binding of NO to the sGC heme leads to proximal histidine release and stimulation of catalytic activity. To begin to understand how binding leads to activation, we examined truncated sGC proteins from Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) that bind NO, CO, and stimulatory compound YC-1 but lack the cyclase domains. We determined the overall shape of truncated M. sexta sGC using analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), revealing an elongated molecule with dimensions of 115 Å × 90 Å × 75 Å. Binding of NO, CO, or YC-1 had little effect on shape. Using chemical cross-linking and tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 20 intermolecular contacts, allowing us to fit homology models of the individual domains into the SAXS-derived molecular envelope. The resulting model displays a central parallel coiled-coil platform upon which the H-NOX and PAS domains are assembled. The β1 H-NOX and α1 PAS domains are in contact and form the core signaling complex, while the α1 H-NOX domain can be removed without a significant effect on ligand binding or overall shape. Removal of 21 residues from the C-terminus yields a protein with dramatically increased proximal histidine release rates upon NO binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley G. Fritz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Sue A. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Aqeel Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Linda Breci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Wenzhou Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Andrzej Weichsel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Jacqueline L. Brailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Florence Tama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - William R. Montfort
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
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Sellak H, Choi CS, Dey NB, Lincoln TM. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG-I): pathophysiological significance. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 97:200-7. [PMID: 23139241 PMCID: PMC3543991 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the endothelium to produce nitric oxide, which induces generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) that activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG-I), in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), is essential for the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Yet, disturbance of this nitric oxide/cGMP/PKG-I pathway has been shown to play an important role in many cardiovascular diseases. In the last two decades, in vitro and in vivo models of vascular injury have shown that PKG-I is suppressed following nitric oxide, cGMP, cytokine, and growth factor stimulation. The molecular basis for these changes in PKG-I expression is still poorly understood, and they are likely to be mediated by a number of processes, including changes in gene transcription, mRNA stability, protein synthesis, or protein degradation. Emerging studies have begun to define mechanisms responsible for changes in PKG-I expression and have identified cis- and trans-acting regulatory elements, with a plausible role being attributed to post-translational control of PKG-I protein levels. This review will focus mainly on recent advances in understanding of the regulation of PKG-I expression in VSMCs, with an emphasis on the physiological and pathological significance of PKG-I down-regulation in VSMCs in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sellak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Medical Science Building Room 3103, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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21
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Hai CM. Systems biology of HBOC-induced vasoconstriction. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2012; 9:204-11. [PMID: 21726185 DOI: 10.2174/157016312802650751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vasoconstriction is a major adverse effect of HBOCs. The use of a single drug for attenuating HBOC-induced vasoconstriction has been tried with limited success. Since HBOC causes disruptions at multiple levels of organization in the vascular system, a systems approach is helpful to explore avenues to counteract the effects of HBOC at multiple levels by targeting multiple sites in the system. A multi-target approach is especially appropriate for HBOC-induced vasoconstriction, because HBOC disrupts the cascade of amplification by NO-cGMP signaling and protein phosphorylation, ultimately resulting in vasoconstriction. Targeting multiple steps in the cascade may alter the overall gain of amplification, thereby limiting the propagation of disruptive effects through the cascade. As a result, targeting multiple sites may accomplish a relatively high overall efficacy at submaximal drug doses. Identifying targets and doses for developing a multi-target combination HBOC regimen for oxygen therapeutics requires a detailed understanding of the systems biology and phenotypic heterogeneity of the vascular system at multiple layers of organization, which can be accomplished by successive iterations between experimental studies and mathematical modeling at multiple levels of vascular systems and organ systems. Towards this goal, this article addresses the following topics: a) NO-scavenging by HBOC, b) HBOC autoxidation-induced reactive oxygen species generation and endothelial barrier dysfunction, c) NO- cGMP signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells, d) NO and cGMP-dependent regulation of contractile filaments in vascular smooth muscle cells, e) phenotypic heterogeneity of vascular systems, f) systems biology as an approach to developing a multi-target HBOC regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Hai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology & Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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22
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Crassous PA, Couloubaly S, Huang C, Zhou Z, Baskaran P, Kim DD, Papapetropoulos A, Fioramonti X, Durán WN, Beuve A. Soluble guanylyl cyclase is a target of angiotensin II-induced nitrosative stress in a hypertensive rat model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H597-604. [PMID: 22730391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00138.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) by activating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is involved in vascular homeostasis via induction of smooth muscle relaxation. In cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), endothelial dysfunction with altered vascular reactivity is mostly attributed to decreased NO bioavailability via oxidative stress. However, in several studies, relaxation to NO is only partially restored by exogenous NO donors, suggesting sGC impairment. Conflicting results have been reported regarding the nature of this impairment, ranging from decreased expression of one or both subunits of sGC to heme oxidation. We showed that sGC activity is impaired by thiol S-nitrosation. Recently, angiotensin II (ANG II) chronic treatment, which induces hypertension, was shown to generate nitrosative stress in addition to oxidative stress. We hypothesized that S-nitrosation of sGC occurs in ANG II-induced hypertension, thereby leading to desensitization of sGC to NO hence vascular dysfunction. As expected, ANG II infusion increases blood pressure, aorta remodeling, and protein S-nitrosation. Intravital microscopy indicated that cremaster arterioles are resistant to NO-induced vasodilation in vivo in anesthetized ANG II-treated rats. Concomitantly, NO-induced cGMP production decreases, which correlated with S-nitrosation of sGC in hypertensive rats. This study suggests that S-nitrosation of sGC by ANG II contributes to vascular dysfunction. This was confirmed in vitro by using A7r5 smooth muscle cells infected with adenoviruses expressing sGC or cysteine mutants: ANG II decreases NO-stimulated activity in the wild-type but not in one mutant, C516A. This result indicates that cysteine 516 of sGC mediates ANG II-induced desensitization to NO in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Crassous
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Mujoo K, Krumenacker JS, Murad F. Nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling in stem cell differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2150-7. [PMID: 22019632 PMCID: PMC3232180 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP (NO-cGMP) pathway mediates important physiological functions associated with various integrative body systems including the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Furthermore, NO regulates cell growth, survival, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation at the cellular level. To understand the significance of the NO-cGMP pathway in development and differentiation, studies have been conducted both in developing embryos and in stem cells. Manipulation of the NO-cGMP pathway, by employing activators and inhibitors as pharmacological probes, and genetic manipulation of NO signaling components have implicated the involvement of this pathway in the regulation of stem cell differentiation. This review focuses on some of the work pertaining to the role of NO-cGMP in the differentiation of stem cells into cells of various lineages, particularly into myocardial cells, and in stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Mujoo
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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24
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Tsai AL, Berka V, Sharina I, Martin E. Dynamic ligand exchange in soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC): implications for sGC regulation and desensitization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43182-92. [PMID: 22009742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the functional properties of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) are affected not only by the binding of NO but also by the NO:sGC ratio and a number of cellular factors, including GTP. In this study, we monitored the time-resolved transformations of sGC and sGC-NO complexes generated with stoichiometric or excess NO in the presence and absence of GTP. We demonstrate that the initial five-coordinate sGC-NO complex is highly activated by stoichiometric NO but is unstable and transforms into a five-coordinate sGC-2 state. This sGC-2 rebinds NO to form a low activity sGC-NO complex. The stability of the initial complex is greatly enhanced by GTP binding, binding of an additional NO molecule, or substitution of βHis-107. We propose that the transient nature of the sGC-NO complex, the formation of a desensitized sGC-2 state, and its transformation into a low activity sGC-NO adduct require βHis-107. We conclude that conformational changes leading to sGC desensitization may be prevented by GTP binding to the catalytic site or by binding of an additional NO molecule to the proximal side of the heme. The implications of these observations for cellular NO/cGMP signaling and the process of rapid desensitization of sGC are discussed in the context of the proposed model of sGC/NO interactions and dynamic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Lim Tsai
- Divisions of Hematology, University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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25
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Ramanathan S, Mazzalupo S, Boitano S, Montfort WR. Thrombospondin-1 and angiotensin II inhibit soluble guanylyl cyclase through an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7787-99. [PMID: 21823650 DOI: 10.1021/bi201060c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates cardiovascular hemostasis by binding to soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), leading to cGMP production, reduced cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), and vasorelaxation. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a secreted matricellular protein, was recently discovered to inhibit NO signaling and sGC activity. Inhibition of sGC requires binding to cell-surface receptor CD47. Here, we show that a TSP-1 C-terminal fragment (E3CaG1) readily inhibits sGC in Jurkat T cells and that inhibition requires an increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Using flow cytometry, we show that E3CaG1 binds directly to CD47 on the surface of Jurkat T cells. Using digital imaging microscopy on live cells, we further show that E3CaG1 binding results in a substantial increase in [Ca(2+)](i), up to 300 nM. Addition of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor known to increase [Ca(2+)](i), also strongly inhibits sGC activity. sGC isolated from calcium-treated cells or from cell-free lysates supplemented with Ca(2+) remains inhibited, while addition of kinase inhibitor staurosporine prevents inhibition, indicating inhibition is likely due to phosphorylation. Inhibition is through an increase in K(m) for GTP, which rises to 834 μM for the NO-stimulated protein, a 13-fold increase over the uninhibited protein. Compounds YC-1 and BAY 41-2272, allosteric stimulators of sGC that are of interest for treating hypertension, overcome E3CaG1-mediated inhibition of NO-ligated sGC. Taken together, these data suggest that sGC not only lowers [Ca(2+)](i) in response to NO, inducing vasodilation, but also is inhibited by high [Ca(2+)](i), providing a fine balance between signals for vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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26
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Nitric oxide synthase and cyclic GMP signaling in cardiac myocytes: from contractility to remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:330-40. [PMID: 21843527 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine 3'5'monophosphate (cGMP) is the common downstream second messenger of natriuretic peptides and nitric oxide. In cardiac myocytes, the physiological effects of cGMP are exerted through the activation of protein kinase G (PKG) signaling, and the activation and/or inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), providing an integration point between cAMP and cGMP signals. Specificity of cGMP signals is achieved through compartmentalization of cGMP synthesis by guanylate cyclases, and cGMP hydrolysis by PDEs. Increasing evidence suggests that cGMP-dependent signaling pathways play an important role in inhibiting cardiac remodeling, through the inhibition Ca(2+) handling upstream of pathological Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways. Thus, enhancing cardiac myocyte cGMP signaling represents a promising therapeutic target for treatment of cardiovascular disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Local Signaling in Myocytes."
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de Mel A, Murad F, Seifalian AM. Nitric oxide: a guardian for vascular grafts? Chem Rev 2011; 111:5742-67. [PMID: 21663322 DOI: 10.1021/cr200008n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achala de Mel
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Sharin VG, Mujoo K, Kots AY, Martin E, Murad F, Sharina IG. Nitric oxide receptor soluble guanylyl cyclase undergoes splicing regulation in differentiating human embryonic cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:1287-93. [PMID: 20964618 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator molecule in mammalian physiology, initiates a number of signaling mechanisms by activating the enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Recently, a new role for NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling in embryonic development and cell differentiation has emerged. The changes in expression of NO synthase isoforms and various sGC subunits has been demonstrated during human and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiation. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that nascent α1 sGC transcript undergoes alternative splicing and that expression of α1 sGC splice forms directly affects sGC activity. Expression of sGC splice variants in the process of human ES (hES) cells differentiation has not been investigated. In this report, we demonstrate that α1 sGC undergoes alternative splicing during random hES differentiation for the first time. Our results indicate that C-α1 sGC splice form is expressed at high levels in differentiating cells and its intracellular distribution varies from canonical α1 sGC subunit. Together, our data suggest that alternative splicing of sGC subunits is associated with differentiation of hES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G Sharin
- UT Health Science Center, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Francis SH, Busch JL, Corbin JD, Sibley D. cGMP-dependent protein kinases and cGMP phosphodiesterases in nitric oxide and cGMP action. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:525-63. [PMID: 20716671 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, studies suggest that biological signaling by nitric oxide (NO) is primarily mediated by cGMP, which is synthesized by NO-activated guanylyl cyclases and broken down by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Effects of cGMP occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. cGMP binding activates PKG, which phosphorylates serines and threonines on many cellular proteins, frequently resulting in changes in activity or function, subcellular localization, or regulatory features. The proteins that are so modified by PKG commonly regulate calcium homeostasis, calcium sensitivity of cellular proteins, platelet activation and adhesion, smooth muscle contraction, cardiac function, gene expression, feedback of the NO-signaling pathway, and other processes. Current therapies that have successfully targeted the NO-signaling pathway include nitrovasodilators (nitroglycerin), PDE5 inhibitors [sildenafil (Viagra and Revatio), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis and Adcirca)] for treatment of a number of vascular diseases including angina pectoris, erectile dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension; the PDE3 inhibitors [cilostazol (Pletal) and milrinone (Primacor)] are used for treatment of intermittent claudication and acute heart failure, respectively. Potential for use of these medications in the treatment of other maladies continues to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
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30
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Johnson JLF, Leroux MR. cAMP and cGMP signaling: sensory systems with prokaryotic roots adopted by eukaryotic cilia. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:435-44. [PMID: 20541938 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An exciting discovery of the new millennium is that primary cilia, organelles found on most eukaryotic cells, play crucial roles in vertebrate development by modulating Hedgehog, Wnt and PDGF signaling. Analysis of the literature and sequence databases reveals that the ancient signal transduction pathway, which uses cGMP in eukaryotes or related cyclic di-GMP in bacteria, exists in virtually all eukaryotes. However, many eukaryotes that secondarily lost cilia during evolution, including flowering plants, slime molds and most fungi, lack otherwise evolutionarily conserved cGMP signaling components. Based on this intriguing phylogenetic distribution, the presence of cGMP signaling proteins within cilia, and the indispensable roles that cGMP plays in transducing environmental signals in divergent ciliated cells (e.g. vertebrate photoreceptors and Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons), we propose that cGMP signaling has a strong ciliary basis. cAMP signaling, also inherent to bacteria and crucial for cilium-dependent olfaction, similarly appears to have widespread usage in diverse cilia. Thus, we argue here that both cyclic nucleotides play essential and potentially ubiquitous roles in modulating ciliary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacque-Lynne F Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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31
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Halvey EJ, Vernon J, Roy B, Garthwaite J. Mechanisms of activity-dependent plasticity in cellular nitric oxide-cGMP signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25630-41. [PMID: 19605352 PMCID: PMC2757965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular responsiveness to nitric oxide (NO) is shaped by past history of NO exposure. The mechanisms behind this plasticity were explored using rat platelets in vitro, specifically to determine the relative contributions made by desensitization of NO receptors, which couple to cGMP formation, and by phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5), which is activated by cGMP and also hydrolyzes it. Repeated delivery of brief NO pulses (50 nm peak) at 1-min intervals resulted in a progressive loss of the associated cGMP responses, which was the combined consequence of receptor desensitization and PDE5 activation, with the former dominating. Delivery of pulses of differing amplitude showed that NO stimulated and desensitized receptors with similar potency (EC50 = 10–20 nm). PDE5 activation was highly sensitive to NO, with a single pulse peaking at 2 nm being sufficient to evoke a 50% loss of response to a subsequent near-maximal NO pulse. However, the activated state of the PDE subsided quickly after removal of NO, the half-time for recovery being 25 s. In contrast, receptor desensitization reverted much more slowly, the half-time being 16 min. Accordingly, with long (20-min) exposures, NO concentrations as low as 600 pm provoked significant desensitization. The results indicate that PDE5 activation and receptor desensitization subserve distinct short term and longer term roles as mediators of plasticity in NO-cGMP signaling. A kinetic model explicitly describing the complex interplay between NO concentration, cGMP synthesis, PDE5 activation, and the resulting cGMP accumulation successfully simulated the present and previous data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Halvey
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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32
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Ganta VC, Alexander JS. Focus on carbon monoxide: a modulator of neutrophil oxidants and elastase spatial localization? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H902-4. [PMID: 19592608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00587.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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